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Chapter 2 DIVISION 200 - EARTHWORK

SECTION 201 - CLEARING RIGHT-OF-WAY

201.01 Description This work shall consist of clear cutting, selective clearing and thinning, tree trimming, removing single trees, including dead, blown down or uprooted trees, removing and disposing of all stumps and debris within the limits of the right-of-way and easement areas except such objects as are designated to remain or are to be removed in accordance with other sections of these specifications. This work shall also include the preservation from injury to or defacement of all vegetation and objects designated to remain and the treatment of stumps with herbicides.

a. Clearing shall consist of cutting and disposing of all trees, down timber, brush, bushes, and debris within designated limits.

b. Tree trimming shall consist of removing any designated branches and other tree portions for preservation purposes.

c. Selective Clearing and Thinning shall consist of cutting and disposing of designated trees, down timber, stubs, brush, bushes, and debris within designated limits.

This work also includes application of approved herbicides on hardwood stumps.

d. Removing trees shall consist of cutting and disposing of single trees, stumps and roots, located outside the limits of clearing or selective clearing and thinning limits, as indicated on the plans or as authorized.

1. A single tree is defined as any tree or remains of a tree, still standing, 12 inches or more in its average diameter measured, as specified in Subsection 201.09 - Method of Measurement, and taller than 5 feet measured from the ground at the base of the tree.

2. A stump is defined as the remains of a single tree 12 inches or more at its average diameter from which the toppings have been removed and which is less than 5 feet in height measured from the ground at the base of the stump.

201.02 Materials Materials shall conform to the requirements specified in the following Subsection of Section 717.07 - Herbicide

201.03 General The Resident will verify clearing and selective clearing limit lines and designated items that are to be preserved and to remain.

Unsound or unsightly branches of trees and shrubs, designated to remain and not specified to be removed under another item, shall be removed as directed. Branches of trees extending over the roadbed shall be trimmed to provide a clear height of 20 feet above the

2-2 road and shoulder surface. Trimming shall be done by skilled workers and in accordance with good tree surgery practices.

Alignment stakes, grade stakes, witness stakes, boundary markers, bench marks and tie points shall be preserved until permission is given for their destruction.

201.04 Clearing In areas indicated on the plans, all trees, down timber, brush, bushes, shrubs, plants and debris not designated to remain shall be removed and disposed of.

In areas where the proposed embankment is not designated to be grubbed, as provided in Subsection 203.09 - Preparation of the Embankment Area, all stumps shall be cut off as close to the ground as is practicable. When stumps are to remain in the backslope rounding of cut sections, they shall be cut flush with the final slope line.

All wood in the clearing area, except trees designated to remain, shall become the property of the Contractor, unless otherwise provided.

The Contractor shall take special care to completely dispose of all elm trees removed.

All live hardwood stumps, 1 inch or more in diameter located between the lines of improvement and the outermost clearing or selective clearing lines shall be treated with an approved herbicides, unless specifically exempted.

In areas where stumps and shrubs are to remain, the surface of the ground shall not be unduly disturbed or compacted. Existing ground cover shall be preserved insofar as possible and the area shall be left neat and clean and in a condition that is reasonably consistent with the surroundings.

201.05 Selective Clearing and Thinning In order that trees may be properly marked, the Contractor shall give the Resident at least 2 weeks notice before starting work. Only those trees or bushes designated to be removed shall be cut. In no event shall selective clearing and thinning operations begin until approval is given.

All dead or diseased trees or shrubs, junk, trash, litter or foreign matter of any kind shall be removed from the areas to be enhanced. This shall include uprooted stumps and all branches, tops, trunks and dead wood, resulting from woodcutting operations or from any other causes.

Trees and shrubs to be preserved shall be carefully pruned to remove all dead, diseased and injured wood. In addition, in certain areas, the Resident may require the branches of designated trees to be removed to a height above ground as directed. Complete clearing may be required in certain areas. Such clearing shall be included under this Subsection. Storing logs and pulpwood in thinned areas shall be avoided.

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The Contractor shall avoid disturbing or compacting the existing ground surfaces as well as avoiding damage to plant growth. The use of heavy equipment, operating anywhere within the area to be selectively thinned, will not be allowed unless authorized.

Any injury to trees and shrubs that are to be preserved shall be carefully repaired.

Disturbed ground surface shall be restored as nearly as possible to natural conditions.

Pruning and repairs to live trees and shrubs shall be done by skilled workers or tree surgeons according to approved arboricultural practice. All stumps, new or old, shall be cut off as close to the ground as is practicable.

Trees falling outside the specified limits of the thinning areas shall be removed and disposed of in a satisfactory manner. Undesirable trees leaning or falling over the highway right-of-way from outside shall be cut at the property line.

201.06 Herbicides All herbicides shall be approved by the Department of

Transportation Landscape Architect. The herbicides shall be applied by Certified Pesticide Applicators in accordance with State Pesticides Control Board Regulations. With the exception of coniferous (softwood) trees, stumps over 1 inch in diameter resulting from cutting live hardwood trees and shrubs shall be treated with approved herbicide spray mixture. The spray mixture may be applied at any time until regrowth from the stumps has reached a height of approximately 24 inches except that it shall not be applied when the stumps are wet or frozen. The herbicide spray mixture shall be sprayed on all exposed surfaces of stumps and the stems of regrowth, until there is complete saturation and run-off.

Particular attention to coverage shall be given to the bark and all exposed roots.

All stumps shall receive at least one treatment with the herbicide spray mixture. At the time of final acceptance, live regrowth of hardwood tree seedlings shall have been substantially eliminated. Any remaining regrowth will require another treatment before final acceptance.

Particular care must be taken that the herbicide mix does not come in contact with or too near live trees and shrubs that are to be preserved. Unless otherwise directed the spray mixture shall not be applied closer than 2 feet from the trunk of a tree that is to remain.

When directed, live stumps in specified areas shall be exempted from spraying with herbicides.

The Contractor shall be responsible for maintaining the treated area until final acceptance of the work. All damage or dieback shall be repaired at the Contractor's expense as directed. At the time of final acceptance the area shall be free of all dead, dying or damaged trees and shrubs and litter of any kind as well as free from regrowth.

201.07 Disposal All brush, timber, logs and other woody debris shall be disposed of by approved methods. The Contractor shall make every effort to provide useful disposition of woody material that may be marketable. If the Contractor can demonstrate that a

2-4 reasonably suitable market for the material is not available, other disposal methods may be approved.

Acceptable methods of disposal may include chipping, grinding, and burying.

Burning will not be allowed.

a. Chipping Wood chippers shall reduce woody material to chips, not over ¼ inch thick by not over 8 inches long, and the chips shall be spread uniformly over the ground or as directed.

b. Burying Brush and logs may be disposed of by burying in approved waste dumps or by placing in the portion of the embankments outside a slope 1-1/2 horizontal to 1 vertical extending from the edge of the shoulder to the existing ground and covering with a minimum of 2 feet of earth. Excavation or borrow used to cover the brush and logs in the slopes may be placed in layers at least 2 feet thick and compacted only to the extent that the stability of the slope is assured. For a related provision, see Department of Environmental Protection Code of Maine Regulations 401 Section 7.

c. Burning Burning is not allowed

201.08 Removing Single Trees and Stumps When called for on the plans or otherwise designated, complete removal and disposal of single trees and stumps shall be required and shall include the backfilling of stump holes.

Trees, which have been uprooted, shall be removed by cutting the tree and removing the stump from the ground or, where approved, the stumps may be placed back in the hole to present a natural appearance. The area shall be graded to conform to the surrounding terrain.

201.09 Method of Measurement Clearing, and selective clearing and thinning will be measured by the acre, determined from horizontal dimensions, acceptably and actually cleared or thinned within the limits shown on the plans or additional areas flagged by the Resident. Areas not shown on the plans or not flagged for clearing or thinning will not be measured for payment.

As an alternative to field measurements, the Contractor and the Resident may agree in writing that the acreage acceptably cleared for payment will be that shown in the Schedule of Items. If such an agreement is reached, no further measuring and computing of quantities will be required and the quantity referred to herein will be final.

Single trees and stumps will be measured by each unit. The size of the tree shall be the average diameter determined by circumferential measurement at a height of 4½ feet above the ground. When trees are removed under this contract and the removal of the stump is required, the stump size shall be the same size as that determined for the tree. The size of all other stumps shall be the greatest horizontal cross sectional dimension determined at the

2-5 top of the stump. Trees or stumps, which have multiple trunks protruding from a single base trunk, shall be measured for payment as a single tree or stump.

Individual trunks of multiple trunk trees or stumps having a diameter of less than 12 inches will not be included to determine the size of a tree or stump.

201.10 Basis of Payment The accepted quantities of clearing, selective clearing and thinning will be paid for at the contract unit price per acre.

The accepted quantity of single trees and stumps removed will be paid for at the contract unit price each. Payment for trees shall include removal and disposal of the entire tree except stumps.

All stumps, as defined in Subsection 201.01 d.2 and designated to be removed, will be paid for at the contract unit price each. Payment shall include removal and disposal of the stumps and roots.

When the Schedule of Items does not contain an estimated quantity for clearing, and it is not noted on the plans as incidental, the work, when authorized, will be paid for under the provisions of Section 109.3 - Extra Work.

When the use of herbicide or tree paint is required to complete the work included under this section, it will not be paid for directly, but will be considered as included in the other contract pay items.

Grubbing, when required, will be measured and paid for as provided in Section 203 -

Excavation and Embankment.

Payment for removal of trees and stumps, not defined as contract pay items under

Section 201.01d, shall be considered incidental to the contract and no separate payment will be made.

Removal of unsound and unsightly branches and trimming branches of trees, as specified in Subsection 201.03 - General, will be paid for under the provisions of Sections

109.03 - Extra Work or 631 - Equipment Rental.

Payment will be made under:

Pay Item Pay Unit

201.11 Clearing Acre

201.12 Selective Clearing and Thinning Acre

201.23 Removing Single Tree Top Only Each

201.24 Removing Stump Each

SECTION 202 - REMOVING STRUCTURES AND OBSTRUCTIONS

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202.01 Description This work shall consist of removing wholly or in part, and satisfactory disposing of all designated buildings, structures, bituminous pavement, Portland cement concrete pavement, manholes, catch basins, and other obstructions which are required to be removed, except for the obstructions to be removed and disposed of under other contract items. It shall also include salvaging designated materials.

202.02 Removing Buildings The Contractor shall remove and dispose of all buildings and foundations indicated on plans or bid documents.

Cavities remaining as a result of foundation or structure removal shall be filled to the level of the surrounding ground and, if within the limits of embankment or below the subgrade in excavation areas, shall be compacted in accordance with applicable embankment construction requirements.

Details of the ownership of the buildings and all the equipment, fixtures and materials therein, except equipment belonging to a Utility or equipment or fixtures specifically excepted and details relative to the date of availability of the property, will be stated in the Special Provision.

Written notice will be given the Contractor when any building becomes available before the date specified in the special provision. On the above-specified date, or upon notice of availability, ownership of the buildings shall transfer from the State to the Contractor who then shall proceed with the work required under this section. The buildings shall not be used or occupied for any purpose while in the right-of-way and the buildings shall be removed as soon as possible after the date available, unless otherwise authorized.

If, during the negotiations between the Department and the owners of the building specified under this section, agreements are made with the owners to move, remove or raze the buildings, the Department reserves the right to remove any or all items from the contract upon written notice to the Contractor and no payment will be made for the items. Removal of debris, when necessary under such conditions, will be accomplished under Section 629 - Hand Labor and Section 631 - Equipment Rental.

All debris and unusable materials shall be removed to an approved dump or waste area and buried. No material shall be disposed of by burning. For a related provision, see Department of Environmental Protection Maine Solid Waste Management Rules, 06-096 CMR Ch. 401, Landfill Siting, Design and Operation.

202.03 Removing Existing Superstructure, Structural Concrete, Railings, Curbs, Sidewalks and Bridges Removing existing superstructures shall consist of removing and disposing of existing superstructure including fill, pavement, railing, and all other material on or over the superstructure unless otherwise specified. Removing existing structural concrete shall be to the limits designated on the plans and shall be accomplished without damage to the portion of the structure to remain.

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Removing existing bridge shall be to the limits shown on the plans.

Existing concrete curbs, granite curbs, and concrete sidewalks shall be removed to the limits shown on the plans using a chipping hammer or pavement breaker of a size approved by the Resident or any other method approved by the Resident which will not damage the structural integrity of the concrete deck to remain.

Before removal of existing concrete curbs or sidewalks, the fascia removal line, as indicated on the plans, shall be saw cut to a depth of 1 inch minimum. Care shall be taken not to damage any reinforcing steel that is to remain in the bridge.

When the material from an existing structure is to be retained by the Department, the

Contractor shall carefully dismantle it, and all materials, except those that may be specified to be reused in the new structure, shall be loaded on trucks supplied by the Department or carefully stored by the Contractor within the right-of-way. The use of any portion of the salvaged material in connection with new or temporary construction shall not be anticipated by the Contractor. The dismantling of metal structures or railings shall, when explicitly provided, include the removal of all bolts and rivets necessary to disconnect the members and the matchmarking of these members for future reassembling.

When the material from an existing structure is designated to become the property of the

Contractor, it shall be entirely removed and disposed of out of sight of the highway and beyond the limits of the right-of-way. Such material shall not be deposited in rivers, streams, or other bodies of water. If the material is to be wasted then it shall be disposed of at an approved location.

When practical, any suitable material removed shall be used in backfilling or for the formation of embankments and no additional allowances for payment will be made.

Unsuitable or surplus material shall be disposed of in an approved waste area.

Blasting or other operations necessary for the removal of an existing structure or obstruction, which might damage new construction, shall be completed before placing the new work. If this is not feasible, the work shall be done only when approved and entirely at the Contractor’s risk.

202.031 Removing Existing Bituminous Pavement and Concrete Wearing Surface from

Bridges and Scarifying the Top of Deck The full depth of existing bituminous pavement, or concrete wearing surface shall be removed from curb to curb for the entire length of the bridge. Membrane waterproofing, if present, shall also be removed in a manner approved by the Resident.

Extreme care shall be taken to avoid damaging the top of the concrete deck to remain.

All existing deck concrete damaged by the Contractor, which is not specified to be scarified or rehabilitated, shall be repaired. Such repair shall be at the expense of the Contractor.

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When rehabilitation of the top of the deck is called for on the plans, the work will be done in accordance with Section 518 - Rehabilitation of Structural Concrete Bridge Decks.

When scarifying the top of the deck is called for, the specified depth of material shall be removed from curb to curb for the entire length of the bridge. Removal shall be accomplished by an approved scarifying machine. Areas that cannot be removed by a scarifying machine, such as adjacent to curbs, drains, and armored joints, shall be removed by using a maximum 35 pound chipping hammer or pavement breaker.

202.04 Removing Portland Cement Concrete Pavement All Portland cement concrete pavement and Portland cement concrete base course designated for removal shall be broken into pieces suitable for use in construction or embankment or disposed of as directed by the Resident. When used in construction of embankments, the maximum size of any fragment shall not exceed the thickness of the layer being placed. The Contractor may, at their option and with approval, dispose of material in approved waste areas and replace with an equivalent volume of granular borrow at no cost to the State.

202.05 Removing Manholes or Catch Basins Where the manhole or catch basin is under a roadway of embankment, the sides shall be removed to a depth of at least 2 feet below subgrade. When the plans do not provide for the complete removal of pipe(s) connecting to the catch basin or manhole, said pipe: (1) if to be connected to new pipe, shall not be disturbed, or (2) if no connection is called for, the pipe shall be tightly plugged with mortared masonry. Floors of the structures shall be broken up or removed to permit drainage. The open cavity shall be filled with earth and thoroughly compacted.

202.06 Removing Bituminous Concrete Pavement The equipment for removing the bituminous pavement shall be capable of scarifying and loading the bituminous pavement without including any gravel, except that adhering to the pavement. The remaining gravel shall be graded to drain as approved by the Resident.

202.061 Removing Pavement Surface The equipment for removing the bituminous surface shall be a power operated milling machine or grinder capable of removing bituminous concrete pavement to the required depth, transverse cross slope, and profile grade by the use of an automated grade and slope control system. The controls shall automatically increase or decrease the pavement removal depth as required, and readily maintain desired cross slope, to compensate for surface irregularities in the existing pavement course. The equipment shall be capable of accurately establishing profile grades by referencing from a fixed reference such as a grade wire, or from the existing pavement surface using a 30 foot minimum contact ski (floating beam), or 24 foot non-contact grade control beam.

The Contractor shall locate and remove all objects in the pavement through the work area that would be detrimental to the planing or grinding machine.

The finished milled surface will be inspected before being accepted, and any deviations in the profile exceeding ½ inch under a 16 foot string line or straightedge placed

2-9 parallel to the centerline will be corrected. Any deviations in the cross-slope that exceed ⅜ inch under a 10 foot string line or straightedge placed transversely to centerline will be corrected. All corrections will be made with approved methods and materials. Any areas that require corrective measures will be subject to the same acceptance tolerances. Excess material that becomes bonded to the milled surface will be removed to the Resident’s satisfaction before the area is accepted.

202.062 Pavement Butt Joints The equipment for removing the bituminous surface shall be a cold milling machine or a power operated planer capable of removing the existing pavement to the required depth, width, grade, and slope.

The milled surface shall have a uniform texture and provide acceptable rideability for vehicles. Should resurfacing be delayed, or the resulting milled surface is unsatisfactory for any reason, bituminous leveling course or temporary pavement may be required. The Contractor shall clean the milled surface and surrounding area of all loose material prior to use by traffic.

202.07 Method of Measurement Removing buildings, removing existing superstructures, and removing existing bridges will each be measured by the lump sum.

Removing Portland cement concrete pavement, removing bituminous concrete pavement, pavement butt joints, and removing pavement surface will be measured by the square yard with no deductions made for areas occupied by existing catch basins and manholes.

Removing existing structural concrete will be measured either by the cubic yard in place before work starts on the particular portion of the structure to be removed or by the lump sum as specified. Remove existing railings will be measured by the foot in place along the grade and line of the railing from outside to outside of end posts or rail projections, whichever is greater.

The removing of existing bituminous pavement, removing existing concrete wearing surface, removing of existing concrete curbs and sidewalks from bridges, and scarifying of the concrete deck will each be measured for payment as one lump sum unit, complete, and accepted.

The removing of existing manholes and catch basins will be measured by the unit.

202.08 Basis of Payment The accepted quantity of removing building, removing existing superstructure, and removing existing bridge will be paid for at the contract lump sum price, which price shall be full compensation for removing and disposing of the obstructions and building foundations down to an elevation matching the surrounding ground as directed by the Resident. Removing Portland cement concrete pavement will be paid for at the contract unit price per square yard which price will be full compensation for removing and disposing of pavement and pavement reinforcement. Material for backfilling holes resulting from removal of obstructions will be measured and paid for as provided in Section 203 - Excavation and Embankments. The quantity of structural concrete removed will be paid for, either at the contract unit price per cubic yard or at the contract lump sum price which price shall include disposal of the concrete. The quantity of railing removed

2-10 will be paid for at the respective contract unit price per foot of railing removed and disposed of.

Removing and scarifying existing concrete, removing existing concrete wearing surface, and removing existing bituminous pavement from bridges will be paid for at the contract lump sum price for the respective contract pay item involved. Removing membrane waterproofing, if present on the existing deck, shall be incidental to the removing of bituminous pavement.

The containment and disposal of pollutants during the removal of materials from an existing bridge will not be paid for directly but shall be incidental to the related contract Pay Item. These payment provisions shall prevail over those of Section 656 - Temporary Soil Erosion and Water Pollution Control, for this work only. The payment for each contract pay item will be full compensation for furnishing all materials, labor, equipment for all formwork, and for all other incidentals necessary to complete the work.

Removing existing manholes and catch basins will be paid for at the contract unit bid price each, which price shall include all work, materials, labor, and equipment. New pipe as required by the plans will be paid for separately under the appropriate pay item. Where new pipe is to be connected to existing pipe, the Contractor shall furnish and install, at their expense, pipe necessary to replace any existing pipe damaged beyond the limits of pipe removal shown on the plans.

Removing bituminous concrete pavement will be paid for at the contract unit price for the number of square yards removed as required by the plans or as ordered by the Resident, which price will be full compensation for removing and disposing of the bituminous pavement and re-grading of the remaining material.

The accepted quantity of pavement butt joints will be paid for at the contract unit price per square yard which price will be full compensation for removing and salvaging the bituminous material. Any bituminous leveling material or temporary pavement required will not be measured for payment directly, but will be incidental to the related contract Pay Items.

The accepted quantity of removing pavement surface will be paid for at the contract unit price per square yard. This price will be full compensation for removing the material to the required depth, profile and cross slope, complete cleaning of the milled surface suitable for paving, and for salvaging, hauling, and stockpiling excess material to an approved designated area. Locating and removing objects, and additional milling and paving required to correct deviations will not be paid for separately but will be included in the contract unit price per square yard.

When the pay item calls for material to be retained by the Department, payment shall include the salvage of these materials, custody, preservation, and storage on the right-of-way and disposal as provided herein. When the proposal does not include pay items for removal of structures and obstructions as provided in this Section, such work shall be incidental to

2-11 the various contract pay items and no direct payment will be made except that removal of foundations and Portland cement concrete pavement will be paid as provided in Section 203

- Excavation and Embankment.

Payment will be made under:

202.08 Removing Building No. ___ Lump Sum

202.09 Removing Existing Superstructure Lump Sum

Retained by Department

202.10 Removing Existing Superstructure Lump Sum

Property of Contractor

202.11 Removing Portland Cement Concrete Pavement Square Yard

202.12 Removing Existing Structural Concrete Cubic Yard

202.121 Removing Existing Concrete Lump Sum

202.123 Scarifying Concrete Deck - Top xx inch Lump Sum

202.127 Removing of Existing Bituminous Pavement Lump Sum

202.128 Removing of Existing Concrete Lump Sum

Curbs & Sidewalks

202.13 Removing Existing Railings Foot

Retained by Department

202.14 Removed Existing Railings Foot

Property of Contractor

202.15 Removing Existing Manhole or Catch Basin Each

202.17 Removing Existing Structural Concrete Lump Sum

202.19 Removing Existing Bridge Lump Sum

202.20 Removing Bituminous Concrete Pavement Square Yard

202.202 Removing Pavement Surface Square Yard

202.203 Pavement Butt Joints Square Yard

202.30 Removing Existing Concrete Wearing Surface Lump Sum

SECTION 203 - EXCAVATION AND EMBANKMENT

203.01 Description This work shall consist of excavating, removing, hauling, backfilling and compacting or disposing,, as required, of all material not being removed under some other item, encountered for the construction of the project in accordance with these specifications and in reasonably close conformity with the lines, grades, thickness and typical cross sections shown in the Contract Documents or established by the Department.

Excavation under this section will be classified as Common Excavation, Rock Excavation and Unclassified Excavation, as hereinafter defined. Material not classified as excavation that is required to construct embankments and backfill trenches and holes shall be classified as borrow or crushed stone. This work shall also consist of constructing foundation pads of

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Culvert Bedding Stone in accordance with these specifications and in reasonably close conformity with the width, length, grade and thickness as shown in the Contract Documents or established by the Department.

The following definitions shall apply to this section:

Common Excavation shall consist of excavation and removal of all material encountered in grading within the Project Limits, which is not otherwise classified and paid for.

Common excavation shall include the removal and disposal of boulders, solid mortared stone masonry and concrete masonry when each is less than 2 cubic yards in volume and all soft and disintegrated bedrock which can be removed with ordinary excavating machinery.

It shall include grubbing, which consists of the removing and disposing of all stumps, roots, bushes, grass, turf or other objectionable material and it shall include excavation for channels, berm ditches and cut slope downspouts.

Common Excavation shall include muck removal, which shall consist of excavating and disposing of saturated or unsaturated mixtures of soils and organic matter not suitable for embankment foundation material regardless of moisture content.

Common Excavation shall also include removing and disposing of all earth material encountered in excavating for permanent stream channel diversion and channel widening or straightening, when designated in the Contract Documents, outside the limits of structural excavation or other classifications.

Rock Excavation shall consist of removing: Hard igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary bedrock which cannot be excavated with ordinary excavating machinery and cannot be excavated without employing means such as, but not limited to, drilling and blasting, drilling and splitting or hoe-ramming; and all boulders, solid mortared stone masonry and concrete masonry, each having a volume of 2 cubic yards or more.

Unclassified Excavation shall consist of Common Excavation and Rock Excavation as classified above and not measured separately.

When identical unit prices are bid for Common Excavation and for Rock Excavation, such bids shall be considered as a bid for Unclassified Excavation of the combined items and shall be so classified.

203.02 Materials Borrow shall consist of approved material required for the construction of embankments or for other portions of the work as designated by the Department. . Unless otherwise designated in the Contract, the Contractor shall make their own arrangements for obtaining borrow and shall pay all costs involved.

Material shall meet the requirements of the following Subsections of Division 700 -

Materials:

Crushed Stone, ¾ inch 703.13

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Common Borrow 703.18 Granular Borrow 703.19 Gravel Borrow 703.20 Rock Borrow 703.21

Slope blanket backfill material shall meet the requirements of aggregate for base and subbase, Type D specified in Subsection 703.06 - Aggregate for Base and Subbase, as directed.

Culvert Bedding Stone shall meet the requirements of Type C material, specified in

Subsection 703.22, Underdrain Backfill Material.

203.03 Unauthorized Use of Materials No Common Excavation, Rock Excavation, Unclassified Excavation or Borrow which is designated for use in embankments or backfill may be diverted for the Contractor's own use. Any unauthorized use of such material will be adjusted by deducting quantities, measured by the most appropriate method, as determined by the Department, and 115% of the quantity deducted from the total amount.

203.04 General Prior to beginning excavating, grading, and embankment operations in any area, all necessary clearing in that area shall have been performed in accordance with Section 201 - Clearing Right-of-Way.

Unsuitable material shall be disposed of as directed and no material shall be wasted without the Department’s permission.

The Resident may designate as unsuitable those soils which cannot be properly compacted in embankments and all such unsuitable material shall be disposed of in approved waste storage areas or acceptable waste areas as directed.

Suitable material taken from excavation shall be used in the construction of embankment, subgrade, and for backfilling as indicated in the Contract Documents, or as directed, and no additional payment will be made. Unsuitable or surplus material shall be used as directed or wasted.

The Contractor shall give the Resident sufficient time before beginning excavation to take necessary survey measurements. The Contractor shall not excavate beyond the dimensions, slopes and elevations established, and no material shall be removed prior to surveying the site. Unless otherwise authorized, borrow shall not be placed until after all suitable excavation has been placed in the embankment unless the use of Granular Borrow is called for in the Contract Documents, for use under embankments, in conjunction with the use of excavated material or for the maintenance of traffic. If the Contractor places more borrow than is required and thereby causes a waste of suitable excavation material, the amount of such waste will be measured by the method deemed most appropriate and 100% of the amount deducted from the borrow volume.

When different unit prices are bid for Common Excavation and Rock Excavation, the

Contractor will be required to strip earth from the bedrock to provide an opportunity for the

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Resident to take the necessary measurements. When identical prices are bid for Common Excavation and Rock Excavation, the Contractor will not be required to strip the earth from the bedrock.

When it is necessary to temporarily remove fencing designated to remain, the fencing shall be replaced by the Contractor at their expense in as good a condition as it was originally. The Contractor shall be responsible for the confinement of livestock when a portion of the fence is removed. When new fencing for confinement of livestock is required, it shall be erected before existing fencing is disturbed. Where new fencing cannot be erected in its final location, temporary fencing shall be installed at the Contractor's expense.

The degree of finish for grading ditches and slopes, both fill slopes and cut slopes, shall be that obtainable from machine operations. Ditches shall be constructed to within 6 inches above or below the grade called for in the Contract Documents, or as otherwise modified, but, in no case, shall the ditch be finished in a condition that will not allow the flow of water. Ditches shall be graded to the extent that puddles will not form.

Unstable slopes subject to sliding and slumping shall be excavated to the lines and grades indicated in the Contract Documents or as directed. Immediately after each location is excavated, approved slope blanket backfill material shall be placed and shaped to match the adjacent slopes.

Rock slopes shall be scaled (cleaned of all loose material) immediately as the excavation proceeds. The rock slope shall then be examined by the Contractor to determine if the slope is stable. If the slope is not deemed stable upon this examination, then immediate steps shall be taken by the Contractor to insure the stability of the slope during construction. There will be no additional payment for any temporary protection required for the construction of the project.

Culvert Bedding Stone shall be placed and graded as shown in the Contract

Documents or as directed by the Resident and shall be compacted as required to ensure that all voids in the stone are filled, as approved by the Resident.

203.041 Salvage of Existing Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) Pavement

All existing HMA pavement designated to be removed under this Contract must be salvaged for utilization. Existing HMA pavement material shall not be deposited in any waste area or be placed below subgrade in any embankment.

Methods of utilization of HMA pavement may be any of the following:

1. Used as a replacement for untreated aggregate surface course on entrances provided the material contains no particles greater than 2 inches in any dimension. Payment will be made under Pay Item 411.09, Untreated Aggregate Surface Course or 411.10, Untreated Aggregate Surface Course, Truck Measure. Material shall be placed, shaped, compacted and stabilized as directed by the Resident.

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2. Used as the top 3 inches of gravel. Recycled Asphalt Pavement (RAP) shall be processed such that the material contains no particles greater than 1 ½ inches in any dimension. When this method is utilized, a surcharge will not be required.

3. Stockpiled at commercial facilities or at approved sites for commercial or

Department use.

4. Other methods proposed by the Contractor and approved by the Department.

The cost of salvaging HMA material will be incidental to applicable Contract pay items, with no additional allowances made, which will be full compensation for removing, temporarily stockpiling, and rehandling, if necessary, and utilizing the material as listed above.

203.042 Rock Excavation and Blasting

1. General Requirements:

a. All blasting operations, including the storage and handling of explosives and blasting agents, shall be performed in accordance with this specification and Standard Specification Section 105.2.7, Use of Explosives, and other specifications referenced therein.

b. In case of conflict between regulations or between regulations and this Specification, the Contractor shall comply with the strictest applicable codes, regulations, or Specifications.

c. The overburden shall be removed or trenches shall be excavated through the overburden at the intervals directed by the Resident, normally 25 feet, but, in no case, closer than 10 feet apart to permit surveying of the bedrock in its original position. Bedrock removed prior to surveying will be considered Common Excavation.

d. The delay elements in blasting caps are known to deteriorate with age. For this reason, it is required that all blasting caps used on the project be less than one year of age. No blasting products will be allowed on the job site if the date codes are missing.

e. When, in the opinion of the Resident, any blasting product is either of excessive age or in what appears to be a deteriorated condition, all work will cease until the product’s age or quality can be determined.

f. No explosives, caps, detonators or fuses shall be stored on the project site during non-working hours.

g. The use of explosives containing perchlorate compounds shall not be allowed.

2. Controlled Blasting Methods:

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Controlled Blasting is defined as a blasting method which utilizes a line of closely spaced, lightly loaded blastholes that are fired either before or after the main production blast to define a break line on the perimeter of the excavation.

The purpose of Controlled Blasting is to create a stable rock face with a fall zone to protect the traveling public from rockfall hazard, and to protect existing structures, adjacent and nearby properties, and the public from damage or injury. Controlled Blasting shall be required on all critical rock slopes.

a. Production blasting refers to the main fragmentation blasting resulting from widely spaced production holes drilled throughout the main excavation area adjacent to the presplit line. Production holes shall be detonated in a controlled delay sequence.

b. Presplitting is defined as the establishment of a free surface of a shear plane in bedrock by the controlled usage of explosives and blasting accessories in appropriately aligned and spaced drill holes so that the resulting split bedrock is not affected by subsequent blasting and excavation operations. The purpose of presplitting is to minimize damage to the rock backslope and to help ensure long term stability. When presplitting, the detonation of the presplit line shall be before the detonation of any production holes.

i. Prior to drilling, all overburden and all loose and disintegrated rock shall be removed down to solid bedrock in the vicinity of the presplit lines. Potentially dangerous boulders beyond the excavation limits shall also be removed as directed by the Resident.

ii. Presplitting shall extend a minimum of 30 feet ahead of the limits of production blasting within the section or to the end of the cut, as applicable.

iii. All drilling equipment used to drill the presplit holes shall have electromechanical or electronic devices affixed to that equipment to accurately determine the angle at which the drill steel enters the bedrock. Presplit hole drilling will not be permitted if these devices are missing or inoperative.

iv. The length of the presplit holes shall not exceed 30 feet in depth unless approved by the Resident. Bedrock deeper than 30 feet shall usually be presplit in lifts, but no lift shall be less than 10 feet in depth. When the cut height will require more than one lift, a maximum 2-foot offset between lifts shall be permitted to allow for equipment clearance. No payment will be made for additional excavated quantity caused by offsetting of presplit lines for less than 20-foot lifts. Drilling 2 feet below ditch bottom will be allowed to facilitate removal of the toe berm.

v. Before placing charges, the Contractor shall determine that the hole is free of obstructions for its entire depth. All necessary precautions shall be exercised so that placing the charges will not cause caving of material from the walls of the holes.

vi. The diameter of the explosives used in presplit holes shall not be greater than ½ the diameter of the hole.

vii. Continuous column cartridge explosives manufactured especially for presplitting shall be used for all presplitting. The bottom charge of a presplit hole may be

2-17 larger than the line charges, but shall not be large enough to cause overbreak.

The top charge of the presplitting hole shall be placed far enough below the collar, and reduced sufficiently, to avoid overbreaking and heaving. The upper portion of all presplit holes, from the top charge to the hole collar, shall be stemmed.

viii. The presplit slope face shall not deviate more than one foot from a plane passing though adjacent drillholes, except where the character of the bedrock is such that, as determined by the Resident, irregularities are unavoidable. The one-foot plane shall be measured perpendicular to the plane of the slope. In no case shall any portion of the slope encroach on the roadbed.

c. Cushion blasting. Where the horizontal distance from the existing rock face to the cut face is less than 15 feet, or if rock conditions warrant this approach, the Contractor may use cushion blasting in lieu of presplitting. Cushion blasting is similar to presplitting except that the detonation along the cut face occurs after the detonation of all production holes. With the exception of the above criteria, requirements previously given for presplitting shall also apply to cushion blasting.

d. Sliver Cuts. For sliver cuts, pioneering the top of cuts and preparing a working platform to begin the controlled blasting may require unusual work methods and use of equipment. The Contractor may use angle drilled holes during the initial pioneering operations to obtain the desired rock face. Hole spacing shall not exceed 30 inches.

3. Submittals:

a. Not less than two weeks prior to commencing drilling and blasting operations, or at any time the Contractor proposes to change drilling and blasting methods, the Contractor shall submit a Blasting Plan to the Resident for review. The Blasting Plan shall contain full details of the drilling and blasting patterns and controls the Contractor proposes to use for both the controlled and production blasting. Review of the Blasting Plan by the Department shall not relieve the Contractor of its responsibility for the safety, accuracy and adequacy of implementing the Plan. The Blasting Plan shall contain the following information.

i. Station limits of proposed shots.

ii. Plan and section views of the proposed drill pattern, including free face, burden, blasthole spacing, blasthole diameters, blasthole angles, lift height, and subdrill depth.

iii. Loading diagram showing type and amount of explosives, primers, initiators, and location and depth of stemming.

iv. Initiators sequence of blastholes including delay times and delay system.

v. Manufacturers’ data sheets for all explosives, primers and initiators to be used.

vi. Details of the audible advance signal system to be employed at the job site.

vii. Precautions to protect nearby structures and cultural features.

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b. Daily Blasting Logs – The Contractor shall provide the Resident with a daily log of blasting operations, submitted on a weekly basis. The log shall be updated at the close of each Working Day. The log shall include the number of blasts, times and dates of blasts, the blasting locations and patterns and all information shown below:

i. Station limits of the shot.

ii. Plan and section views of drill pattern, including free face, burden blasthole spacing, blasthole diameters, lift height, and subdrill depth.

iii. Loading diagram showing type and amount of explosive, primers and initiators and location and depth of stemming.

iv. Initiators sequence of blastholes including delay times and delay system in each blasthole.

v. Mats or other protection used.

vi. Signature of the Blaster in charge.

vii. The Contractor shall report to the Resident in writing all blasting complaints received by the Contractor within 24 hours of receipt. Each blast complaint report shall include the name and address of the complainant, time received, date and time of blast complained about and a description of the circumstances which led to the complaint.

4. Blast Vibration Control And Monitoring:

a. The Contractor shall be required to monitor blasting vibrations (both ground and air concussions) and shall provide a copy of the Pre-Blast Condition survey of all structures and cultural features that may be affected to the Resident, prior to any blasting activities.

b. When nearby structures, utilities or adjacent slopes may be subject to damage from blast-induced ground vibrations, the ground vibrations shall be controlled using properly designed delay sequences and appropriate charge weights per delay.

c. When vibration damage to adjacent structures or cultural features is possible, the Contractor shall monitor each blast with an approved seismograph located between the blast area and the closest structure subject to blast damage, as approved by the Department. The seismograph used shall be capable of recording particle velocity for three mutually perpendicular components of vibration in the range generally found with controlled blasting.

5.Flyrock Control:

Before the firing of any blast in areas where flying rock or debris may result in personal injury or damage to property, the rock to be blasted shall be covered with approved blasting mats, soil, or other equally serviceable material to prevent flyrock. The method of flyrock control shall be subject to approval by the Resident.

203.05 Roadway Excavation Roadway excavation shall be maintained in such condition that the excavation surface will be well drained. Temporary drains, drainage

2-19 ditches and culverts shall be constructed to intercept and divert water that may adversely affect the condition of the excavation and the prosecution of the Work.

Excavation in general, shall proceed in an upgrade direction. Subgrades shall be promptly graded and rolled to minimize absorption of water. Adjacent ditches shall be graded to the extent that puddles will not form. Grubbing areas which cannot be drained shall be promptly filled with approved excavation or borrow to such an elevation that surface drainage will be effective. If, due to unusual circumstances, drainage by gravity cannot be accomplished, the Resident may require the Contractor to provide adequate means of pumping the area. Pumping may be required on a 24 hour a day continuous basis, at no additional cost to the Department.

When muck is encountered, either unexpectedly or as indicated in the Contract

Documents, it shall be removed in such a manner as to insure its complete removal with no areas remaining or trapped below the embankment.