36C78618R0426-005.pdf

11-01-16

CEMENT AND CONCRETE FOR EXTERIOR IMPROVEMENTS

32 05 23 - 1

SECTION 32 05 23

PART 1 - GENERAL

1.1 SUMMARY

A. Section Includes:

1. Site work concrete.

2. Curb, gutter, and combination curb and gutter.

3. Vehicular Pavement: driveways.

1.2 RELATED REQUIREMENTS

A. Laboratory and Field Testing Requirements: Section 01 45 29, TESTING

LABORATORY SERVICES.

B. Subgrade Preparation: Section 31 20 00, EARTH MOVING.

1.3 APPLICABLE PUBLICATIONS

A. Comply with references to extent specified in this section.

B. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials

(AASHTO):

1. M31M/M31-15 - Deformed and Plain Carbon-Steel Bars for Concrete

Reinforcement.

2. M55M/M55-09 - Steel Welded Wire Reinforcement, Plain, for Concrete, Single User.

3. M147-65 (2004) - Materials for Aggregate and Soil-Aggregate Subbase, Base, and Surface Courses.

4. M148-05 - Liquid Membrane-Forming Compounds for Curing Concrete.

5. M171-05 - Sheet Materials for Curing Concrete.

6. M182-05(2012) - Burlap Cloth Made from Jute or Kenaf and Cotton

Mats.

7. M213-01(2010) - Preformed Expansion Joint Fillers for Concrete

Paving and Structural Construction (Nonextruding and Resilient

Bituminous Types).

8. M233-86 - Boiled Linseed Oil Mixture for Treatment of Portland

Cement Concrete.

9. T99-15 - Moisture-Density Relations of Soils Using a 2.5-kg.

(5.5-lb) Rammer and a 305-mm (12-in.) Drop.

10. T180-15 - Moisture-Density Relations of Soils Using a 4.54-kg

(10-lb) Rammer and a 457-mm (18-in.) Drop.

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C. American National Standards Institute (ANSI):

1. B101.3 - Wet DOCF of Common Hard Surface Floor Materials (Including

Action and Limit Thresholds for the Suitable Assessment of the

Measured Values).

D. ASTM International (ASTM):

1. A775/A775M-16 - Epoxy-Coated Steel Reinforcing Bars.

2. C94/C94M-16 - Ready-Mixed Concrete.

3. C143/C143M-15a - Slump of Hydraulic Cement Concrete.

4. // C979/C979M-16 - Pigments for Integrally Colored Concrete. //

5. C1116/C1116M-10a(2015) - Fiber-Reinforced Concrete.

6. D5893/D5893M-10 - Cold Applied, Single Component, Chemically Curing

Silicone Joint Sealant for Portland Cement Concrete Pavements.

7. D6690-15 - Joint and Crack Sealants, Hot Applied, for Concrete and

Asphalt Pavements.

1.4 PREINSTALLATION MEETINGS

A. Conduct preinstallation meeting at project site minimum 30 days before beginning Work of this section.

1. Required Participants:

a. Contracting Officer's Representative (COR).

b. // Architect/Engineer. //

c. // Inspection and Testing Agency. //

d. Contractor.

e. Installer.

f. // Manufacturer's field representative. //

g. Other installers responsible for adjacent and intersecting work, including excavation, plantings, traffic markings, and

2. Meeting Agenda: Distribute agenda to participants minimum 3 days before meeting.

a. Installation schedule.

b. Installation sequence.

c. Preparatory work.

d. Protection before, during, and after installation.

e. Installation.

f. Terminations.

g. Transitions and connections to other work.

h. Inspecting and testing.

i. Other items affecting successful completion.

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3. Document and distribute meeting minutes to participants to record decisions affecting installation.

1.5 SUBMITTALS

A. Submittal Procedures: Section 01 33 23, SHOP DRAWINGS, PRODUCT DATA, AND SAMPLES.

B. Submittal Drawings:

1. Show size, configuration, and fabrication and installation details.

2. Show reinforcing.

3. Include jointing plan for concrete pavements, curbs and gutters.

C. Manufacturer's Literature and Data:

1. Description of each product.

a. Expansion joint filler.

b. Hot poured sealing compound.

c. Reinforcement.

d. Curing materials.

2. Installation instructions.

D. Samples:

1. Submit pigment manufacturer’s color chart or chip set for color selection and approval; indicate pigment number and required dosage rate.

2. Colored Concrete Panel: As specified in Section 09 06 00, SCHEDULE

FOR FINISHES, with mix data.

3. Construct 2.4 m by 2.4 m by 100 mm (8 feet by 8 feet by 4 inch) sample panel of integrally colored concrete pavement on project site, demonstrating materials, workmanship, scoring, stamping and curing methods to be used throughout project. Accepted sample panel provides visual standard for work of this section. Remove sample panel when no longer required for comparison with finished work.

4. Exposed Aggregate Concrete Panel: 0.4 sq. m by 50 mm (4 sq. ft. by

2 inches) thick, 2 required, each color and finish.

E. Test Reports: Certify products comply with specifications.

1. Job-mix formula.

2. Select subbase materials.

F. Certificates: Certify products comply with specifications.

1. Expansion joint filler.

2. Reinforcement.

3. Curing materials.

4. Concrete protective coating.

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G. Qualifications: Substantiate qualifications comply with specifications.

1. Installer with project experience list.

2. Land surveyor.

H. Concrete mix design.

I. Select subbase job-mix design: Report the following:

1. Material sources.

2. Gradation.

3. Plasticity index.

4. Liquid limit.

5. Laboratory compaction curves indicating maximum density at optimum moisture content.

1.6 QUALITY ASSURANCE

A. Installer Qualifications:

1. Regularly installs specified products.

2. Installed specified products with satisfactory service on five similar installations.

a. Project Experience List: Provide contact names and addresses for completed projects.

B. Land Surveyor: Professional land surveyor or engineer registered to provide land surveys in jurisdiction where project is located.

C. Preconstruction Testing:

1. Engage independent testing laboratory to perform tests and submit reports.

a. Deliver samples to laboratory in number and quantity required for testing.

2. Concrete mix design.

1.7 DELIVERY

A. Deliver products in manufacturer's original sealed packaging.

B. Mark packaging, legibly. Indicate manufacturer's name or brand, type, // color, // and manufacture date.

C. Deliver steel reinforcement to prevent damage.

D. Before installation, return or dispose of products with damaged or opened packaging and distorted or damaged steel reinforcement.

E. Bulk Products: Deliver bulk products away from buildings, utilities, pavement, and existing turf and planted areas. Maintain dry bulk product storage away from contaminants.

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1.8 STORAGE AND HANDLING

A. Store products indoors in dry, weathertight facility.

B. Protect products from damage during handling and construction operations.

1.9 FIELD CONDITIONS

A. Place concrete as specified under Article 3.4 E., for Cold Weather

Placement and Article 3.4 D., for Hot Weather Placement of Section

03 30 53, SHORT FORM CAST-IN-PLACE CONCRETE.

1.10 WARRANTY

A. Construction Warranty: FAR clause 52.246-21, "Warranty of

Construction."

PART 2 - PRODUCTS

2.1 CONCRETE

A. Concrete: Type C, air-entrained as specified in Section 03 30 53, SHORT

FORM CAST-IN-PLACE CONCRETE, except as follows:

TYPE MAXIMUM SLUMP*

Curb & Gutter 75 mm (3 inches)

Pedestrian Pavement 75 mm (3 inches)

Vehicular Pavement 50 mm (2 inches) (Machine

Finished)

100 mm (4 inches) (Hand Finished)

Equipment Pad 75 to 100 mm (3 to 4 inches)

* For concrete to be vibrated: Slump as determined by

ASTM C143/C143M. Tolerances as established by ASTM C94/C94M.

2.2 REINFORCEMENT

A. Steel Reinforcement: Type, amount, and locations as shown on drawings and as specified.

B. Epoxy-Coated Steel Reinforcement: ASTM A775/A775M.

C. Welded Wire-Fabric: AASHTO M55M/M55.

D. Dowels: Plain steel bars complying with AASHTO M31M/M31.

E. Tie Bars: Deformed steel bars complying with AASHTO M31M/M31.

F. Fiber Reinforcement: Polypropylene fibers designed for use in concrete pavement, complying with ASTM C1116/C116M, Type III, 13 to 38 mm (1/2 to 1 1/2 inches) long. Include 2.27 kg (5 lbs.) per.76 cu. m (1 cu.

yd.) of concrete in batch.

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2.3 SELECT SUBBASE (WHERE REQUIRED)

A. Subbase: Select granular material composed of sand, sand-gravel, crushed stone, crushed or granulated slag, with or without soil binder, or combinations of these materials conforming to AASHTO M147, Grading E or F.

1. Materials meeting other gradations than that noted will be acceptable whenever gradations are within tolerance of three to five percent, plus or minus, of single gradation established by job-mix formula.

B. Subbase Material: Compacted, dense-graded course, meeting specified density requirement.

2.4 FORMS

A. Forms: Metal or wood, straight and suitable in cross-section, depth, and strength to resist springing during depositing and consolidating of concrete.

B. Tolerance: 3 mm (1/8 inch) maximum variation from straight line in any

3000 mm (10 foot) long section, in either a horizontal or vertical direction.

C. Wood Forms: Minimum 50 mm (2 inches) thick (nominal), free from warp, twist, loose knots, splits, or other defects. Provide approved flexible or curved forms for forming radii.

2.5 CONCRETE CURING MATERIALS

A. Concrete Curing Materials: Comply with one of the following:

1. Burlap: AASHTO M182, weighing 233 g/sq. m (7 oz./sq. yd.) dry.

2. Impervious Sheeting: AASHTO M171.

a. Polyethylene: Minimum 0.1 mm (4 mils) thick.

3. Liquid Membrane Curing Compound: AASHTO M148 // Type 1 // Type 2 //, without paraffin or petroleum // and approved by pigment manufacturer for use with colored concrete //.

2.6 EXPANSION JOINT FILLERS

A. Expansion Joint Filler: AASHTO M213.

2.7 ACCESSORIES

A. Equipment and Tools: Obtain COR's approval of equipment and tools for handling materials and performing work before work begins. Maintain equipment and tools in satisfactory working condition at all times.

B. Sealants:

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1. Concrete Paving Expansion Joints: ASTM D5893/D5893M, Type SL, single component, self-leveling, silicone joint sealant.

2. Concrete Paving Joints: ASTM D6690, Type IV, hot-applied, single component joint sealant.

C. Concrete Protective Coating: AASHTO M233 linseed oil mixture.

2.8 PIGMENTS

A. Pigments: Pure, concentrated mineral pigments especially processed for mixing into concrete and complying with ASTM C979/C979M.

B. Packaging: Provide pigments in pre-measured Mix-Ready disintegrating bags for project site mixing.

2.9 CEMENT, SAND, AGGREGATES AND OTHER ADDITIVES

A. Cement, Sand and Aggregate Color: As required to match paver colors.

B. Provide silicon carbide or aluminum oxide grains as required to match paver colors.

2.10 PATTERN STAMPING TOOLS AND MATERIALS

A. Tools: Mat-type stamping tools. Pattern to be // Describe-Pattern

Name-Number //.

B. Release Agent: As recommended by pattern tool manufacturer and compatible with integral pigments.

C. Release Film: 0.05 mm (2 mil) polyethylene sheet.

PART 3 - EXECUTION

3.1 PREPARATION

A. Examine and verify substrate suitability for product installation.

B. Protect existing construction and completed work from damage.

C. Prepare, construct, and finish subgrade as specified in // Section

31 20 00, EARTH MOVING // Section 31 20 11, EARTH MOVING-SHORT FORM //.

D. Maintain subgrade in smooth, compacted condition, complying with required section and established grade until succeeding operation has been accomplished.

3.2 SELECT SUBBASE (WHERE REQUIRED)

A. Mixing: Proportion select subbase by weight or by volume in quantities so final approved job-mixed formula gradation, liquid limit, and plasticity index requirements will be met after subbase course has been placed and compacted. Add water in approved quantities, measured by weight or volume, to produce uniform blend.

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B. Placing:

1. Place mixed material on prepared subgrade in uniform layer to required contour and grades, to maximum 200 mm (8 inches) loose depth that, when compacted, will produce layer of required thickness.

2. When required compacted thickness exceeds 150 mm (6 inches), place subbase material in equal thickness layers. Remove unsatisfactory areas and replace with satisfactory mixture, or mix material in placement area.

3. Adding thin layers of material to top layer in order to meet grade will not be permitted.

4. When subbase elevation is 13 mm (1/2 inch) or more below grade, excavate top layer and replace with new material to minimum 75 mm

(3 inches) compacted thickness.

C. Compaction:

1. Perform compaction with approved hand or mechanical equipment well suited to material being compacted.

2. Moisten or aerate material as required to provide moisture content that will readily facilitate obtaining specified compaction with equipment used.

3. Compact each subbase layer to minimum 95 percent or 100 percent of maximum density as specified by AASHTO T180 or AASHTO T99, respectively.

D. Tolerances:

1. Test completed subbase for grade and cross section with straight edge.

2. Surface Variation: Maximum 10 mm (3/8 inch) each layer.

3. Variation from Indicated Thickness: Maximum 13 mm (1/2 inch).

E. Protection:

1. Maintain finished subbase in smooth and compacted condition until concrete is placed.

2. When subsequent construction operations or adverse weather disturb approved compacted subbase, excavate and reconstruct subbase with new material meeting specified requirements, at no additional cost to Government.

3.3 SETTING FORMS

A. Form Substrate:

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1. Compact form substrate to uniformly support forms along entire length at grade as shown on drawings.

2. Correct substrate imperfections or variations by cutting or filling and compacting.

B. Form Setting:

1. Set forms sufficiently in advance of concrete placement to permit performance and approval of operations required with and adjacent to form lines.

2. Set forms to indicated line and grade and use stakes, clamps, spreaders, and braces to prevent movement in any direction.

3. Tolerances: Conform to line and grade with 3 mm (1/8 inch) tolerance when checked with straightedge, with maximum 6 mm (1/4 inch) deviation from true line at any point.

4. Remove forms when removal will not damage concrete and when required for finishing.

5. Clean and oil forms before each use.

C. Land Surveyor: Establish and control alignment and form grade elevations // or concrete slipforming machine operations //.

1. Make necessary corrections to forms immediately before placing concrete.

2. When any form has been disturbed or any subgrade or subbase has become unstable, reset and recheck form before placing concrete.

3.4 PLACING REINFORCEMENT

A. Keep reinforcement free of dirt, oil, rust, scale or other substances preventing concrete bond.

B. Install reinforcement as shown on drawings.

C. Support and securely tie reinforcing steel to prevent displacement during concrete placement.

D. Obtain COR's approval of reinforcement placement before placing concrete.

E. Synthetic Fiber in Flatwork: Uniformly disperse in concrete mixture at

3 kg/cu. m (5 lbs./cu. yd.) minimum rate.

3.5 MIXING PIGMENTS

A. Mix pigments according to manufacturer’s instructions. Mix until pigments are uniformly dispersed throughout mixture and bags disintegrated.

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3.6 PLACING CONCRETE - GENERAL

A. Preparation:

1. Obtain COR's approval.

2. Remove debris and other foreign material from between forms.

3. Uniformly moisten subgrade, base, or subbase without standing water.

B. Convey concrete from mixer to final location without segregation or loss of ingredients. Deposit concrete to minimize handling.

C. During placement, consolidate concrete by spading or vibrating to minimize voids, honeycomb, and rock pockets.

1. Vibrate concrete against forms and along joints.

2. Avoid excess vibration and handling causing segregation.

D. Place concrete continuously between joints without bulkheads.

E. Install construction joint whenever concrete placement is suspended for more than 30 minutes and at end of each day's work.

F. Workmen or construction equipment coated with foreign material will not be permitted to walk or operate in concrete during placement and finishing operations.

3.7 PLACING CONCRETE FOR CURB AND GUTTER, PEDESTRIAN PAVEMENTS, AND

EQUIPMENT PADS

A. Place concrete in one layer conforming to cross section shown on drawings after consolidating and finishing.

B. Deposit concrete near joints without disturbing joints. Do not place concrete directly onto joint assemblies.

C. After concrete has been placed in forms, use a strike-off guided by side forms to bring surface to proper section to be compacted.

D. Consolidate concrete thoroughly by tamping and spading, or with approved mechanical finishing equipment.

E. Finish concrete surface to grade with wood or metal float.

F. Construct concrete pads and pavements with sufficient slope to drain, preventing standing water.

3.8 PLACING CONCRETE FOR VEHICULAR PAVEMENT

A. Deposit concrete into forms as close as possible to its final position.

B. Place concrete rapidly and continuously between construction joints.

C. Strike off concrete and thoroughly consolidate with finishing machine, vibrating screed, or by hand-finishing.

D. Finish surface to elevation and crown as shown on drawings.

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E. Deposit concrete near joints without disturbing joints. Do not place directly onto joint assemblies. Do not place adjacent lanes/areas without COR's approval.

F. Curb-Forming Machines: Curb-forming machines for constructing

// integral curbs // curbs // and gutter // will be approved based on trial use on project. If equipment produces unsatisfactory results, discontinue use and accomplish work by hand method construction as specified. Remove unsatisfactory work and reconstruct full length between regularly scheduled joints. Legally dispose of removed portions off project site.

3.9 CONCRETE FINISHING - GENERAL

A. Follow operation sequence below, unless otherwise indicated on drawings:

1. Consolidating, floating, straight-edging, troweling, texturing, and joint edging.

2. Maintain finishing equipment and tools in clean and approved condition.

3.10 CONCRETE FINISHING - CURB AND GUTTER

A. Gutter and Curb Top:

1. Round edges of gutter and curb top with edging tool to 6mm

(1/4 inch) radius or as otherwise shown on drawings.

2. Float surfaces and finish with smooth wood or metal float until true to grade and section and uniform texture.

3. Finish surfaces longitudinally, while still wet, with bristle type brush.

B. Curb Face:

1. Remove curb form and immediately rub curb face with wood or concrete rubbing block and water until blemishes, form marks, and tool marks have been removed.

2. Brush curb face, while still wet, to match gutter and curb top.

C. Tolerances: Except at grade changes or curves, when tested with 3000 mm

(10 foot) straightedge.

1. Variation from Indicated Plane and Grade:

a. Gutter: Maximum 3 mm (1/8 inch).

b. Curb Top and Face: Maximum 6 mm (1/4 inch).

D. Replace curbs and gutters within joint boundary when curbs and gutters exceed specified tolerances.

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E. Correct depressions causing standing water.

F. Visible surfaces and edges of finished // curb, // gutter, // and combination curb and gutter // to be free of blemishes, form marks, and tool marks, and uniform in color, shape, and appearance.

3.11 CONCRETE FINISHING PEDESTRIAN PAVEMENT

A. // Walks // Flower Water Stations // Mow Strips // Wheelchair Curb

Ramps // Plaza Areas // Steps //:

1. Finish concrete surfaces to grade and cross section with metal float, troweled smooth and finished with a broom moistened with clear water.

2. Broom surfaces transverse to traffic direction.

3. Carefully finish slab edges, including at formed joints, with edger with radius as shown on drawings.

4. Unless otherwise indicated, edge transverse joints before brooming.

Use brooming to eliminate flat surface produced by edger. Produce uniform corrugations, maximum 2 mm (1/16 inch) deep.

5. Provide surface uniform in color and free of surface blemishes, form marks, and tool marks.

6. Paving Tolerances:

a. Variation from Indicated Plane: Maximum 5 mm in 3000 mm (3/16 inch in 10 feet).

b. Variation from Indicated Thickness: Maximum 6 mm (1/4 inch).

7. Replace paving within joint boundary when paving exceeds specified tolerances.

B. Step Treads, Risers, and Sidewalls: Finish as specified for pedestrian pavement, except as follows:

1. Remove riser forms sequentially, starting with top riser.

2. Rub riser face with wood or concrete rubbing block and water. Remove blemishes, form marks, and tool marks. Use outside edger to round tread corner; use inside edger to finish corner at bottom of riser.

3. Apply neat, uniform finish to treads, risers and sidewall.

a. Risers and Sidewall: Brush finish.

4. Treads: Stiff brush finish to provide slip-resistant surface complying with ANSI B101.3.

5. Step Tolerance:

a. Variation from Indicated Plane: Maximum 5 mm in 3000 mm

(3/16 inch in 10 feet).

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3.12 CONCRETE FINISHING - VEHICULAR PAVEMENT

A. Longitudinally float pavement surface with float minimum 3000 mm

(10 feet) long and 150 mm (6 inches) wide, properly stiffened to prevent flexing and warping. Operate float from foot bridges in sawing motion parallel to direction in which pavement is being laid from one side of pavement to the other, and advancing maximum half float length.

B. After longitudinal floating, but while concrete is still plastic, eliminate minor irregularities in pavement surfaces by metal floats, 1500 mm (5 feet) long, and straightedges, 3000 mm (10 feet) long. Make the final finish and float entire pavement surface with straightedges.

C. Test surface trueness with 3000 mm (10 foot) straightedge successively held parallel and at right angles to direction in which pavement is being laid and entire area, as required, to detect variations. Advance straightedge along pavement in successive stages of maximum one half straightedge length. Correct irregularities and refinish surface.

D. Pavement Tolerances:

1. Variation from Indicated Plane: Maximum 6 mm in 3000 mm (1/4 inch in

10 feet) tested parallel and perpendicular to traffic direction at maximum 1500 mm (5 feet) intervals.

2. Variation from Indicted Thickness: Maximum 6 mm (1/4 inch).

E. Finish pavement edges and joints with edging tool.

F. Broom finish concrete surface after bleed water dissipates and before concrete hardens with approved fiber broom, minimum 450 mm (18 inches) wide.

1. Gently broom surface transverse to traffic direction from edge to edge.

a. Use brooming to eliminate flat surface produced by edger.

b. Produce uniform corrugations, maximum 3 mm (1/8 inch) deep.

G. Align finish surfaces where new and existing pavements abut.

3.13 CONCRETE FINISHING - EQUIPMENT PADS

A. Strike pad surface to elevation shown on drawings.

B. Provide smooth, dense float finish, free from depressions or irregularities.

C. Carefully finish pad edges with edger having radius as shown on drawings.

D. After removing forms, rub pad edge faces with wood or concrete rubbing block, removing blemishes, form marks, and tool marks and providing uniform color.

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E. Pad Tolerances:

1. Variation from Indicated Plane: Maximum 3 mm in 3000 mm (1/8 inch in

10 feet).

F. Correct irregularities when pads exceed specified tolerances.

3.14 SPECIAL FINISHES

A. Exposed Aggregate Finish:

1. Prepare concrete base 10 to 13 mm (3/8 to 1/2 inch) lower than the finish grade.

2. Evenly spread aggregate over concrete base surface and embed by use of hand float, straight edge, or darby.

3. Apply concrete mix and mark off surface as indicated with surface joints at least 10 mm (3/8 inch) deep. Level off finish to a true surface and compact with wood float, working as little as possible so that coarse material will remain at the top. Before finish has set, treat top surface with cement retarding material. When body of concrete finish has set, remove retarded surface film by wire brushes and fine water spray to remove the mortar from the top of the colored aggregate. Continue washing and brushing until flush water runs clear and there is no noticeable cement film left on the aggregate.

B. Colored Concrete: Add integral color pigment to the pedestrian concrete paving mix at the batch plant. Introduce sufficient quantities of

// carbon black // mineral oxide pigment // to produce the color specified in Section 09 06 00, SCHEDULE FOR FINISHES.

3.15 JOINTS - GENERAL

A. Place joints, where shown on drawings.

1. Conform to details shown.

2. Install joints perpendicular to finished concrete surface.

B. Make joints straight and continuous from edge to edge of pavement.

3.16 CONTRACTION JOINTS

A. Cut joints to depth as shown with grooving tool or jointer of radius as shown on drawings or by sawing with blade to produce required width and depth.

B. Construct joints in // curbs // and gutters // by inserting 3 mm

(1/8 inch) steel plates conforming to // curb // and gutter // cross sections.

1. Keep plates in place until concrete can hold its shape.

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C. Finish joint edges with edging tool having radius as shown on drawings.

D. Score pedestrian pavement with standard grooving tool or jointer.

3.17 EXPANSION JOINTS

A. Form expansion joints with preformed expansion joint filler material of thickness shown on drawings.

1. Without dowels, locate joints around perimeter of structures and features abutting site work concrete.

2. Create complete, uniform separation between structure and site work concrete.

B. Extend expansion joint material full depth of concrete with top edge of joint filler below finished concrete surface where sealant is indicated on drawings.

C. Cut and shape material matching cross section.

D. Anchor with approved devices to prevent displacing during placing and finishing operations.

E. Round the edges of joints with an edging tool.

3.18 CONSTRUCTION JOINTS

A. Locate // longitudinal // and // transverse // construction joints between slabs of vehicular pavement as shown on drawings.

B. Place transverse construction joints of type shown, where indicated, and whenever concrete placement is suspended for more than 30 minutes.

C. Provide butt-type joint with dowels in // curb // and // gutter // if joint occurs at planned joint location.

D. Provide keyed joints with tiebars if joint occurs in middle third of typical // curb // and // gutter // joint interval.

3.19 FORM REMOVAL

A. Keep forms in place minimum 12 hours after concrete placement. Remove forms without damaging concrete.

B. Do not use bars or heavy tools against concrete to remove forms.

Promptly repair damaged concrete found after form removal.

3.20 CONCRETE

A. Concrete Protection:

1. Protect unhardened concrete from rain and flowing water.

2. Ensure sufficient curing and protection materials are available and ready for use before concrete placement begins.

3. Protect concrete to prevent pavement cracking from ambient temperature changes during curing period.

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a. Replace pavement damaged by curing method allowing concrete cracking.

b. Employ another curing method as directed by COR.

B. Cure concrete for minimum 7 days by one of the following methods appropriate to weather conditions preventing moisture loss and rapid temperature change:

1. Burlap Mat: Provide minimum two layers kept saturated with water during curing period. Overlap mats minimum 150 mm (6 inches).

2. Impervious Sheeting: Provide waterproof paper, polyethylene-coated burlap, or polyethylene sheeting.

a. Wet exposed concrete surface with fine water spray and cover with sheet materials.

b. Overlap sheets minimum 300 mm (12 inches).

c. Securely anchor sheet materials preventing displacement.

C. Liquid Membrane Curing Compound:

1. Protect joints indicated to receive sealants preventing contamination from curing compound.

2. Insert moistened paper or fiber rope into joint or cover joint with waterproof paper.

3. Apply curing compound before concrete dries.

4. Apply curing compound in two coats at right angles to each other.

5. Application Rate: Maximum 5 sq. m/L (200 sq. ft./gal.), both coats.

6. Immediately reapply curing compound to surfaces damaged during curing period.

3.21 CONCRETE PROTECTIVE COATING

A. Apply protective coating of linseed oil mixture to exposed-to-view concrete surfaces, drainage structures, and features that project through, into, or against concrete exterior improvements to protect the concrete against deicing materials.

B. Complete backfilling and curing operation before applying protective coating.

C. Dry and thoroughly clean concrete before each application.

D. Apply two coats, with maximum coverage of 11 sq. m/L (50 sq. yds./gal.)

for first coat, and maximum 16 sq. m/L (70 sq. yds./gal.) for second coat, except apply commercially prepared mixture according to manufacturer's instructions.

E. Protect coated surfaces from vehicular and pedestrian traffic until dry.

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F. Do not heat protective coating, and do not expose the protective coating to open flame, sparks, or fire adjacent to open containers or applicators. Do not apply material at temperatures lower than

10 degrees C (50 degrees F).

3.22 FIELD QUALITY CONTROL

A. Field Tests: Performed by testing laboratory specified in Section

01 45 29, TESTING LABORATORY SERVICES.

1. Concrete: Testing specified in Section 03 30 53 SHORT FORM

CAST-IN-PLACE CONCRETE.

a. Delivery samples.

b. Field samples.

2. Slip Resistance: Steps and pedestrian paving.

3.23 CLEANING

A. After completing curing:

1. Remove curing material, except liquid membrane.

2. Sweep the concrete clean.

3. Seal all joints after removing foreign matter from joint.

4. Clean concrete of debris and construction equipment as soon as curing and joint sealing have been completed.

B. Remove and legally dispose of debris, rubbish, and excess material from project site.

3.24 PROTECTION

A. Protect exterior improvements from traffic and construction operations.

1. Prohibit traffic on paving for minimum seven days after placement, or longer as directed by COR.

B. Remove protective materials immediately before acceptance.

C. Repair damage.

1. When directed by COR, replace concrete containing cracking, fractures, spalling, and other defects within joint boundary, at no additional cost to Government.

- - - E N D - - -

07-01-16

31 20 00 - 1

SECTION 31 20 00

EARTHWORK

PART 1 - GENERAL

1.1 DESCRIPTION OF WORK:

A. This section specifies the requirements for furnishing all equipment, materials, labor, tools, and techniques for earthwork including, but not limited to, the following:

1. Site preparation.

2. Excavation.

3. Underpinning.

4. Filling and backfilling.

5. Grading.

6. Soil Disposal.

7. Clean Up.

1.2 DEFINITIONS:

A. Unsuitable Materials:

1. Fills: Topsoil; frozen materials; construction materials and materials subject to decomposition; clods of clay and stones larger than 75 mm (3 inches); organic material, including silts, which are unstable; and inorganic materials, including silts, too wet to be stable and any material with a liquid limit and plasticity index exceeding 40 and 15 respectively. Unsatisfactory soils also include satisfactory soils not maintained within 2 percent of optimum moisture content at time of compaction, as defined by ASTM D698.

2. Existing Subgrade (Except Footing Subgrade): Same materials as

1.2.A.1, that are not capable of direct support of slabs, pavement, and similar items with possible exception of improvement by compaction, proofrolling, or similar methods.

3. Existing Subgrade (Footings Only): Same as paragraph 1, but no fill or backfill. If materials differ from // reference borings and // design requirements, excavate to acceptable strata subject to

Resident Engineer's approval.

B. Building Earthwork: Earthwork operations required in area enclosed by a line located 1500 mm (5 feet) outside of principal building perimeter.

It also includes earthwork required for auxiliary structures and buildings.

C. Trench Earthwork: Trenchwork required for utility lines.

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D. Site Earthwork: Earthwork operations required in area outside of a line located 1500 mm (5 feet) outside of principal building perimeter and within new construction area with exceptions noted above.

E. Degree of compaction: Degree of compaction is expressed as a percentage of maximum density obtained by laboratory test procedure. This percentage of maximum density is obtained through use of data provided from results of field test procedures presented in ASTM D1556, ASTM

D2167, and ASTM D6938.

F. Fill: Satisfactory soil materials used to raise existing grades. In the

Construction Documents, the term “fill” means fill or backfill as appropriate.

G. Backfill: Soil materials or controlled low strength material used to fill an excavation.

H. Unauthorized excavation: Removal of materials beyond indicated sub-grade elevations or indicated lines and dimensions without written authorization by the Resident Engineer. No payment will be made for unauthorized excavation or remedial work required to correct unauthorized excavation.

I. Authorized additional excavation: Removal of additional material authorized by the Resident Engineer based on the determination by the

Government’s soils testing agency that unsuitable bearing materials are encountered at required sub-grade elevations. Removal of unsuitable material and its replacement as directed will be paid on basis of

Conditions of the Contract relative to changes in work.

J. Subgrade: The undisturbed earth or the compacted soil layer immediately below granular sub-base, drainage fill, or topsoil materials.

K. Structure: Buildings, foundations, slabs, tanks, curbs, mechanical and electrical appurtenances, or other man-made stationary features constructed above or below the ground surface.

L. Borrow: Satisfactory soil imported from off-site for use as fill or backfill.

M. Drainage course: Layer supporting slab-on-grade used to minimize capillary flow of pore water.

N. Bedding course: Layer placed over the excavated sub-grade in a trench before laying pipe. Bedding course shall extend up to the springline of the pipe.

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O. Sub-base Course: Layer placed between the sub-grade and base course for asphalt paving or layer placed between the sub-grade and a concrete pavement or walk.

P. Utilities include on-site underground pipes, conduits, ducts, and cables as well as underground services within buildings.

Q. Debris: Debris includes all materials located within the designated work area not covered in the other definitions and shall include but not be limited to items like vehicles, equipment, appliances, building materials or remains thereof, tires, any solid or liquid chemicals or products stored or found in containers or spilled on the ground.

R. Contaminated soils: Soil that contains contaminates as defined and determined by the Resident Engineer or the Government’s testing agency.

1.3 RELATED WORK:

A. Materials testing and inspection during construction: Section 01 45 29, TESTING LABORATORY SERVICES.

B. Safety requirements // and blasting operations //: Section 00 72 00, GENERAL CONDITIONS, Article, ACCIDENT PREVENTION.

C. Protection of existing utilities, fire protection services, existing equipment, roads, and pavements: Section 01 00 00, GENERAL

REQUIREMENTS.

D. Subsurface Investigation: Section 01 00 00, GENERAL REQUIREMENTS, Article, PHYSICAL DATA.

//E. Erosion Control: Section 01 57 19, TEMPORARY ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROLS, and Section 32 90 00, PLANTING. //

//F. Site preparation: Section 31 23 19, DEWATERING, and Section 02 41 00, DEMOLITION. //

//G. Foundation system requirements: Section 31 62 00, DRIVEN PILES, Section

31 63 16, AUGER CAST GROUT PILES, Section 31 63 26, DRILLED CAISSONS, Section 31 23 23.33, FLOWABLE FILL. //

//H. Paving sub-grade requirements: Section 32 12 16, ASPHALT PAVING.//

1.4 CLASSIFICATION OF EXCAVATION:

A. Unclassified Excavation: Removal and disposal of pavements and other man-made obstructions visible on surface; utilities, and other items including underground structures indicated to be demolished and removed; together with any type of materials regardless of character of material and obstructions encountered.

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B. Classified Excavation: Removal and disposal of all material not defined as Rock.

C. Rock Excavation:

1. Trenches and Pits: Removal and disposal of solid, homogenous, interlocking crystalline material with firmly cemented, laminated, or foliated masses or conglomerate deposits that cannot be excavated with a late-model, track-mounted hydraulic excavator; equipped with a 1050 mm (42 inch) wide, short-tip-radius rock bucket; rated at not less than 103 kW (138 hp) flywheel power with bucket-curling force of not less than 125 kN (28,090 lbf) and stick-crowd force of not less than 84.5 kN (19,000 lbf); measured according to SAE J-1179.

Trenches in excess of 3000 mm (10 feet) wide and pits in excess of

9000 mm (30 feet) in either length or width are classified as open excavation.

2. Open Excavation: Removal and disposal of solid, homogenous, interlocking crystalline material firmly cemented, laminated, or foliated masses or conglomerate deposits that cannot be dislodged and excavated with a late-model, track-mounted loader; rated at not less than 157 kW (210 hp) flywheel power and developing a minimum of

216 kN (48,510 lbf) breakout force; measured according to SAE J-732.

3. Other types of materials classified as rock are unstratified masses, conglomerated deposits and boulders of rock material exceeding 0.76 m3 (1 cubic yard) for open excavation, or 0.57 m3 (3/4 cubic yard) for footing and trench excavation that cannot be removed by rock excavating equipment equivalent to the above in size and performance ratings, without systematic drilling, ram hammering, ripping, or blasting, when permitted.

4. Blasting: Removal and disposal of solid, homogenous, interlocking crystalline material firmly cemented, laminated, or foliated masses or conglomerate deposits that cannot be removed with conventional methods may//may not// be performed by blasting.

5. Definitions of rock and guidelines for equipment are presented for general information purposes only. The Contractor is expected to use the information presented in the Geotechnical Engineering Report to evaluate the extent and competency of the rock and to determine both quantity estimations and removal equipment and efforts.

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1.5 MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT FOR EXCAVATION:

A. Measurement: The unit of measurement for excavation and borrow will be the cubic yard, computed by the average end area method from cross sections taken before and after the excavation and borrow operations, including the excavation for ditches, gutters, and channel changes, when the material is acceptably utilized or disposed of as herein specified. Quantities should be computed by a Registered Professional

Land Surveyor or Registered Civil Engineer, specified in Section 01 00

00, GENERAL REQUIREMENTS. //The measurement will include // authorized excavation for rock, // authorized excavation of satisfactory subgrade soil,// and the volume of loose, scattered rocks and boulders collected within the limits of the work; allowance will be made on the same basis for selected backfill ordered as replacement.// The measurement will not include the volume of subgrade material or other material used for purposes other than directed. The volume of overburden stripped from borrow pits and the volume of excavation for ditches to drain borrow its, unless used as borrow material, will not be measured for payment.

The measurement will not include the volume of any excavation performed prior to taking of elevations and measurements of the undisturbed grade.

1.6 MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT FOR ROCK EXCAVATION:

A. Measurement: Cross section and measure uncovered and separated materials, and compute quantities by Registered Professional Land

Surveyor or Registered Civil Engineer, specified in Section 01 00 00, GENERAL REQUIREMENTS. Do not measure quantities beyond the following limits:

1. 600 mm (24 inches) from outside face of concrete work for which forms are required, except for footings.

2. 300 mm (12 inches) from outside of perimeter of formed footings.

3. 150 mm (6 inches) below bottom of pipe and not more than pipe diameter plus 600 mm (24 inches) in width for pipe trenches.

4. From outside dimensions of concrete work for which no forms are required (trenches, conduits, and similar items not requiring forms).

//B. Payment: No separate payment shall be made for rock excavation quantities shown. Contract price and time will be adjusted for overruns or underruns in accordance with Articles, DIFFERING SITE CONDITIONS, 31 20 00 - 6

CHANGES and CHANGES-SUPPLEMENT of the GENERAL CONDITIONS as applicable.//

//C. Payment for Differing Site Conditions: When rock excavation, as classified, is encountered, contract price and time will be adjusted in accordance with Articles, DIFFERING SITE CONDITIONS, CHANGES and

CHANGES-SUPPLEMENT of the GENERAL CONDITIONS as applicable. //

1.7 SUBMITTALS:

A. Submit in accordance with Section 01 33 23, SHOP DRAWINGS, PRODUCT

DATA, AND SAMPLES.

B. Rock Excavation Report:

1. Certification of rock quantities excavated.

2. Excavation method.

3. Labor.

4. Equipment.

5. Land Surveyor's or Civil Engineer's name and official registration stamp.

6. Plot plan showing elevation.

//7. Blasting Plan: The blasting plan requirements are to be determined by a Contractor experienced in this type of work. The blasting contractor shall prepare and submit a comprehensive blasting plan that addresses the unique parameters for each phase of the plan including

(1) preblast survey, (2) preblast meeting, (3) test blast, (4) typical controlled blasts showing perimeter control methods, and (5) changes in the approved blasting plan, 21 days prior to planned blasting operations. All required local, state, and federal approvals should be obtained and forwarded to the engineer for review.//

C. Furnish to Resident Engineer:

1. Contactor shall furnish resumes with all personnel involved in the project including Project Manager, Superintendent, and on-site

Engineer. Project Manager and Superintendent should have at least 3 years of experience on projects of similar size.

2. Soil samples.

a. Classification in accordance with ASTM D2487 for each on-site or borrow soil material proposed for fill, backfill, engineered fill, or structural fill.

b. Laboratory compaction curve in accordance with ASTM // D698 //

D1557 // // AASHTO // T 99 // T 180 for each on site or borrow

31 20 00 - 7 soil material proposed for fill, backfill, engineered fill, or structural fill.

c. Test reports for compliance with ASTM D2940 requirements for subbase material.

d. Pre-excavation photographs and videotape in the vicinity of the existing structures to document existing site features, including surfaces finishes, cracks, or other structural blemishes that might be misconstrued as damage caused by earthwork operations.

e. The Contractor shall submit a scale plan daily that defines the location, limits, and depths of the area excavated.

3. Contractor shall submit procedure and location for disposal of unused satisfactory material. Proposed source of borrow material.

Notification of encountering rock in the project. Advance notice on the opening of excavation or borrow areas. Advance notice on shoulder construction for rigid pavements.

1.8 APPLICABLE PUBLICATIONS:

A. Publications listed below form a part of this specification to extent referenced. Publications are referenced in text by basic designation only.

B. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials

(AASHTO):

T99-10..................Standard Method of Test for Moisture-Density

Relations of Soils Using a 2.5 kg (5.5 lb)

Rammer and a 305 mm (12 inch) Drop

T180-10.................Standard Method of Test for Moisture-Density

Relations of Soils using a 4.54 kg (10 lb)

Rammer and a 457 mm (18 inch) Drop

C. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM):

C33-03..................Concrete Aggregate

D448-08.................Standard Classification for Sizes of Aggregate for Road and Bridge Construction

D698-07e1...............Standard Test Method for Laboratory Compaction

Characteristics of Soil Using Standard Effort

(12,400 ft. lbf/ft3 (600 kN m/m3))

D1140-00................Amount of Material in Soils Finer than the No.

200 (75-micrometer) Sieve

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D1556-07................Standard Test Method for Density and Unit

Weight of Soil in Place by the Sand Cone Method

D1557-09................Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction

Characteristics of Soil Using Modified Effort

(56,000 ft-lbf/ft3 (2700 kN m/m3))

D2167-08................Standard Test Method for Density and Unit

Weight of Soil in Place by the Rubber Balloon

Method

D2487-11................Standard Classification of Soils for

Engineering Purposes (Unified Soil

Classification System)

D2940-09................Standard Specifications for Graded Aggregate

Material for Bases or Subbases for Highways or

Airports

D6938-10................Standard Test Method for In-Place Density and

Water Content of Soil and Soil-Aggregate by

Nuclear Methods (Shallow Depth

D. Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE):

J732-07.................Specification Definitions - Loaders

J1179-08................Hydraulic Excavator and Backhoe Digging Forces

PART 2 - PRODUCTS

2.1 MATERIALS:

A. General: Provide borrow soil material when sufficient satisfactory soil materials are not available from excavations.

B. Fills: Material in compliance with ASTM D2487 Soil Classification

Groups GW, GP, GM, SW, SP, SM, SC, and ML, or any combination of these groups; free of rock or gravel larger than 75 mm (3 inches) in any dimension, debris, waste, frozen materials, vegetation, and other deleterious matter. Material approved from on site or off site sources having a minimum dry density of 1760 kg/m3 (110 pcf), a maximum

Plasticity Index of 15, and a maximum Liquid Limit of 40.

C. Engineered Fill: Naturally or artificially graded mixture of compliance with ASTM D2487 Soil Classification Groups GW, GP, GM, SW, SP, SM, SC, and ML, or any combination of these groups, or as approved by the

Engineer or material with at least 90 percent passing a 37.5-mm (1 1/2-inch) sieve and not more than 12 percent passing a 75-µm (No. 200) sieve, per ASTM D2940;.

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D. Bedding: Naturally or artificially graded mixture of natural or crushed gravel, crushed stone, and natural or crushed sand; ASTM D2940; except with 100 percent passing a 25 mm (1 inch) sieve and not more than 8 percent passing a 75-μm (No. 200) sieve.

E. Drainage Fill: Washed, narrowly graded mixture of crushed stone, or crushed or uncrushed gravel; ASTM D448; coarse-aggregate grading Size

57; with 100 percent passing a 37.5 mm (1 1/2-inch) sieve and 0 to 5 percent passing a 2.36 mm (No. 8) sieve.

F. Granular Fill:

1. Under concrete slab, - granular fill shall consist of clean, poorly graded crushed rock, crushed gravel, or uncrushed gravel placed beneath a building slab with or without a vapor barrier to cut off the capillary flow of pore water to the area immediately below.

Fine aggregate grading shall conform to ASTM C 33 with a maximum of

3 percent by weight passing ASTM D 1140, //75 micrometers (No. 200) sieve//, //or// //37.5 mm (1-1/2 inches)// and no more than 2 percent by weight passing the //4.75 mm (No. 4)// size sieve// //or coarse aggregate Size 57, 67, or 77//.

2. Bedding for sanitary and storm sewer pipe, crushed stone or gravel graded from 13 mm (1/2 inch) to 4.75 mm (No 4), per ASTM D2940.

G. Requirements for Offsite Soils: Offsite soils brought in for use as backfill shall be tested for TPH, BTEX and full TCLP including ignitability, corrosivity and reactivity. Backfill shall contain less than //100// parts per million (ppm) of total hydrocarbons (TPH) and less than //10// ppm of the sum of Benzene, Toleune, Ethyl Benzene, and

Xylene (BTEX) and shall not fail the TCLP test. TPH concentrations shall be determined by using EPA 600/4-79/020 Method 418.1. BTEX concentrations shall be determined by using EPA SW-846.3-3a Method

5030/8020. TCLP shall be performed in accordance with EPA SW-846.3-3a

Method 1311. Provide Borrow Site Testing for TPH, BTEX and TCLP from a composite sample of material from the borrow site, with at least one test from each borrow site.

H. Buried Warning and Identification Tape: //Polyethylene plastic//

//and// //metallic core or metallic-faced, acid- and alkali-resistant polyethylene plastic// warning tape manufactured specifically for warning and identification of buried utility lines. Provide tape on rolls, 3 inch minimum width, color coded as specific below for the intended utility with warning and identification imprinted in bold

31 20 00 - 10 black letters continuously over the entire tape length. Warning and identification to read, “CAUTION, BURIED (intended service) LINE

BELOW” or similar wording. Color and printing shall be permanent, Unaffected by moisture or soil. Warning tape color codes:

//Red: Electric//

//Yellow: Gas, Oil, Dangerous Materials//

//Orange: Telephone and Other Communications//

//Blue: Water Systems//

//Green: Sewer Systems//

//White: Steam Systems//

//Gray: Compressed Air//

I. Warning Tape for Metallic Piping: Acid and alkali-resistant polyethylene plastic tape conforming to the width, color, and printing requirements specified above. Minimum thickness of tape shall be 0.076 mm (0.003 inch). Tape shall have a minimum strength of 10.3 MPa (1500 psi) lengthwise, and 8.6 MPa (1250 psi) crosswise, with a maximum 350 percent elongation.

J. Detectable Warning Tape for Non-Metallic Piping: Polyethylene plastic tape conforming to the width, color, and printing requirements specified above. Minimum thickness of the tape shall be 0.102 mm

(0.004 inch). Tape shall have a minimum strength of 10.3 MPa (1500 psi) lengthwise and 8.6 MPa (1250 psi) crosswise. Tape shall be manufactured with integral wires, foil backing, or other means of enabling detection by a metal detector when tape is buried up to 0.9 m

(3 feet) deep. Encase metallic element of the tape in a protective jacket or provide with other means of corrosion protection.

K. Detection Wire For Non-Metallic Piping: Detection wire shall be

Insulated single strand, solid copper with a minimum of 12 AWG.

PART 3 - EXECUTION

3.1 SITE PREPARATION:

A. Clearing: Clear within limits of earthwork operations as shown. Work includes removal of trees, shrubs, fences, foundations, incidental structures, paving, debris, trash, and other obstructions. Remove materials from // Medical Center // Cemetery Property //.

B. Grubbing: Remove stumps and roots 75 mm (3 inch) and larger diameter.

Undisturbed sound stumps, roots up to 75 mm (3 inch) diameter, and nonperishable solid objects a minimum of 900 mm (3 feet) below subgrade or finished embankment may be left. // Cemetery Projects: do not leave

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