Amendment_03_SOW_Antelope_Flats_Spot_Pesticide_Application_2025_0003.pdf

STATEMENT OF WORK

Klamath Basin NWRC

Restoration of WRP, Antelope Flats Vegetation Control Partners for Fish and Wildlife

Klamath Basin NWRC March 10, 2025

1. GENERAL:

1.1 The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS), Partners for Fish and Wildlife Program has a requirement for noxious weed control at Antelope Flats owned by the Fort Baker Ranch LLC (T40S; R14.5E) (Figure 1). This contract will cover 3 “spot” treatments total from June 1st thru November 1st, 2025, with optional spot treatments in 2026 and 2027, within a 298-acre search area. Only one application will be completed each year as need.

1.2 Purpose: The purpose of this work is for the “spot” treatment of invasive species at Antelope Flats. Specific work will include the treatment of the following invasive and undesirable species:

Bull Thistle, Yellow Starthistle, and/or “A” or “B” Listed species in Klamath County https://www.klamathcounty.org/966/Weed-Profiles. Treatments would use aminopyralid (e.g.

Milestone Specialty, Milestone VM), and a surfactant that is considered practically non-toxic (e.g. Agridex). GPS data, including tracks, of treatment must be provided and compatible with Arc GIS and submitted prior to the release of payment.

1.3 Product Features

Brand Name: Milestone Specialty, Milestone VM, or equal Salient Characteristics: 0.11lb a.e./gallon Capabilities: Must be labeled for Oregon.

Brand Name: Agri-Dex crop oil surfactant or equal Salient Characteristics: 99.0% Heavy range paraffinic oil, or similar Capabilities: Product must be listed as practically non-toxic to rainbow trout and daphnids in Appendix A and/or the Spray Adjuvants for use on aquatic sites in Washington (May 2017) document. Specimen label must also allow for use in aquatic environments. Exact brand name is strongly preferred.

1.4 Contractor qualifications: Contractors shall 1) have all the appropriate licenses and permits needed for the pesticide applications specified in the statement of work for Oregon, 2) have the ability to upload treatment maps and treat discrete locations, 3) must have all appropriate equipment to complete all spot treatments, and 4) have the capability to provide tracked location information in a format compatible with Arc GIS.

1.5 The Vendor must agree to follow all U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of Interior, local, state and federal pesticide regulations. This includes conditions specified in the approved FWS Pesticide Use Proposals, which will be provided prior to treatments.

1.6 Other: Under the Federal Noxious Weed Act of 1974, as amended, federal agencies are required to develop and implement an integrated management plan for suppression of listed noxious weeds, this contract is part of the implementation phase of this requirement.

https://static1.squarespace.com/static/50d37c2ce4b09ff030bc2f7b/t/5ada2b7c575d1ffe151bf1ff/1524247421643/Spray+Adjuvants+Registered+For+Use+on+Aquatic+Sites+in+Washington+201705....pdf https://static1.squarespace.com/static/50d37c2ce4b09ff030bc2f7b/t/5ada2b7c575d1ffe151bf1ff/1524247421643/Spray+Adjuvants+Registered+For+Use+on+Aquatic+Sites+in+Washington+201705....pdf

2. PLACE/DELIVERY AND PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE:

2.1 Place of performance: Antelope Flats is located at T40S; R14.5E (Figure 1). At no time will funding be used to conduct restoration work activities on lands under the other jurisdiction (i.e.

Cities of Klamath Falls, BLM, CDFW, State and/or Federals Refuges, etc.).

2.2 The contract window shall be from approximately May 1st to July 1st. Actual herbicide application date(s) will be specified by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to coordinate herbicide application with the physiological development of the target weeds to achieve maximum effect of the herbicide.

2.3 The project will consist of 1 spot application using 0.11 lb a.e./acre of aminopyralid (e.g.

Milestone Specialty @ 7oz/ac) with the surfactant, Agridex or similar (2 pts/ac) as needed within the 298-acre seach area (Table 1, Figure 2). On the two large open meadows, the contractor must run E to W transects to search the area for noxious weeds. Transects should run parallel to one another, approximately 10-m wide or 32.8-ft, or less. The transect approach must be done for each trip/application. Equipment must be well suited for spot spray applications and include a spray gun, and either an ATV/UTV mounted or tow behind boom sprayer or an ATV/UTV mounted or tow behind wiper. Spray applications must only include target species, and use of the spray gun is preferred. Broadcast applications are not appropriate, as the location has been planted with native plants seeds, and exposure to pesticides will kill the seedlings. Contractor will be required to be able to identify target noxious weed species within the spot spray area including Bull Thistle, Yellow Starthistle, and all plants from the “A” and “B” listed noxious weeds of Klamath County. In addition, the project includes treatment of yellow star thistle on the southern road entering the property.

2.4 Normal FWS duty hours are Monday thru Friday, 8:00 AM – 4:30 PM. In the event of emergencies, the Vendor shall provide contact information. Emergency/Miscellaneous maintenance functions may be required to be scheduled during non-duty hours due to the nature of the work or specific scheduling requirements

2.5 FWS Non-duty hours include weeknights, weekends, and Government holidays.

3. SCOPE:

3.1 Provide application of herbicides and associated adjuvants for the control of Bull Thistle, Yellow Starthistle, and/or any other species listed as “A” or “B” Listed species in Klamath County https://www.klamathcounty.org/966/Weed-Profiles at Antelope Flats. The search area is 298 acres, and spot treatments would occur, where needed between May 1st thru July 1st.

Fish and Wildlife Service policy requires all herbicides are applied in a manner that minimizes impacts to the environment, yet control the target pest(s).

The project will consist of 1 spot application using 0.11 lb a.e./acre of aminopyralid (e.g.

Milestone Specialty @ 7oz/ac) with the surfactant, Agridex or similar (2 pts/ac) as needed within the 298 acre seach area (Table 1, Figure 2). On the two large open meadows, the contractor must run E to W transects to search the area for noxious weeds. Transects should run parallel to on another, approximately 10-m wide or 32.8-ft, or less. The transect approach must be done for each trip/application. Equipment must be well suited for spot spray applications and include a spray gun, and either an ATV/UTV mounted or tow behind boom sprayer or an ATV/UTV mounted or tow behind wiper. Spray applications must only include target species. Broadcast applications are not appropriate as the location has been planted with native plants seeds, and exposure to pesticides will kill the seedlings, and use of the spray gun is preferred. Contractor will be required to be able to identify target noxious weed species within the spot spray area including Bull Thistle, Yellow Starthistle, and all plants from the A and B list noxious weeds of Klamath County. In addition, the project includes treatment of yellow star thistle on the southern road entering the property.

The vendor shall supply appropriate spray equipment, applicator(s), and support (equipment and personnel) for mixing, loading and application of herbicides. The Vendor shall report to U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service the total quantity of herbicides used, acres treated, and timing. The vendor must coordinate with the FWS prior to each treatment.

Detailed reports describing these techniques and their effectiveness have been employed upon the project site; results of which are available for review upon request. The Fish and Wildlife Service staff will provide the contractor with maps of work areas, a prioritized schedule to work from, and field quality control checks. All equipment, including tractors, implements, PPE, spare parts, fuel, and so forth, will be provided by the contractor. All repairs and servicing of equipment and PPE will be the responsibility of the contractor. The contractor will provide progress reports following each application, to Service staff via conversations, in-person meetings, or email to update staff on accomplishments and issues.

4. INSPECTION AND ACCEPTANCE:

4.1 The contractor will be evaluated as detailed herein. All work included in the contract specifications shall be subject to inspections by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service at periodic intervals during performance of this contract. Final acceptance shall be based upon satisfactory completion of the work in accordance with the specifications on a task by task basis.

5. GOVERNMENT FURNISHED EQUIPMENT OR MATERIALS/INFORMATION:

5.1 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service shall provide Pesticide Use Proposals, to meet USFWS reporting and approval requirements. No government furnished equipment or materials will be provided except of field maps and work prioritization lists.

COORDINATOR:

Dustin Taylor, Partners Biologist Klamath Basin National Wildlife Refuge Complex 4009 Hill Road Tulelake, CA 96134 Phone: 530-667-8312

FAX: 530-667-8337

Cell: 541-891-2163 (preferred) Email: dustin_taylor@fws.gov

Point of Contact (Administrative):

Rachel Leigh Administrative Officer Klamath Basin NWR Complex

Office: 207-536-9425 Cell: 530-708-5967

APPENDIX A: Adjuvants: Surfactants, Wetters/Spreaders/Stickers/Extenders/Penetrants, Anti-foamers, Water Conditioning Agents, Oils

April 5, 2018 The table below indicates the function and use of various adjuvants for consideration by USFWS when applying pesticides in aquatic and/or terrestrial environments. This non-exhaustive list of adjuvants is in alphabetical order. No discrimination or endorsement intended.

There are > 3000 adjuvants available. This is a short list of those sometimes used by USFWS.

When using adjuvants with pesticides within 25 feet of surface waters/ aquatic habitats, the USFWS recommends choosing adjuvants that are practically non-toxic or have slight acute toxicity (LC50 >10 mg/L (ppm)) to aquatic organisms. Some of the many adjuvants on the market that meet that criterion are noted below in the Use Comment section as “Aquatic.” Some products contain alkyl phenol ethoxylate (APE), which scientific peer-reviewed literature indicate can adversely impact aquatic life. Selecting adjuvants for use in aquatic/riparian sites that do not contain APEs may lower the potential for non-target resource impacts.

A Compendium of Herbicide Adjuvants is available at: https://ppp.purdue.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/PPP-115.pdf Definitions related to adjuvant types can be found at the end of this document.

This list was adapted from the Washington State Department of Agriculture, Pesticide Management Division, Registration and Licensing Services Program Spray Adjuvants Registered for Use on Aquatic Sites in Washington (May 2017). Toxicity data are from studies submitted to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency by the registrants.

Product Name / WA State

Registration Number

REGISTRANT

FUNCTION

Principal Functioning

Agents

Acute Toxicity - Rainbow Trout

(USEPA)

Acute Toxicity - Daphnids

(USEPA)

USE COMMENT

Agri-Dex /

WA 5905-

50094

Helena Chemical Company

Non-ionic surfactant

Petroleum oil, polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid ester, sorbitan fatty acid ester

LC50 (96 hour) >1000 mg/l; LC50 (96 hour) 271 mg/l, Smith et al 2004) Practically non-toxic

LC50 (48 hour) >1000 mg/l, Practically non-toxic

Aquatic/Terrestrial

Atmos /WA 1381-13006

Winfield Solutions

Surfactant methylated seed oil, saccharides, sorbitan fatty acid ester

LC50 (96 hour)

21.71 mg/L, Slightly toxic

EC50 (48 hour)

28.63 mg/L, Slightly toxic

Bond / WA 34704-04003

Loveland Products

Sticker, extender, spreader, deposition agent. Regulates droplet size, reduces drift.

Synthetic latex, alcohol ethoxylate

LC50 (96 hour) 190 mg/l, Practically non-toxic

LC50 (48 hour) 614 mg/l, Terrestrial- labelled for use with agricultural chemicals https://ppp.purdue.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/PPP-115.pdf

/ State

Functioning

Agents

Acute Toxicity - Rainbow Trout

(USEPA)

Acute Toxicity –

Brandt Magnify / WA 48813-15003

Brandt Consolidated

Water conditionin g agent/ penetrant

Alkyl polyglycoside, ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate

LC50 (96 hour) >100 mg/L, Practically non-toxic

EC50 (48 hour)

7.70 mg/L, Moderately toxic

Terrestrial use only.

Breeze /WA 1381-13007

Winfield Solutions

Non-ionic surfactant, spreader, penetrant, water conditioner acidifier

Saccharides alkyl polyglycoside, ammonium sulfate

LC50 (96 hour) >100 mg/l, Practically non-toxic

EC50 (48 hour) >100 mg/l, Terrestrial/Aquatic

Bronc Max /

WA 2935-

03005

Wilbur-Ellis Company

Water conditioning agent only

Ammonium sulfate, dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid sodium salt, citric acid, dimethylpolysiloxane

LC50 (96 hour) ≥100 mg/l, Slightly toxic to Practically non-toxic

EC50 (48 hour) >100 mg/l, Practically non-toxic

Aquatic/Terrestrial Due to concerns for bees regarding siloxane, be aware if sensitive insect pollinators are present.

Bronc Plus Dry/WA 2935-12005 (mostly used w glyphosate products)

Wilbur-Ellis Company

Non-ionic surfactant, anti-foaming agent

Ammonium sulfate, urea, polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene copolymer, citric acid, dimethylpolysiloxane

LC50 (96 hour)

382.9 mg/l, Practically non-toxic

EC50 (48 hour)

223.6 mg/l, Practically non-toxic

Aquatic/Terrestrial Due to concerns for bees regarding siloxane, be aware if sensitive insect pollinators are present.

Bronc Plus Dry-EDT /

WA 2935-

03002

Wilbur-Ellis Company

Non-ionic surfactant, deposition and anti-foam agent

Ammonium sulfate, urea, polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene copolymer, citric acid, polyacrylamide, dimethylpolysiloxane

LC50 (96 hour)

382.9 mg/l, Practically non-toxic

EC50 (48 hour)

223.6 mg/l, Practically non-toxic

Aquatic/Terrestrial Due to concerns for bees regarding siloxane, be aware if sensitive insect pollinators are present.

Cide-Kick II M/

WA 999400-12001

Brewer International

Activator/ penetrant, wetter

Limonene, modified vegetable (seed) oil, alcohol, alcohol ethoxylate

LC50 (96 hour) 45 mg/l, Slightly toxic

EC50 (48 hour)

6.6 mg/l, Class Act NG/

WA 1381-01004

Winfield Solutions

Non-ionic surfactant, water conditioning agent

Ammonium sulfate, saccharides, alkyl polyglycoside

LC50 (96 hour) 447 mg/l, Practically non-toxic

EC50 (48 hour) 377 mg/l, Functioning

Agents

Acute Toxicity - Rainbow Trout

(USEPA)

Acute Toxicity

– Daphnids

Competitor /

WA 2935-

04001

Wilbur-Ellis Company

Non-ionic emulsifying surfactant

Modified vegetable (seed) oil, polyethylene glycol fatty acid ester, polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid ester

LC50 (96 hour) 95 mg/l, Slightly toxic

LC50 (48 hour) >100 mg/l, Cut-Rate /

WA 2935-

06001 (often used w glyphosate products)

Wilbur-Ellis Company

Water conditioning agent

Ammonium sulfate, citric acid

LC50 (96 hour)

782.2 mg/l, Practically non-toxic

EC50 (48 hour)

223.6 mg/l, Cygnet Plus / 105114-50001

Brewer International

Non-ionic sticker, penetrant, wetting agent.

Limonene,modified vegetable (seed) oil, alcohol ethoxylate

LC50 (96 hour) 45 mg/l, Slightly toxic

EC50 (48 hour)

6.6 mg/l, Denali-EA/ 2935-15006

Wilbur-Ellis Company

Non-ionic surfactant, buffer, and acidifier.

Polyoxyalkylene Polyol Fatty Acid Ester, alcohol ethoxylate, Citric acid

LC50 (96 hour)

11.25 mg/L, Slightly toxic

EC50 (48 hour)

9.746 mg/L, Destiny HC /

WA 1381-

09002

Winfield Solutions

Concentrated modified oil surfactant.

Modified vegetable (soy) oil, saccharides, sorbitan fatty acid ester

LC50 (96 hour)

21.71 mg/L, Slightly toxic

EC50 (48 hour)

28.63 mg/L, Slightly toxic

Terrestrial use only.

Used as an adjuvant with crops.

Droplex / WA 1381-12001

Winfield Solutions

Deposition aid;

reduces product drift

Modified vegetable (seed) oil, polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid ester, vegetable (seed) oil

LC50 (96 hour) >100 mg/l, Practically non-toxic

EC50 (48 hour) >100 mg/l, Practically non-toxic

Aquatic/Terrestrial Use as herbicide label requires.

Functioning

Agents

Acute Toxicity - Rainbow Trout

(USEPA)

Acute Toxicity -

Dyne-Amic /

WA 5905-

50071

Helena Chemical Company

Non-ionic surfactant, silicone spreader, and oil blend

Modified vegetable (seed) oil, polysiloxane polyether copolymer, alkyl phenol ethoxylate

LC50 (96 hour)

23.2 mg/l, Slightly toxic

LC50 (48 hour) 60 mg/l, Slightly toxic

Aquatic/Terrestrial Due to concerns for bees regarding siloxane, be aware if sensitive insect pollinators are present.

Fast Break /

WA 1381-

50006

Winfield Solutions

Anti-foaming agent

Dimethylpolysiloxane, methylated silicon

LC50 (96 hour) >1000 mg/l, Practically non-toxic

EC50 (48 hour) >100 mg/l, Practically non-toxic

Aquatic/Terrestrial Due to concerns for bees regarding siloxane, be aware if sensitive insect pollinators are present.

Fraction / WA 45989-06001

Kalo Water conditioning agent

Ammonium sulfate, citric acid

LC50 (96 hour)

782.2 mg/l, Practically non-toxic

EC50 (48 hour)

223.6 mg/l, Hasten-EA /

WA2935-

15003

Wilbur-Ellis Company

Non-ionic surfactant

Modified vegetable (seed) oil, polyethylene glycol fatty acid ester

LC50 (96 hour) 375 mg/l, Practically non-toxic

EC50 (48 hour)

84.615 mg/l, Slightly toxic

Inergy / WA 1381-13001

Winfield Solutions

Surfactant Modified vegetable (seed) oil, polysiloxane polyether copolymer, alkyl phenol ethoxylate

LC50 (96 hour)

37.5 mg/l, Slightly toxic

EC50 (48 hour)

127.27 mg/l, Practically non-toxic

Aquatic/Terrestrial Due to concerns for bees regarding siloxane, be aware if sensitive insect pollinators are present.

InterLock /

WA 1381-

05004

Winfield Solutions

Improves deposition/ reduces product drift and evaporation

Modified vegetable (seed) oil, polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid ester, vegetable oil

LC50 (96 hour) >100 mg/l, Practically non-toxic

EC50 (48 hour) >100 mg/l, Functioning

Agents

Acute Toxicity - Rainbow Trout

(USEPA)

Acute Toxicity–

Kinetic / WA 5905-11004

Helena Chemical Company

Non-ionic surfactant wetter/ spreader/ penetrant

Polysiloxane polyether copolymer, polyoxypropylene-polyoxyethylene copolymer

LC50 (96 hour)

13.9 mg/l, Slightly toxic

LC50 (48 hour)

60.7 mg/l, Slightly toxic

Aquatic/Terrestrial Due to concerns for bees regarding siloxane, be aware if sensitive insect pollinators are present.

Level 7 / WA 1381-05002

Winfield Solutions

Non-ionic surfactant/water conditioning agent/ spreader/ penetrant/ acidifier

Saccharides alkyl polyglycoside, ammonium sulfate

LC50 (96 hour) >100 mg/l, Practically non-toxic

EC50 (48 hour) >100 mg/l, LI 700 / WA

34704-04007

Loveland Products

Penetrant/ acidifier/ drift control agent/ deposition aid

Lecithin, propanoic (propionic) acid, alkyl phenol ethoxylate

LC50 (96 hour) 130 mg/l, Practically non-toxic

LC50 (48 hour) 190 mg/l, NIS-EA / WA

2935-14001

Wilbur-Ellis Company

Non-ionic surfactant/ antifoaming agent/ wetter/ deposition aid

Polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid ester, butyl lactate, alcohol ethoxylate phosphate ester

LC50 (96 hour)

82.609 mg/L, Slightly toxic

EC50 (48 hour)

218.75 mg/l, One-AP XL /

WA 45989-

02001

KALO, Inc. Non-ionic surfactant / deposition aid / antifoaming agent

Ammonium sulfate, urea, polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene copolymer, citric acid, polyvinyl polymer (polyacrylamide), dimethylpolysiloxane

LC50 (96 hour)

382.9 mg/l, Practically non-toxic

EC50 (48 hour)

223.6 mg/l, Practically non-toxic

Aquatic/Terrestrial Due to concerns for bees regarding siloxane, be aware if sensitive insect pollinators are present.

Pro AMS Plus / WA 71058-50001

Independent Agribusiness Professionals

Drift retardant Ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, alkyl polyglycoside

LC50 (96 hour) >100 mg/l, Practically non-toxic

EC50 (48 hour)

7.7 mg/l, Moderately toxic

Terrestrial use only.

Functioning

Agents

Acute Toxicity - Rainbow Trout

(USEPA)

Acute Toxicity -

R-11/ WA

2935-50142

Wilbur-Ellis Company

Non-ionic surfactant/ spreader

Alky phenol ethoxylate, butyl alcohol, dimethylsiloxane

LC50 (96 hour)

6.09 mg/L, Moderately toxic

LC50 (48-hour)

13.2 mg/L and extinction at 0.9 mg/L

Terrestrial use only.

Due to concerns for bees regarding siloxane, be aware if sensitive insect pollinators are present.

Rainier-EA /

WA 2935-

15001

Wilbur-Ellis Company

Non-ionic surfactant / deposition aid / spreader

Polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid ester, butyl lactate, alcohol ethoxylate phosphate ester

LC50 (96 hour)

82.609 mg/L, Slightly toxic

EC50 (48 hour)

218.75 mg/l, Renegade-EA/

WA 2935-15002

Wilbur-Ellis Company

Non-ionic surfactant / deposition aid / wetter /penetrant

Modified vegetable (seed) oil, ammonium nitrate, urea

LC50 (96 hour)

42.045 mg/l, Slightly toxic

EC50 (48 hour) 25 mg/l, Slightly

Spray-Rite /

WA 7001-

09003

J R Simplot Water conditioner/ acidifier

Ammonium sulfate, citric acid

LC50 (96 hour)

782.2 mg/l, Practically non-toxic

EC50 (48 hour)

223.6 mg/l, Superb HC /

WA 1381-

06003

Winfield Solutions

Non-ionic surfactant /emulsifier

Petroleum oil, saccharides, polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid ester

LC50 (96 hour) 45 mg/L, Slightly toxic

EC50 (48 hour) >100 mg/L, Practically non-toxic

Aquatic/Terrestrial

READ LABEL

CAREFULLY

Syl-Tac-EA /

WA 2935-

15004

Wilbur-Ellis Company

Surfactant/ spreader/ wetter/ penetrant

Modified vegetable (seed) oil, polysiloxane polyether copolymer, polyethylene glycol fatty acid ester

LC50 (96 hour) 45 mg/L, Slightly toxic

EC50 (48 hour)

137.5 mg/L, Practically non-toxic

Aquatic/Terrestrial Due to concerns for bees regarding siloxane, be aware if sensitive insect pollinators are present.

Functioning

Agents

Acute Toxicity - Rainbow Trout

(USEPA)

Acute Toxicity-

Tactic / WA Loveland Spreader/ Synthetic latex, LC50 (96 hour) EC50 (48 hour) Aquatic/Terrestrial : Due to concerns for bees regarding siloxane, be aware if sensitive insect pollinators are present.

34704-05008 Products sticker/ propylene glycol, >100 mg/l, 310 mg/l, deposition aid alcohol ethoxylate, Practically non- Practically non-polysiloxane polyether toxic toxic copolymer

Trail Blazer / Aspect Ag Non-ionic Vegetable (seed) LC50 (96 hour) EC50 (48 hour)

WA 91327-

15009

LLC surfactant oil ethoxylates, tall oil fatty acids

>200 mg/l, Practically non-

28.9 mg/l, Slightly toxic

Aquatic/Terrestrial toxic

Tronic / WA KALO, Inc. Non-ionic Vegetable (seed) oil LC50 (96 hour) EC50 (48 hour) 45989-06003 surfactant ethoxylate, tall oil fatty acids >200 mg/l, Practically non-

28.9 mg/l, Slightly toxic

Aquatic/Terrestrial toxic Turbulence / Winfield Non-ionic Modified vegetable LC50 (96 hour) EC50 (48 hour) Aquatic/Terrestrial

WA 1381-

13008

Solutions surfactant (seed) oil, polysiloxane polyether copolymer, alkyl phenol

37.5 mg/l, Slightly toxic

127.27 mg/l, Practically non-toxic

Due to concerns for bees regarding siloxane, be aware if sensitive insect pollinators are present.

ethoxylate Yardage / WA Exacto Penetrant, drift Propanoic LC50 (96 hour) EC50 (48 hour) 52467-13001 control agent, acidifier (propionic) acid, alcohol ethoxylate,

34.38 mg/l, Slightly toxic

14.68 mg/l, Slightly toxic

Aquatic/Terrestrial lecithin

Adapted from the Washington State Department of Agriculture, Pesticide Management Division, Registration and Licensing Services Program Spray Adjuvants Registered for Use on Aquatic Sites in Washington (2016)

For Washington state Information:

To verify that a spray adjuvant is allowed for use by an aquatic pesticide permit, refer to the Washington Department of Ecology (www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/wq/pesticides/index.html).

For information regarding the registration of spray adjuvants in Washington, contact Kelle Davis (Registration Services Supervisor) at:

360-902-1851 or email kmdavis@agr.wa.gov.

http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/wq/pesticides/index.html) http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/wq/pesticides/index.html) mailto:kmdavis@agr.wa.gov mailto:kmdavis@agr.wa.gov

Adjuvants – Additives (compounds) mixed with pesticides to increase pesticide biological performance and/or modify physical properties of the spray application. They may be built-in to the pesticide product, or tank mixed with the pesticide product by the end-user. Spray Modifier Adjuvants include: anti-foaming agents, stabilizers, wetting agents, sticker-spreaders, and water conditioning agents, drift control agents. The American Society of Testing and Materials Standards (ASTM) www.astm.org has extensive information on adjuvants at https://www.astm.org/search/fullsite-search.html?query=adjuvants& Activator adjuvants: enhance the herbicide activity and include surfactants, penetrants, oils (seed oils and petroleum-based oil), fertilizers.

Surfactants - enhance the surface-acting properties such as absorbing, emulsifying, dispersing, spreading, sticking, wetting, or penetrating properties of herbicides.

Ionic surfactants – may be anionic or cationic; commonly the tallow amine ethoxylates, often used in agricultural pesticides. Non-ionic surfactants – are water-loving (hydrophilic) (sometimes sold as solids and require addition of a co-solvent.) Organosilicone (silicone) surfactants – greatly reduce surface tension to aid herbicide coverage and penetration (superspreaders).

Sometimes sold in combination with a non-ionic surfactant, so there is increased spreading and decreased time to penetrate the plant.

Wetters/Spreaders – help the herbicide spread over and penetrate the outer layer of a leaf or to penetrate through the small hairs present on a leaf/plant surface. Ethoxylated fatty amines, alkyl phenol ethoxylates; alcohol ethoxylates; and silicones.

Stickers - increase the stickiness, adhesion, deposition and retention of the herbicide on the plant surface; may reduce evaporation of the herbicide; act as a waterproofing to allow the herbicide to act.

Extenders – increases the effective life of the chemical.

Acidifiers/buffering agents/water conditioners - used to counter water quality conditions related to mixing herbicides and water spray solutions. pH buffers are useful with extremely alkaline or acid water, which otherwise can adversely affect herbicide performance. Water condition agents may chelate the cations, increasing herbicide performance.

Anti-foaming agents – eliminate or reduce foaming that might occur with agitation of the spray mixture.

http://www.astm.org/ http://www.astm.org/search/fullsite-search.html?query=adjuvants http://www.astm.org/search/fullsite-search.html?query=adjuvants http://www.astm.org/search/fullsite-search.html?query=adjuvants

Drift control agents – increase droplet size to reduce droplet drift. Sometimes thickening agents are used to control drift.

Oils – reduce surface tension, increase herbicide absorption through plant tissues, increase coverage, and spray retention.

Seed oils- extracted from seeds; naptha-based oils are petroleum based oil.

Penetrants – enhances the ability of the chemical to penetrate the plant, often the oils are penetrants.

Sometimes nitrogen fertilizers (ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate) are formulated with a surfactant to increase herbicidal activity or counter hard water.

Figure 1. Location of Antelope Flats in Klamath County, Oregon.

Figure 2. Location of search and potential “spot” pesticide treatments at Antelope Flats in Klamath County, Oregon.