7 -UST Procedures Manual.pdf

State of Alaska

DEPARTMENT OF

ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION

DIVISION OF SPILL PREVENTION AND RESPONSE

CONTAMINATED SITES PROGRAM

Underground Storage Tanks Procedures Manual

GUIDANCE FOR TREATMENT OF

PETROLEUM-CONTAMINATED SOIL AND WATER

AND

STANDARD SAMPLING PROCEDURES

March 22, 2017

- i -

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1. GUIDANCE FOR TREATMENT OF PETROLEUM-CONTAMINATED SOIL

AND WATER AT UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANK SITES…

SECTION 1. GUIDANCE FOR THE TREATMENT OF PETROLEUM-CONTAMINATED

SOIL AND WATER

1.1 Purpose, Applicability, and Exclusions

1.2 Introduction

SECTION 2. TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES

2.1 Bioremediation

2.1.1 Landfarming

2.1.2 In-Situ Bioremediation

2.1.3 Cell Bioremediation

2.2 Landspreading

2.3 Vapor Extraction Systems

2.3.1 In-Situ Vapor Extraction

2.3.2 Prepared Cell Vapor Extraction

2.4 Solidification and Fixation

2.5 Asphalt Recycling

2.6 Thermal Desorption

2.7 Soil Washing

2.8 Groundwater Pump and Treat

2.9 Air Sparging

2.10 Monitored Natural Attenuation

SECTION 3. TREATMENT CHECKLISTS……

Landfarming Checklist

In-Situ Bioremediation Checklist

Cell Bioremediation Checklist

Landspreading Checklist

In-Situ Vapor Extraction Checklist

Prepared Cell Vapor Extraction Checklist

Solidification and Fixation Checklist

Asphalt Recycling Checklist

Thermal Desorption Checklist

Soil Washing Checklist

Groundwater Pump and Treat Checklist

Air Sparging Checklist

CHAPTER 2. STANDARD SAMPLING PROCEDURES

SECTION 1. PROGRAM DESCRIPTION………

1.1 Program Objectives

1.2 Program Approach

SECTION 2. PROGRAM ORGANIZATION AND RESPONSIBILITIES

2.1 Personnel and Responsibilities

2.2 Accountability

SECTION 3. QUALITY ASSURANCE…

3.1 Responsibility and Definitions

SECTION 4. SAMPLING PROCEDURES………

4.1 Overview of Sampling Approach

Table 1: Reference Guide to Sample Collection and Laboratory Analysis

4.2 Documentation of Sampling Procedures

4.3 Pre-Sampling Activities

4.3.1 Site Background

4.3.2 Surface Observation of Site Conditions

4.3.3 Notification to Agencies

4.4 Field Screening

4.4.1 Field Screening Devices

4.4.2 Headspace Analytical Screening Procedure for Field Screening (Semi-

Quantitative Field Screening)

4.5 Determining Sample Locations

4.5.1 Sample Locations for Contaminated Untreated Stockpiles

4.5.2 Alternative Sample Collection Procedures

4.5.3 Sample Locations for Treated Excavated Soils

4.6 Collecting Soil Samples

4.7 Obtaining Groundwater Samples From Borings/Wells

4.7.1 Installing Groundwater Monitoring Wells

4.7.2 Sampling Groundwater Monitoring Wells

4.7.2.1 Determining Well Depth and Presence of Non-Aqueous Phase

Liquids

4.7.2.2 Well Purging

4.7.2.3 Collecting Groundwater Samples with Bailers

4.7.2.4 Alternative Methods of Collecting Groundwater Samples

4.8 Decontamination of Field Equipment

4.8.1 Decontamination of Soil Sampling Tools

4.8.2 Decontamination of Water Sampling Tools

4.8.3 Excavation Equipment

4.8.4 Cleaning Sample Containers

4.8.5 Disposal of Washwater, Rinsate, and Disposable Sampling Tools

4.9 Sample Containers and Holding Conditions

4.9.1 Sample Containers

4.9.2 Labeling Sample Containers

4.9.3 Holding Times, Conditions, and Methods of Preservation

4.9.4 Site Safety Plan

SECTION 5. SAMPLE TRANSFER LOG………

5.1 Sample Transfer Log

SECTION 6. ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES……

6.1 Field Screening Procedures

6.2 Identification of Laboratory Conducting Analyses

6.3 Determination of Analyses for Petroleum Hydrocarbons

Table 2A Determination of Sampling and Laboratory Analysis for Soil(s) and

Groundwater (GW)

Table 2B. Indicator Compounds for Petroleum Contaminated Sites

SECTION 7. CALIBRATION AND MAINTENANCE OF FIELD EQUIPMENT

7.1 Calibration and Maintenance of Field Instruments

7.1.1 Calibration

7.1.2 Maintenance

SECTION 8. DATA REDUCTION, VALIDATION, AND REPORTING

8.1 Responsibility for Laboratory Data

8.2 Final Data Reduction

8.3 Final Data Validation

8.3.1 Validation of Field Reports

8.3.2 Review of Laboratory Data

8.3.3 Determining the Final Validity of Samples

8.4 Data Reporting

8.4.1 Information to Be Included In Reports

8.4.2 Laboratory Data Reports for Samples

8.4.3 Submission of Reports to Tank Owner or Operator

SECTION 9. INTERNAL QUALITY CONTROL CHECKS

9.1 Field Quality Control Checks

Table 3. Example of Field Quality Control Summary

9.1.1 Minimum Field QC Sample Requirements

Table 4. Minimum Quality Control Scrutiny

9.1.2 Field Duplicate Sample

9.1.3 Decontamination or Equipment Blank

9.1.4 Trip Blank and Methanol Trip Blank

9.1.5 Field Blank

9.1.6 Background Sample

9.2 Laboratory Quality Control Samples

Table 5A. AK 101 Gasoline Range Organics-Sample Result Check Sheet

Table 5B. AK 101 Gasolone Range Organics-Quality Assurance/Quality Control Sheet 61

Table 5C. AK 102 Diesel Range Organics-Sample Result Check Sheet

Table 5D. AK 102 Diesel Range Organics-Quality Assurance/Quality Control Check

Sheet

Table 5E. AK 103 Residual Range Organics-Sample Result Check Sheet

Table 5F. AK 103 Diesel Range Organics-Quality Control/Quality Assurance Check

Sheet

9.2.1 List of Common Laboratory Quality Control Samples

SECTION 10. CORRECTIVE ACTIONS………

10.1 Handling Invalid Samples

10.2 Field Instrument Failure and Improper Use

10.3 Failures In Data Processing, Management, or Analysis

10.4 Corrective Actions with Laboratory

APPENDIXA. Site Assessment and Release Investigation Summary Form

APPENDIX B. Laboratory Data Report Check Sheet

APPENDIX C. Alaska Series Laboratory Methods for the Analysis of Gasoline Range Organics

(AK101), Diesel Range Organics (AK102), and Residual Range Organics

(AK103)……………………………………………………………………………….…80

APPENDIX D. Alaska Series Laboratory Methods for the Analysis of Aliphatic and Aromatic

Gasoline Range Organics (AK101AA), Aliphatic and Aromatic Diesel Range Organics

(AK 102AA), and Aliphatic and Aromatic Residual Range Organics (AK 103AA)

……………………………………………………………………………………..attached

APPENDIX E. Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation Hazard Ranking Evaluation

Form

.attached

CHAPTER 1

GUIDANCE FOR TREATMENT OF

AT UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANK SITES

CHAPTER 1. GUIDANCE FOR TREATMENT OF PETROLEUM-CONTAMINATED

SOIL AND WATER AT UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANK SITES

For more information regarding remedial technologies that are available, refer to the document entitled How to Evaluate Alternative Cleanup Technologies for

Underground Storage Tank Sites, A Guide for Corrective Action Plan Reviewers, EPA 510-B-94-003, dated October 1994, published by the United States

Environmental Protection Agency, and available from that agency. A copy is available for review at the Department of Environmental Conservation’s offices in

Anchorage, Fairbanks, Juneau, and Soldotna.

SECTION 1. GUIDANCE FOR THE TREATMENT OF

1.1 Purpose, Applicability, and Exclusions

The following is intended as guidance for the treatment of petroleum-contaminated soil and groundwater associated with underground storage tanks (USTs) as defined by AS 46.03.450. It may be used as guidance for other petroleum releases from other tanks such as home heating oil tanks regulated under 18 AAC 75.

Petroleum-contaminated media and debris generated by releases or spills from USTs are tempo-rarily excluded from the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedures requirements of the

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) (see 40 C.F.R. 261.4(b)(10)).

The corrective action activities of petroleum-contaminated soils are an important part of the corrective action process at leaking underground storage tank (LUST) sites. Contaminated soils that remain in place without treatment may pose not only an environmental and public health risk, but can significantly prolong the groundwater corrective action effort, resulting in significantly higher total corrective action costs.

1.2 Introduction

Various options for managing petroleum-contaminated sites, including guidance for use in

Alaska, are highlighted in this chapter. The technology for managing petroleum-contaminated soil and water is continually improving. The large number of sites that need to be addressed has created a demand for innovative, cost-effective solutions. The Alaska Department of

Environmental Conservation (ADEC) intends to maintain a flexible approach toward the evaluation and approval of new treatment technologies that are protective of human health and safety and the environment. Examples of proposed remedial technologies for petroleum-contaminated soils and water include bioremediation, landspreading, vapor extraction systems, solidification, fixation, asphalt recycling, thermal desorption, soil washing, groundwater pump and treat, and air sparging.

A health and safety plan addressing important chemical and physical hazards should be prepared and used. Any handling of gasoline-contaminated soils, in particular, will result in volatilization of light fractions of petroleum. Organic vapors should be monitored and workers must be in compliance with Occupational Safety and Health Administration requirements under

29 C.F.R.1910.120 for training and personal protective gear.

Regular checks should be made at the area to ensure that no further releases occur and that all equipment and containment systems are operating properly. In particular, checks should be made immediately before, during, and after high winds and heavy rainfall. One person should be assigned the responsibility for ensuring that these checks are made and for keeping a log of the maintenance. Many well-designed storage or treatment systems operate poorly due to poor maintenance. Operation and maintenance are as important to the effectiveness of the treatment as the design.

SECTION 2. TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES

2.1 Bioremediation

Bioremediation is a treatment method that decreases petroleum product concentrations in soil and groundwater through biological action. Bioremediation may be performed in-situ, in a specially designed treatment cell, or by landfarming. Different requirements may apply, depending on whether landfarming, in-situ, or cell bioremediation is used. If in-situ bioremediation or landfarming is used, the treatment design will require more detailed attention regarding site conditions. Cell bioremediation requires more extensive construction, but fewer monitoring and testing requirements.

2.1.1 Landfarming

Landfarming involves spreading contaminated soil in a thin layer on a liner over the ground's surface. Biological activity may be enhanced by the addition of a combination of the following amendments: nutrients, mechanical aeration, water addition, and pH adjustment. Landfarming should not be confused with landspreading. Landspreading relies mainly on aeration and unenhanced biological action to perform treatment. The design parameters for a landspreading facility, however, are similar to the design parameters for a landfarming facility. Landfarming works well for gasoline and diesel and more slowly for heavier hydrocarbons.

2.1.2 In-Situ Bioremediation

In-situ bioremediation is most often accomplished in combination with vapor extraction and bioventing. This technology uses naturally occurring microorganisms that are stimulated to biodegrade contaminated soils in place. The most developed and most feasible bioremediation method for in-situ treatment relies on optimizing environmental conditions by providing an oxygen source that is delivered to the subsurface through an injection well or infiltration system for the enhancement of microbial activity.

2.1.3 Cell Bioremediation

Cell bioremediation employs specially designed treatment cells to contain contaminated soils and enhance biodegradation of hydrocarbons. Soil moisture, temperature, oxygen, and nutrients are controlled to optimize conditions for soil bacteria.

The major difference between in-situ bioremediation and cell bioremediation is how the contaminated soil is contained. In cell bioremediation, the contaminated soil is placed in a liner, tank, pad, or other structure designed to completely contain any leachate generated from the treatment process.

2.2 Landspreading

Landspreading is a passive treatment method that decreases petroleum product concentrations in soil through biological action and aeration. Landspreading operations may require a solid waste disposal permit under 18 AAC 60. In general, a permit is not required if the soil will be removed from the landspreading site after the landspreading activity is complete.

Landspreading works well with soils contaminated with gasoline and soils lightly contaminated with diesel or other heavier chain petroleum products.

2.3 Vapor Extraction Systems

Vapor extraction involves the forced withdrawal or injection of air into subsurface soils to promote the volatilization of hydrocarbons. Contaminants move from the soil into the air stream.

As the air exits the soil, it is either discharged directly to the atmosphere or treated to remove the contaminants before discharge. Vapor extraction works best with highly volatile contaminants, such as gasoline, in a uniform soil horizon with low organic content. Vapor extraction can be performed in-situ or in a prepared cell.

2.3.1 In-Situ Vapor Extraction

In-situ vapor extraction involves installing vertical or horizontal piping in the area of soil contamination. An air blower is then used to draw vapors out from the subsurface. In-situ vapor extraction should be used for volatile contaminants only in areas where soil permeability allows easy vapor movement. Permeability will affect well spacing. The amount of soil organic matter and soil moisture will also affect the ease of stripping volatiles.

In-situ vapor extraction systems can be a series of wells, some type of French drain system buried in the contaminated area, or any other mechanical structure designed to push or pull air through the contaminated area.

Use of explosion proof equipment and automatic shutoff devices that will shut down the system is recommended if the atmosphere inside the treatment building exceeds 20 percent of the lower explosive limit (LEL).

2.3.2 Prepared Cell Vapor Extraction

This technology is similar to in-situ vapor extraction. Prepared cell vapor extraction involves excavating the contaminated soil and placing it in treatment cells. Perforated pipes are placed within the treatment cells. The treatment cells are entirely enclosed with a liner and air is forced through the perforated pipes with blowers. Treatment cell venting can be effective for most of the year and can be done during periods of wet weather.

Like in-situ vapor extraction, prepared cell vapor extraction should be used for volatile contaminants. The amount of soil organic matter and soil moisture will also affect the ease of stripping volatiles.

2.4 Solidification and Fixation

Solidification and fixation are processes whereby additives are mixed into contaminated soil to immobilize the contaminants in the soil. The petroleum hydrocarbons become chemically and/or physically bound into the resulting mixture, limiting the solubility or leach ability of a contaminant.

Solidification and fixation usually refers to the use of cementing agents that transform contaminated soil into freestanding, relatively impermeable blocks. It is important that the reuse of the treated material be for a beneficial purpose. If not, the treated material must be disposed of in accordance with 18 AAC 60. Examples of beneficial reuse include aggregate for concrete, road base course, building foundation fill, and parking lot base course. Beneficial reuse must occur in an area that is at least six feet above the seasonal high water table. Examples of nonbeneficial use include nonstructural fill, stockpiles, and wetlands fill.

2.5 Asphalt Recycling

Cold or hot mix asphalt recycling involves blending petroleum-contaminated soil with sand and gravel aggregate for the manufacture of asphaltic concrete or lower grade asphalt mixtures for road beds. Soil particle diameter and the amount of silt and clay in the contaminated soil are limiting factors for this option.

This technology is generally used only with soils contaminated by diesel, heating oils, and heavier chain petroleum hydrocarbon fuels. This treatment is not recommended for soils heavily contaminated with gasoline. Soils that exhibit free flowing product or the potential of free product are not acceptable for asphalt recycling.

The asphalt produced by the cold asphalt recycling method is generally only suitable as a base coat and is not considered a finished product.

2.6 Thermal Desorption

Thermal desorption employs both permanent and mobile units. This technology uses a rotary kiln heated to 300o to 700o F to volatilize hydrocarbons from contaminated soil. Some petroleum hydrocarbons will remain in the soil depending on soil temperature, moisture content, texture, time in the unit, contaminant type and contaminant concentration. The emissions are oxidized in an afterburner to prevent discharge of large quantities of unburned hydrocarbons into the atmosphere.

This method is effective for treating most types of petroleum contaminants, although higher temperatures are needed to remove heavy hydrocarbons from soil.

Silty soil creates significant operational problems for thermal treatment systems because of dust generation and baghouse limitations. Large debris often cannot be processed in the thermal desorption unit and may need to be segregated and addressed separately.

2.7 Soil Washing

Soil washing is a technique that removes petroleum hydrocarbons from the soil by actively leaching the contaminants from the soil into a leaching medium. The extracted contaminants can then be removed from the washing fluid by conventional treatment methods. Soil washing with surfactants or solvents can achieve acceptable residual petroleum hydrocarbon levels for soil.

However, the washing process results in large amounts of wastewater that must be managed. It may be difficult to treat soils with a high percentage of silts and clays or organic matter and achieve corrective action goals.

2.8 Groundwater Pump and Treat

Groundwater pump and treat is used when groundwater beneath a site is contaminated with petroleum. Contamination may be in the form of free product floating on the water table or petroleum constituents dissolved in the water. Any free product should be removed as soon as possible.

For dissolved phase contamination, groundwater is extracted, treated, and disposed. Several types of treatment could be used depending on the type and concentration of the contaminant and the site conditions. Some of the possible treatment technologies include oil/water separators, air strippers, activated carbon, and bioremediation or some combination (such as using an air stripper and activated carbon for volatile organic compounds and an oil/water separator for heavier end compounds). Disposal options for extracted groundwater include discharging to surface water, groundwater (reinjection), a sewer system, and an industrial wastewater treatment facility. A permit may be required before discharge of any extracted water.

2.9 Air Sparging

Air sparging involves the injection of air into the subsurface below the groundwater surface to volatilize hydrocarbon or other constituents dissolved in the groundwater and adsorbed to the soil. The volatilized hydrocarbon constituents are then removed from the vadose zone with vapor extraction wells. In addition to volatilizing petroleum contaminants, air sparging increases groundwater dissolved oxygen levels which increases biological activity leading to in-situ destruction of contaminants.

This technology is optimized in homogenous soils with high permeability and should be used only for volatile contaminants. However, introducing oxygen enhances biodegradation of heavier chain compounds such as diesel.

It is essential that a detailed site characterization is completed and that it defines any preferential flow paths that might exist. Failure to properly characterize a site and design a treatment system could result in vapor migration to areas that can result in serious safety considerations

(for example, basements or crawl spaces can collect vapors and present an explosion hazard).

Special consideration should be given to areas without a significant vadose zone.

2.10 Monitored Natural Attenuation

Natural attenuation is the reduction in the concentration and mass of hazardous substances due to naturally occurring physical, chemical, and biological processes without human intervention.

These processes include, but are not limited to, dispersion, diffusion, sorption, retardation, and degradation processes such as biodegradation. Other terms associated with natural attenuation in the literature include “intrinsic remediation”, “intrinsic bioremediation”, “passive bioremediation”, “natural recovery”, and “natural assimilation”.

Under appropriate field conditions, benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, and xylenes (BTEX) may degrade through microbial activity and ultimately produce non-toxic products such as carbon dioxide and water. Where microbial activity is sufficiently rapid, the dissolved BTEX contaminant plume may stabilize (i.e., stop expanding), and contaminant concentrations may eventually decrease to levels below regulatory cleanup levels.

Following degradation of a dissolved BTEX plume, a residue consisting of heavier petroleum hydrocarbons of relatively low solubility and volatility will typically be left behind in the original source (spill) area. Although this residual contamination may have a lower potential for further migration, it still may pose a threat to human health, safety, and welfare or the environment either from direct contact with soils in the source area or by continuing to slowly leach contaminants to groundwater. For these reasons, monitored natural attenuation alone is generally not sufficient to clean up a petroleum release site.

Source control measures usually need to be implemented in conjunction with natural attenuation processes. Other controls such as institutional controls may also be necessary to ensure protection of human health, safety, and welfare and the environment.

Performance monitoring is a critical element for a natural attenuation strategy to evaluate cleanup effectiveness and to ensure protection of human health, safety, and welfare and the environment. The monitoring program developed for each site should specify the location, frequency, and type of samples and measurements necessary to evaluate remedy performance and define the anticipated performance objectives of the remedy. Performance monitoring should continue as long as contamination remains above required cleanup levels.

Typically, monitoring is continued for a specified period (e.g., one to three years) after cleanup levels have been achieved to ensure that concentration levels are stable and remain below cleanup levels. The mechanisms for maintaining the monitoring program should be clearly established in the cleanup decision or other site documents, as appropriate. Details of the monitoring program should be provided to ADEC as part of any proposed natural attenuation remedy. For more information, consult the EPA guidance entitled Use of Monitored Natural

Attenuation at Superfund, RCRA Corrective Action, and Underground Storage Tanks Sites (EPA, 1997b).

SECTION 3. TREATMENT CHECKLISTS

The following checklists provide the essential components needed to complete a treatment project using the specified treatment technology. Additional criteria may be required dependent upon site-specific conditions. If used, a signed copy of the checklist should be enclosed in the front of the final corrective action report submitted to ADEC. Checklists are for voluntary use and are not mandatory.

Landfarming Checklist

Project Name__________________________ UST Facility #0-00_______

Page Number in Report ____

____ Workplan with detailed specifications for the landfarming project (18 AAC 78.250(e)(3)).

____ Design plan that will provide prevention of contamination migration to previously unaffected areas unless otherwise approved by the department in a corrective action plan (18 AAC 78.250(e)(4)).

____ Workplan schedule for conducting field work, monitoring, corrective action performance, and submittal of interim and final corrective action reports (18 AAC 78.250(e)(1)).

____ Site control plan (18 AAC 78.250(e)(8)).

____ Wastewater discharge permit for any discharge of regulated wastewater (18 AAC 72).

____ Project complies with air quality standards and requirements (18 AAC 78.250(e)(9) and 18 AAC 50).

____ Nondomestic wastewater system plan approval for the construction, alteration, installation, modification, or operation of any nondomestic wastewater treatment works or disposal system under 18 AAC 72.600 (18

AAC 78.250(e)(11) and 18 AAC 72).

____ Project maintains appropriate separation distance from surface water, water supply wells, and groundwater

(18 AAC 78.274(a)(2)).

____ If applicable, description of cultured microbes, any additives, breakdown products, and oxygen source with their rate of application and biodegradation (18 AAC 78.250(e)(12)(E)).

____ If a landfarm is constructed off-site, department approval before moving contaminated soil to the treatment site (18 AAC 78.274(b)).

____ If landfarm is constructed off-site, compliance with the treatment facility requirements (18 AAC 78.273).

____ Information submitted that addresses leachate (18 AAC 78.250(e)(12)(A)).

____ Post-treatment sampling to ensure cleanup standards have been met (18 AAC 78.605(b)).

____ Cleanup standards achieved (18 AAC 78.600 - 18 AAC 78.625).

____ Treated soils returned to original site or disposed of properly in accordance with department approval

(18 AAC 78.274(b)).

I certify that I have personally reviewed the above checklist and that all information noted is contained in the attached report.

Name________________________________ Signature__________________________________

Title_________________________________ Date______________________________________

In-Situ Bioremediation Checklist

Page Number in Report___

____ Workplan with detailed specifications for the in-situ bioremediation project (18 AAC 78.250(e)(3)).

____ Design plan that will provide prevention of contamination migration to previously unaffected areas unless

____ Workplan schedule for conducting field work, monitoring, corrective action performance, and submittal of

____ Project complies with air quality standards and requirements (18 AAC 78.250(e)(9) and 18 AAC 50).

____ Nondomestic wastewater system plan approval for the construction, alteration, installation, modification, or operation of a nondomestic wastewater treatment works or disposal system under 18 AAC 72.600 (18 AAC

78.250(e)(11) and 18 AAC 72).

____ Site monitoring plan showing placement locations for monitoring wells (18 AAC 78.250(e)(13)(A)).

____ Hydrogeologic description of the site addressing soil and sediments present, stratigraphy, groundwater gradient, confining layers, perched water, aquifer transmissivity, percolation rates from precipitation, and other relevant factors (18 AAC 78.250(e)(13)(B)).

____ If required by ADEC, hydrogeologic modeling addressing capture zones, effects of hydraulic loading, and plume migration (18 AAC 78.250(e)(13)(C)).

____ If applicable, description of cultured microbes, any additives, and electron acceptor source with their rate of application and biodegradation (18 AAC 78.250(e)(12)(E)).

I certify that I have personally reviewed the above checklist and that all information noted is contained in the

Cell Bioremediation Checklist

____ Workplan with detailed specifications for the cell bioremediation project (18 AAC 78.250(e)(3)).

____ Design plan that will provide prevention of contamination migration to previously unaffected areas unless

____ Workplan schedule for conducting field work, monitoring, corrective action performance, and submittal of

____ Project complies with air quality standards and requirements (18 AAC 78.250(e)(9) and 18 AAC 50).

____ Soil placed on liner meeting long-term storage requirements (18 AAC 78.274).

____ Nondomestic wastewater system plan approval for the construction, alteration, installation, modification, or

____ Information submitted that addresses containment and handling of leachate (18 AAC 78.250(e)(12)(A)).

____ Project maintains appropriate separation distance from surface water, water supply wells, and groundwater

____ If applicable, description of cultured microbes, any additives, and oxygen source with their rate of application and biodegradation (18 AAC 78.250(e)(12)(E)).

____ If treatment cell is constructed off-site, department approval before moving contaminated soil to the treatment site (18 AAC 78.274(b)).

____ If treatment cell is constructed off-site, compliance with the treatment facility requirements (18 AAC

78.273).

____ Treated soils returned to original site or disposed of properly in accordance with department approval

I certify that I have personally reviewed the above checklist and that all information noted is contained in the

Landspreading Checklist

____ Workplan with detailed specifications for the landspreading project (18 AAC 78.250(e)(3)).

____ Design plan that will provide prevention of contamination migration to previously unaffected areas unless

____ Workplan schedule for conducting field work, monitoring, corrective action performance, and submittal of

____ A list of additives and additive effects (18 AAC 78.250(e)(7)).

____ Project complies with air quality standards and requirements (18 AAC 78.250(e)(9) and 18 AAC 50).

____ Nondomestic wastewater system plan approval for the construction, alteration, installation, modification, or

____ Project maintains appropriate separation distance from surface water, water supply wells, and groundwater

____ If landspreading is constructed off-site, department approval before moving contaminated soil to the

____ If landspreading is constructed off-site, compliance with the treatment facility requirements (18 AAC

____ Treated soils returned to original site or disposed of properly in accordance with department approval

I certify that I have personally reviewed the above checklist and that all information noted is contained in the

In-Situ Vapor Extraction Checklist

Page Number in Report ___

____ Workplan with detailed specifications for the in-situ vapor extraction project (18 AAC 78.250(e)(3)).

____ Design plan that will provide prevention of contamination migration to previously unaffected areas unless

____ Workplan schedule for conducting field work, monitoring, corrective action performance, and submittal of interim and final corrective action reports (18 AAC 7 78.250(e)(1)).

____ Project complies with air quality standards and requirements (18 AAC 78.250(e)(9) and 18 AAC 50).

____ Nondomestic wastewater system plan approval for the construction, alteration, installation, modification, or

____ Site monitoring plan showing placement locations for monitoring wells (18 AAC 78.250(e)(13)(A)).

____ Hydrogeologic description of the site addressing soil and sediments present, stratigraphy, groundwater gradient, confining layers, perched water, aquifer transmissivity, percolation rates from precipitation, and

____ If required by ADEC, hydrogeologic modeling addressing capture zones, effects of hydraulic loading, and

I certify that I have personally reviewed the above checklist and that all information noted is contained in the

Name________________________________

Signature__________________________________

Title______________________________ Date___________________________

Prepared Cell Vapor Extraction Checklist

Page Number in Report _____

____ Workplan with detailed specifications for the cell vapor extraction project (18 AAC 78.250(e)(3)).

____ Design plan that will provide prevention of contamination migration to previously unaffected areas unless

____ Workplan schedule for conducting field work, monitoring, corrective action performance, and submittal of

____ Project complies with air quality standards and requirements (18 AAC 78.250(e)(9) and 18 AAC 50).

____ Nondomestic wastewater system plan approval for the construction, alteration, installation, modification, or

____ Information submitted that addresses containment and handling of leachate (18 AAC 78.250(e)(12)(A)).

____ Project maintains appropriate separation distance from surface water, water supply wells, and groundwater

____ If treatment cell is constructed off-site, department approval before moving contaminated soil to the

____ If treatment cell is constructed off-site, compliance with the treatment facility requirements (18 AAC

____ Post-treatment sampling to ensure cleanup levels have been met (18 AAC 78.605(b)).

____ Treated soils returned to original site or disposed of properly in accordance with department approval

I certify that I have personally reviewed the above checklist and that all information noted is contained in the

Solidification and Fixation Checklist

____ Workplan with detailed specifications for the solidification or fixation project (18 AAC 78.250(e)(9)).

____ Design plan that will provide prevention of contamination migration to previously unaffected areas unless

____ Workplan schedule for conducting field work, monitoring, corrective action performance, and submittal of

____ Wastewater discharge permit for discharge of regulated wastewater (18 AAC 72).

____ Project complies with air quality standards and requirements (18 AAC 78.250(e)(9) and 18 AAC 50).

____ Nondomestic wastewater system plan approval for the construction, alteration, installation, modification, or

____ Information submitted that addresses containment and handling of leachate (18 AAC 78.250(e)(12)(A)).

____ Project maintains appropriate separation distance from surface water, water supply wells, and groundwater

____ If solidification or fixation project is off-site, department approval before moving contaminated soil to the

____ If solidification or fixation is off-site, compliance with the treatment facility requirements (18 AAC

____ Cleanup standards achieved (18 AAC 78.600 - 18 AAC 78.625)

____ Treated soils returned to original site or disposed of properly in accordance with department approval

I certify that I have personally reviewed the above checklist and that all information noted is contained in the

Asphalt Recycling Checklist

____ Workplan with detailed specifications for the asphalt recycling project (18 AAC 78.250(e)(3)).

____ Design plan that will provide prevention of contamination migration to previously unaffected areas unless

____ Workplan schedule for conducting field work, monitoring, corrective action performance, and submittal of interim and final corrective action reports (18 AAC 78.250(e)(1))

____ Project complies with air quality standards and requirements (18 AAC 78.250(e)(9) and 18 AAC 50).

____ Soil placed temporarily on liner meets appropriate storage requirements (18 AAC 78.274).

____ Nondomestic wastewater system plan approval for the construction, alteration, installation, modification, or

____ Project maintains appropriate separation distance from surface water, water supply wells, and groundwater

____ If using a hot asphalt batch plant, certify that processes incorporating contaminated soils meet all current industry standards for asphalt paving (18 AAC 78.250(e)(12)(C)).

____ If required by ADEC, results of a leaching assessment (18 AAC 78.250(e)(12)(D)(iii)).

____ If required by ADEC, a pavement structure design study certified by a registered engineer (18 AAC

78.250(e)(12)(D)(i)).

____ If asphalt recycling is completed off-site, department approval before moving contaminated soil to the

____ If asphalt recycling is completed off-site, compliance with the treatment facility requirements (18 AAC

____ Treated soils returned to original site or disposed of properly in accordance with department approval

I certify I personally reviewed the above checklist and that all information noted is contained in the attached report.

Thermal Desorption Checklist

Page Number in report ____

____ Workplan with detailed specifications for the thermal desorption project (18 AAC 78.250(e)(3)).

____ Design plan that will provide prevention of contamination migration to previously unaffected areas unless

____ Workplan schedule for conducting field work, monitoring, corrective action performance, and submittal of

____ Project complies with air quality standards and requirements (18 AAC 78.250(e)(9) and 18 AAC 50).

____ Contaminated soil placed on liner meets appropriate storage requirements until final confirmation samples confirm they meet appropriate cleanup standards (18 AAC 78.274).

____ Nondomestic wastewater system plan approval for the construction, alteration, installation, modification, or

____ Information submitted that addresses containment and handling of leachate (18 AAC 78.250(e)(12)(A)).

____ Project maintains appropriate separation distance from surface water, water supply wells, and groundwater

(18 AAC 78.274).____ If thermal desorption is completed off-site, department approval before moving contaminated soil to the treatment site (18 AAC 78.274(c)).

____ If thermal desorption is completed off-site, compliance with the treatment facility requirements

(18 AAC 78.273).

____ Treated soils returned to original site or disposed of properly in accordance with department approval

I certify that I have personally reviewed the above checklist and that all information noted is contained in the

Soil Washing Checklist

____ Workplan with detailed specifications for the soil washing project (18 AAC 78.250(e)(3)).

____ Design plan that will provide prevention of contamination migration to previously unaffected areas unless

____ Workplan schedule for conducting field work, monitoring, corrective action performance and submittal of

____ Project complies with air quality standards and requirements (18 AAC 78.250(e)(9) and 18 AAC 50).

____ Soil placed temporarily on liner meets appropriate storage requirements (18 AAC 78.274).

____ Nondomestic wastewater system plan approval for the construction, alteration, installation, modification, or

____ Information submitted that addresses containment and handling of leachate (18 AAC 78.250(e)(12)(A)).

____ Project maintains appropriate separation distance from surface water, water supply wells, and groundwater

____ If soil washing is completed off-site, department approval before moving contaminated soil to the treatment site (18 AAC 78.274(b)).

____ If soil washing is completed off-site, compliance with the treatment facility requirements (18 AAC 78.

273).

____ Treated soils returned to original site or disposed of properly in accordance with department approval

I certify that I have personally reviewed the above checklist and that all information noted is contained in the

Groundwater Pump and Treat Checklist

____ Workplan with detailed specifications for the groundwater pump and treat project (18 AAC 78.250(e)(3)).

____ Design plan that will provide prevention of contamination migration to previously unaffected areas unless

____ Workplan schedule for conducting field work, monitoring, corrective action performance, and submittal of

____ Project complies with air quality standards and requirements (18 AAC 78.250(e)(9) and 18 AAC 50).

____ Nondomestic wastewater system plan approval for the construction, alteration, installation, modification, or

____ Site monitoring plan showing placement locations for monitoring wells (18 AAC 78.250(e)(13)(A)).

____ Hydrogeologic description of the site addressing soil and sediments present, stratigraphy, groundwater gradient, confining layers, perched water, aquifer transmissivity, percolation rates from precipitation, and

____ If required by ADEC, hydrogeologic modeling addressing capture zones, effects of hydraulic loading, and

I certify that I have personally reviewed the above checklist and that all information noted is contained in the

Name________________________ Title___________________________

Signature______________________ Date___________________________

Air Sparging Checklist

____ Workplan with detailed specifications for the air sparging project (18 AAC 78.250(e)(3)).

____ Design plan that will provide prevention of contamination migration to previously unaffected areas unless

____ Workplan schedule for conducting field work, monitoring, corrective action performance, and submittal of

____ Project complies with air quality standards and requirements (18 AAC 78.250(e)(9) and 18 AAC 50).

____ Nondomestic wastewater system plan approval for the construction, alteration, installation, modification, or

78.272(a)(9) and 18 AAC 72).

____ Site monitoring plan showing placement locations for monitoring wells (18 AAC 78.250(e)(13)(A)).

____ Hydrogeologic description of the site addressing soil and sediments present, stratigraphy, groundwater gradient, confining layers, perched water, aquifer transmissivity, percolation rates from precipitation, and

____ If required by ADEC, hydrogeologic modeling addressing capture zones, effects of hydraulic loading, and

I certify that I have personally reviewed the above checklist and that all information noted is contained in the

Name________________________ Title____________________________

Signature____________________ Date_________________________________

CHAPTER 2

STANDARD SAMPLING PROCEDURES

CHAPTER 2. STANDARD SAMPLING PROCEDURES

SECTION 1. PROGRAM DESCRIPTION

1.1 Program Objectives

This manual outlines the standard operating procedures, quality control procedures, and data quality objectives for regulated underground storage tank (UST) site characterizations, site assessments, release investigations, and corrective actions. It directs the collection, interpretation, and reporting of data. This data will enable tank owners and operators and ADEC to evaluate the presence, degree, and extent of any groundwater, surface water, and soil contamination and to determine if further action is necessary.

1.2 Program Approach

To meet program objectives, this manual outlines a systematic approach to conducting UST site assessments and investigations. This approach is based on scientific studies, United States

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) guidance and methods, Alaska's UST regulations in

18 AAC 78, guidelines, input from the Alaska UST regulations workgroup, and assessment strategies used in Alaska and other states. This manual details sampling, laboratory analysis, and data reporting procedures, along with all required quality control functions. It also lists persons responsible for the major tasks required by 18 AAC 78. The manual covers activities in the following areas:

personnel and responsibilities data quality objectives sampling procedures sample transfer log laboratory analytical procedures equipment maintenance and calibration data reduction, validation, and reporting quality control checks precision, accuracy, and completeness assessment corrective action scenarios internal audits reporting to management

Information about site sampling locations and site history, with reference to any existing documents for historical information and data available, must be included in the site-specific project plan or report submitted for each project undertaken for which a plan is required.

SECTION 2. PROGRAM ORGANIZATION AND RESPONSIBILITIES

2.1 Personnel and Responsibilities

All activities under this chapter, including the collection, interpretation, and reporting of data, shall be conducted or supervised by a qualified environmental professional as defined in 18 AAC 78.

When a qualified environmental professional is not available, a qualified sampler as defined in 18

AAC 78 may conduct sampling of soil stockpiles, bioremediation systems, surface water, or groundwater monitoring wells if described and approved in the sampling and analysis plan. A qualified environmental professional is responsible for performing principal investigation and quality assurance officer tasks. The responsibilities for these tasks under this chapter are as follows:

(1) The qualified environmental professional is responsible for overall management of the

UST site assessment and site investigation, including adherence to the procedures outlined in this chapter.

(2) The QA officer, which may also be the qualified environmental professional, is responsible for overall quality assurance of assessment and investigation of UST sites and facilities.

The QA officer is responsible for conducting scheduled field audits and providing ongoing review, monitoring, and evaluation of the field and laboratory activities. The QA officer shall validate or supervise validation of all reports to ADEC.

2.2 Accountability

While a laboratory must assure satisfactory levels of quality control within the laboratory to maintain its status with ADEC, the owner or operator shall ensure that the qualified environmental professional

(1) verifies the status of the laboratory being used; a list of certified and provisionally approved laboratories is available from ADEC;

(2) ensures that analytical testing meets the objectives of this chapter that refer to laboratories and the applicable requirements of 18 AAC 78;

(3) reports in any project report connected with this chapter any deviation from standard laboratory procedures of which it becomes aware;

(4) takes appropriate corrective actions as outlined in Section 10 of this manual if questions or problems arise with the laboratory analysis.

SECTION 3. QUALITY ASSURANCE

3.1 Responsibility and Definitions

Quality assurance (QA) objectives are quantitative and qualitative criteria needed to support specific regulatory action and describe the acceptability of data. The qualified environmental professional has primary responsibility for field QA and is accountable for the overall QA of the samples.

Quantitative QA criteria are precision, accuracy, and completeness. Qualitative QA criteria are representativeness and comparability. QA is determined on a site-specific basis for each project based on the following:

(1) Precision: Precision is a measure of the variability or random error in sampling, sample handling, preservation, and laboratory analysis.

(2) Accuracy: Accuracy is a measure of the closeness of an individual measurement or an average of a number of measurements to the true value.

(3) Completeness: Completeness is a measure of the amount of valid data obtained compared to the amount expected. For purposes of this chapter, completeness is calculated as the amount of usable samples divided by the minimum number of required samples, expressed as a percentage. A minimum confidence level of 85 percent is required. The formula to be used follows:

%C = (V/N) X 100

Where %C = Completeness

V = Number of valid samples, as determined by above calculations and by procedures outlined Section 8.3.3 of this manual (Determining the final validity of samples)

N = Total number of measurements necessary to achieve a specified statistical level of confidence in decision making.

(4) Representativeness: Representativeness describes the degree to which data characterize the actual conditions at a site.

(5) Comparability: Comparability expresses the confidence with which one data set can be compared with another. Data must be reported in the same units of quantitation and in accordance with the reporting requirements of 18 AAC 78. Sampling and laboratory reports and procedures might be audited to assure that they follow standard procedures and reporting formats.

SECTION 4. SAMPLING PROCEDURES

4.1 Overview of Sampling Approach

The systematic sampling approach outlined below must be used to assure that data collection activities provide usable data.

(1) Sampling must begin with an evaluation of background information, historical data, and site conditions. This evaluation is used to prepare a site-specific sampling strategy.

(2) In combination with the requirements of 18 AAC 78 and the results of the pre-sampling investigation, field screening results must be used to determine where samples will be collected. Field screening results may also be used to segregate soils, based on apparent levels of contamination, to help monitor potential exposures, and for health and safety monitoring.

However, field screening may not take the place of laboratory samples required as discussed in

Section 4.5 of this chapter (Determining sample locations).

(3) Samples must be collected with appropriate, clean tools. Decontamination of sampling equipment must follow the practices described in this section.

(4) Stockpiles must be sampled in accordance with Section 4.5.1 of this chapter (Sample locations for contaminated untreated stockpiles).

(5) If necessary, sufficient monitoring and observation wells must be properly installed to determine the presence, degree, or extent of groundwater contamination. Sampling of groundwater must follow the standard procedures outlined in Section 4.7.2 of this chapter

(Sampling groundwater monitoring wells).

(6) Samples must be collected and preserved in appropriate sample containers, as listed in Table 1.

Table 1: Reference Guide to Sample Collection and Laboratory Analysis

Part A: Soils, Sediments, Sludges, and Fill Materials

Parameter

Preparation/

Analytical

Method1

Method

Detection

Limit2

Practical

Quantitation

Limit3

Container Description (Minimum)

[Clear glass may be substituted for amber if samples are protected from exposure to light, this exception does not apply to metals]

Preservation/

Holding Time

Gasoline range organics AK101* 2 mg/kg 20 mg/kg 4 oz. amber glass, TLS Methanol preservative, Cool 4o 2oC / 28 days

Diesel range organics AK102* 2 mg/kg 20 mg/kg 4 oz. amber glass, TLC Cool 4o 2oC / 14 days to extraction, less than 40 days to analysis of extract

Residual range organics AK103* 10 mg/kg 100 mg/kg 4 oz. amber glass, TLC Cool 4o 2oC / 14 days to extraction, less than 40 days to analysis of extract

Aliphatic gasoline range organics

AK101AA* 2 mg/kg 20 mg/kg 4 oz. wide-mouth amber glass jar with Teflon lined silicon rubber septum seal

Methanol preservative / 28 days from sampling

Aromatic gasoline range organics

AK101AA* 2 mg/kg 20 mg/kg 4 oz. wide-mouth amber glass jar with Teflon lined silicon rubber septum seal

Methanol preservative / 28 days from sampling

Aliphatic diesel range organics AK102AA* 2 mg/kg 20 mg/kg 4 oz. wide-mouth amber glass jar, TLC Cool 4o 2oC / 14 days to extraction, less than 40 days to analysis of extract

Aromatic diesel range organics AK102AA* 2…