ASTM-D-6199-07_(2012)_Quality_of_Wood_Members_for_Containers_and_Pallets....pdf

~ Designation: 06199-07 (Reapproved 2012)

INTERNATIONAi.

Standard Practice for Quality of Wood Members of Containers and Pallets 1

This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6199; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript epsilon (s) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.

1. Scope

1. I This practice covers the quality requirements for three classes of hardwood and soft-wood members, excluding man made or fabricated wood composites, used in the construction of boxes, crates, pallets, and blocking and bracing.

1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded

as the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for information only.

1.3 This practice does not purport to address all of the

safety concerns, (f any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro priate safety and health practices and detennine the applica bility of the regulatory limitations prior to use.

2. Referenced Documents

2.1 ASTM Standards: 2

D9 Terminology Relating to Wood and Wood-Based Prod ucts

D9% Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ ments

D4442 Test Methods for Direct .M.oisture Content M.easure ment of Wood and Wood-Base Materials

2.2 MHIA/ANSI Standard:3

MllL\/ANSI MH 1-2005 Pallets, Slip Sheets, and Other Bases for Unit Loads

3. Terminology

3.1 Dt:!finitions-General definitions for packaging and dis

tribution environments are found in Terminology D996. Gen eral de~nitions for wood are found in Terminology D9.

1 This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee DI 0 on Packaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D 10. l 2 on Shipping Containers, Crates. Pallets, Skids and Related Structures.

Current edition approved April 1, 2012. Published May 2012. Originally approved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D6199 -97 (2007).

DOI: I0.1520/D6!99-07Rl2.

2 For referenced ASTM standards. visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org. or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book <if ASTM Standards volume information, refer to the standard's Document Summary page on the ASTM wehsite.

' Available from Material Handling Industry MHJ Secretariat, 8720 Red Oak Blvd., Suite 201, Charlotte. NC 28217, http://www.mhiastore.org.

3.2 Definitions of Tenns Specific to This Standard:

3.2. l brash, n-decay characteristic, which is the breaking of the grain without splintering.

3.2.2 crate frame members, n-those parts which form the fundamental structure upon which the strength and rigidity of crates depend.

3.2.3 diagonals, n-frame members placed at angles of nearly 45° to other frame members, to ensure the rigidity of the crate.

3.2.4 li11derman joint, n-glued dove-tailed joint between two or more pieces of wood.

3.2.5 longitudinal frame members, n-horizontal members of the side. end, and top panels of crates.

3.2.6 punk, n-decay characteristic, which is very dry, powdery, and crumbly wood.

3.2.7 siftproofness, n-the prohibition of the migration of material, of any size, from the interior to the exterior of a container.

3.2.8 struts, n-vertical frame members placed between the upper and lower frame members of the side and end panels of a crate that serve as columns for supporting vertical stacking loads.

4. Significance and Use

4.1 Each wood member contains a combination of charac

teristics which affects the performance of the container or pallet in which it is used. The requirements for classes, herein specified. have been established as these characteristics are related to the functional application of members in container and pallet construction and to the service that the container or pallet may be called upon to perform.

4.2 Any other specified requirements or limitations peculiar

to a particular container or pallet construction or use, such as prohibiting knotholes or loose knots to provide siftproofness, limitation to certain wood groups or species, or the selection of applicable classes for specific members of or types of contain ers or pallet shall be the responsibility of the standard for that container or pallet.

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5. Wood Member Classification

5.1 Class ]-Structural (highly stressed members).

5.2 Class 2-Structural (moderately stressed members).

5.3 Class 3-Non-structural (lightly stressed members).

6. Wood Characteristics

6.1 Classification:

6.1. I Groups-For the purposes of this practice, North

American wood species are broken into four groupings. These groupings are general in nature (Table I) and do not include all species of wood. Woods used specifically in pallet construction are listed in MHIA/ANSI MHl-2005 Appendix A3-1 accord ing to similarities in mechanical properties, regional availability, and commercial uses in pallets. Table X l. l pro vides a cross reference between the wood groups used herein and those listed in MHIA/ANSI MHl-2005.

6.1.1.1 Group /-This group embraces the softer woods of

both the coniferous and the broad-leafed species. These woods are relatively free from splitting in nailing, have moderate fastener withdrawal resistance, moderate strength as a beam, and moderate shock resisting capacity. They are soft, light in weight. easy to work, hold their shape well in manufacture, and are normally easy to dry.

6.1.1.2 Group II-This group consists of heavier coniferous

woods, only. These woods usually have a pronounced contrast in the hardness of the springwood and the summerwood. They have a greater fastener withdrawal resistance than Group I woods, but are more likely to split, and the hard summerwood bands occasionally deflect the nails causing them to run out at the sides of the piece.

6.1.1.3 Group III-This group consists of hardwoods of

medium density. These woods have about the same fastener withdrawal resistance and strength as a beam as the Group II woods, but are less likely to split and shatter under impacts.

The species in this group are the most useful for constructing box ends and cleats. They also furnish most of the rotary-cut veneers for wirebound boxes and plywood panels for construc tion of plywood boxes.

6.1.1.4 Group IV-This group consists of the high density

hardwood species. They have both the greatest shock resisting capacity and fastener withdrawal resistance, but because of their extreme hardness present difficulties with respect to the driving of nails. plus the greatest tendency to split at the nails.

They are the heaviest and hardest domestic woods and arc difficult to work. They arc especially useful where high fastener withdrawal resistance is required and many of them make excellent rotary cut veneers for wirebound and plywood boxes.

6.1.2 Species-The species of wood, in the four groups, that

may be used for wood members of containers or pallets are classified as indicated in Table l (sec Appendix X l, Table X J. I, for groups specific to pallet construction). When it is stipulated that members shall be fabricated from a particular wood group, the species within that group may be mixed together or used interchangeably.

6.2 Suifaces-Rough lumber is permitted in the construc

tion of the crate bases, sheathed-crate framing, boxes, and pallets. For box and crate sheathing, at least one surface of all wood members will be sufficiently smooth to permit legible marking.

6.3 Dimensional Requirements:

6.3. l When nominal sizes of lumber are specified, the minimum sizes shall be as shown in Table 2.

6.3.2 When sizes of wood members other than the nominals

cited in 1liblc 2 are specified, undersizing in thickness and width shall not be permitted in more than 10 % of the number of pieces. In addition, these parts shall be no thinner than ·ys of the stated thickness and no narrower than 1/4 in. (6 mm) less than the stated width. An exception to this requirement is that if members of nailed-wood boxes 3/s in. (10 mm) or more in thickness are surfaced on both sides (to protect the contents) then the thickness may be 1/32 in. (1 mm) less than stated.

6.3.3 When nominal 2 in. (50 mm) thick lumber is resawn to

obtain 1 in. (25 mm) nominal thick members, the resulting minimum thickness shall be 11/16 in. ( 18 mm) for dry lumber;

except that for Class l structural members, which shall be %

in. (20 mm).

6.4 Moisture Content-Container and pallet members shall

have a moisture content (as measured by an electric type moisture meter or by the oven drying method), at the time of fabrication, of not greater than 19 % nor less than 9 % of their ovendry weight.

6.4.1 Methods of Determination:

6.4.1.1 Moisture Meters-Meters measuring moisture con

tents ranging as high as 30 % shall be used to determine

TABLE 1 Wood Groups

Cottonwood Redwood

Soft Elm

Aspen

Douglas fir Western larch

Ash8

Soft maple

Beech Oak

A Except Southern yellow pine.

8 Except White ash.

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Basswood Cypress Spruce

Hemlock

California black oak Sweetgum

Birch Pecan

Group I Buckeye Cedar Fir (true firs) Magnolia Willow Yellow poplar

Group II Southern yellow pine Tamarack

Group Ill California maple

Sycamore Tupelo Group IV

Hackberry Hard maple Rock elm White ash

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Chestnut PineA Red alder

Hickory cO 06199 - 07 (2012)

TABLE 2 Relationship of Nominal to Minimum Dimensions for Dry Lumbers

Thickness (Smaller Dimension)

Nominal

in. (mm)

1 (25) 2 (50) 3 (75) 4 (100) 5 (125) and thicker

Minimum

in. (mm)

3/4 (20) 1 'h (40) 2 'h (65) 3 112 (90)

1h (12) off

Nominal

in. (mm)

2 (50) 3 (75) 4 (100) 5 (125) 6 (150) 7 (175) 8 (200) and wider

Width (Larger Dimension)

Minimum

in. (mm)

1 1h (40) 2 112 (65) 3 112 (90) 4 112 (115) 5 112 (140) 6 1h (165)

3/4 (20) off moisture content of Group IV pallet members. Meters measur ing moisture contents as high as 25 % shall be used for all other wood members. The accuracy of the meter used shall be ± 1 % of true moisture content. Electric-type moisture meters may be either the resistance type or radio frequency power loss type except that only the resistance type may be used on rough sawn lumber. In addition, readings using the resistance type meters shall be made only after the pins have penetrated to a depth of one-fourth the thickness of the piece being tested.

6.4.1.2 Oven-Drying Method-Samples shall be tested in

accordance with Method A or B of Test Method D4442, except that no sample shall be less than 1 oz (2835 mg).

6.5 Wood Defects-Members shall be so selected and cut so

that allowable defects or imperfection will not occur in positions that would interfere with the prescribed fabrication or assembly of the container or pallet.

6.5.1 Decay-Any form of visible decay shall not be per

mitted. Stains or discoloration, not associated with decay, will be acceptable, except for discoloration that would interfere with marking on the outside of the container or the pallet.

Decay shall be detected by use of the pick test. The pick test is performed with a knife or chisel by lifting up some of the grain or fibers. If the material is softer, more punky, or more brash than healthy wood of the same species, it is decay. Suspicious areas are usually abnormally brown, bleached looking, or mottled and indicated by the absence of luster that is present in normal wood.

6.5.2 Checks, Splits, and Shakes-Checks, splits, and

shakes that are not longer than the width of the member will be permitted. Checks that do not extend through the full thickness of the member are permitted.

6.5.3 Warp-The bow in a member shall not exceed 1/16 in.

(2 mm) per foot (300 mm) of length. The cup in a member shall not exceed 1/4 in. (6 mm) in an 8 in. (200 mm) width, 1/s in. (3

mm) in a 4 in. (100 mm) width, or a like proportion in other widths. The twist in a member shall not exceed l/.i in. (6 mm) per foot' of length in an 8 in. (200 mm) width, Vs in. (3 mm) per foot oflength in a 4 in. (100 mm) width, or a like proportion in other widths.

6.5.4: Knots-Sound knots, loose knots, knot holes, and knot clusters shall be measured and restricted as specified in li1blc

i. The $um of the width of the knots within a length equal to the width of the member in which they occur shall not exceed the maximum allowable width of a single knot for that piece (see Fig. I).

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TABLE 3 Allowable Dimensions of Defects

Classification of Maximum Allowable Width of Maximum Allowable Members Knots Slope of Cross Grain

Structural (highly stressed)

Structural (moderately stressed) Non-structural

2 in. (50 mm), but not over 1/• No steeper than 1 in 1 O of the width of the member 3 in. (75 mm), but not over % No steeper than 1 in 10 of the width of the member

A 4 in. (100 mm), but not over No steeper than 1 in 8 1/2 of the width of the member

A The maximum allowable width of knots in face boards of wirebound boxes shall be 1 1/2 in. (40 mm).

KNOT CLUSTER

b

TANDEM KNOTS

NoTE 1-The distance (a) is taken as the width when (b) is twice the width of the piece or less.

FIG. 1 Knot Clusters and Tandem Knots

6.5.5 Wane-Wane shall not be permitted on any member.

6.6 Cross Grain-The slope of the cross grain shall be

limited in accordance with Tahlc 3. The slope of the cross grain shall be measured by the angle between the general direction of the grain and the longitudinal axis of the member and shall be expressed as a ratio. Slight local deviations of the grain shall be disregarded.

6.7 Combined Grains-When a member has both diagonal

and spiral grain (see Fig. 2), the combined damaging effect shall be taken into account. This effect can be computed by combining the apparent slope of grain on the two adjacent faces of the member. When each of the slopes are expressed as a ratio to 1, that is, 1 in 18 and 1 in 12, the combined slope is

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Copyright ASTM International e 06199 _ 07 (2012) the square root of the sum of the squares of the slopes (combined slope= square root of (V1s)2 + (1112)2 = 0.1000 or l in I 0). A convenient method of measuring the slope of cross grain is by using a sharply pointed steel scribe (see Fig. 3). The scribe should be drawn in the direction in which the grain seems to run. Apply enough pressure so that the point pen etrates the wood slightly. Allow enough freedom of lateral movement to permit the point to follow the grain.

DIAGONAL GRAIN 6.8 Built-Up Sheathing Members-Members to be used for the sheathing of sides, ends, tops, or bottoms of boxes or crates may be built up by joining pieces together at their edges using one of the following methods: Linderman joint and glue; butt joint and glue; or tongue and groove joint and glue. The glue shall be of a water-resistant type that will provide the desired strength characteristics as determined by testing. in accordance with 6.8. l. In addition, the strength of the glued joint shall not be weakened or compromised by the moisture content of the wood sample.

SPIRAL GRAIN

SPIRAL AND DIAGONAL GRAIN

IN COMBINATION

FIG. 2 Cross Grain

A B c

A. Swivel-Handled Scribe with Phonograph Needle Point.

D

B. One-Piece Drill Rod Bent To Shape and Point Slightly Hardened.

C. A Straight Piece of Drill Rod With Point Slightly Hardened.

D. Mechanical Pencil With Phonograph Needle Point

FIG. 3 Scribes for Determining Direction of the Fibers On the Surface of Wood

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0 06199 - 07 (2012)

DIRECTION OF

LOAD APPLICATION

L=4"

HIN

LEVER

CLEAT

Table Top

SI Equivalents in.

2 5/s mm 9.5

25.4 66.7

101.6

FIG. 4 Setup for Testing Quality of Edge Joints

6.8.1 Strength Test, see Fig. 4-Fifteen samples shall be cut

at random from each lot. The samples shall be 2 ::t 1/s in. (50 ::t 3 mm) wide. parallel to the grain, by a length equal to the width (perpendicular to the grain) of the member being tested.

Any sample that has visible splits, shakes, pitch pockets, or checks across the entire width shall be discarded and replaced.

Also the joint shall be located at least 25/s in. (70 mm) from. the edge of the test piece. The 15 samples shall be tested as cantilever beams. The length of the samples shall be placed perpendicular to the top edge of the vise. The size of the block and the position of the cleat shall be such that the lever is parallel to the sample. The lever shall be a minimum of 30 in.

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(750 mm) in length. The sample shall be positioned vertically so that the joint is 0.4 times the clear span above the top face of the vise. A slow even pull shall be applied to the top of the lever until the sample fails in bending. The position of the break with respect to the joint shall be recorded. Any break that is wholly or partially at the joint shall constitute a failure. Three such failures will mean rejection of the lot.

7. Keywords

7.1 characteristics; classification; defects; definitions; grain;

terminology; wood; wood boxes; wood pallets

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0 06199 - 07 (2012)

APPENDIX

(Nonmandatory Information)

Xl. WOOD SPECIES CLASSIFlCATION

ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned

TABLE X1.1 Wood Species Classification Cross-Reference

Species Group Number Class Number

D6199 MHIA /ANSI M1-2005

Aspen 7

Basswood 7 Buckeye 7 Cedar(s) 14 Chestnut 7 Cottonwood 7 Baldcypress 13 True Fir 12 Magnolia 3 Pine(s) 13 Red Alder 6 Redwood 13 Spruce(s) 13 Willow 7 Yellow Poplar 29 Douglas Fir 11 Hemlock 12 Southern Yellow Pine(s)A 22 Tamarack (Eastern Larch) 12 Western Larch 11 Ash (Black, Pumpkin) 3 California Black Oak II 4 California (Bigleaf) Maple Ill 2 Soft (Slippery) Elm Ill 1 Soft Maple Ill 3 Sweetgum Ill 3 Sycamore Ill 3 Tupelo Ill 3 Beech IV 1 Birch IV 1 Hackberry IV 3 Hard Maple IV 1 Hickory IV 1 Oak (Eastern) IV 21 Pecan IV 1 Rock Elm IV American Elm IV White Oak IV Green Oak IV

A Loblolly, Stark, Shortleaf, and Longleaf only. All other Southern Yellow Pines - Group I/Class 13.

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