BRC-BIO marajo: the origin and evolution of vertebrate diversity in the planet's largest fluvial island

This $463,000 Project Grant awarded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) Biological Sciences program (CFDA 47.074) funds research to study the origin and evolution of vertebrate diversity on the Marajo Island in the Amazon rainforest. The key activities include:

• Field collections of small vertebrates (amphibians, lizards, mammals) at four sites on Marajo Island
• Acquisition of genomic data from the collected samples and historical specimens from the Amazon basin
• Phylogenetic and population genetic analyses to understand how and when vertebrate species colonized the island and how their populations are structured across different landscapes

The project aims to enhance research and training capacity, providing opportunities for undergraduate and master's students from diverse backgrounds to participate in field sampling, genomic data analysis, and biodiversity research. It will also establish a historical DNA laboratory at Cal Poly Humboldt to support future biodiversity studies. A subaward to Angelo State University will allow a co-PI to contribute to the field work, data analysis, and student mentoring components of the project.

Abstract

Amazonia houses the largest biodiversity on the planet, and understanding how this biodiversity was established is a lingering question in biology. Answers to that question could provide valuable information on how species respond to environmental and climate changes and lead to better choices in conservation biology. However, basic data on distribution and evolution of amazonian biodiversity remain fragmentary, posing challenges to scientists to tackle fundamental questions. A specific knowledge GAP concerns the composition and origins of the biodiversity of marajo?, the world's largest fluvial island (roughly the size of switzerland). Marajo? Is divided into a densely forested west and a mostly open (treeless grassland and savanna woodlands) east. The sharp climatic and vegetation differences make the island a natural experiment to understand evolution of animal groups in amazonia. This project will employ field- and laboratory-based approaches to study the origin and evolution of fauna at maraj?. IT will use geographic and genomic data from vertebrate species to reveal how and when these groups colonized the island, and how the different landscapes prompted their evolution and diversification. The project will create hands-on learning opportunities for students from diverse backgrounds and will create a community for knowledge exchange on biodiversity and conservation. Understanding the mechanisms and processes associated with the origin and maintenance of amazonian biodiversity requires integrative studies bridging macro- and microevolution. Maraj?s dynamic history, which includes a relatively recent separation from the mainland (during late pleistocene to holocene) and a marked division into a densely forested west and mostly open habitats in the east, makes IT a natural evolutionary experiment to understand diversification of animal assemblages on maraj? Itself, as well as between habitat types within the island. This project will use geographic information and genomic data (ultraconserved elements) from seven vertebrate groups (two amphibians, two lizards, and three mammals), and a combination of phylogenetic methods and fine scale population genetic analyses to evaluate genomic structures within maraj?, and in a broader scope including mainland sites. This project aims to answer two main questions: (1) how and when did these groups colonize the island? (2) how the use of different landscapes within the island may have fostered microevolutionary diversification? The research plan includes field collections at four maraj? Sites, gathering of complementary samples available through natural history collections, generation of genomic data, and phylogeographic and population genetic analyses. This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.- subawards are planned for this award.