NPS_Swamp_Buggy_0001.pdf

NPS SWAMP BUGGY SRD TOC 1

Swamp Buggy System Requirements Document (SRD) 31 July 2023

NPS SWAMP BUGGY SRD TOC 1

Table of Contents

1. Document Purpose

2. Background

3. System Description

4. System Requirements

4.1. System Performance

SP-1. Maximum Speed

SP-2. Ground Pressure

SP-3. Speed on Incline

SP-4. Grade Navigation

SP-5. Side Hill Navigation

SP-6. Turn Radius

SP-7. Braking

SP-8. Mission Payload

SP-9. Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR)

SP-10. Front Axle Weight Rating (FAWR)

SP-11. Rear Axle Weight Rating (RAWR)

SP-12. Rollover Stability

SP-13. Operating Noise

4.2. General Manufacturing Requirements

GM-1. Materials, Parts, and Assemblies

GM-2. US Steel and Aluminum

GM-3. Corrosion Resistance

GM-4. Fit and Finish

GM-5. Slip Resistance

GM-6. Powder Coating Steel

GM-7. Powder Coating Non-Steel

GM-8. Understructure

GM-9. Welds

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GM-10. Structural Connectors

GM-11. Ingress Protection

GM-12. Mechanical Joints and Bearings

4.3. Safety Equipment

SA-1. Back-up Camera

SA-2. Back-up Alarm

SA-3. Fire Extinguisher

4.4. Vehicle Lamps, Reflectors, and Associated Equipment

VL-1. Running Lights and Reflective Devices

VL-2. Scene Lights

4.5. Drivetrain

DT-1. Drive System

DT-2. Front-Wheel Drive Engagement

DT-3. Gear Ratio

DT-4. Power Steering

DT-5. Front Wheel Steering

DT-6. Engine Type

DT-7. Engine Fuel

DT-8. Engine Fuel Pump

DT-9. Engine Fuel Filter

DT-10. Crankcase Sump Drain Plug

DT-11. Engine Output

DT-12. Exhaust System Design

DT-13. Engine Air Intake

DT-14. Engine Cooling System

DT-15. Transmission Cooling System

DT-16. Transmission Drain Plugs

DT-17. Torque Converter Dust Cover

DT-18. Differential Ground Clearance

DT-19. Differential Drain Plugs

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DT-20. Rear Axle

DT-21. Front Axle

DT-22. Axle Shafts

DT-23. Wheel Assemblies and Spare Tire

4.6. Fuel System

FS-1. Fuel System Protection

FS-2. Fuel Lines and Hoses

FS-3. Fuel Tank, Transfer Pump, and Shutoff Valves

4.7. Chassis

CH-1. Chassis Construction Type

CH-2. Chassis Dimensions

CH-3. Body Mounting on Chassis

CH-4. Cab Design

CH-5. Swamp Buggy Deck

CH-6. Swamp Buggy Deck Hatch

CH-7. Engine Compartment Hood

CH-8. Engine Compartment Lighting

CH-9. Chassis Air Intake Ember Guard

CH-10. Chassis Component Protection – Skid Plates

CH-11. Roll Over Protection Structure (ROPS)

CH-12. Front and Rear Bumpers

4.8. Electrical System

ES-1. Electrical System Type

ES-2. Electrical Distribution System

ES-3. Battery System

ES-4. Power Distribution Switch with Master Battery Disconnect

4.9. Occupant Ingress and Egress Features

IE-1. Grab Bars for Ingress and Egress

4.10. Storage Areas and Compartments

ST-1. Cooler Storage Area

NPS SWAMP BUGGY SRD TOC 4

ST-2. Fuel Storage Area

ST-3. Storage Compartment Fabrication

ST-4. Storage Compartments Lighting

ST-5. Storage Compartment Doors

4.11. Body Paint

BP-1. Body Paint Preparation

BP-2. Body Paint Type

BP-3. Body Paint Color

4.12. Winches

WH-1. Winch Configuration

WH-2. Winch Covers

4.13. Receiver Hitch

RH-1. Receiver Hitch Mounting

RH-2. Receiver Hitch Rating

4.14. Tow Hooks

TH-1. Front Tow Hooks

TH-2. Rear Tow Hooks

TH-3. Tow Hook Opening Orientation

TH-4. Tow Hook Load

TH-5. Tow Hook Interface

4.15. Vehicle Markings

VM-1. Vehicle Marking System

VM-2. Vehicle Marking Material

VM-3. Front Vehicle Designator Marking

VM-4. Rear Vehicle Designator Marking

VM-5. Top Vehicle Designator Marking

VM-6. Side Vehicle Designator Marking

VM-7. Side Government Use Marking

4.16. Vehicle Identification Number

VN-1. VIN System

NPS SWAMP BUGGY SRD TOC 5

4.17. Information and Warning Labels

IW-1. Permanence and Legibility

IW-2. Types and Locations of Information and Warning Labels

4.18. Seating

SE-1. Seat Adjustment, Attachment, and Installation

SE-2. Seating Capacity

SE-3. Front Seats

SE-4. Driver’s Seat

SE-5. Seating Surfaces

SE-6. Seat Belts

SE-7. Grab Bars for Seating

4.19. Cabin Features

CF-1. Handheld Radio Holders

CF-2. Cup Holders

CF-3. Footrest

CF-4. Dashboard

CF-5. Bimini Top

4.20. Maintenance, Repair and Recovery

MA-1. Field Repair and Recovery Kit

MA-2. Design for Maintenance Checks

MA-3. Wheel Chocks

MA-4. Custom Parts Manufacturing

MA-5. Special Tools

MA-6. Manuals and Drawings

4.21. Reliability Metrics

RM-1. Mean Time Between Repair (MTBR)

RM-2. Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF)

RM-3. Mean Time Between Maintenance (MTBM)

4.22. System Warranty

SW-1. Five-Year Warranty

NPS SWAMP BUGGY SRD TOC 6

SW-2. Reliability Coverage

SW-3. Repair Costs

SW-4. Warranty Exclusions

5. Definitions

6. References

6.1. ASTM International

6.2. Code of Federal Regulations (CFR)

6.3. International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

6.4. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)

6.5. SAE International

6.6. United States Forest Service

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1. Document Purpose This document is the National Park Service (NPS) consensus standard for Swamp Buggy minimum requirements. The purpose of this document is to enable the refresh and sustainment of the NPS Swamp Buggy Fleet by defining operational and technical requirements for Swamp Buggies. These requirements provide a basis for detailed specifications for contracting actions that will enable NPS to procure and sustain a Swamp Buggy Fleet that meets NPS mission needs and applicable standards for quality, safety, and performance. These detailed specifications are outside the scope of this requirements document and are not contained herein.

2. Background The NPS mission is to preserve the natural and cultural resources and values of the National Park Service System for the enjoyment, education, and inspiration of this and future generations.

Achieving this mission requires vehicles that safely and efficiently move NPS and partner personnel, equipment, supplies, and resources into and out of remote locations. Big Cypress National Preserve (BICY) is an NPS asset in southwest Florida that protects over 700,000 acres of the Big Cypress Swamp. NPS conducts and supports operations at BICY across four key mission sets: Wildland Fire, Resource Management, Law Enforcement, and Maintenance. Enabling mission operations requires a vehicle that is capable of safely and efficiently traversing challenging and unpredictable swamp terrain.

No extant document adequately captures the requirements of a vehicle suited for this unique terrain and mission set. This document addresses this gap by defining the system requirements of such a vehicle, which is referred to as a Swamp Buggy. There are numerous regulations and standards that apply to or inform the Swamp Buggy capability; these regulations and standards are referenced throughout Section 4. System Requirements and are comprehensively listed in Section 6. References.

3. System Description Swamp Buggies are off-road utility vehicles used by NPS to operate in swamp terrain which includes dry land, mud, sand, cap rock, and shallow water. Swamp Buggies are characterized by large tires, high ground clearance, and the need for low-speed operation (<30 mph) due to safety, terrain and mission considerations.

There are four distinct missions that Swamp Buggies support: Fire Operations, Resource Management, Law Enforcement, and Maintenance. Swamp Buggies are outfitted in different configurations and incident-specific equipment and supplies to support each mission.

While multiple missions are supported by this SRD, the materials and construction conform to Fire Operations requirements. This is for two important reasons:

1. Reduces the overall cost and effort of vehicle procurement given the low quantities of Swamp Buggies (<20 units) to be procured.

2. Ensures that a non-Fire Operations configuration can be outfitted for transport for firefighting to safely and effectively support contingency operations.

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4. System Requirements The system requirements below describe a standardized Swamp Buggy that can be readily operated, maintained, repaired, and configured to meet NPS mission needs. This standardized Swamp Buggy reflects NPS resident knowledge, NPS operating procedures, NPS vehicle repair and maintenance capabilities, standards for similar vehicles, conformance with federal regulations, and best practices for design and manufacturing.

Each requirement has a unique reference designator (ex: SA-1) and a description of the requirement, and may include reference to a regulation or standard.

All system requirements conform to the following quality criteria:

1. Traceable to NPS mission requirements.

2. Individually quantifiable, verifiable, and testable.

3. Consistent with current technology and standards.

4. Acceptable to NPS technical team and key stakeholders.

5. Compliant with applicable local, state, and federal laws and regulations.

Figure 1: Existing Swamp Buggy Configured for Fire Operations

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4.1. System Performance

SP-1. Maximum Speed

Swamp Buggy shall be capable of maintaining 30 mph maximum speed when loaded to the GVWR.

SP-2. Ground Pressure

Swamp Buggy ground pressure shall not exceed 10 psi when loaded to the GVWR.

SP-3. Speed on Incline

Swamp Buggy shall be capable of maintaining 15-20 mph on a 1.5-degree incline when loaded to the GVWR.

SP-4. Grade Navigation

Swamp Buggy shall be capable of safe and effective navigation of a 15-degree grade when loaded to the GVWR.

SP-5. Side Hill Navigation

Swamp Buggy shall be capable of safe and effective navigation of a 15-degree side hill when loaded to the GVWR.

SP-6. Turn Radius

Swamp Buggy turn radius shall not exceed 40 ft on flat, dry paved road.

SP-7. Braking

Swamp Buggy braking performance on flat, dry paved road shall conform with Title 49 CFR § 393.52 Brake performance, summarized below.

Service brake systems Emergency brake systems

Braking force as a percentage of gross vehicle or combination weight

Deceleration in feet per second per second

Application and braking distance in feet from initial speed at 20 mph

Application and braking distance in feet from initial speed of 20 mph

43.5 14 35 85

SP-8. Mission Payload.

Swamp Buggy shall be capable of safely and effectively carrying the mission payload defined in a specific Swamp Buggy specification. It is the responsibility of the vehicle manufacturer to ensure that their design supports the mission payload in accordance with all applicable safety and performance regulations.

The team that develops future Swamp Buggy specifications should carefully review mission requirements, including operational personnel and equipment requirements, to define the specific mission payload for a given Swamp Buggy specification. Equipment that may be required could include:

https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-49/subtitle-B/chapter-III/subchapter-B/part-393/subpart-C/section-393.52 https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-49/subtitle-B/chapter-III/subchapter-B/part-393/subpart-C/section-393.52

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• One (1) 250-gallon baffled water tank fabricated from ½-inch thick, non-corrosive stress relieved polypropylene.

• One (1) auxiliary water pump capable of delivering 50 gallons per minute minimum at 250 pounds per square inch output pressure from a 5-foot lift through 24 feet of 2-inch suction hose with a strainer.

• One (1) booster hose reel with a capacity of 100 feet of 1-inch booster hose, installed at the rear passenger side of the platform deck. An example is Hannay™ brand, Model #SBEPF-24- 23-24.

• One (1) 12-volt electric motor for rewinding the hose on to the reel. An example is the Cole- Hersee™ M-612 push button electric motor.

• One (1) roller assembly provided on the aft end of the reel. A Hannay™ model FH3 roller assembly is a suitable example.

SP-9. Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR).

The maximum Swamp Buggy GVWR shall be 15,100 lbs.

SP-10. Front Axle Weight Rating (FAWR).

The maximum Swamp Buggy FAWR shall be 6,500 lbs.

SP-11. Rear Axle Weight Rating (RAWR).

The maximum Swamp Buggy RAWR shall be 8,600 lbs.

SP-12. Rollover Stability.

Swamp Buggy shall meet at least one of the two following rollover stability criteria:

• No lifting of any tire or wheel assembly when tilted to 30 degrees at mission load when tested on a tilt table in accordance with SAE J2180, A Tilt Table Procedure for Measuring the Static Rollover Threshold for Heavy Trucks.

• The calculated or measured vertical center of gravity (VCG) divided by the rear axle track width shall not exceed 0.75.

SP-13. Operating Noise.

SP-13-1. Noise measured from any Swamp Buggy seating position shall not exceed 80 decibels under any operating condition.

SP-13-2. Noise generated by Swamp Buggy under any operating condition shall not exceed 60 decibels when measured from a distance of 50 feet.

4.2. General Manufacturing Requirements

GM-1. Materials, Parts, and Assemblies.

All materials, parts, and assemblies shall be new and of current manufacture. Parts or assemblies that have been discontinued by the original equipment manufacturer (OEM) are not acceptable.

https://www.sae.org/standards/content/j2180_201105/ https://www.sae.org/standards/content/j2180_201105/

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GM-2. US Steel and Aluminum.

Aluminum and steel materials such as pipe, tubing and sheet shall be from US-based sources to ensure metal quality and supply chain traceability.

GM-3. Corrosion Resistance.

Where dissimilar metals that pose a galvanic corrosion or reactive threat are to be mounted together, the mounting base material shall have an isolation barrier prior to assembly to prevent dissimilar metal reaction.

GM-4. Fit and Finish.

Workmanship, fabrication, assembly, and finished appearance shall conform with standard manufacturing practices. Examples of poor workmanship that will not be accepted are grinding marks or gouges on the outer rail, floors that are not flush with the outer rail, joints that are not flush or square, unfilled joints, and warped or uneven floors.

GM-5. Slip Resistance.

All surfaces designated as stepping, standing, and walking areas shall have a minimum slip resistance in any orientation of 0.68 when tested wet using the English XL tester in accordance with the tester manufacturer’s instructions or 0.52 when tested wet using the Brungraber Mark II tester in accordance with the tester manufacturer’s instructions.

GM-6. Powder Coating Steel.

Powder coating of steel components shall be conducted in accordance with ASTM D7803-19.

GM-7. Powder Coating Non-Steel.

Powder coating of components not covered by ASTM D7803-19, such as aluminum components, shall be conducted in accordance with SAE Standard AMS3143, Type 1, Grade 1.

GM-8. Understructure.

Swamp Buggy understructure shall have no lips or pockets that will trap water and mud.

GM-9. Welds.

Welds shall meet American Welding Society (AWS) Standards. The specific standards depend upon the type of material (type of steel or aluminum alloy) and the form of the material (pipe, plate, or sheet). It is the responsibility of the vehicle manufacturer to familiarize themselves with the AWS standards that apply to their vehicle design and ensure conformance to those standards. The below list provides basic guidance on weld quality and NPS acceptance criteria.

• Welds on the top and outer sides of the body and miscellaneous equipment shall be ground flush to ensure there are no sharp edges.

• All welded points will be welded entirely around to prevent rusting between pieces of metal.

• Welds shall be tied into each other with no pitting or oversized clumps of weld build up.

• All welds will be cleaned of slag to prevent paint from chipping or flaking off.

https://www.astm.org/d7803-19.html

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• Welds shall have good even penetration on both pieces being welded together.

• No underslung of over slung welds will be accepted.

• All tubing shall be capped and welded to prevent rusting and paint staining.

GM-10. Structural Connectors.

GM-10-1. Structural connections not made by welds shall be made by using minimum Grade 8 bolts for sizes ½-inch and smaller, and minimum Grade 5 for sizes larger than ½-inch.

GM-10-2. All nuts used in structural connections shall be self-locking style.

GM-11. Ingress Protection.

All moisture susceptible components shall be minimum ingress protection (IP) code IP67 to account for the outdoor operation and storage of the Swamp Buggy. Moisture susceptible components include: controls, gauges, switches, indicator lights, lighting strips, and lamp assemblies.

GM-12. Mechanical Joints and Bearings.

GM-12-1. Mechanical joints and bearings that are not designed by the OEM to be fully sealed and maintenance free shall be equipped with Zerk fittings to enable lubrication.

GM-12-2. U-joints shall be rated to meet or exceed engine torque requirement. Additional U-joint requirements (ex: Spicer 1350 Style) may be incorporated into a specific Swamp Buggy design specification.

4.3. Safety Equipment.

SA-1. Back-up Camera.

SA-1-1. Swamp Buggy shall be equipped with a Camera Monitor System (CMS) to provide a clear, relatively unobstructed view behind the vehicle.

SA-1-2. CMS camera(s) shall be mounted to be protected from debris, vegetation, and obstacles during Swamp Buggy operation.

SA-1-3. A single electronic visual display shall be placed in the center of the dashboard to display image(s) from the CMS camera(s).

SA-1-4. All CMS components that are exposed to air shall be minimum IP7 rated or equivalent.

SA-1-5. Safety and performance of the CMS shall conform to ISO 16505:2019.

SA-2. Back-up Alarm.

SA-2-1. One solid state back-up alarm shall be provided at the rear of the vehicle protected from impact and debris.

SA-2-2. The back-up alarm shall have a volume of 87 to 112 decibels while in operation.

SA-2-3. The back-up alarm shall be wired to the reverse circuit of the transmission so it is always on when the Swamp Buggy is in reverse gear.

https://www.warn.com/truck-suv-4wd-hubs-premium https://www.iso.org/standard/72000.html

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SA-3. Fire Extinguisher.

SA-3-1. Swamp Buggy shall be outfitted with one (1) Underwriters' Laboratories (UL) approved 2- A:10-B:C dry chemical fire extinguisher.

SA-3-2. Fire extinguisher shall be labeled or marked by the manufacturer with its UL rating.

SA-3-3. Fire extinguisher shall enable accurate visual determination of whether it is fully charged.

SA-3-4. Fire extinguisher shall be located where it is can be accessed within 5 seconds by the driver and the front passenger when the vehicle is fully equipped with its mission payload.

SA-3-5. Fire extinguisher shall be securely mounted to prevent sliding, rolling, or vertical movement relative to the Swamp Buggy during Swamp Buggy operation.

4.4. Vehicle Lamps, Reflectors, and Associated Equipment.

VL-1. Running Lights and Reflective Devices.

VL-1-1. Swamp Buggy shall be equipped with headlamps that conform to Title 49 CFR § 571.108:

FMVSS 108 with minimum IP67 rating or equivalent.

VL-1-2. Swamp Buggy shall be equipped with taillamps that conform to Title 49 CFR § 571.108:

FMVSS 108 with minimum IP67 rating or equivalent.

VL-1-3. Swamp Buggy shall be equipped with backup lamps that conform to Title 49 CFR § 571.108:

FMVSS 108 with minimum IP67 rating or equivalent.

VL-1-4. Swamp Buggy shall be equipped with stop lamps that conform to Title 49 CFR § 571.108:

FMVSS 108 with minimum IP67 rating or equivalent.

VL-1-5. If Swamp Buggy is to be equipped with turn signal lamps, the turn signal lamps shall conform to Title 49 CFR § 571.108: FMVSS 108 with minimum IP67 rating or equivalent.

VL-1-6. Swamp Buggy shall be equipped with reflex reflectors that conform to Title 49 CFR § 571.108: FMVSS 108 with minimum IP67 rating or equivalent.

VL-1-7. If Swamp Buggy is to be equipped with a hazard warning signal flasher, it shall conform to Title 49 CFR § 571.108: FMVSS 108 with minimum IP67 rating or equivalent.

VL-2. Scene Lights.

VL-2-1. If Swamp Buggy is to be equipped with scene lights, six (6) white LED scene lights (spotlights) shall be provided.

VL-2-2. If Swamp Buggy is to be equipped with scene lights, two scene lights shall be mounted on the left side of the Swamp Buggy.

VL-2-3. If Swamp Buggy is to be equipped with scene lights, two scene lights shall be mounted on the right side of the Swamp Buggy.

VL-2-4. If Swamp Buggy is to be equipped with scene lights, two scene lights shall be mounted on the rear of the Swamp Buggy chassis, one on the left and one on the right.

https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-49/subtitle-B/chapter-V/part-571/subpart-B/section-571.108 https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-49/subtitle-B/chapter-V/part-571/subpart-B/section-571.108 https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-49/subtitle-B/chapter-V/part-571/subpart-B/section-571.108 https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-49/subtitle-B/chapter-V/part-571/subpart-B/section-571.108 https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-49/subtitle-B/chapter-V/part-571/subpart-B/section-571.108 https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-49/subtitle-B/chapter-V/part-571/subpart-B/section-571.108 https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-49/subtitle-B/chapter-V/part-571/subpart-B/section-571.108 https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-49/subtitle-B/chapter-V/part-571/subpart-B/section-571.108 https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-49/subtitle-B/chapter-V/part-571/subpart-B/section-571.108 https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-49/subtitle-B/chapter-V/part-571/subpart-B/section-571.108 https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-49/subtitle-B/chapter-V/part-571/subpart-B/section-571.108

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VL-2-5. If Swamp Buggy is to be equipped with scene lights, each scene light shall be wired to an individual scene light switch on the Swamp Buggy dashboard.

VL-2-6. If Swamp Buggy is to be equipped with scene lights, each scene light shall be mounted in such a manner to protect the scene light from damage and eliminate exposure to moving parts or debris.

VL-2-7. If Swamp Buggy is to be equipped with scene lights, each scene light shall include a manual switch at the light assembly.

VL-2-8. If Swamp Buggy is to be equipped with scene lights, each scene light shall be mounted such that it can be manually adjusted 180 degrees side to side.

VL-2-9. If Swamp Buggy is to be equipped with scene lights, each scene light shall be mounted to allow a 5th percentile female standing on the ground next to the Swamp Buggy to manually adjust orientation of scene light.

VL-2-10. If Swamp Buggy is to be equipped with scene lights, the entire installed assembly for each scene light, including light housing, mount, manual switch, and wiring connectors shall be minimum

IP67.

VL-2-11. If Swamp Buggy is to be equipped with scene lights, each scene light shall be minimum 1,400 Lumens.

4.5. Drivetrain.

DT-1. Drive System.

Swamp Buggy shall have a part-time four-wheel drive system consisting of full-time rear-wheel drive.

DT-2. Front-Wheel Drive Engagement.

Front-wheel drive engagement shall be accomplished with heavy-duty, all-metal manual locking hubs designed to interface with the front axle. Additional hub requirements (ex: Warn Premium Locking Hubs) may be incorporated into a specific Swamp Buggy design specification.

DT-3. Gear Ratio.

Swamp Buggy transmission system shall have final drive ratio of 29:1 or equivalent to enable strenuous low-speed use. An example configuration is a 350 Turbo Automatic combined with a Borg-Warner T98 Manual Transmission, SCS Helical Gear Drop Box, and rear and front axles with 4:10 gear ratio.

DT-4. Power Steering.

Swamp Buggy shall be equipped with a power steering system.

DT-5. Front Wheel Steering.

Swamp Buggy shall have steering through the two front wheels only.

DT-6. Engine Type.

Swamp Buggy shall be equipped with a naturally aspirated spark ignition engine.

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DT-7. Engine Fuel.

Swamp Buggy engine shall be designed to operate on 87 octane fuel.

DT-8. Engine Fuel Pump.

Swamp Buggy engine shall be equipped with external inline fuel pump.

DT-9. Engine Fuel Filter.

Swamp Buggy engine shall be equipped with external inline fuel filter.

DT-10. Crankcase Sump Drain Plug.

All drain plugs for the engine crankcase sump shall be magnetic drain plugs.

DT-11. Engine Output.

DT-11-1. Swamp Buggy engine shall possess minimum net horsepower of 115 bhp. @ 3,800 RPM measured in accordance with SAE Standard J2723_202110 when operating on 87 octane fuel.

DT-11-2. Swamp Buggy engine shall possess minimum net torque of 190 lbs. ft. @ 2,000 RPM measured in accordance with SAE Standard J2723_202110 when operating on 87 octane fuel.

DT-12. Exhaust System Design.

DT-12-1. Swamp Buggy shall have a single-exit exhaust system.

DT-12-2. Swamp Buggy muffler and tail pipe shall be mounted in a horizontal position.

DT-12-3. All Swamp Buggy exhaust components shall be mounted away from fuel lines, transmission lines and wiring.

DT-12-4. Exhaust components and tubing that are exposed underneath the Swamp Buggy shall have heat shrouds placed to eliminate direct contact with vegetation and other objects during Swamp Buggy operation.

DT-12-5. All exhaust system components shall be mounted as high as practical while remaining under the level of the top of the chassis frame channel.

DT-12-6. All exhaust tubing shall be hard tubing in 304 or 409 stainless steel. This includes exhaust headers if so equipped.

409 Stainless Steel 304 Stainless Steel

Chromium 10.5% - 11.75% 18% - 20%

Nickel 0.5% 8% - 10%

DT-12-7. All exhaust tubing connection points shall be welded (not clamped) with welds conforming to the requirements put forth in GM-9. Welds.

DT-13. Engine Air Intake.

Engine air intake shall have a minimum 54” ground clearance when measured on Swamp Buggy loaded to GVWR.

https://www.sae.org/standards/content/j2723_202110/ https://www.sae.org/standards/content/j2723_202110/

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DT-14. Engine Cooling System.

DT-14-1. Swamp Buggy cooling system shall provide continuous protection between +140 to -40 degrees Fahrenheit.

DT-14-2. Swamp Buggy shall be equipped with heavy-duty 3-core radiator with all-metal construction.

DT-14-3. Radiator shall be equipped with cooling fan(s) with clutch engagement.

DT-14-4. Radiator cooling fan shall be equipped with a shroud for safety and air flow optimization.

DT-15. Transmission Cooling System.

DT-15-1. Swamp Buggy transmission shall be equipped with a transmission cooling system that is separate from the engine cooling system.

DT-15-2. Transmission cooling lines shall be hard lines made from galvanized steel tubing. Powder coating on top of the galvanized steel line is optional.

DT-15-3. Transmission cooling lines shall be routed clear of exhaust system and other continuous heat sources.

DT-16. Transmission Drain Plugs.

All transmission lubricant drain plugs shall be magnetic drain plugs.

DT-17. Torque Converter Dust Cover.

Torque converter shall be equipped with dust cover that protects transmission flex plate and torque converter from and is removable using hand tools.

DT-18. Differential Ground Clearance.

Differentials shall have minimum of 11” ground clearance when measured at the bottom of the differential with the Swamp Buggy at loaded to GVWR.

DT-19. Differential Drain Plugs.

All differential lubricant drain plugs shall be magnetic drain plugs.

DT-20. Rear Axle.

Swamp Buggy shall be equipped with a locking differential on the rear axle. Additional rear axle requirements (ex: Ford 9 inch with a Detroit Locker) may be incorporated into a specific Swamp Buggy design specification.

DT-21. Front Axle.

Swamp Buggy shall be equipped with a single reduction, front drive-steer axle. Additional front axle requirements (ex: Dana 60) may be incorporated into a specific Swamp Buggy design specification.

DT-22. Axle Shafts

Swamp Buggy axle shafts shall be manufactured from SAE 4340 nickel chromoly steel.

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DT-23. Wheel Assemblies and Spare Tire.

Swamp Buggy shall be equipped with five (5) matching 21.5L-16.1 wheel assemblies consisting of bead-grip rims, hubs, and tires meeting the below DT-24. Tire Requirements with four (4) of the wheel assemblies fitted on the Swamp Buggy and one (1) of the wheel assemblies included as a spare.

DT-24. Tire Requirements.

DT-24-1. Swamp Buggy tires shall be tubeless.

DT-24-2. Swamp Buggy tires shall be designed to fit on 21.5L-16.1 rim.

DT-24-3. Swamp Buggy tire speed rating shall meet or exceed 30 mph.

DT-24-4. Swamp Buggy tires shall possess directional V-tread to maximize traction and minimize damage in mud terrain.

DT-24-5. Swamp Buggy tire load index rating shall meet or exceed the maximum axle rating (RAWR or FAWR, whichever is higher). This ensures that the same tire can be used on all four wheels, and also ensures that the tire load index will not be exceeded during off-road operation when axle load can shift to one tire.

4.6. Fuel System.

FS-1. Fuel System Protection.

Fuel system components (including lines, hose, and couplings) below the chassis frame rails shall be protected with a fireproof sleeve or shroud designed specifically for such purpose.

FS-2. Fuel Lines and Hoses

FS-2-1. Fuel lines shall be hard lines made from galvanized steel tubing. Powder coating on top of the galvanized steel line is optional.

FS-2-2. Fuel hoses should be avoided in the Swamp Buggy design and shall only be used if a hard fuel line is not practical in a specific section of the fuel system.

FS-2-3. Fuel hoses used in the Swamp Buggy shall conform with SAE J30_202205, Fuel and Oil Hoses.

FS-2-4. Fuel hoses used in the Swamp Buggy shall be protected with a fireproof sleeve designed specifically for such purpose.

FS-3. Fuel Tank, Transfer Pump, and Shutoff Valves.

FS-3-1. Swamp Buggy fuel tank shall be a single tank that is fit underneath the Swamp Buggy deck.

FS-3-2. Swamp Buggy fuel tank shall have 25-gallon minimum capacity.

FS-3-3. Swamp Buggy fuel tank shall comply with all requirements for a fuel tank over 25 gallons put forth in Title 49 CFR § 393.67 Liquid fuel tanks. This requirement shall be maintained even if the installed fuel tank is not over 25 gallons.

FS-3-4. Fuel tank shall be equipped with a fuel tank transfer pump that is a mechanical and external to fuel tank.

https://www.sae.org/standards/content/j30_202205/ https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-49/subtitle-B/chapter-III/subchapter-B/part-393/subpart-E/section-393.67

NPS SWAMP BUGGY SRD Page 12

FS-3-5. Fuel tank transfer pump shall be configured to fuel both the Swamp Buggy engine and a water pump (see SP-8. Mission Payload for details on water pump).

FS-3-6. The fuel line out for the Swamp Buggy engine shall be equipped with a manual shutoff valve.

FS-3-7. The fuel line out for the water pump shall be equipped with a manual shutoff valve.

FS-3-8. Each shutoff valve shall be permanently marked to indicate whether it is for the engine or the water pump.

FS-3-9. Fuel tank shutoff valves and fuel tank transfer pump shall be accessible by a 5th percentile female through CH-6. Swamp Buggy Deck Hatch without the use of tools.

4.7. Chassis.

CH-1. Chassis Construction Type.

Swamp Buggy shall be constructed using a body-on-frame approach, also known as ladder frame construction, wherein a separate body is mounted on a rigid vehicle frame that carries the powertrain (the engine and drivetrain) and to which the wheels and their suspension, brakes, and steering are mounted. This approach is superior to unibody construction for off-road utility use.

CH-2. Chassis Dimensions.

CH-2-1. Swamp Buggy wheelbase shall be 97.5” +/- 2.5”.

CH-2-2. Swamp Buggy Bumper to Axle (BA) shall be a maximum of 35”.

CH-2-3. Swamp Buggy Rear Axle to End of Frame (After Frame) shall be a maximum of 47”.

CH-2-4. Swamp Buggy Height shall be maximum of 105” at curb weight.

CH-2-5. Swamp Buggy Width shall be 80” +/- 5”.

CH-2-6. Swamp Buggy Length shall be 187.5” +/- 7.5”.

CH-3. Body Mounting on Chassis.

The minimum distance from the top of the tire to the bottom of the floorboard or deck shall be equal to maximum suspension travel plus 2 inches. Maximum suspension travel is the distance between the axle and the rubber bumper that limits suspension travel plus 1-inch.

CH-4. Cab Design.

Swamp Buggy chassis shall be of open cab design, as illustrated in Figure 1.

CH-5. Swamp Buggy Deck.

CH-5-1. Swamp Buggy shall be equipped with a deck behind the cab that is a designated walking area free from snag or trip hazards.

CH-5-2. Deck shall be capable of supporting four (4) personnel weighing 300 lbs. each without permanent deformation.

CH-5-3. Deck design shall not trap water or debris.

CH-5-4. Deck shall be in-board of chassis frame.

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CH-5-5. Deck dimensions shall be maximized within the size constraints created by the chassis frame and cab.

CH-5-6. Deck shall be constructed of diamond plate (6061-T6 aluminum alloy or galvanized steel) that is welded to an outer rail.

CH-5-7. Deck material shall be perimeter welded to the outer rail, at interval of 6 inches (minimum) to 12 inches (maximum) along the cross sills.

CH-5-8. All deck and rail corners and edges shall be rounded to minimum radius of 0.12” to remove sharp edges.

CH-5-9. Deck shall be powder coated to BP-3. Body Paint Color prior to integration into the Swamp Buggy chassis.

CH-6. Swamp Buggy Deck Hatch.

CH-6-1. Swamp Buggy deck shall be equipped with a single flush-fit hinged hatch door.

CH-6-2. Deck hatch door shall open upward so the door rests on the deck when in the open position.

CH-6-3. Deck hatch shall be equipped with a flush-mount, “D-Handle” design latch, with all external components fabricated from polished stainless steel.

CH-6-4. Deck hatch size and location shall permit a 5th percentile female to readily access the fuel tank shutoff valves and fuel tank transfer pump.

CH-6-5. Deck hatch shall be a designated walking area capable of bearing 300 lbs. without breakage or permanent deformation of hatch assembly (which includes hatch, hatch latch, and hatch hinge).

CH-6-6. Deck hatch door shall be powder coated prior to integration into the Swamp Buggy chassis, color No. 14260 of Federal Standard No. 595 (Forest Service Green).

CH-7. Engine Compartment Hood.

CH-7-1. Swamp Buggy chassis shall include a hinged hood (6061-T6 aluminum alloy or galvanized steel) separate from any other chassis component.

CH-7-2. Engine compartment hood shall provide access to the vehicle engine, master brake cylinder, alternator, radiator, and essential fluid reservoirs (coolant, power steering fluid, brake fluid).

CH-7-3. Engine compartment hood shall support the weight of a 300 lb. individual without permanent deformation of or damage to the hood material.

CH-8. Engine Compartment Lighting.

Swamp Buggy engine compartment shall be illuminated by a light with minimum 250 lumens activated by a switch when the engine compartment hood is opened.

CH-9. Chassis Air Intake Ember Guard.

CH-9-1. Chassis air intake shall be protected by an ember guard of 18 Mesh, 0.017-inch wire diameter, and a maximum mesh opening of 0.039 inches.

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CH-9-2. Ember guard shall be located at the air intake opening.

CH-9-3. Ember guard shall be sized to the air intake opening such that there are no gaps between the guard and the edge of the opening.

CH-9-4. Ember guard shall be placed such that it can be readily accessed and inspected by a 95th percentile male.

CH-9-5. Ember guard shall be placed such that it can be readily accessed and inspected by a 5th percentile female.

CH-10. Chassis Component Protection – Skid Plates.

CH-10-1. Skid plates shall be installed to cover undercarriage from the front bumper rearward to protect the radiator, steering components, and transmission components.

CH-10-2. Skid plates shall be mounted to the chassis frame.

CH-10-3. Skid plates shall be readily removable using hand tools.

CH-10-4. Skid plates shall be constructed of galvanized steel with 0.095” minimum wall thickness and black power coating.

CH-10-5. Skid plates shall have a minimum ground clearance of 32” when installed on a Swamp Buggy loaded to GVWR.

CH-10-6. Skid plates shall not trap water when installed on the Swamp Buggy.

CH-10-7. Skid plates shall not impede Swamp Buggy operation.

CH-11. Roll Over Protection Structure (ROPS).

CH-11-1. Swamp Buggy shall incorporate a ROPS that meets the test and performance requirements of ISO 3471:2008.

CH-11-2. Swamp Buggy ROPS shall provide equal protection to all designated seating positions.

CH-11-3. Swamp Buggy ROPS design shall not interfere with personnel’s ability to work off of designated work surfaces, such as a platform or deck.

CH-12. Front and Rear Bumpers.

CH-12-1. Swamp Buggy shall be equipped with a front bumper that spans the entire front width of the vehicle.

CH-12-2. Swamp Buggy shall be equipped with a rear bumper that spans the entire rear width of the vehicle.

CH-12-3. Bumpers shall have a permanent step positioned on each side, left and right.

CH-12-4. Bumper steps shall have a non-skid surface that meets requirements put forth in GM-5. Slip Resistance.

CH-12-5. Each bumper step shall be a minimum 12” wide by 6” deep.

https://www.iso.org/standard/38084.html

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CH-12-6. Each bumper shall simultaneously support the weight of a 300 lb. individual on each step (total 600 lbs.).

4.8. Electrical System.

ES-1. Electrical System Type.

Swamp Buggy shall be equipped with a heavy-duty 12-volt direct current (VDC) negative ground electrical system.

ES-2. Electrical Distribution System.

ES-2-1. Wiring harness(es) shall be used as primary means for electrical distribution.

ES-2-2. Wiring harness(es) shall conform with best practices put forth in SAE J1292_201604 which covers performance, operating integrity, efficiency, economy, uniformity, facility of manufacturing and service.

ES-3. Battery System.

ES-3-1. Battery Quantity.

Swamp Buggy shall be equipped with two (2) batteries.

ES-3-2. Battery Capacity.

With the engine off, the battery system shall provide the minimum continuous electrical load for 10 minutes without discharging more than 50 percent of the reserve capacity, and then restart the engine.

ES-4. Power Distribution Switch with Master Battery Disconnect.

ES-4-1. Swamp Buggy electrical system shall be controlled by a power distribution switch located on the dashboard.

ES-4-2. Swamp Buggy power distribution switch shall have the following three (3) positions:

1. Position 1 is one (1) battery.

2. Position 2 both batteries.

3. Position 3 is off and cuts electricity to all vehicle systems except to the engine control unit (engine computer).

4.9. Occupant Ingress and Egress Features.

Note: Front and rear steps for ingress and egress are addressed in WH-2. Winch Covers.

IE-1. Grab Bars for Ingress and Egress.

IE-1-1. Grab bars shall be placed on the vehicle so three points of contact (two hands and one foot, or one hand and two feet) can be maintained at all times by a 5th percentile female during ingress and egress.

https://www.sae.org/standards/content/j1292_201604/

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IE-1-2. Placement, spacing, and overall design of grab bars for ingress and egress shall allow a gloved hand belonging to 95th percentile male to grasp without interference or pinching of the gloved hand by the grab bar during ingress and egress activities.

4.10. Storage Areas and Compartments.

The identifying difference between a storage area and a storage compartment is that a storage area does not have a door and a storage compartment does have a door.

ST-1. Cooler Storage Area.

ST-1-1. A storage area for a 65-quart cooler (cooler external dimensions: 30.8"W x 17.3"D x 16.0"H, see YETI Tundra 65 Hard Cooler as example) shall be located on the top front of the Swamp Buggy.

ST-1-2. The cooler storage area shall include means to secure a 30.8"W x 17.3"D x 16.0"H cooler with total weight of 250 lbs to prevent sliding, rolling, or vertical movement relative to the Swamp Buggy during Swamp Buggy operation.

ST-2. Fuel Storage Area.

ST-2-1. One rectangular area designated for fuel storage shall be integrated into the Swamp Buggy body, located inboard on the passenger side, under the deck and forward of the rear wheels.

ST-2-2. Fuel storage area shall be optimally sized to hold two (2) 20-liter DOT-approved gas jerricans and mission equipment such as two (2) drip torches, with each item side-by-side facing outward for ready access.

ST-2-3. Fuel storage area shall provide means to secure two (2) full 20-liter DOT-approved gas jerricans to prevent sliding, rolling, or vertical movement relative to the Swamp Buggy during Swamp Buggy operation.

ST-2-4. Fuel storage area walls shall be constructed from 0.19” 6061-T6 aluminum sheet, or 14-gauge galvanized steel sheet.

ST-2-5. Fuel storage area support framework shall be constructed of 10 gauge or greater, formed aluminum, or 14 gauge formed galvanized steel structural members.

ST-2-6. Fuel storage area shall have provisions for drainage of moisture.

ST-3. Storage Compartment Fabrication.

ST-3-1. All storage compartments shall be integrated into the Swamp Buggy body.

ST-3-2. All storage compartment walls shall be constructed from 0.19” 6061-T6 aluminum sheet, or 14-gauge galvanized steel sheet.

ST-3-3. All storage compartment internal framework shall be constructed of 10 gauge or greater, formed aluminum, or 14 gauge formed galvanized steel structural members.

ST-3-4. All storage compartments shall have solid surfaces with no exposed electrical harnesses, hoses, or lines.

https://www.yeti.com/coolers/hard-coolers/tundra/tundra-65.html

NPS SWAMP BUGGY SRD Page 17

ST-3-5. All storage compartments shall be coated inside with a spray-on polyurethane bed liner, or Zolatone™, black or graphite in color, covering all exposed surfaces and coated to a depth of ⅛-inch to ¼-inch.

ST-3-6. All storage compartments shall have provisions for drainage of moisture.

ST-4. Storage Compartments Lighting.

ST-4-1. All storage compartments shall be equipped with plastic or silicone-encapsulated, minimum IP67, shock resistant, continuous LED light strips.

ST-4-2. LED light strips shall be attached securely inboard of the sides and top of each compartment opening.

ST-4-3. LEDs within the storage compartment light strip shall be spaced no greater than 2½ inches apart.

ST-4-4. Each storage compartment shall have a minimum IP67 door switch to activate compartment lighting when the compartment door is opened.

ST-5. Storage Compartment Doors.

ST-5-1. All storage compartment doors shall be rectangular and sized to provide easy access to all interior areas of the compartment.

ST-5-2. All storage compartment doors shall be hinged along the lower horizontal outside edge of the compartment opening so they swing out and down.

ST-5-3. All storage compartment doors shall be equipped with a manually adjustable mechanism that allows an open door to hang straight down or to be adjusted such that the open door lays flat and in the same plane as the bottom of the compartment when in the open position. This is so the door can serve as a flat work surface when in the open position.

ST-5-4. All storage compartment doors shall be able to withstand a weight of 75 lbs. placed on the top of the door in the open flat position (with manually adjustable mechanism in place) without any damage or loss of functionality to the manually adjustable mechanism or to the door.

ST-5-5. All storage compartment doors shall be equipped with bulb-type weather stripping attached to the opening flange of the compartment.

ST-5-6. All storage compartment doors shall maintain contact with all points of the weather stripping when the door is closed.

ST-5-7. All storage compartment door latch assemblies shall be installed with threaded fasteners that can be accessed and removed with hand tools. Welded door latch assemblies are not acceptable.

ST-5-8. All storage compartment door latch assemblies shall be of a flush-mount, “D-Handle” design, with all external components fabricated from polished stainless steel.

ST-5-9. All storage compartment door latches shall be of a two-step slam-type design, with a single point latching operation and matching striker bolts.

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ST-5-10. All storage compartment door latch striker bolts shall have slotted mounting holes and attached with bolts to captive steel plates. Welded striker bolts or plates are not acceptable.

4.11. Body Paint.

BP-1. Body Paint Preparation.

BP-1-1. All steel body components shall be cleaned, and sand blasted, then primed with a high-quality iron rust inhibitor.

BP-1-2. All aluminum body components shall be primed with suitable aluminum primer.

BP-2. Body Paint Type.

Entire vehicle body shall be painted with a minimum of 2 coats of automotive acrylic enamel paint.

BP-3. Body Paint Color.

The color of the chassis body shall be defined in the Swamp Buggy specification.

4.12. Winches.

WH-1. Winch Configuration.

WH-1-1. Swamp Buggy shall be equipped with two (2) winches.

WH-1-2. One (1) winch shall be mounted to the front bumper at a minimum of 30” above ground to avoid submerging.

WH-1-3. One (1) winch shall be mounted to the rear bumper at a minimum of 30” above ground to avoid submerging.

WH-1-4. Winches shall have minimum 5,000 lbs. single line capacity.

WH-1-5. Winches shall be equipped with 100’ of 3/8" of synthetic winch cable.

WH-1-6. Winches shall be electric.

WH-1-7. Each installed winch shall be controlled by a switch on the Swamp Buggy dashboard.

WH-2. Winch Covers.

WH-2-1. Each installed winch shall be fully covered with a reinforced expanded metal mesh structure that fully protects the winch and winch clasp from snagging and debris.

WH-2-2. Each winch cover serves as the first step for ingress into the Swamp Buggy and thus shall meet requirements put forth in GM-5. Slip Resistance.

WH-2-3. Each winch cover shall withstand a load of 300 lbs. without deformation or breakage when installed on the Swamp Buggy.

WH-2-4. Winch covers shall be removable using standard hand tools.

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4.13. Receiver Hitch.

RH-1. Receiver Hitch Mounting.

The lower section of the Swamp Buggy rear bumper shall permanently incorporate a 2” receiver hitch.

RH-2. Receiver Hitch Rating.

Receiver hitch shall be a rated to a minimum of 10,000 lbs.

4.14. Tow Hooks.

TH-1. Front Tow Hooks.

TH-1-1. Two (2) open-mouth tow hooks shall be welded to the front chassis frame.

TH-1-2. Front tow hooks shall be in a location that enables them to be used by a 5th percentile female approaching from the front bumper area.

TH-1-3. Front tow hooks shall be in a location that enables them to be used by a 95th percentile male approaching from the front bumper area.

TH-2. Rear Tow Hooks.

TH-2-1. Two (2) open-mouth tow hooks shall be welded to the rear chassis frame.

TH-2-2. Rear tow hooks shall be in a location that enables them to be used by a 5th percentile female approaching from the rear bumper area.

TH-2-3. Rear tow hooks shall be in a location that enables them to be used by a 95th percentile male approaching from the rear bumper area.

TH-3. Tow Hook Opening Orientation.

All tow hooks shall be installed such that the hook opening is facing upward, toward the top of the Swamp Buggy.

TH-4. Tow Hook Load.

Each Swamp Buggy tow hook shall be capable of withstanding a minimum load of three times the GVWR when installed on the vehicle.

TH-5. Tow Hook Interface.

When installed, all Swamp Buggy tow hooks shall be capable of safe and effective interface with the bow shackles and recovery straps required in Field Repair and Recovery Kit to enable safe and effective vehicle recovery.

4.15. Vehicle Markings.

VM-1. Vehicle Marking System.

All Swamp Buggies shall be marked according to the following system:

• 2-character State abbreviation

NPS SWAMP BUGGY SRD Page 20

• Followed by a 3-character Park Identifier

• And ended with a 2- to 3-character designation

An example vehicle marking that meets this requirement is “FL-BCP-03”. The specific State, Park Identifier. and designation numbers will be defined in future detailed specifications derived from this

SRD.

VM-2. Vehicle Marking Material.

All vehicle markings shall be made in black retro-reflective material that maintains full function, remaining attached and legible after continuous exposure to UV light, exposure to temperatures between –30°F and 176°F (–35°C and 80°C) and exposure to oil, fuel, water, hydraulic fluids.

VM-3. Front Vehicle Designator Marking.

The unique vehicle designator (example: FL-BCP-03) shall be provided and installed in 6-inch-tall block style lettering a front-facing surface of Swamp Buggy, with a complete and unobstructed view of the lettering when the vehicle is fully equipped with its mission payload.

VM-4. Rear Vehicle Designator Marking.

The unique vehicle designator (example: FL-BCP-03) shall be provided and installed in 6-inch-tall on a rear-facing surface of the Swamp Buggy, with a complete and unobstructed view of the lettering when the vehicle is fully equipped with its mission payload.

VM-5. Top Vehicle Designator Marking.

The unique vehicle designator (example: FL-BCP-03) shall be provided and installed in 12-inch-tall black block style lettering on a top surface of the Swamp Buggy in a location that provides airborne assets with a complete and unobstructed view of the lettering from above when the vehicle is fully equipped with its mission payload.

VM-6. Side Vehicle Designator Marking.

The unique vehicle designator (example: FL-BCP-03) shall be provided and installed in 6-inch-tall block style lettering on side-facing surfaces, such as a side compartment on both left and right side of vehicle, with all surfaces providing a complete and unobstructed view of all lettering when the vehicle is fully equipped with its mission payload.

VM-7. Side Government Use Marking.

The words “FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY, US GOVERNMENT” shall be provided and installed in 4-inch-tall block style lettering on side-facing surfaces on both left and right side of vehicle, with all surfaces shall provide a complete and unobstructed view of all lettering when the vehicle is fully equipped with its mission payload.

4.16. Vehicle Identification Number

VN-1. VIN System.

Swamp Buggy shall have a vehicle identification number (VIN) system that complies with Title 49 CFR Part 565, Vehicle Identification Number (VIN) Requirements.

https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-49/subtitle-B/chapter-V/part-565 https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-49/subtitle-B/chapter-V/part-565

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4.17. Information and Warning Labels.

IW-1. Permanence and Legibility.

IW-1-1. All information and warning labels shall be permanent in nature and securely attached.

IW-1-2. All information and warning labels shall remain attached and legible…