Appendix C. HMIF Inc1 User Stories.pdf

OPERATIONAL VEHICLE FUNCTION TO TASK TRACE - ROUTE RECON (1 of 2)

FM 3-98 Reconnaissance and Security Operations

4-67. Route reconnaissance is a type of reconnaissance operation to obtain detailed information of a specified route and all terrain from which the enemy could influence movement along that route (ADP 3-90). A route may include a road, highway, trail, tunnel, bridge, and ferry. Routes include a designated start point and end point. Reconnaissance of a route is essential when intelligence indicates a probability of enemy contact or obstacle along the route, or in the area and surrounding terrain, or when information concerning the surrounding, influential terrain is vague or unknown. The commander assigns route reconnaissance either as a discrete operation or as an implied task during zone reconnaissance. Units collect information about roads, bridges, tunnels, fords, waterways, and other natural and artificial terrain features that can affect mobility. Route reconnaissance p rovides commanders with more detailed information about the route and terrain that can influence the unit. Commanders use this information to prevent surprise, determine trafficability for follow-on forces, and confirm or deny staff estimates and assumptions made during the operations process. Route reconnaissance is not to be confused with route classification, which can be included in route reconnaissance. Typically, engineer reconnaissance platoons perform a route classification, which requires technical measurements and analysis.

TASKS

4-68. Certain tasks are required during route reconnaissance, unless otherwise directed by the higher commander. These tasks are not a checklist or arranged sequentially, as some may not be necessary for mission accomplishment. If time is limited, the commander directs reconnaissance for SIRs. The tasks conducted within capability and associated with route reconnaissance are—

❑ Find, report, and clear all enemy forces that can influence movement along the route in accordance with engagement criteria.

❑ Reconnoiter and determine the trafficability of the route.

❑ Reconnoiter all terrain the enemy can use to influence movement along the route, such as chokepoints, ambush sites, and pickup, landing, and drop zones.

❑ Reconnoiter all built-up areas along the route.

❑ Reconnoiter all lateral routes.

❑ Locate bypasses around built-up and contaminated areas.

❑ Inspect and classify all bridges within the area.

❑ Reconnoiter defiles along the route. Clear them of enemy and obstacles or locate a bypass.

❑ Locate fords or crossing sites near all bridges on the route.

❑ Inspect and classify all overpasses, underpasses, and culverts.

❑ Locate and clear all mines and barriers on the route and locate bypasses around any obstacles that cannot be cleared.

❑ Submit route report.

OPERATIONAL VEHICLE FUNCTION TO TASK TRACE - ROUTE RECON (2 of 3)

Actions Occurring CV RCV CROWS-J SOM CsUAS Control Interface

SRR MRR MAST TeUAS LASSO

Find, report, and clear enemy forces X X X X X X X X X X

Reconnoiter and determine the trafficability of the route X X X X X X X X

Reconnoiter key terrain the enemy can use X X X X X X X X

Reconnoiter all built-up areas along the route X X X X X X X X

Locate bypasses around built-up and contaminated areas

Inspect and classify all bridges X X X X X X X X

Reconnoiter defiles a long the route to clear route of enemy and obstacles or locate a bypass

X X X X X X X X X X X

Locate fords or crossing sites near all bridges X X X X X X

Inspect and classify all overpasses, underpasses, and culverts X X X X X X X X

Locate and clear all mines and barriers on the route and locate bypasses X X X X X X X X X

Submit route repor t X

72 –Hour Route Recon 72-Hour Total Average per Day Notes

Hrs KM MJ Hrs KM MJ

RCV (stationary power on) 12 n/a 4 n/a

RCV (moving) 60 n/a 20 n/a

TELEOP – Basic 72 n/a 24 n/a Full autonomy limited by current capability

CROWS-J 72 n/a 24 n/a

SOM 0 30 0 10 Runs for 9 minutes, assume used 3 times in 72 hours

CsUAS (passive mode) 71 n/a 23 40

CsUAS (defeat / jam mode) 1 n/a 0 20

MAST or TeUAS 36 n/a 12 n/a TeUAS payloads on

Control Interface 72 n/a 24 n/a

SRR 18 n/a 6 n/a Impact on platform power depended on recharge platform

(CV or RCV)

MRR 48 n/a 16 n/a Impact on platform power depended on recharge platform

(CV or RCV)

LASSO 1 n/a 0 20 Need to keep fully charged prior to launch

OPERATIONAL VEHICLE FUNCTION TO TASK TRACE - ROUTE RECON (3 of 3)

Phase 1: Movement to PL MARRA (LD) Phase 2: PL MARRA to PL ROYCE Phase 3: PL ROYCE to PL ROBIN (LOA) Phase 4: Transition to Follow-On Ops

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RCV is moved from an Assembly Area (AA), which is approximately 5-10 km south of the

LD/LC along RTE AMBER. Between the AA to the LD/LC, the RCVs are in autonomy

(leader/follower or convoy) mode following the ISV. At the LD/LC, the RCV will transition to TELEOP or Guarded TELEOP for maneuver.

To successfully complete a Route Recon, the HMIF PLT must function within and support a greater Reconnaissance Team

(RT). Depending on the length of the route that is reconnoitered, this mission likely lasts

24-72 hours, depending on the number of bridges, culverts, and areas assessed.

Upon deployment, the HMIF PLT bounds by section both down the route and parallel to the route. The parallel section clears out to 2 km on either side of the route. The moving section will cover roughly 1 km/hr depending on terrain. Route Reconnaissance is conducted as both stealthy and deliberate.

The HMIF PLT supports the reconnaissance with sensors and initial clearance of terrain.

Classification of bridges, clearance of culverts, defiles, and built-up areas are conducted by the human Scouts that are also part of the Route Reconnaissance team.

Upon contact with Enemy Threats, the RCVs are used to conduct Attack By Fire to fix or destroy the enemy. The HMIF PLT uses both organic and available FIRES assets to

CLEAR enemy elements that can affect the route.

Phase 3 is a continuation of Phase 2. The

HMIF PLT continues to function in the same way conducting the same tasks.

HMIF PLT is prepared to transition to follow-on operations. The PLT may move into a

SCREEN at the LOA. The PLT may conduct a Reconnaissance pull with a maneuver battalion to pass them on to an OBJ for a deliberate attack. The HMIF Platoon may also begin a movement to contact if they have not made contact with the enemy at this point.

1 22 3

Payload Moving Stationary

CV X X

RCV/RCV X X

CROWS-J X X

SOM X

CsUAS X X

MAST X

TeUAS X

CONTROLLER X X

TELEOP X X

GUARDED TELEOP X X

AUTONOMY

SRR X X

MRR X X

LASSO X

Notes: X indicates that system is powered on and act ively being used.

OPERATIONAL VEHICLE FUNCTION TO TASK TRACE – RECON AN OBSTACLE (1 of 5) ATP 3-34.81 Engineer Reconnaissance Chapter 3

OBSTACLE RECONNAISSANCE

3-3. Where enemy obstacles can interfere with friendly maneuver, obstacle information is one of the information requirements that should become a priority intelligence requirement. Finding enemy obstacles or observing enemy activity to construct reinforcing obstacles validates and refines the S-

2 picture of the AO. Obstacle information helps the S-2 to determine enemy intentions, plans, and defense strength. The engineer staff is the unit expert on enemy countermobility capabilities and assists the S-2 in templating enemy obstacles, analyzing obstacle information, and analyzing the effects of the terrain. The S-2, S-3, and engineer staff establish an obstacle information collection plan by determining specif ic obstacle information requirements. Obtaining obstacle information requires dedicated collection assets. Reconnaissance assets are tasked to collect specific information that is needed to fulfill obstacle information requirements.

3-4. Obstacle reconnaissance is one of the high-frequency tasks conducted by ERTs. The task is to conduct reconnaissance of obstacles focused on answering obstacle information requirements. These requirements include—

❑ Obstacle location, length, width, and depth.

❑ Obstacle composition (wire, mines by type).

❑ Soil conditions.

❑ Lane and bypass locations.

❑ Enemy direct-fire systems locations.

❑ Locating and marking a bypass.

❑ Locating and marking the best location to reduce.

❑ Estimating the reduction assets necessary to reduce the obstacle.

3-7. The ERT approaches a known or suspected obstacle location with caution. Security is established, with support from the tac tical reconnaissance element if possible, and selected engineer personnel conduct dismounted movement to the obstacle. Trip wires and other wires may indicate that the enemy is using booby traps or command-detonated mines to prevent friendly forces from collecting information on the obstacle. The ERT prepares an obstacle report with the relevant information. Examples of obstacle information collected through obstacle reconnaissance include the—

❑ Location of existing and reinforcing obstacles.

❑ Orientation and depth of obstacles.

❑ Conditions of the soil (in the case of a minefield) to determine the ability to use mine plows.

❑ Presence, location, and type of wire.

❑ Location of lanes and bypasses.

❑ Composition of explosive hazards, including minefields (buried or surface-laid antivehicle and antipersonnel mines, antihandling devices, and the depth of the buried mines).

❑ Types of mines and fuses; composition of the minefield.

❑ Location of enemy indirect-fire systems that can fire into the breach area.

❑ Composition of complex obstacles.

❑ Areas between successive obstacle belts.

OPERATIONAL VEHICLE FUNCTION TO TASK TRACE – RECON AN OBSTACLE (2 of 5)

ATP 3-34.81 Engineer Reconnaissance Chapter 3

OBSTACLE RECONNAISSANCE

3-13. When a large obstacle is located and cannot be bypassed easily, the alternative is to support a breach. Scouts and engineers perform additional reconnaissance tasks in support of breaching. These tasks include determining the assets and time needed to reduce the obstacle and determining the best location for the reduction site. Scout and engineer reconnaissance efforts focus on the following:

❑ Trafficable routes to the reduction site and routes from the far side leading to the objective.

❑ Proposed locations for positioning the support force.

❑ Dispersed, covered, and concealed areas near the reduction site.

❑ Best location for the reduction effort at the obstacle. It is imperative that the reduction plan be sent to the reconnaissance teams once the scheme of maneuver is finalized. Information (number of lanes required, distance between lanes) is needed for the reconnaissance forces to conduct the necessary reconnaissance.

❑ Positions on both sides of the obstacle that could provide enemy observation of the reduction site.

❑ Trafficability and soil conditions near the reduction site. This is especially important for minefield reduction because mine-clearing blades will not work effectively in all soil conditions.

❑ Soil type (loamy, rocky, sandy).

❑ Width, depth, and bottom conditions of wet and dry gaps and fords.

❑ Bank height and slope and the soil stability of wet and dry gaps.

❑ Water velocity and the direction of flow of wet gaps and fords.

❑ Wind direction for using smoke to obscure enemy vision.

❑ Location of the forward edge of the minefield to support mine-clearing line charge use.

OPERATIONAL VEHICLE FUNCTION TO TASK TRACE – RECON AN OBSTACLE (3 of 5)

Interface

SRR MRR MAST TeUAS LASSO

Obstacle location, length, width, and depth X X X X X X X X X

Obstacle composition (wire, mines by type) X X X X X X X X X

Soil conditions.

Lane and bypass locations X X X X X X X X X

Enemy direct-fire systems locations. X X X X X X X X X

Locating and marking a bypass X X X X X X X X X

Locating and marking the best location to reduce X X X X X X X X X

Estimating the reduction assets necessary to reduce the obstacle

Location of existing and reinforcing obstacles X X X X X X X X X

Orientation and depth of obstacles X X X X X X X X X

Conditions of the soil (in the case of a minefie ld) to determine the ability to use mine plows

Presence, location, and type of wire X X X X X X X X X

Composition of explosive hazards, including minefields (buried or surface-laid antivehicle and antipersonnel mines, antihandling devices, and the depth of the buried mines)

X X X X X X X X X

Types of mines and fuses; composition of the minefield X X X X X X X X X

Location of enemy indirect-fire systems that can fire in to the breach area X X X X X X X X X

Composition of complex obstacles X X X X X X X X X

Areas between successive obstacle belts X X X X X X X X X

Trafficable routes to the reduction site and routes from the far side leading to the objective X X X X X X X X X

Proposed locations for position ing the support force X X X X X X X X X

Dispersed, covered, and concealed areas near the reduction site X X X X X X X X X

Best location for the reduction effort at the obstacle. In formation (number of lanes required, distance between lanes) is needed for the reconnaissance forces to conduct the necessary reconnaissance.

X X X X X X X X X

Positions on both sides of the obstacle that could provide enemy observation of the reduction site X X X X X X X X X

Trafficability and soil conditions near the reduction site. This is especially impor tant for minefie ld reduction because mine-clearing blades will not work effectively in all soil conditions, specifically loamy, rocky, sandy soil types.

Width, depth, and bottom conditions of wet and dry gaps and fords X X X X X X X X X

Bank height and slope and the so il stability of wet and dry gaps X X X X X X X X X

Water ve locity and the direction of flow of wet gaps and fords

Wind direction for using smoke to obscure enemy vision

Location of the forward edge of the minefield to support mine-clearing line charge use X X X X X X X X X

72 –Hour Route Recon 72-Hour Total Average per Day Notes

Hrs KM MJ Hr KM MJ

RCV (stationary power on) 12 n/a 4 n/a

RCV (moving) 36 n/a 12 n/a

TELEOP – Basic 72 n/a 24 n/a

CROWS-J 72 n/a 24 n/a

SOM 0 30 0 10

CsUAS (passive mode) 71 n/a 23 40

CsUAS (defeat / jam mode) 1 n/a 0 20

MAST or TeUAS 36 n/a 12 n/a

CONTROLLER 72 n/a 24 n/a

SRR 24 n/a 6 n/a

MRR 48 n/a 16 n/a

LASSO 1 n/a 0 20

OPERATIONAL VEHICLE FUNCTION TO TASK TRACE – RECON AN OBSTACLE (4 of 5)

OPERATIONAL VEHICLE FUNCTION TO TASK TRACE – RECON AN OBSTACLE (5 of 5)

Phase 1: Movement from AA to LD Phase 2: Movement from LD to CKP 2 Phase 3: OBSTACLE RECON Phase 4: Obstacle Report

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RCV is moved from an Assembly Area (AA), which is approximately 5-10 km south of the

LD along RTE AMBER. Between the AA to the LD/LC, the RCVs are in autonomy

(leader/follower or convoy) mode following the ISV. At the LD, the RCV will transition to

TELEOP or Guarded TELEOP for maneuver.

To successfully complete a Route of an

Obstacle, the HMIF PLT must function within and support a greater Engineer

Reconnaissance Team (ERT). Depending on the size of the obstacle or obstacle belt that is reconnoitered, this mission likely lasts 24-

72 hours, depending on the size and scale of the obstacles.

Upon deployment, the HMIF PLT bounds by section in bounding overwatch. Each section clears either side of the route for enemy OPs forward of the obstacle belt. The priority is preventing ENY from calling for fire on the ERT. The moving section will cover roughly

1 km/hr depending on terrain. Approaching the obstacle location is conducted as both stealthy and deliberate.

Upon contact with ENY Threats, the RCVs conduct Attack By Fire to fix or destroy the enemy. The HMIF PLT uses organic and available FIRES assets to DISRUPT enemy elements. SOM may be heavily used to obscure line of sight from Enemy observers to the HMIF PLT and ERT.

The HMIF PLT supports the ERT with sensors, initial clearance of terrain, and standoff for assessment of obstacles, terrain, and enemy composition, disposition and strength, etc. Classification of obstacles, soil conditions, etc. is conducted by the

Engineers that are also part of the ERT.

The CROWS-J, MAST, TeUAS, MRR and

SRR provide significant standoff to Engineer elements within the ERT. Of the multitude of tasks conducted during an Obstacle

Reconnaissance, the HMIF PLT reduces risk to Engineer elements. The Engineer specific tasks are not feasible with current payloads and sensors for assessing wind, water flow, soil composition, etc.

The HMIF PLT uses all available communications platforms to facilitate providing and updating the Obstacle

Reconnaissance Report in real time as it is developed. This information will support Intelligence, Fires, Protection and Maneuver

WfF of higher echelons.

C2 systems and platforms available to the

HMIF PLT will undoubtedly provide greater capability than is organic to the Engineering element it is supporting.

Payload Moving Stationary

CV X X

RCV X X

CROWS-J X X

SOM X X

CsUAS X X

MAST X

TeUAS X

CONTROL Interface X X

TELEOP X X

GUARDED TELEOP X X

AUTONOMY

SRR X X

MRR X X

OPERATIONAL VEHICLE FUNCTION TO TASK TRACE – AREA RECON (1 of 3)

ATP 3-98 Reconnaissance and Security Operations Chapter 4

AREA RECONNAISSANCE

4-59. Area reconnaissance is a type of reconnaissance operation that focuses on obtaining detailed information about the terrain or enemy activity within a prescribed area (ADP 3-90). Area reconnaissance is detailed reconnaissance in specific locations that answers PIRs and develops the situation to provide options to the commander. The commander assigns area reconnaissance when information on the enemy situation is more developed, when focused reconnaissance in the given area may yield specific information related to terrain or decision points, or when more detailed information is required in a designated area. The area targeted for reconnaissance may consist of a future friendly position, such as brigade support areas (BSAs) or position areas for artillery. Frequently, area reconnaissance is defined as an NAI or a TAI to focus the unit on a more specific area, such as a building, bridge, obstacle, or key terrain.

TASKS

4-60. Area reconnaissance comprises the same tasks as zone reconnaissance. Based on time and the commander's intent, the commander may direct reconnaissance for SIRs only. Like zone reconnaissance, the commander should provide focus to the unit in the commander’s intent within the OPORD and list the tasks in the specific instructions. Primary tasks conducted within capability and associated with area reconnaissance are—

❑ Confirm or deny the commander’s PIRs.

❑ Determine the trafficability of all terrain in the area, including built-up areas.

❑ Find and report all enemy forces within the area.

❑ Reconnoiter specific terrain within the area.

❑ Report reconnaissance information.

4-61. Other area reconnaissance tasks include the following:

❑ Inspect and classify all bridges within the area.

❑ Locate fords or crossing sites near all bridges within the area.

❑ Inspect and classify all overpasses, underpasses, defiles, and culverts.

❑ Locate and clear all mines, obstacles, and barriers in the area.

❑ Locate bypasses around built-up areas.

❑ Locate and determine the extent of all contamination in the area, as well as bypasses around contaminated areas.

❑ Locate any bypasses for existing obstacles in the area that cannot be cleared.

OPERATIONAL VEHICLE FUNCTION TO TASK TRACE – AREA RECON (2 of 3)

Actions Occurring CV RCV CROWS-J SOM CsUAS Controller SRR MRR MAST TeUAS LASSO

Confirm or deny the commander’s PIRs X X X X X X X X X

Determine the trafficability of all terrain in the area, including built-up areas

X X X X X X X X X

Find and report all enemy forces within the area X X X X X X X X X X X

Reconnoiter specific terrain within the area X X X X X X X X X

Report reconnaissance information X

Inspect and classify all bridges within the area X X X X X X X X X

Locate fords or crossing sites near all bridges within the area X X X X X X X X X

Inspect and classify all overpasses, underpasses, defiles, and culverts

X X X X X X X X X

Locate and clear all mines, obstacles, and barriers in the area X X X X X X X X X

Locate bypasses around built-up areas X X X X X X X X X

Locate and determine the extent of all contamination in the area, as well as bypasses around contaminated areas

X X X X X X X X X

Locate any bypasses for existing obstacles in the area that cannot be cleared

X X X X X X X X X

72 –Hour Route Recon 72-Hour Total Average per Day Notes

Hrs mi MJ Hr Mi MJ

RCV (stationary power on) 18 n/a 6 n/a

RCV (moving) 54 n/a 18 n/a

TELEOP – Basic 72 n/a 18 n/a Full autonomy limited by current capability

CROWS-J 72 n/a 24 n/a

SOM 0 30 0 10 Runs for 9 minutes, assume used 3 times in 72 hours

CsUAS (passive mode) 71 n/a 23 40

CsUAS (defeat / jam mode) 1 n/a 0 20

MAST or TeUAS 36 n/a 12 n/a TeUAS payloads on

CONTROLLER 72 n/a 24 n/a

SRR 18 n/a 6 n/a Impact on platform power depended on recharge platform ( ISV or

RCV)

MRR 48 n/a 16 n/a Impact on platform power depended on recharge platform ( ISV or

RCV)

LASSO 1 n/a 0 20 Need to keep fully charges pr ior to launch

OPERATIONAL VEHICLE FUNCTION TO TASK TRACE – AREA RECON (3 of 3)

Phase 1: Movement from AA to LD Phase 2: PL SILVER to PL AMBER Phase 3: PL AMBER to PL GOLD Phase 4: PL GOLD

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RCV is moved from an Assembly Area (AA), which is approximately 5-10 km south of the

LD along RTE AMBER. Between the AA to the LD/LC, the RCVs are in autonomy

(leader/follower or convoy) mode following the ISV. At the LD, the RCV will transition to

TELEOP or Guarded TELEOP for maneuver.

Upon deployment, the HMIF PLT bounds by section both down the route and parallel to the route. The parallel section clears out to 2 km on either side of the route. The moving section will cover roughly 1 km/hr depending on terrain. Area Reconnaissance is focused on PIRs, ENY Composition/Disposition, trafficability and specific terrain.

The HMIF PLT uses sensors for initial clearance of terrain. If classification of bridges, clearance of culverts, defiles, and built-up areas is required, human must also be used.

Upon contact with Enemy Threats, the RCVs are used to conduct Attack By Fire to fix or destroy the enemy. The HMIF PLT uses both organic and available FIRES assets to

CLEAR enemy elements that can affect the route.

Phase 3 is a continuation of Phase 2. The

HMIF PLT continues to function in the same way conducting the same tasks.

Hasty reconnaissance focused on answering PIRs will last roughly 24 hours. Deliberate reconnaissance focused more broadly on terrain, infrastructure and built-up areas may take 72 hours or more.

HMIF PLT is prepared to transition to follow on operations. The PLT may move into a

SCREEN at the LOA. The PLT may conduct a Reconnaissance pull with a maneuver battalion to pass them on to an OBJ for a deliberate attack. The HMIF Platoon may also begin a movement to contact if they have not located the enemy at this point.

Payload Moving Stationary

CV X X

RCV X X

CROWS-J X X

SOM X

CsUAS X X

MAST X

TeUAS X

CONTOL Interface X X

TELEOP X X

GUARDED TELEOP X X

AUTONOMY

SRR X X

MRR X X

OPERATIONAL VEHICLE FUNCTION TO TASK TRACE – SCREEN (1 of 5)

SCREEN

5-21. Screen is a type of security operation that primarily provides early warning to the protected force (ADP 3-90). Screen operations provide less protection than guards or covers. Screen operations are defensive in nature. The screen force uses a series of observation posts and patrols to ensure observation of the assigned sector. The screen force gains and maintains enemy contact consistent with the security fundamentals. The screen force conducts counter reconnaissance to destroy or repel enemy reconnaissance units. The depth of the screen is critical to allow a reconnaissance handover from one element to another without displacement from established observation posts.

Friendly forces use depth to conduct counter reconnaissance to delay, impede, and harass the enemy with indirect fires causing them to deploy early while preventing enemy forces from identifying, penetrating, and exploiting the screen.

5-22. Screen missions are appropriate when operations have created extended flanks; gaps exist between major subordinate maneuver units, or when required to provide early warning over gaps not considered critical enough to require security in greater strength. The BCT commander maximizes the security effort where contact is expected.

5-23. A unit may conduct a screen in all directions for a stationary, protected force within supporting range of indirect fire assets. Units perform a screen to the flanks or rear, but not in front of a moving force. Zone reconnaissance, reconnaissance in force, and guard are missions given to units in front of a moving force.

GENERAL DESCRIPTIONS OF A SCREEN

5-29. Screens, even for a stationary protected force, are active operations of which stationary, observation posts and surveillance assets are only a part of the overall mission. A screen requires employment of mounted and dismounted patrols, aerial reconnaissance, and observation posts positioned over extended distances in-depth. Inactivity in a stationary screen yields identifiable and exploitable gaps for the threat.

5-30. The BCT commander provides purpose and guidance to the Cavalry squadron commander. The Commander states why the screen is important to the BCT mission and how it fits into the scheme of maneuver of the BCT mission.

5-31. Depth provides the BCT commander with more time to react to approaching enemy ground units and allows for a reconnaissance handover from one element to another with minimal displacement. Depth prevents the threat from easily identifying and penetrating the screen, prevents gaps from occurring when observation posts displace, and facilitates the destruction of enemy reconnaissance elements without comp romising critical observation posts. A unit employs depth by positioning observation posts and other information collection assets between the forward line of own troops (FLOT) and the rear boundary of the security force.

5-32. The wider the area to secure, the less the security force can take advantage of increased depth, because it has fewer forces to position in-depth. Once the BCT determines the width and depth of the security area, the initial screen, and probable avenues of approach , the security force orients on the protected force, area, or facility.

Security Operations

5-33. Maneuver of the screen elements to subsequent positions is event-driven. The approach of an identified and specified threat element that answers PIRs, relief by a friendly unit, or movement of the protected force may dictate displacement. Collapsing the screen, executed by well-rehearsed drills performed at all levels, provides security, and maintains contact for the unit as it displaces. The BCT commander can place a time requirement on the duration of the screen if the intent is to provide a higher level of security to the BCT or to provide a t entative period for subordinate unit planning and follow-on missions.

SCREEN TASKS

5-34. Execution considerations guide screen planning. Execution considerations for a screen include the following and are conducted within capability:

❑ Maintain continuous observation of all avenues of approach that affect the main body’s mission.

❑ Conduct counter reconnaissance to destroy, defeat, or disrupt all enemy reconnaissance elements according to engagement criteria. Allow no enemy ground element to pass through the screen undetected and unreported.

❑ Locate and identify the lead elements that indicate the enemy’s main attack, as prescribed in the enemy's order of battle based upon the IPB (when facing an echeloned enemy force).

❑ While displacing, determine the direction of enemy movement, maintain contact, and report threat activities.

❑ Maintain contact with the protected force and other forces operating on its flank.

❑ Detect and report all enemy elements attempting to pass through the screen, both ground and aerial, and provide the protected force commander early warning of enemy activities.

❑ Maintain contact with enemy forces, and report activity in the assigned area.

5-35. To enhance the effectiveness and depth of the screen, the squadron’s subordinate elements conduct reconnaissance handover or battle handover to pass contact from one element to another. In this way, the methods of reconnaissance management (cueing, mixing, and redundancy) and task organization maintain threat contact and protect the main effort following the commander’s intent.

OPERATIONAL VEHICLE FUNCTION TO TASK TRACE – SCREEN (2 of 5)

STATIONARY SCREEN

5-36. A squadron executing a stationary screen mission (see figure 5-1, page 5-10) requires the following guidance:

❑ General trace of screen and time it should be established.

❑ Commander’s security guidance.

❑ Information collection plan.

❑ Width of the screened sector.

❑ Identity of screened force.

❑ Rear boundary of the screening force.

❑ Possible follow-on missions.

5-37. The tasks required of a screening unit are minimal compared to other security missions. Therefore, the screening force may have a wide frontage. Usually, units deploy abreast with troops established in-depth.

5-38. A PL placed along identifiable terrain graphically indicates the FLOT and can serve as an LOA. When screening forward of the BCT, this PL represents the forward line of the screening unit troops. A boundary depicts the rear limit of the screen. The screening force is responsible for the area between the screened force and the rear screen boundary. The boundary may serve as a BHL or a reconnaissance handover line. The screening force uses other PLs to control forward and backward displacements of subordinate units of the screening force and to aid in reporting and orientation. The screening force designates sectors to control lateral movement of subordinate units.

5-39. Given the higher commander’s guidance (security objective, focus, duration, and engagement criteria),commanders and staffs consider the following during planning:

❑ Location of the initial screen.

❑ Movement or maneuver to occupy the screen.

❑ Assigned area of operations for subordinate elements.

❑ Air and ground integration.

❑ Surveillance and acquisition assets.

❑ Fires.

❑ Protection.

❑ Command and control.

❑ Sustainment.

❑ Control of displacement to subsequent positions.

❑ Reconnaissance handover between screening elements.

OPERATIONAL VEHICLE FUNCTION TO TASK TRACE – SCREEN (3 of 5)

OPERATIONAL VEHICLE FUNCTION TO TASK TRACE – SCREEN (4 of 5)

Interface

SRR MRR MAST TeUAS LASSO

Maintain continuous observation of all avenues of approach that affect the main body’s mission X X X X X X X X

Conduct counter reconnaissance to destroy, defeat, or disrupt all enemy reconnaissance elements according to engagement criteria. Allow no enemy ground element to pass through the screen undetected and unreported.

X X X X X X X X X X

Locate and identify the lead elements that indicate the enemy’s main attack, as prescribed in the enemy's order of battle based upon the IPB (when facing an echeloned enemy force)

X X X X X X X X

While displacing, determine the direction of enemy movement, maintain contact, and repor t threat activities X X X X X X X

Maintain contact with the protected other forces operating on its flank X X X X

Detect and report all enemy elements attempting to pass through the screen, both ground and aerial, and provide the protected force commander early warning of enemy activities

X X X X X X X X X

Maintain contact with enemy forces, and report activity in the assigned area X X X X X X X X

72 –Hour Route Recon 72-Hour Total Average per Day Notes

Hrs mi MJ Hr Mi MJ

SMET (stationary power on) 36 n/a 12 n/a

SMET (moving) 36 n/a 12 n/a

TELEOP – Basic 72 n/a 24 n/a Full autonomy limited by current capability

CROWS-J 72 n/a 24 n/a

SOM 0 30 0 10 Runs for 9 minutes, assume used 3 times in 72 hours

CsUAS (passive mode) 71 n/a 23 40

CsUAS (defeat / jam mode) 1 n/a 0 20

MAST or TeUAS 36 n/a 12 n/a TeUAS payloads on

CONTROLLER 72 n/a 24 n/a

SRR 36 n/a 6 n/a Impact on platform power depended on recharge platform

(ISV or RCV)

MRR 48 n/a 16 n/a Impact on platform power depended on recharge platform

(ISV or RCV)

LASSO 1 n/a 0 20 Need to keep fully charges prior to launch

OPERATIONAL VEHICLE FUNCTION TO TASK TRACE – SCREEN (5 of 5)

Phase 1: Movement to LD/LC Phase 2: LD/LC to Screen Line Phase 3: SCREEN Phase 4: Transition to Follow-On Ops

S c h e m e o f H

M

IF

M a n e u v e r

RCV is moved from an Assembly Area (AA,) which is approximately 5-10 km south of the

LD/LC. Between the AA to the LD/LC, the

RCVs are in autonomy (leader/follower or convoy) mode following with the ISV. At the LD/LC, the RCV will transition to TELEOP or

Guarded TELEOP for maneuver.

RCV conducts TELEOP maneuver forward through CPs and is deployed along the screen line to the north. The section will conduct bounding overwatch and cover approximately 2 km/hr. The CROWS-J, MAST or TeUAS, and all other sensors will be continuously active and monitored. MAST and TeUAS are deployed/recovered multiple times as needed to assess the terrain and threats forward of the CKPs. Additionally, the MRR/SRR is flown ahead of the SMETs to provide early warning of enemy presence.

After clearing through the CKPs, the CV will establish a control location and maneuver the RCVs up to the SCREEN line after visually clearing the Observation Post (OP) locations for the RCV using SRR/MRR.

RCV occupies SCREEN line in silent watch mode. While on the SCREEN line, the

CROWS-J, MAST or TeUAS, and all other sensors will be continuously active and monitored. The SOM and CsUAS are used if contact is made with ENY Reconnaissance elements. If committed to destroying, defeating or disrupting enemy reconnaissance elements, RCV returns to

CV for reloading When RCV is removed from SCREEN line it may travel autonomously if not in contact, MRR is used to maintain continuous observation of the RCVs assigned area. MRR conducts continuous observation with Platform replaced prior to being returned to CV for battery replacement, etc. until RCV is returned to

SCREEN line. RCV must be removed from

SCREEN line to maintain noise discipline for generator and to prevent decisive enemy contact.

The MRR will be used as needed (depending on terrain) but must be available to maintain continuous observation when the RCV is removed from the SCREEN line.

The HMIF Platoon may conduct a rearward passage of lines or be moved to a vulnerable flank to SCREEN and protect the main body.

Payload Moving Stationary

CV X X

RCV/SMET X X

CROWS-J X X

SOM X

CsUAS X X

MAST X

TeUAS X

CONTROLLER X X

TELEOP X

GUARDED

TELEOP

X

AUTONOMY

SRR X X

MRR X X

LASSO X

1 2 3

OPERATIONAL VEHICLE FUNCTION TO TASK TRACE – DISPLACE TO SUBSEQUENT SCREEN

Actions Occurring CV RCV/SMET CROWS-J SOM CsUAS Controller SRR MRR MAST TeUAS LASSO

Maintain continuous observation of all avenues of approach that affect the main body’s mission X X X X X X X X

Conduct counter reconnaissance to destroy, defeat, or disrupt all enemy reconnaissance elements according to engagement criteria. Allow no enemy ground element to pass through the screen undetected and unreported.

X X X X X X X X X X X

Locate and identify the lead elements that indicate the enemy’s main attack, as prescribed in the enemy's order o f battle based upon the IPB (when facing an echeloned enemy force)

X X X X X X X X X

While displacing, determine the direction of enemy movement, maintain contact, and repor t threat activities X X X X X X X

Maintain contact with the protected force and other forces operating on its flank X X X X

Detect and report all enemy elements attempting to pass through the screen, both ground and aerial, and provide the protected force commander early warning of enemy activities

X X X X X X X X X X

Maintain contact with enemy forces, and report activity in the assigned area X X X X X X X X X

Payload Moving Stationary

CV X X

RCV X X

CROWS-J X X

SOM X

CsUAS X X

MAST X

TeUAS X

CONTROLLER X X

TELEOP X

GUARDED TELEOP X

AUTONOMY

SRR X X

MRR X X

OPERATIONAL VEHICLE FUNCTION TO TASK TRACE – ESTABLISH AN OP (1 of 3)

OBSERVATION POSTS

6-80. An observation post is a position from which observations are made, or fires are directed and adjusted (FM 3-90). All observation posts should possess appropriate communications. Commanders task subordinate units to perform reconnaissance and combat patrols to cover gaps between observation posts. Units place restrictive fire support coordination measures (such as no-fire area or restrictive fire area) around observation post locations to prevent fratricide. Dismounted Infantry observation posts provide maximum stealth but lack the speed of displacement, optics, and weapons of mounted ones. It takes a minimum of two Soldiers to establish an observation post, and then they can only operate effectively for no more than 12 hours.

Observation posts manned for more than 12 hours require a minimum of an Infantry squad to ensure continuous operation.

Combat and reconnaissance patrols (see chapter 7) cover dead space and the area between observation posts. In addition, under limited-visibility conditions, units can establish observation posts as listening posts to take advantage of the increased auditory acuteness that occurs when Soldier vision is degraded.

Actions Occurring CV RCV CROWS-J SOM CsUAS Control Interface

SRR MRR MAST TeUAS LASSO

Does not mask fires of the main body X X X X X X X X X X

Provides timely information to the main body (Gives the leader enough time to act on information provided)

X

Can provide a support by fire position X X X

Fire can be directed and adjusted X X X X X X X X

Covered and concealed routes to and from each position X

Position the OP no further than half the maximum effective range of the weapon system overwatching it

X X

72 –Hour Route Recon 72-Hour Total Average per Day Notes

Hrs KM MJ Hr KM MJ

RCV (stationary power on) 36 12

RCV (moving) 36 12

TELEOP – Basic 72 24

CROWS-J 72 24

SOM 30 MIN 9

MIN

CsUAS (passive mode) 69 3

CsUAS (defeat / jam mode) 1 20MI

N

MAST or TeUAS 60 20

Control Interface 72 24

SRR 36 6

MRR 48 16

LASSO 1 Must be fully charged before launch

OPERATIONAL VEHICLE FUNCTION TO TASK TRACE – ESTABLISH AN OP (2 of 3)

OPERATIONAL VEHICLE FUNCTION TO TASK TRACE – ESTABLISH AN OP (3 of 3)

Phase 1: Selection of OP Locations Phase 2: Occupation of Ops Phase 3: Patrols between OPs Phase 4: Actions on Contact

S c h e m e o f H

M

IF

M a n e u v e r

RCVs move to occupy terrain to facilitate observation of enemy most likely avenues of approach, maintaining cover and concealment of the RCV

Occupy OP positions utilizing best covered and concealed routes to terrain favorable for observation

N/A for robotic systems Observe and report visual and sensor contact from the robots to the CV for targeting, with fires. On order displace RCVs from the screen line executing recon handover to the defending unit’s recon assets.

Payload Moving Stationary

CV X X

RCV/SMET X X

CROWS-J X X

SOM X X

CsUAS X X

MAST X

TeUAS X

CONTROLLER X X

TELEOP X

GUARDED TELOP X

AUTONOMY

SRR X X

MRR X X