Attachment_F2_-_Nautical_Chart_Manual_Volume_2.pdf

NAUTICAL

CHART

MANUAL

VOLUME TWO

TABLE OF CONTENTS

APPENDIX I – Definitions APPENDIX II – List of Charting Abbreviations APPENDIX III – Symbology APPENDIX IV - Miscellaneous References APPENDIX V - Cartographic Orders and Memoranda

Version 2018.4 12/14/2018

U.S. Department of Commerce Office of Coast Survey

All Cartographic Orders thru C.O. 011/18 dated November 13, 2018 and all Memorandums dated thru May 24, 2018 have been incorporated into this manual. This digital document is considered current and complete as of: December 14, 2018 and shall now serve as the only official and authenticated version of the NOAA/National Ocean Service Nautical Chart Manual.

NAUTICAL CHART MANUAL

TABLE OF CONTENTS

APPENDICES

APPENDIX I: DEFINITIONS

• Introduction

• References

• Definitions

APPENDIX II: LIST OF CHARTING ABBREVIATIONS

APPENDIX III: SYMBOLOGY

• Nautical Chart Screen Standards .

• Features by Line Weights

• Standard Linear Symbol Specs

• Standard Features Specification Group

APPENDIX IV: MISCELLANEOUS REFERENCES

• U.S. Office of Coast Survey 200 th

Anniversary Seal

• Line Symbology

• Title Block Sample: Conventional Chart Title Block Format

• Title Block Sample: Small-Craft Chart Title Block Format

• Margin/Border Notes Samples: Conventional Chart

• Margin/Border Notes Sample: Small-Craft Folio Chart Page (Front)

• Margin/Border Notes Sample: Small-Craft Folio Chart Page (Back)

• Margin/Border Notes Sample: Small-Craft Pocket Fold Side(Front)

• Margin/Border Notes Sample: Small-Craft Pocket Fold Side (Back)

• Small-Craft Format: Small-Craft Folio Chart and Cover

• Small-Craft Sample: Small-Craft Folio Chart Cover Panel

• Small-Craft Format: Small-Craft Pocket Fold Chart

• Small-Craft Sample: Small-Craft Pocket Fold Chart Cover Panel Sample: Minute Breakdowns for Small-Craft Charts with Skewed Projections

• Standard Notes

• Proportional Divider Settings

• Illustration of Light Characteristic Phases

• Map Scales and Equivalents

• Distance of Visibility of Objects at Sea

• Linear Distance Conversion: Fathoms - Meters - Feet - Yards

• Feet to Fathom Conversion Table

• Meters to Fathoms Conversion Table

• Length: Meters to Feet

• Length: Feet to Meters

• Length: Nautical Miles to Statute Miles

• Nautical Chart Feature and Area Label Type Specifications.

APPENDIX V: CARTOGRAPHIC ORDERS AND MEMORANDA

NAUTICAL CHART MANUAL – VOLUME 2

DEFINITIONS, ABBREVIATIONS, SYMBOLOGY & REFERENCES

U.S. Department of Commerce Office of Coast Survey

APPENDIX I - DEFINITIONS

Only the online version of this document is valid.

Any printed copy is considered an uncontrolled document and may not reflect subsequent updates.

APPENDIX I

DEFINITIONS

Revised on October 29, 2014 by Cartographic Order 011/14

Introduction

The following glossary is presented as an authoritative source for mapping, charting and geodetic terms used in the nautical charting program. The terms and their definitions have been selected because they are perceived to be of specific cartographic interest and are expected to improve cartographers’ understanding of nautical chart compilation. The terms may be encountered on nautical products, source material received in the charting program, or through archival research.

An attempt has been made to exclude contradictory, controversial, incomplete, and duplicate definitions. Multiple definitions for a single term have been given when deemed appropriate.

The definitions are extracted from the most authoritative sources of information available, both published and unpublished. These sources include texts, glossaries, technical reports, other similar documents and the Internet.

The bold number in brackets following the definitions, (i.e., [1] ) refers to the respective source document provided in the references list.

The indication of the acronym "(ISO)" in several definitions refers to a definition(s) as defined by the International Standards Organization.

REFERENCES

1. American Practical Navigator Publication No. 9, Volume II, 1981 Defense Mapping Agency

2. Code of Federal Regulations

3. Shore and Sea Boundaries Publication 10-1, Volume 1, 1962 Coast and Geodetic Survey

4. Nautical Chart Manual 6th Edition, 1963 Coast and Geodetic Survey

5. Hydrographic Manual 4th Edition, 1976 National Ocean Survey, NOAA

6. Wire Drag Manual Publication 20-1, 1959 Coast and Geodetic Survey

7. Tide and Current Glossary January 1984 National Ocean Service, NOAA

8. Definition of Terms used in Geodetic and Other Surveys Special Publication 242, 1948 Coast and Geodetic Survey

9. American National Standard Vocabulary for Information Processing, 1970 American National Standards Institute, Inc.

10. Glossary of Mapping, Charting, and Geodetic Terms 4th Edition, 1981 Defense Mapping Agency

11. DMA-NOS Coordinated Terms 1984 National Ocean Service, NOAA

12. Glossary of Oceanographic Terms Special Publication No. 35, 1966 Defense Mapping Agency

13. Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms JCS Publication No. 1, 1974 Department of Defense

14. Shore Protection Manual Volume III, 1973 U.S. Army Coastal Engineering Research Center

15. Coast Pilot Manual C&GS Technical Manual No. 1 (EM 75-01) 3rd Edition, 1969 Coast and Geodetic Survey

16. Charting Specifications Sections 100-600, 1979-1981 International Hydrographic Organization

17. Hydrographic Dictionary 3rd Edition, 1970 International Hydrographic Organization

18. Standardization of Undersea Feature Names 1983 International Hydrographic Organization

19. Ships Routeing 4th Edition, Amendment No. 2, 1980 International Maritime Organization

20. American National Dictionary for Information Processing Systems 1984 Dow Jones-Irwin

21. Multilingual Dictionary of Technical Terms in Cartography Commission II, 1973

International Cartographic Association

22. Glossary of Terms in Computer Assisted Cartography Commission II, 1980 International Cartographic Association

23. Resource Conservation Glossary 3rd Edition, 1982 Soil Conservation Society of America

24. Automated Data Processing Glossary 1962 Bureau of the Budget

25. Coastal Mapping Handbook 1978 U.S. Geological Survey and National Ocean Survey and Office of Coastal Zone Management, NOAA

26. Glossaries of BLM Surveying and Mapping Terms 2nd Edition, 1980 U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management

27. The United States Government Manual 1982/1983 General Services Administration

28. Reproduction Branch Terms National Ocean Service, NOAA

29. Marine Chart Division Terms National Ocean Service, NOAA

30. Glossary of Terms Associated with Graphic Arts Unknown

31. Field Edit Manual (1984 Draft) Photogrammetry Branch National Ocean Service, 1984

NOAA

32. Data Base Management Policy Committee (1983 Draft) Nautical Charting Division National Ocean Service, NOAA

33. Pocket Encyclopedia of Paper and Graphic Arts Terms 2nd Edition, 1965 Thomas Printing and Publishing Co., Ltd.

34. Computer Dictionary and Handbook 1983 Howard W. Sams & Co., Inc.

35. Standards for the Classification of Topographic Features Draft Report, 1982 Canadian Council on Surveying and Mapping

36. International Maritime Dictionary 2nd Edition, 1961 Van Nostrand Reinhold Company

37. U.S. Coast Guard Light List

38. Annotated Acronyms and Abbreviations of Marine Science Related Activities Third Edition, 1981 Environmental Data and Information Service, NOAA

39. Glossary of Geodetic and Related Terms (1984 Draft) National Geodetic Survey National Ocean Service, NOAA

40. Glossary of Hydrographic Surveying Terms Hydrographic Surveys Branch National Ocean Service, NOAA

41. American Place-Names George R. Stewart, 1970 N.Y. Oxford University Press

42. Webster’s New World Dictionary 3 rd

College Edition, 1988 Simon and Schuster, Inc.

43. American Practical Navigator Publication No. 9, 2002 National Imagery and Mapping Agency

44. Internet Title: "Establishing No Anchoring Areas to Protect Coral Reefs" Location:

http://noanchor.noaa.gov/guidelines/guidelines.html November 2004 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

45. Internet Title: "Special Areas and Particularly Sensitive Sea Areas" Location:

http://www.imo.org/Environment/mainframe.asp?topic_id=760 Copyright © 2002 International Maritime Organization

46. Chapman Piloting & Seamanship 64 th

Edition, 2003 Hearst Communications, Inc.

47. Internet Title: "NS100 Fundamentals of Naval Science" Location:

http://prodevweb.prodev.usna.edu/SeaNav/NS100/Electronic%20Charts.pdf December 2004 United States Naval Academy, United States Navy

48. Internet Title: Recommended Anchorages Without Defined Limits Location: http://coil.chs-shc.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/english/chartspc/sec400/431.htm March 1994 CHS Chart Specifications

49. Internet Title: Stadia Rod: Online Dictionary at Datasegment.com Location:

http://onlinedictionary.datasegment.com/word/stadia+rod April 2005 Collaborative International Dictionary of English v.0.48; Webster

50. Internet Title: The Stadia Location: http://www.du.edu/~jcalvert/astro/stadia.htm August 12, 2003 Composed by J. B. Calvert [References: C. B. Breed and G. L. Hosmer, The Principles and Practice of Surveying, 11th ed. (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1977). pp. 100-108.]

51. Coast Pilot Manual 5 th

Edition, 1994 NOAA/National Ocean Service

52. Hydrographic Dictionary 5 th

Edition, 1994 International Hydrographic Dictionary

53. Glossary of ECDIS-Related Terms 3 rd

Edition, December 1997 International Hydrographic Dictionary

54. Cartographic Order 009/83 November 1983 NOAA/National Ocean Service

55. Cartographic Order 006/88 October 1988 NOAA/National Ocean Service

56. Internet Title: Geodetic Latitude and Longitude Location:

http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/db2help/topic/com.ibm.db2.udb.doc/opt/csbgeo06.htm May 2005 IBM DB2 Spatial Extender and Geodetic Extender User's Guide and Reference.

57. Internet Title: USIGS Definitions and Descriptions Location:

http://www.fas.org/irp/agency/nima/nug/gloss_g.html May 2005 National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA)

58. Internet Title: Chapter 2 Geodesy and Datums in Navigation Location:

http://www.pollux.nss.nga.mil/NAV_PUBS/APN/Chapt-02.pdf May 2005 National Geospatial- Intelligence Agency (NGA)

59. Internet Title: International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) 1974 Location:

http://www.imo.org/Conventions/contents.asp?topic_id=257&doc_id=647 May 2005 International Maritime Organization

60. Internet Title: What is SOLAS? Address: http://www.uscg.mil/hq/g-m/mse4/solas.htm June 12, 2002 United States Coast Guard

61. Tide and Current Glossary January 2000 NOAA/NOS/Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services

62. Internet Title: Marine Protected Areas of the United States Address:

http://www.mpa.gov/mpa_center/mpa_center.html November 24, 2004 U.S. Department of Commerce/NOAA; U.S. Department of the Interior

63. Internet Title: NGA History Address: http://www.nima.mil/StaticFiles/OCR/nga_history.pdf August 2005 U.S. Department of Defense

64. Internet Title: National Tidal Datum Epoch (1983-2001) Update Address: http://co-ops.nos.noaa.gov/data_res.html August 25, 2005 NOAA/NOS/Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services

65. Internet Title: Geographic and Jurisdictional Limits of Oceanic and Tidal Waters Address:

http://www.gpoaccess.gov/ecfr Last Update: July 27, 2005 Electronic Code of Federal Regulations 33CFR329.12(a)

66. Internet Title: National Geodetic Survey Address:

http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/programs/ngs/welcome.html Last Update: August 25, 2005 NOAA/NOS/National Geodetic Survey

67. S-57, Appendix B.1, ENC Product Specification Edition 2.0, November 2000 International Hydrographic Organization

68. Remote Sensing Division 2005 NOAA/NOS/National Geodetic Survey

69. Internet Technical Paper Title: Hydrographic Surveys and Nautical Charting Activities Address: http://www1.kaiho.mlit.go.jp/GIJUTSUKOKUSAI/ICO/Homepage/UJNR/ docs/UA-1-UJNR%202004.doc 2004 NOAA/NOS/OCS/Hydrographic Surveys Division

70. Internet Title: Performance and Progress Report: UNH/NOAA Joint Hydrographic Center Address: http://www.ccom-jhc.unh.edu/about_us/reports/Report_12-31_2002.pdf December 31, 2002 UNH/NOAA Joint Hydrographic Center

71. Internet Technical Paper Title: Dealing with Increasing Data Volumes and Decreasing Resources Address: http://www.ivs3d.com/news/Incresing_Data_Volumes_distribute.pdf 2002 Jan Depner, Barbara Reed, Shannon Byrne, Jeffrey Parker, Mark Paton, Lindsay Gee, Larry Mayer, Colin Ware Naval Oceanographic Office, Science Applications International Corporation, Interactive Visualization Systems, Inc., Center for Coastal and Ocean

Only the online version of this document is valid.

Any printed copy is considered an uncontrolled document and may not reflect subsequent updates.

http://noanchor.noaa.gov/guidelines/guidelines.html� http://www.imo.org/Environment/mainframe.asp?topic_id=760� http://prodevweb.prodev.usna.edu/SeaNav/NS100/Electronic%20Charts.pdf� http://coil.chs-shc.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/english/chartspc/sec400/431.htm� http://coil.chs-shc.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/english/chartspc/sec400/431.htm� http://onlinedictionary.datasegment.com/word/stadia+rod� http://www.du.edu/~jcalvert/astro/stadia.htm� http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/db2help/topic/com.ibm.db2.udb.doc/opt/csbgeo06.htm� http://www.fas.org/irp/agency/nima/nug/gloss_g.html�

Mapping/UNH

72. Internet Technical Paper Title: New Paradigms for Hydrographic Data Processing and Products Address: http://www.shallowsurvey.com/info_files/abstracts/Mayer.htm Larry Mayer, Brian Calder, Rick Brennan, Lindsay Gee, Shep Smith, Colin Ware, Lee Alexander, Andy Armstrong, Roland Arsenault, Mike Gourley, Friedhelm Moggert, Mark Paton, Matt Plumlee Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping Center/UNH/NOAA Joint Hydrographic Center, IVS 3D, CARIS, Seven C’s

73. Internet Technical Paper Title: Area Based Processing and Visualization for Efficient Seafloor Mapping Address: http://www.ivs3d.com/news/Hydro2003_SeaFloorVis 2003 Mark Paton, Danny Neville, Brian Calder, Shep Smith, Barbara Reed, Jan Depner Interactive Visualization Systems, Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping/UNH, Naval Oceanographic Office Reprinted with permission, the Hydrographic Society of America

74. Internet Title: Side Scan and Multibeam Sonar Address:

http://chartmaker.ncd.noaa.gov/HSD/hsd-0.html 2005 NOAA/NOS/Office of Coast Survey/Hydrographic Surveys Division

75. Internet Title: Single Beam Sonar Address:

http://www.csc.noaa.gov/crs/rs_apps/sensors/single_beam.htm Last Updated: September 28, 2005 NOAA Coastal Services Center

76. S-57 - Appendix A - IHO Object Catalog Edition 3.1, November 2000 International Hydrographic Organization

77. S-52: Specifications for Chart Content and Display Aspects of ECDIS 5th Edition, December 1996 (Amended March 1999 and December 2001) International Hydrographic Organization

78. S-57: IHO Transfer Standard for Digital Hydrographic Data Edition 3.1, November 2000 International Hydrographic Organization

79. Electronic Chart Technology - International Standards for ECDIS : Current Status October 1999 AFFECT Seminars - American Forum for Electronic Chart Technology

80. Internet Title: GIS Address: http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/G/GIS.html November 2005 Webopedia

81. Internet Title: USGS CMC “Shapefile” Definition Address:

http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/infobank/programs/html/definition/shapefile.html Last Modified:

November 4, 2005 United States Geological Survey

82. Internet The American Heritage R Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Edition Address:

http://yourdictionary.com/ahd/p/p0376400.html 1996-2004 yourDictionary.com, Inc.

83. Internet Title: Samuel Plimsoll, M.P. (1824-1898) Address: http://plimsoll.com/history.html 2005 The Plimsoll Club, New Orleans, LA 70130

84. Field Procedures Manual (DRAFT) 2005 NOAA/NOS/OCS/Hydrographic Surveys Division

Only the online version of this document is valid.

Any printed copy is considered an uncontrolled document and may not reflect subsequent updates.

http://www.pollux.nss.nga.mil/NAV_PUBS/APN/Chapt-02.pdf� http://www.imo.org/Conventions/contents.asp?topic_id=257&doc_id=647� http://www.uscg.mil/hq/g-m/mse4/solas.htm� http://www.mpa.gov/mpa_center/mpa_center.html� http://www.nima.mil/StaticFiles/OCR/nga_history.pdf� http://www.nima.mil/StaticFiles/OCR/nga_history.pdf� http://www.nima.mil/StaticFiles/OCR/nga_history.pdf� http://co-ops.nos.noaa.gov/data_res.html� http://co-ops.nos.noaa.gov/data_res.html� http://www.gpoaccess.gov/ecfr� http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/programs/ngs/welcome.html�

85. Internal Guideline 2005 NOAA/NOS/OCS/Hydrographic Surveys Division

86. Working Paper (5 th

Meeting of the International Electrotechnical Commission) October 21, 2005 Technical Committee No. 80: Maritime Navigation and Radiocommunication Equipment and Systems/Working Group No. 7: Electronic Chart Systems

87. Internet Title: What is the Automatic Identification System (AIS) Address:

http://www.navcen.uscg.gov/enav/ais/default.htm Updated: July 7, 2005 United States Coast Guard

88. Internet Title: Data Source Description Address: http://www.uscg.mil/hq/g-m/risk/e-guidelines/Compendium/FinalDataSheets/ USCG-ATONIS.htm November 2005 United States Coast Guard

89. Internet Title: Commandant Instruction 16500.16: Aids to Navigation Information System (ATONIS) Address: http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/3000/3500/3525/730.pdf January 6, 1997 United States Coast Guard

90. Internet Technical Paper Title: Hydrography in the United States: Responsibilities, Similarities, Differences, andPartnerships. Address: http://www.thsoa.org/hy03/1_3.pdf 2003 Barbara Reed, Director, Hydrography Department, NAVOCEANO CAPT Samuel P.

DeBow, Chief, Hydrographic Surveys Division, NOAA M.K. Miles, Geospatial Coordinator, USACE Steven Hall, Director, Office of Targeting and Navigation, NIMA LCDR Dan Mades, Chief, Charting Branch, USCG

91. Internet Title: Automated LNM Project - USCG Navigation Center Address:

www.navcen.uscg.gov/enav/alnm/default.htm Updated: September 16, 2002 United States Coast Guard

92. Internet Technical Paper Title: Implications of the Navigation Surface Approach for Archiving and Charting Shallow Survey Data Address:

http://www.fig.net/pub/athens/papers/wsh1/WSH1_4_Armstrong_et_al.pdf Fédération Internationale des Géomètres (FIG) Working Week 2004, Athens, Greece, May 22-27, 2004 Andrew Armstrong, Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping/Joint Hydrographic Center LT Richard Brennan, Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping/Joint Hydrographic Center LT Shepard Smith, NOAA Ship THOMAS JEFFERSON

93. Internet International Federation of Surveyors Information Leaflet 2003-2006 Title: What is FIG? Address: http://www.fig.net/general/leaflet-english.htm Last revised: November 25, 2005 Fédération Internationale des Géomètres (FIG) [i.e., International Federation of Surveyors]

94. WordPerfect

12 Dictionary/Oxford University Press Version 12.0.0.238 Copyright 1996-

95. RTCM Recommended Glossary of Terms Associated with Electronic Chart Display and

Information Systems RTCM Paper 16-88/SC 109-40 February 26, 1988 Radio Technical Commission for Maritime Services (RTCM)

96. AWOIS User’s Guide February 2002 NOAA/NOS/OCS/Hydrographic Surveys Division

97. Internet Technical Paper Title: NDGPS Network Enhancements in FY01 Address:

http://www.navcen.uscg.gov/dgps/ndgps/Enhancements0106.htm FY2001 L.W. Allen - USCG Navigation Center D.B. Wolfe, C.L. Judy, E.J. Haukkala, R.W. James - USCG Command and Control Engineering Center

98. Internet Title: DGPS Frequently Asked Questions Address:

http://www.navcen.uscg.gov/faq/dgpsfaq.htm Updated: December 25, 2002 United States Coast Guard

99. Internet Brochure Title: Nautical Charts and DGPS Address:

http://chartmaker.ncd.noaa.gov/staff/dgps.htm Accessed in December 2005 NOAA/NOS/Office of Coast Survey

100. Internet Title: DGPS General Information Address:

http://www.navcen.uscg.gov/dgps/default.htm

101. Internet Title: Response to U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy Address:

http://www.oceancommission.gov/meetings/apr18_19_02/answers/baird_response.pdf June 14, 2002 California Ocean Program

102. Federal Register Volume 70, No. 15 January 25, 2005/Notices

103. Hydrographic Dictionary (Publication S-32), on-line version, International Hydrographic Organization. http://www.iho-ohi.net

104. Internet Title: Promotion of Satellite Derived Bathymetry (SDB) & Other Satellite Remote Sensing EO Downstream Services for the Marine Economy Address:

http://congrexprojects.com/custom/13M23/03_Session%203%20Innovation%20Blue%20Growt h/07_Martin.pdf Last Update: May 8, 2013

A

ABAFT. In a direction farther aft in a ship than a specified reference position, such as abaft the mast. [43]

(1) Behind. (2) Toward the stern. [46]

ABANDONED. An adjective referring to a man-made facility no longer being used for its original purpose, as in "abandoned mine". The term may be used with a symbol, e.g.:

beside an airport symbol, or with a place name, e.g.: Elma (Abandoned). [35]

ABYSS. A very deep, unfathomable place. The term is used to refer to a particular deep part of the ocean, or to any part below 300 fathoms. [1]

ACCRETION. The gradual building up of land over a long period of time, solely by the action of the forces of nature, on a beach by deposition of water or air-borne material. Artificial accretion is a similar build-up of land by reason of an act of man. Also called aggradation.

[17]

ACCURACY. Closeness of an estimated (e.g., measured or computed) value to a standard or accepted value of a particular quantity. Accuracy is commonly referred to as "high" or "low", depending on the size of the difference between the estimated and standard values.

[39]

ACCURACY CODE. Information in a coordination file header indicating the accuracy class of the data according to specific coding rules. (See also Code). [22]

ADDITIONAL SECONDARY PHASE FACTOR CORRECTION (ASF). A correction in addition to the secondary phase factor correction for the additional time (or phase delay) for transmission of a low frequency signal over a composite land-seawater path when the signal transit time is based on the free-space velocity. This correction is given in DMAHTC Pub.221, LORAN-C Correction Table. The LORAN-C lattices overprinted on nautical charts may be compensated for additional secondary phase factor (ASF), particularly in the Coastal Confluence Zone. [1]

ADDRESS. (1) (ISO) A character or group of characters that identifies a register, a particular part of storage, or some other data source or destination. (2) (ISO) To refer to a device or an item of data by its address. [20]

(1) A label, name, or number identifying a register, location, or unit where information is stored. (2) The operand part of an instruction. (3) In communications, the coded representation of the destination of a message. (4) To call a specific piece of information from the memory or to put it in the memory. [34]

ADP. Acronym for "Automatic Data Processing". [20]

ADMIRALTY LAW. That branch of the body of the law which governs in maritime matters;

administered in the United States by the Federal courts as a distinct legal system, the jurisdiction being exclusive and cannot be enlarged or restricted by state legislation.

Admiralty jurisdiction requires the presence of two concurrent elements: (1) a navigable waterway which is part of an interstate or international highway, and (2) a vessel or craft used or capable of being used as a means of transportation on such waterway. [3]

ADRIFT. Afloat or unattached to shore or bottom. [37]

AERIAL CABLEWAY. A transportation device consisting of an endless cable supported on towers. Cars attached to the cable are used for moving people or materials. [35]

AERONAUTICAL BEACON. A visual aid to navigation, displaying flashes of white or colored light or both, used to indicate the location of airports, landmarks, and certain points of the Federal airways in mountainous terrain and to mark hazards. [1]

AERONAUTICAL LIGHT. A luminous or lighted aid to navigation intended primarily for air navigation. One intended primarily for marine navigation is called a Marine Light. Often shortened to Aero Light. [1]

AERONAUTICAL RADIOBEACON. A radiobeacon whose service is intended primarily for the benefit of aircraft. [1]

AEROTRIANGULATION. Triangulation for the extension of horizontal and (or) vertical control accomplished by means of aerial photographs. [25]

AEROTRIANGULATION, RADIAL. Aerotriangulation in which horizontal control extension is accomplished by a combination of resection and intersection using directions of images from the radial centers of overlapping photographs. Radial aerotriangulation can be done graphically or analytically, but it is assumed to be graphical unless otherwise specified.

A radial aerotriangulation is also termed a "radial plot" or a "minor control plot" or, inappropriately, "radial triangulation." The radial center for near-vertical photographs maybe the principal point, the nadir, or the isocenter. A radial aerotriangulation is assumed to be made with the principal points as radial centers unless the modifying term designates otherwise, or unless the context states that a radial center other than the principal point was used. [39]

AFLOAT. Floating, as opposed to being aground. [17]

AGROUND. Touching, resting or lodged on the bottom of shallow water. The opposite is afloat.[17]

When a vessel rests on something solid other than the blocks in a drydock or slipway, the vessel is said to be aground. A vessel "takes the ground" when the tide leaves it aground for want of sufficient depth of water, a fairly frequent occurrence in open docks. [36]

AID TO NAVIGATION. Buoys, beacons, fog signals, lights, radiobeacons, leading marks, radio position fixing systems, radars, inertial systems, and generally any charted or otherwise published device serving the interests of safe navigation. (See Navigational Aid.) [17]

A device external to a craft, designed to assist in determination of position of the craft, a safe course, or to warn of dangers or obstructions. If the information is transmitted by lightwaves, the device is called a visual aid to navigation; if by sound waves, an audible aid to navigation; if by radio waves, a radio aid to navigation. Any aid to navigation using electronic equipment, whether or not radio waves are involved, may be called an electronic aid to navigation. The expression Aid to Navigation should not be confused with Navigational Aid, a broad expression covering any instrument, device, chart, method, etc., intended to assist in the navigation of a craft. In British usage the terms aid to navigation and navigational aid are used without distinction. [1]

Any signal device external to a vessel or aircraft specifically intended to assist a navigator to determine his position or safe course, or to warn him of dangers or obstructions to navigation. [37]

AIRFIELD. Landing facility for aircraft, usually without a passenger terminal. The services offered for aircraft supply and maintenance are substantially less than those of an airport(q.v.). Airfields usually have legal limits which are delineated at 1:50,000 and larger scales. [35]

AIR-PHOTOGRAPH (AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH). Any photograph taken from the air.

When used in a cartographic context, this term normally refers to photographs of the surface of the Earth (or other celestial body) taken downwards, vertically, or at a predetermined angle from the vertical. [21]

AIRPORT. Landing facility for aircraft usually with more than one runway and with facilities for handling passengers and air freight and for servicing aircraft. The legal limits of the airport are usually delineated at map scales of 1:50,000 and larger. [35]

AIRSTRIP. Landing facility for aircraft consisting of a single runway which is usually of gravel construction. Airstrips rarely have a boundary fence or a delineated legal limit.

[35]

AIS. See “AUTOMATIC IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM”.

ALGEBRAIC LANGUAGE. An algorithmic language many of whose statements are structured to resemble the structure of algebraic expressions, e.g., ALGOL, FORTRAN.

[20]

ALGORITHM (ISO). A finite set of well-defined rules for the solution of a problem in a finite number of steps, e.g., a complete specification of a sequence of arithmetic operations for evaluating sine x to a given precision. [20]

A defined process or set of rules that leads and assures development of a desired output from a given input. A sequence of formulas and/or algebraic/logical steps to calculate or determine a given task; processing rules. [34]

ALIDADE. The part of an optical measuring instrument comprising the optical system, indicator, vernier, etc. In modern practice the term is used principally in connection with a bearing circle fitted with a telescope to facilitate observation of bearings. Also called Telescopic Alidade. [43]

ALPHABETIC CHARACTER SET (ISO). A character set that contains letters and may contain control characters, special characters, and the space character, but no digits. [20]

ALPHANUMERIC. Pertaining to character set that contains letters, digits, and usually other characters such as punctuation marks. Synonymous with alphameric. [20]

A contraction of alphabetic and numeric. Pertaining to a character set that contains letters, digits, and usually other characters, such as punctuation marks. Synonymous with "alphameric." [22]

ALPHANUMERIC CHARACTER SET (ISO). A character set that contains both letters and digits and may contain control characters, special characters, and the space character.

ALTERNATING. A light showing different colors alternately, or a continuous steady light, which shows a change of color. [37]

ALTITUDE. (1) The distance of a location above a reference surface. The most usual reference surface is sea level. (2) The distance of a location above the physical surface of the Earth."Altitude" is a generic term that defies exact technical definition. It is evident that distance must be determined along some suitable line. "Suitable" connotes a line whose direction closely approximates a perpendicular to the surface and passes through the location in question. (See Elevations, Height.) [39]

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF PORT AUT HORITIES (AAPA). Founded in 1912 to develop and encourage water-based transportation, AAPA is currently involved with the establishment of deepwater ports (DWP's). [38]

AMERICAN BUREAU OF SHIPPING (ABS). Founded in 1862, ABS is a nonprofit self-regulatory organization for maritime interests. It is concerned with standards for design and construction, and the periodic survey of ships and other structures to ensure their fitness. It maintains the American Bureau of Shipping Information Retrieval System (ABSIRS),which contains pertinent facts and characteristics about merchant vessels. In a recent reorganization, ABS established an Ocean Engineering Division to work with the development of offshore platforms and power plants, and underwater vehicles and habitats.

[38]

AMERICAN CONGRESS ON SURVEYING AND MAPPING (ACSM). Founded in 1941 to promote the science of surveying and mapping, ACSM has added sections on marine surveying and mapping in recent years. [38]

AMERICAN GEOPHYSICAL UNION (AGU). Founded in 1919, AGU promotes the study of geophysics and assists in coordinating geophysical research. Of interest to marine scientists are its sections on hydrology, meteorology, oceanography, seismology, and volcanology. It represents the United States at the International Union of Geology and Geophysics(IUGG).

[38]

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF MERCHANT SHIPPING (AIMS). AIMS was founded in 1969, (and represents the interests of the U.S. merchant shipping industry in the promotion, ownership, and operation of American-flag vessels.) [29]

AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE (API). Founded in 1919 as a trade association, API promotes the interests of the petroleum industries, represents them in contracts with the Government, sponsors research on environmental protection and the prevention and control of oil pollution, and sets standards and performance controls for the industry. It sponsors a computerized Central Abstracting and Indexing Service (CAIS). [38]

AMERICAN SOCIETY OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY (ASP). ASP was founded in 1934. One of its objectives is to promote the use of aerial photography and remote sensing for studying the environment. [38]

ANCHORAGE. (1) An area where a ship anchors or may anchor, either because of suitability or designation. (2) Explosives anchorage-an area set apart for anchored ships discharging or receiving explosives. (3) Exposed anchorage-an anchorage that is unprotected from such dangers as weather, sea, or ice. (4) Prohibited anchorage-a section of a harbor kept free of anchored ships. (5) Temporary anchorage-a place where ships can anchor only under favorable conditions and where ships must have power ready to get under way. [12]

A place where a ship anchors or may anchor. An area set apart for anchored vessels in a harbor. A suitable place for anchoring is sheltered from wind and sea, does not interfere with harbor traffic, and has a sea bottom that gives good holding to anchors. The anchorage space allotted to a vessel should include a circle with a radius equal to the combined length of anchor cable and ship. A depth of 7 to 8 fathoms at low water is usually considered sufficient for ordinary requirements. [36]

An area in which vessels, seaplanes, etc., may anchor. An anchorage is usually a sheltered position in which the depth, and nature of the bottom is suitable for ships or planes to anchor.

[35]

ANCHORAGE CHART. A nautical chart showing prescribed or recommended anchorages. Such a chart may be a harbor chart overprinted with a series of circles, each indicating an individual anchorage. [1]

ANOMALY. (1) (General) A deviation from the norm. (2) (Geodesy) A deviation of an observed value from a theoretical value, due to an abnormality in the observed quantity. [23]

ANOMALY, MAGNETIC. See “LOCAL MAGNETIC DISTURBANCE”. [17]

APPARENT SHORELINE. This is the seaward limits of marine vegetation, such as mangrove, marsh, grass, or trees in water that would reasonably appear to the mariner, from a distance, to be the fast shoreline. The seaward limits of kelp, low grass in water, and other low-lying vegetation normally do not constitute an apparent shoreline. [31]

A line drawn on the chart in lieu of the mean high water line or the mean water level line in areas where either may be obscured by marsh, mangrove, cypress, or other type of marine vegetation. This line represents the intersection of the appropriate datum with the outer limits of vegetation and appears to the navigator as shoreline. [1]

APPROXIMATE CONTOUR. A contour substituted for a normal contour whenever there is a question as to its reliability (reliability is defined as being accurate within one-half the contour interval). [10]

APPROXIMATE POSITION. A position that is considered to be less than third-order accuracy but is generally considered to be within 100 feet of its correct geographic location. The method of location may be an indication of the recorded accuracy. [29]

APPROXIMATION. (1) A value close to, but not exactly, the correct value for a quantity. (2)The process of obtaining approximations. Two different methods are: direct, in which an approximation is calculated only once; and successive, in which a value, called the first approximation, is calculated and then used in repetitions of the calculations to get values called "second approximation", "third approximation", etc., each of which is closer and closer to the correct value. This process is repeated until either a satisfactory value is obtained or no change in value results. This method is also known as the "iterative process of approximation." [39]

AQUACULTURE. The cultivation of aquatic fauna and flora. [103]

AQUEDUCT. A conduit or artificial channel for the conveyance of water, often elevated, especially one for the conveyance of a large quantity of water that flows by gravitation. [1]

ARCHIPELAGO. An area of water studded with many islands or with a group of islands; also, such a group of islands. [3]

A sea or broad expanse of water studded with many islands or a group of islands; also, sucha group of islands. [4]

ARC OF VISIBILITY. The portion of the horizon over which a lighted aid to navigation is visible.

[37]

The arc of a light sector, designated by its limiting bearings as observed from seaward. [1]

AREA CHARTS. These U.S. National Ocean Service charts are versions of conventional nautical charts overprinted with additional small-craft information charts overprinted with additional small-craft information; and published in the pocket fold format. [29]

AREA FEATURE. A feature extending by definition over an area. Represented on maps by an outline, a solid or screened color, crosshatching, a regular pattern of symbols spread over the area, or a combination of these possibilities. Contrast with "point feature" and "line feature."

[22]

AREAL FEATURE. A topographic feature, such as sand, swamp, vegetation, etc., which extends over an area. It is represented on the published map or chart by a solid or screened color, by a prepared pattern of symbols, or by a delimiting line. [1]

AREA TO BE AVOIDED. A routing measure comprising an area within defined limits in which either navigation is particularly hazardous or it is exceptionally important to avoid casualties and which should be avoided by all ships, or certain classes of ship. [19]

AREA, MARINE PROTECTED. See “MARINE PROTECTED AREA”.

ARM OF THE SEA. A narrow portion of the sea projection from the main body. The expression is often shortened to 'arm'. [17]

ARROYO. The course of an intermittent stream steep-cut in loose earth; a coulee; a steep-walled trench-like valley. (Local in Southwest.) [4]

ARTICULATED LIGHT. An articulated light is a vertical pipe structure that oscillates around a universal coupling connected to a sinker. The structure is kept upright by the buoyancy of a submerged flotation chamber. It is designed primarily to mark narrow channels with greater precision than conventional buoys. [29]

ARTIFICIAL HARBOR. Other than an improved natural harbor, a harbor where the desired protection from wind and sea is obtained from breakwaters, moles, jetties, etc. (See Natural Harbor.) [1]

A harbor where the desirable shelter from wind and sea has been obtained artificially by the building of moles, piers, breakwaters and jetties. Also applied to harbors created by sinking concrete barges, vessels and the like to form a temporary sheltered anchorage. [36]

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE. (1) The capability of a device to perform functions that are normally associated with human intelligence, such as reasoning, learning, and self-improvement. (See also Machine Learning.) [20]

(1) Research and study in methods for the development of a machine that can improve its own operations. The development or capability of a machine that can proceed or perform functions that are normally concerned with human intelligence, such as learning, adapting, reasoning, self-correction, automatic improvement. (2) The study of computer and related techniques to supplement the intellectual capabilities of man. As man has invented and used tools to increase his physical powers, he now is beginning to use artificial intelligence to increase his mental powers. In a more restricted sense, the study of techniques for more effective use of digital computers by improved programming techniques. [34]

ARTIFICIAL ISLAND. An island constructed for the purpose of mineral development. [29]

ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE (ISO). A computer-oriented language whose instructions are usually in one-to-one correspondence with computer instructions and that may provide facilities such as the use of macroinstructions. Synonymous with computer-dependent language. [20]

A machine-oriented language for programming, such as Argus or Easy, which belongs to an assembly program or system. [34]

ATOLL. A coral island or islands, consisting of a belt of coral reef surrounding a central lagoon. [3]

A ring-shaped coral reef which has closely spaced islands or islets on it enclosing a deeper central area or lagoon. The diameter may vary from less than a mile to 80 or more. [1]

ATONIS (AIDS TO NAVIGATION INFORMATION SYSTEM). The internal database used by the United States Coast Guard (USCG) to manage their aids to navigation program.

Originally created to track and schedule the servicing of aids to navigation, the database is now also used to track position and signal information, evaluate trends, produce inventory and create various reports. In addition, ATONIS is the official asset list for the purpose of building and maintaining the district budget models. This places a high level of importance on the quality and quantity of data in ATONIS.

Examples of the type of data stored for the approximately 100,000 federal and private aids to navigation include, but are not limited to: aid type (i.e., federal or private), district, name of the aid, latitude/longitude of the aid, description (e.g., light, daybeacon, unlighted buoy), information for seasonal aids (i.e., when they are placed on and taken off station), and the height of the aid.

A primary example of a type of report generated from ATONIS is the Local Notice to Mariners (LNM).

On May 11, 2001, NOAA and the USCG formally signed a cooperative agreement in which two of the important components involved an initiative (a.) to coordinate the information currently in ATONIS with information as it is currently portrayed on a NOAA nautical chart and (b.) for the development of a procedure in which, prior to the publication of the weekly LNM, and for all items pending publication, NOAA personnel would extract the chart relevant fields of the recently modified items. These new items would also be coordinated with their portrayal on the respective NOAA nautical chart(s), and if any errors existed, these would be reported back to the USCG prior to the publication of the affected LNM. The reported errors would then be corrected in ATONIS, thereby ensuring the LNM is published with the correct information.

The implementation of these two components subsequent to the signing of the agreement have proved valuable toward improving (1) the quality of the ATONIS database, and (2)NOAA’s ability to ensure the correct portrayal of the information on its suite of charts. It has also facilitated the USCG’s transition to the use of Electronic Navigation Charts (ENCs) by affording NOAA the opportunity of using the ATONIS database to update ENCs automatically. This automated procedure promotes the maintenance of a current portfolio of electronic charts, and provides the Coast Guard, as well as any mariner using an electronic navigation system the benefit of an up-to-date ENC portfolio. [88] [89] [90] [91]

ATTRIBUTE (ENC). A characteristic of an object. [53]

ATTRIBUTE VALUE (ENC). The specific instance of an attribute. [95]

AUDIBLE AID TO NAVIGATION. An aid to navigation transmitting information by sound waves. [1]

AUTHORITY NOTE. The note included on a chart which gives the names of the federal agencies which have contributed to the information used in the compilation. [3]

AUTOMATED CARTOGRAPHY. A system that performs a particular cartographic process automatically. Sometimes confused with computer-assisted cartographic systems or semi-automated systems. [22]

AUTOMATED WRECK AND OBSTRUCTION SYSTEM (AWOIS). A database containing information on wrecks and obstructions in areas common to NOAA nautical/navigational charts. The purpose of the system is to support operational hydrography. [84]

A database implemented in 1981 by the National Ocean Service to aid in planning hydrographic survey operations and to catalog and store a substantial volume of reported wrecks and obstructions considered to be navigational hazards within U.S. coastal waters.

The historical record of selected wrecks, the accessibility of information in a sorted format and its reasonable cost make AWOIS an important source of information for marine archaeologists and historians, fisherman, divers, salvage operators and others in the marine community. [96]

AUTOMATIC DATA PROCESSING (ADP). Data processing by means of one or more devices that use common storage for all or part of a computer program and also for all or part of the data necessary for execution of the program; that execute user written or user-designated programs; that perform user-designated symbol manipulation, such as arithmetic operations, logic operations, or character-string manipulations; and that can execute programs that modify themselves during their execution. Automatic data processing may be performed by a stand-alone unit or by several connected units. [20]

Data processing performed by a system of electronic or electrical machines so interconnected and interacting as to reduce to a minimum the need for human assistance or intervention. [34]

AUTOMATIC IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM (AIS). A shipboard broadcast system which acts like a transponder operating on VHF marine band frequencies. The system’s purpose is to accurately and reliably exchange information between ships.

The system uses a shipboard radar display (with overlaid electronic chart data), to show marks for every significant vessel within radio range. Each mark is shown with a velocity vector (indicating course and speed), and, when a mark is “clicked on”, also provided are the size of the vessel, its position to GPS or DGPS accuracy, the vessel’s name, the actual course and speed, classification, call sign, registration number and other information. In addition, maneuvering information, closest point of approach (CPA), time to closest point of approach(TCPA) and other navigation information are provided, more accurately and more timely than information available from an automatic radar plotting aid. An AIS allows display information, previously available only to modern Vessel Traffic Service operations centers, to be available to every AIS-equipped ship.

AIS transponders continuously transmit near shore or on the high seas. The system provides for the automatic sharing of the channels used so that a vessel does not interfere with others.

Several thousand vessels could be in the same area without a problem.

Basic information is transmitted every 2 to 10 seconds while underway and every 3 minutes while at anchor. Additional information, such as the dimensions of the ship and its draft, its destination and ETA there, is transmitted every 6 minutes.

The Homeland Defense initiative has accelerated and emphasized the use of the Automatic Identification System in U.S. waters. [53] [87]

AUTOMATIC TIDE GAGE. An instrument that automatically registers the rise and fall of the tide. In some instruments, the registration if accomplished by recording the heights at regular time intervals in digital format; in others, by a continuous graph of height against time. The automatic gages used by the National Ocean Service are of both types. (See also Tide Gage.)

[7]

AUTOMATION. (1) (ISO) The implementation of processes by automatic means. (2) The theory, art, or technique of making a process more automatic. (3) The investigation, design, development, and application of methods of rendering processes automatic, self-moving, or self-controlling. [20]

The generalized term used to convey the dedicated use or exploitation of automatic machines or devices designed to control various processes, such as machine tools, routine office procedures, accounting, and several thousand other applications. [34]

(1) The implementation of processes by automatic means. (2) The theory, art, or technique of making a process more automatic. (3) The investigation, design, development, and application of methods of rendering processes automatic, self-moving, or self-controlling.

(4) The conversion of a procedure, a process, or equipment to automatic operation. [22]

AWASH. Situated so that the top is intermittently washed by waves or tidal action. The term applies both to fixed objects such as rocks, and to floating objects with their tops flush with or slightly above the surface of the water. (See Rock Awash, Submerged, Covers and Uncovers.) [1]

AWOIS. See “AUTOMATED WRECK AND OBSTRUCTION SYSTEM (AWOIS).”

AXIS. (1) Any line along which measurements are made in determining the coordinates of a point, or any line from which angles are measured for the same purpose. An axis usually serves as a line reference such that one of the coordinate of a point lying on the axis is zero. (2) A line with respect to which a geometric figure is symmetrical. (3) Any line about which a body rotates or revolves. In geodetic and astronomic instruments, the line usually coincides with the axis (sense 2 above) of a cylindrical rod or tube carried in a bearing, so the term "axis" is also applied to this cylinder. (4) A line connecting two distinguished points. E.g., the magnetic poles of the Earth are joined by the magnetic axis. [39]

AZIMUTH. A horizontal angle reckoned clockwise from the meridian. In the basic control surveys of the United States of America and in those of many other countries, azimuths are currently reckoned clockwise from south. In military control surveys of most countries, including the U.S.A., azimuths are reckoned clockwise from north. In 1986, when the U.S. National Geodetic Survey began publishing geodetic data on the North American Datum of1983 (NAD 83), the measurement of azimuths began being referenced from the north for basic control surveys in the U.S.A. [39]

The horizontal direction of a celestial point from a terrestrial point, expressed as the angular distance from a reference direction. It is usually measured from 000° at the reference direction clockwise through 360°. An azimuth is often designated as true, magnetic, compass, grid, or relative as the reference direction is true, magnetic, compass, or grid north, or heading, respectively. Unless otherwise specified, the term is generally understood to apply to true azimuth which may be further defined as the arc of the horizon, or the angle at the zenith, between the north part of the celestial meridian or principal vertical circle and a vertical circle, measured from 000° at the north part of the principal vertical circle clockwise through 360°.