05500 Misc. Metals.pdf

Standard Drawings for Doppler (VHF)

Omni Directional Range (DVOR) Counterpoise June 2020

MISCELLANEOUS METALS 05500-1

SECTION 05500

MISCELLANEOUS METALS

PART 1 GENERAL

1.1 Work Included: Furnish labor, materials, equipment and incidentals necessary to fabricate and install miscellaneous metals and other ornamental or specialty work. Furnish hangers, supports, and brackets necessary to fasten other work.

1.2 Related Work Covered Elsewhere:

Structural Steel Section 05120

Handrails and Guardrails Section 05520

1.3 Quality Control: Field welding shall be performed by experienced operators, qualified in conformance with

"Standard Qualifications Procedure" of the AWS "Structural Welding Code". Quality of welding shall conform to AWS Section 5-2.4.3 "Workmanship".

1.4 Submittals:

A. Submittals shall be in accordance with general requirements and shall include:

1. Shop drawings showing fabricated items.

2. Product data sheets for manufactured components.

B. Samples will be furnished when requested by the Subcontract Administrator. Samples shall be manufacturer's stock and shall be complete as required for installation into the structure. After approval the samples may be incorporated into the work.

1.5 Standards and References:

A. Federal Specifications:

FF-B-588 Bolt, Toggle, and Expansion Sleeve, Screw

FF-H-111 Hardware, Builders' Shelf and Miscellaneous

FF-S-85 Screws, Cap, Slotted and Hexagon-Head

FF-S-92 Screws, Machine: Slotted, Cross-Recessed or Hexagon Head

FF-S-111 Screw, Wood

FF-S-325 Shield, Expansion: Nail, Expansion; and Nail, Drive Screw (Devices, Anchoring, Masonry)

FF-W-84 Washers, Lock (Spring)

RR-G-661 Gratings, Metal, (Floor, Except for Naval Vessels)

RR-W-360 Wire Fabric, Industrial (Bird Screen)

RR-W-365 Wire Fabric, (Insect Screening)

TT-P-645 Primer, Paint, Zinc Chromate, Alkyd Type

TT-V-51 Varnish; Asphalt

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B. Military Specifications:

MIL-P-6883 Paint, Blended-Type, Coat-Tar-Pitch Base, Bituminous

MIL-P-21035 High Zinc Dust Content, Galvanizing Repair

C. The Aluminum Association (AA) Publications:

"Standards for Anodically Coated Aluminum Alloys for Architectural Applications."

"Designation System for Aluminum Finishes."

D. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Publications:

ASTM A-36 Specification for Structural Steel

ASTM A-53 Specification for Pipe, Steel, Black and Hot-Dipped, Zinc-Coated, Welded and Seamless

ASTM A-123 Specification for Zinc (Hot-Dip Galvanized) Coatings on Iron and Steel

Products

ASTM A-153 Specification for Zinc Coating (Hot-Dip) on Iron and Steel Hardware

ASTM A-500 Specification for Cold-Formed Welded and Seamless Carbon Steel

Structural Tubing in Rounds and Shapes

ASTM A-525 Specification for General Requirements for Steel Sheet, Zinc-Coated

(Galvanized) by the Hot-Dip Process

E. American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Publication:

ANSI A14.3 Safety Code for Fixed Ladders

F. American Welding Society (AWS) Standard:

AWS D1.1 Structural Welding Code - Steel

AWS B1.10 Guide for Non-Destructive Inspection of Welds

AWS A5.1 Specification for Mild Steel Covered Arc Welding Electrodes

AWS A5.5 Specification for Low Alloy Steel Covered Arc Welding Electrodes

G. Steel Structures Painting Council (SSPC) Publications:

Steel Structures Painting Manual, Volume 2

1.6 Delivery and Storage:

Ship expansion joints to site in protective cartons.

1.7 Job Conditions:

A. Subcontractor shall verify all dimensions and shall take all field measurements necessary to establish size and connections prior to fabrication. Provide any anchors, brackets, supports, braces, connections and fasteners necessary to assemble the various components and anchor into position into the structure.

B. Holes for bolts and screws shall be drilled or punched. Mismatched holes will not be allowed.

Fasteners shall be concealed wherever possible. Exposed fasteners shall be of compatible materials and shall match color and finish of surrounding materials.

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C. Each component shall be of adequate size and strength necessary to fulfill its function. Failure of any part of the assembly is cause to reject the entire component. Component shall be assembled in a neat and substantial manner. Joints exposed to the weather shall be formed in a manner to exclude water.

D. Items noted to be galvanized shall be hot dipped processed after fabrication. Galvanizing shall conform to the requirements of ASTM A-123, A-306, or A-525, as applicable. In addition to specific items shown or specified to be galvanized, galvanize items of this work which are fabricated of ferrous metal and exposed on or outside of the exterior surfaces of the building above or below grade.

Galvanize after fabrication. Take proper precautions to prevent warping of the metal. Straighten any item that does become warped.

E. Provide miscellaneous plates, brackets, frames, anchors and other steel fabrications as indicated on the drawings or required to make connections to components furnished under other sections of the specifications. Provide brackets for elevators and rails, precast concrete panels, and frames for mechanical equipment.

PART 2 - PRODUCTS

2.1 Materials:

A. Structural Steel: ASTM A-36 having a minimum yield strength of not less than 36,000 psi.

B. Miscellaneous Steel: Rolled shapes complying with ASTM A-36; plates and bars complying with

ASTM A-284.

C. Structural Cast Steel: Conforming to ASTM A-148, Grade 80-50.

D. General Purpose Cast Steel: Conforming to ASTM A-27, Grade 65-35.

E. Steel Forging: General purpose, conforming to ASTM A-668, Class C or F.

F. Cast Iron: Soft, gray iron, conforming to ASTM A-48, Class 30, having 30,000 psi tensile strength.

G. Galvanizing: Hot dipped, conforming to ASTM A-123, having a minimum coating of 2.0 ounces per square foot.

H. Welding Electrodes: Appropriate for the intended usage. Electrodes for arc welding shall be series

E70.

I. Aluminum: Appropriate for the intended usage. Unless used adjacent to anodized aluminum surfaces, finish may be standard mill finish. Anodized coatings shall conform to The Aluminum

Association "Standards For Anodically Coated Aluminum Alloys for Architectural Applications".

Coating thickness shall be not less than specified in Aluminum Association "Designation Systems for

Aluminum Finishes" for the particular application. Alloys shall comply with the following:

Alloy Usage

6061 Extruded or rolled structural shapes

6063 Extrusions, general

3003 Sheet, tube or pipe

5005 General purpose sheet

5056 Nails and Rivets

2024 Screws, bolts and nuts

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J. Stainless Steel: Appropriate for the intended usage, complying with ANSI Type 300 or 301

(17%/7%) or 302 (18%/8%). Finish shall be No.4 Polished.

K. Steel Pipe: Welded or seamless type, standard weight, schedule 40 steel tubing conforming to

ASTM A-53. Steel tube shall conform to ASTM A 500, grade B.

L. Shop Paint: Shop paint must be suitable for finish coats as specified in Section 09900 PAINTING.

Subcontractor shall coordinate. Generally shop paint shall be a Zinc Chromate Primer for miscellaneous steel; TNEMEC 99 for structural components, and TNEMEC 10-99 for components to be fireproofed.

M. Fasteners: Appropriate for the intended usage. Fasteners used with galvanized steel shall be zinc coated. Fasteners used on non-ferrous metal shall be bronze or brass. Fasteners shall include but not be limited to:

1. Steel bolts - Low carbon steel complying with ASTM A-307 or A-325.

2. Nails and Spikes - Fasteners complying with Fed. Spec. IV. FF-P-636.

3. Self Drilling Fasteners (SDF) - Corrosive resistant, hex-headed drill pointed, size as appropriate.

4. Power Activated Fasteners (PAF) - Tempered A-151 steel with a minimum tensile strength of

270,000 psi, complying with Fed. Spec. - P3958, Ramset, Hilti, or equal.

5. Sleeve bolts - Molly "Parasleeve", Ramset "Dynabolt", or equal.

6. Concrete expansion bolts - Hilti "KwikBolt II", or equal.

7. CMU Fastener - Hilti "KwikTog", or equal.

8. Metal Deck fasteners - Corrosive resistant, hexheaded, drill pointed fasteners, Teks, or equal.

9. Self-drilling anchors bolts - Zinc-plated, case hardened body with expanding plug, Ramset

"RamDrill", Hilti "HHS" or equal.

N. Zinc-Rich Coating: Specially formulated compound conforming to Navy Specification MIL-P-

21035 that produces a coating of approximately 3.0 mils thickness containing not less than 95 percent zinc when applied in one coat according to manufacturer's instructions.

O. Bituminous Paint: Heavy bodied asphalt based paint conforming to military specification MIL-P-

6883 or Fed Spec TT-V-51.

P. Anchors and Bolts: Anchors and bolts shall be stainless steel, cadmium plated or approved equal.

Q. Stud Anchors: Stud anchors shall be as manufactured by Nelson Stud Anchors or equal.

2.2 Fabrications:

A. Fabricated components shall be assembled in the shop whenever possible. Steel shapes shall be cut to accurate size with sharp lines and smooth surfaces. Thickness of metal and general construction shall be adequate to withstand the stresses imposed on the component. Provide lugs, brackets, or rivets necessary for connecting to other components.

B. Connections shall be secure, either welded or fastened with bolts or rivets. Where the component is to be exposed to view, connections shall be by welding with the welds dressed smooth. Bolts or rivets may be used in unexposed locations.

C. Structural fabrications shall be made of standard rolled shapes, plates, bars, or strips. Connectors shall generally be made by welding. All connections shall be rigid and secure.

2.3 Manufactured Products:

A. Steel Grating: Steel grating shall be Pressure Locked rectangular design, as manufactured by IKG

Industries or equal. Finish shall be one coat of black paint.

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Grating shall be designed for a uniform distributed live load as shown on the plans.

B. Trolley Track and Carrier: Furnish a 16 gauge galvanized steel trolley track having a 350 pound minimum capacity, such as Stanley No. X2641 or equal product as manufactured by Unistruct

Corporation. Curved trolley track shall be a 16 gauge galvanized steel track having a 24 inch radius, 90 degree turn, such as Stanley No. X2641CT or equal. Carrier shall be a bright zinc plated assembly with ball bearing wheels, having a minimum capacity of 175 pounds, such as Stanley No. BBXT2600 or equal.

C. Safety Treads: Safety treads and nosings shall be 3" wide abrasive-surfaced nosings cut to full width of stairs minus 1/8" each side for stairs, and width of concrete steps minus 3" each side for exterior concrete steps. Safety treads shall have integral anchors for embedding into concrete. Treads shall be as manufactured by Wooster, American Abrasive Metal Company, Mason Safety Tread Company, Armstrong products, or approved equal.

D. Channel Framing System: Steel "C" galvanized channels of required type designed to accept a special spring loaded nut for cable tray support. Touch-up damage due to installation with zinc-rich coating. Unistrut Corporation - P1001, P3300 (concrete inserts). Or equal.

E. Insect Screen: Federal Specification RR-W-365, Type II, III, or VII, 18 by 16 mesh, or Federal

Specification L-S-125, Type II, 18 by 16 mesh. Color to match louver.

F. Bird Screen: Aluminum wire screen conforming to Fed Spec RR-W-360, Type I, Class 1, and shall be 1/2 by 1/2 mesh, 0.063 inch diameter aluminum wire. Color shall match louver.

G. Steel Plate: Furnish steel plate for fabrication as indicated on the drawings. Furnish 1/4" or 3/8" thick checkered steel plate where indicated.

H. Access Ladders: Manufacturer's standard design aluminum access ladder conforming to OSHA requirements and fabricated of aluminum side rails with non-slip safety rungs. Wall anchors shall be stainless steel, cadmium plated or other non-corrosive metal, as approved by the WRPE Designee.

Provide ladders at locations shown on drawings.

I. Aluminum Sills: Extruded of 6063-T52 alloy, J.C. Braum & Company, model AA, complete with

SA-100 anchor clips, or approved equal. Finish shall be anodized to match window.

J. Window Stools: Interior window stools shall be fabricated of 0.70 gauge aluminum, with clear anodized finish.

K. Antenna Mount: Provide special fabrication at cab roof for antenna mounts as detailed on the drawings. Provide 2-1/2" 1.0 threaded schedule 42 pipe nipples inserted into threaded nuts. Install steel air terminal brackets and air terminals as indicated.

L. Miscellaneous Steel Fabrications: Fabricate miscellaneous fabricated steel components such as window shade pockets, coordinator jacks, hoist access openings, frame supports, ceiling panel supports and other hangers or brackets indicated on the drawings or as required to complete the installation.

M. Floor Hatch Guardrails: Construct special guardrails to the details indicated on the drawings at floor hatches. Guardrails shall be all welded construction, designed to be pivoted and pinned, capable of being lowered into the hatch opening when not in use.

N. Access Skirt: Construct a sheet metal skirt at ceiling access ladders to form a separation from the opening and the above ceiling space. Skirt to be all welded construction and shall extend from the access ladder frame to the floor opening above.

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2.4 Steel Frames:

A. Frames shall not have less than two (2) structural members which span across adjacent purlins.

Openings shall be framed with steel angles of a size suitable for the opening size. When wood curbs are detailed as part of the frame design, provide angles having outstanding legs turned upward, with holes punched for attaching wood curbs. Holes shall be spaced at 12" inch centers, with no side having less than three fasteners. Size of frames and opening dimensions shall be coordinated with equipment manufacturer. Minimum size of supporting angles shall be 3½" x 5" x 1/4".

B. Frames used to support roof top air conditioning equipment shall have additional members to frame each duct penetration of the roof surface. As well as a structural member corresponding to the mounting curb perimeter dimensions of the mechanical equipment.

C. Frames for roof drains and any other roof penetration not exceeding 24 inches square shall be a minimum size of 2½" x 2½" x 5/16". All other frames shall be as detailed on drawings, otherwise shall be framed with steel angles having a minimum size of 4" x 4" x 5/16".

2.5 Cast Iron Castings: Casting shall be uniform in quality, free from blow holes or other defects. Surface shall be smooth and true to pattern. Metal shall conform to ASTM A-48, Class 40 for grey cast iron castings.

Castings shall receive one coat of rust inhibited primer and shall be field painted as specified in Section 09900, PAINTING. Casting shall include the following:

A. Manhole Covers and Frames

B. Trench Drains

2.6 Bronze Castings: Castings shall be uniform in quality, free from injurious defects with smooth surfaces and true to pattern. Casting metal shall be CDA Alloy 844. Casting shall include the following:

Downspout nozzle: Josam 25010 Series or approved equal, satin-finish bronze nozzle with loose all flange and inlet threaded connection, size as required.

2.7 Architectural Expansion Joint Covers: Components shall be as manufactured by Architectural Arts Mfg.

Inc., Balco, Inc., Construction Specialties, Metalines, Inc. or approved equal. Expansion joints shall be fabricated of extruded aluminum 6063-T5 and shall be of the shape and type necessary for the particular application, equal to the following:

Floors Balco type 4FP-1 or 4FVP-1

Walls Balco type 6ADW-1 or 6ADWC-1

Gypsum wallboard Balco type FWG-1 or CFWG-1

Floors Balco type 4FL-1 or FVL-1

Heavy duty covers Balco type XH4FS-1m or XH4VS-1m

2.8 Fabricated Stairs:

A. Stairs shall be fabricated to the sizes and slopes indicated on the drawings. Stair stringer shall be fabricated of structural steel shapes cut to proper design and fitted with lugs, brackets and connection angles as necessary to erect and assemble the various components. Stairs shall be capable of sustaining their own weight plus a live load of 100 pounds per square foot, or a moving concentrated load of 1000 pounds. Design and strength shall conform to the requirements of "Metal Stairs

Handbook of the National Association of Architectural Metal Manufacturers".

B. Stairs shall be partially assembled at factory, complete with connection angles and other fasteners and ready for final assembly at job site.

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C. All parts of stair fabrication exposed to view when assembled shall be constructed with all welded fabrication with welds continuous and ground smooth, resulting in an invisible joint. Field connections exposed to view shall be welded. Concealed joints may be bolted or welded type.

2.9 Fabricated Gates: Subcontractor shall fabricate steel gates as indicated on the drawings. Gates shall be shop fabricated of the sizes and in accordance with details on drawings. Provide three (3) heavy fabricated hinges at each gate leaf and weld to supporting post. Provide gate keepers at each gate leaf as well as shape for a padlock.

PART 3 EXECUTION

3.1 Preparation:

A. Inspect surfaces to receive metal components. Ascertain that surfaces are suitable for the attachment of the component.

B. Drill, punch, cut and tap steel as required for anchoring or accommodating the work of other trades as shown or where instructions for same are given prior to or with approval of Shop Drawings.

C. Visible joints shall be close fitting, neat and tight. Assemble joints so that they will be as strong and rigid as adjoining section. Make up threaded connections tightly so that threads will be entirely concealed by fittings. Except as otherwise shown, specified or approved, weld shop assembled connections. Rivets, bolts, or machine screws may be used for field connections. Visible rivets bolts, screws, etc., shall have flush or oval heads and shall be countersunk. Seal-weld visible joints and exposed joints their entire length. Other joints may be spot or skip welded unless shown otherwise, or unless they must be continuous. Grind welds where required.

3.2 Installation:

A. Grating: Provide grating and frame to support it, in required size. Provide a band where edge of grating is open and visible, and at perimeter of cutouts. Fasten grating to frame at the ends of the third bearing bar from each side of the panel and to intermediate supports at the middle of the panel. Weld frame to imbedded plates as shown on the drawings. Where hinged grating is indicated, provide a steel angle frame around opening. Provide extra heavy duty hinges and weld to grating and frame.

Provide toe guards at openings in gratings where conduit or piping extends through grating flooring.

Toe guards may be 1/4" x 4" steel plates or 3" x 4" x ¼" steel angles bolted or welded to grating.

B. Access Ladders: Install access ladders at locations specified. Provide steel clip angles at each leg and attach to concrete floor with expansion bolts. Provide steel strap supports to ladder legs and attach to construction with expansion bolts or by welding, as appropriate.

C. Safety Treads: Install safety treads at each concrete step on the interior and exterior of the building.

Safety tread shall be cast into concrete so that top of tread is flush with concrete surface.

D. Hatchway: Frames shall be cast in place with the concrete structure. Provide copper or PVC tubing drain and attach to drain nipple and extend to the outside. Hatchway shall be set plumb and level.

E. Joist Anchors: Furnish a steel anchor plate for each joist seat fabricated of steel plate with stud anchors. Unless noted otherwise, anchors for "K" series joists shall be 4" x 6" x 1/4" inch plates with two (2) 1/2" x 5" inch long stud anchors, and anchors for long span joists shall be 5" x 9" x 1/4".

Anchor plates shall be cast into concrete masonry tie beam at joist locations.

F. Anchor Plates: Furnish steel anchor plates to be cast into concrete structure and to be used for attaching precast concrete panels or steel members. Anchor plates shall be unpainted steel, except for

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where plates are installed in exterior surfaces or within one inch of the exterior surface which shall be hot dip galvanized after fabrication.

G. Window Sill: Furnish and install a window sill at every window opening and louver location. Sills shall be the size required by the condition. Anchor clip anchor to masonry and snap sill into place.

Set sill in full bed of mastic.

H. Hangars and Straps: Provide metal hangars, straps, and bracing required to support and secure other work unless specifically shown or specified to be provided by another trade. Carefully coordinate this work.

I. Microwave Frame: Provide special microwave frames and brackets for mounting microwaves to design indicated on drawings.

J. Miscellaneous Steel Fabrications: Fabricate miscellaneous fabricated steel components such as window shade pockets, gun housings, coordinator jacks, hoist access openings, frame supports, ceiling panel supports and other hangers or brackets indicated on the drawings or as required to complete the installation.

K. Steel Grating Floors: Provide steel grating at flooring of electrical chases and as indicated on the drawings. Provide supplementary steel framing at edges of grating at electrical trays and around access openings. Provide a hinged section of grate at each ladder. Hinges shall be heavy duty galvanized steel, 5 pin strap hinges welded to grating frame. Provide a 1 1/4" x 1 1/4" x 1/4" angle frame around hinged section and edge of opening around perimeter. Miter corner and weld a frame, then weld to grating. Hinges to be welded to angles.

L. Floor Hatch Guardrails: Construct special guardrails to the details indicated on the drawings at floor hatches. Guardrails shall be all welded construction, designed to be pivoted and pinned, capable of being lowered into the hatch opening when not in use.

M. Access Skirt: Construct a sheet metal skirt at ceiling access ladders to form a separation from the opening and the above ceiling space. Skirt to be all welded construction and shall extend from the access ladder frame to the floor opening above.

N. Antenna Mount: Provide special fabrication at cab roof for antenna mounts as defined on the drawings. Provide 2 1/2 1.0 threaded schedule 42 pipe nipples inserted into threaded nuts. Install steel air terminal brackets and air terminal as indicated.

3.3 Steel Stairs Erection:

A. Furnish steel stair framing: Stairs shall be partially assembled in the shop by welding and shall be erected in place at the job site. Furnish connection plates, splices, brackets and other components necessary to make the connections in the field. Erect components in place, true and level. Miter splices and fit carefully. Structural members not normally exposed to view may be assembled by bolting. Field weld all other connections with welds which are continuous and ground smooth. Joints in stringes shall be welded continuous where exposed to view and welds ground smooth.

B. Stair pans shall be formed of 14 gauge steel, shaped to conform to stair details. Stair pans shall be field tack welded to steel angles welded to stair stringers at each side bearing. Provide steel plate landings and miscellaneous angles and braces as indicated on the drawings or necessary to complete the project. Provide not less than three (3) 3 inch channel supports at landings, unless shown otherwise on drawing.

C. Provide concrete fill at each stair tread, complete with safety tread at nosing. Safety tread shall be 1" less than stair width on each side of stairs. Provide temporary wood plank fillers for treads and landings until concrete fill has been placed.

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D. Stairs shall be of equal width having risers of equal height. In any run of stair the height of riser shall not vary by more than 1/8" between any two risers.

E. Stairs shall properly fit abutting building components. Perform cutting, fitting, drilling and fastening required to complete the work. Erect stairs plumb, level and free of deflection or vibration. Provide brackets and connection plates as necessary to connect to structure. Provide fill plates where necessary to close gaps between stringes and wall surfaces.

F. Handrails for stairs shall be 1-1/4" diameter steel pipe with welded construction. Posts may be welded to top of stairs stringer or may be welded to a connection plate which in turn is welded to the stringer.

Return ends of railings to walls. Splices in handrails shall be completely welded and filled, then ground smooth.

3.4 Fasteners:

A. Furnish the appropriate type of fastener for the application. Fasteners shall be of the type and material proper for intended use and in sufficient quantity for the spacing. Bolts shall be a minimum of ½ inch diameter, spaced not to exceed three foot center for attaching steel, or two feet centers for attaching wood.

B. Generally use the following fasteners as designated:

1. Masonry: Machine bolts with lead or malleable iron expansion shields, or toggle bolts as appropriate.

2. CMU: Toggle bolts.

3. Concrete: Embedded bolts, cast-in-place inserts with twist in bolts, or expansion bolts with expansion shields.

4. Gypboard: expansion anchors or toggle bolts.

5. Wood to metal: machine bolts with washers and nuts.

6. Wood: wood screws, lag screws, proper nails as appropriate.

7. Wood to concrete: cast in place anchor bolts, expansion bolts or power driven fasteners.

3.5 Architectural Expansion Joint Covers:

A. Furnish and install expansion joints at any exposed location that expansion joints occur, generally flush to surfaces. Expansion joints shall be the manufacturer's standard design similar to those specified. Provide fasteners of the appropriate type for the installation and attach securely. Install expansion joints at floors, walls, and ceilings.

B. Protect aluminum surfaces in contact with concrete with a coat of zinc chromate or bituminous paint.

C. Once expansion joints have been installed, protect from damage by covering them with walkboards or other appropriate methods.

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3.6 Field Quality Control:

A. Clean all surfaces, remove rust and prepare for painting. Surfaces which will be in accessible after fabrication or erection shall be painted prior to installation.

B. Except for galvanized steel and items specifically noted not to be painted, all miscellaneous metal components shall receive a shop coat of paint. Paint shall be applied by brush or spray, applied uniformly without runs or ships. Field painting shall be in accordance with Section 09900 Painting.

C. Any fasteners or miscellaneous components applied on galvanized fabrications shall be galvanized, chromeplated, otherwise shall be painted with zinc-rich coatings.

D. Dissimilar materials: Where dissimilar metals are in contact, or where aluminum is in contact with concrete, mortar, masonry, pressure-treated wood or absorptive materials subject to wetting, the surfaces shall be protected with a coat of bituminous paint, unless otherwise specified, to prevent galvanic or corrosive action.

END OF SECTION