ufc 3-460-01.pdf

UFC 3-460-01

16 July 2019

Change 1, 01 May 2020

UNIFIED FACILITIES CRITERIA (UFC)

DESIGN: PETROLEUM FUEL

FACILITIES

APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE; DISTRIBUTION UNLIMITED

DESIGN: PETROLEUM FUEL FACILITIES

Any copyrighted material included in this UFC is identified at its point of use.

Use of the copyrighted material apart from this UFC must have the permission of the copyright holder.

U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS

NAVAL FACILITIES ENGINEERING COMMAND (Preparing Activity)

AIR FORCE CIVIL ENGINEER CENTER

Record of Changes (changes are indicated by \1\ ... /1/)

Change No. Date Location 1 1 May 2020 Chapters 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 12, Appendix D. Main changes include removing AFFF use and clarified the criteria for Canopies.

This UFC supersedes UFC 3-460-01, dated 16 July 2019.

FOREWORD

The Unified Facilities Criteria (UFC) system is prescribed by MIL-STD 3007 and provides planning, design, construction, sustainment, restoration, and modernization criteria, and applies to the Military Departments, the Defense Agencies, and the DoD Field Activities in accordance with USD (AT&L) Memorandum dated 29 May 2002. UFC will be used for all DoD projects and work for other customers where appropriate. All construction outside of the United States is also governed by Status of Forces Agreements (SOFA), Host Nation Funded Construction Agreements (HNFA), and in some instances, Bilateral Infrastructure Agreements (BIA.)

Therefore, the acquisition team must ensure compliance with the most stringent of the UFC, the SOFA, the HNFA, and the BIA, as applicable.

UFC are living documents and will be periodically reviewed, updated, and made available to users as part of the Services’ responsibility for providing technical criteria for military construction. Headquarters, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (HQUSACE), Naval Facilities Engineering Command (NAVFAC), and Air Force Civil Engineer Center (AFCEC) are responsible for administration of the UFC system. Defense agencies should contact the preparing service for document interpretation and improvements. Technical content of UFC is the responsibility of the cognizant DoD working group. Recommended changes with supporting rationale should be sent to the respective service proponent office by the following electronic form: Criteria Change Request. The form is also accessible from the Internet sites listed below.

UFC are effective upon issuance and are distributed only in electronic media from the following source:

• Whole Building Design Guide web site http://dod.wbdg.org/.

Hard copies of UFC printed from electronic media should be checked against the current electronic version prior to use to ensure that they are current.

Refer to UFC 1-200-01, General Building Requirements, for implementation of new issuances on projects.

AUTHORIZED BY:

LARRY D. McCALLISTER, PhD, PE, PMP, SES

R. DAVID CURFMAN, P.E.

Chief Engineer

Chief, Engineering and Construction Naval Facilities Engineering Command U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

NANCY J. BALKUS, PE, SES, DAF

Deputy Director of Civil Engineers DCS/Logistics, Engineering & Force Protection

MICHAEL McANDREW Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense (Facilities Management) Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Sustainment) http://www.wbdg.org/ccb/browse_cat.php?o=29&c=4 http://dod.wbdg.org/

REVISION SUMMARY SHEET

Document: UFC 3-460-01, Design: Petroleum Fuel Facilities

Superseding: This document supersedes the following document:

• UFC 3-460-01, dated 16 July 2019

Description: Unified Facilities Criteria (UFC) 3-460-01 contains general criteria and standard procedures for the design and construction of military land-based facilities which receive, store, distribute, or dispense liquid petroleum fuels. It is also applicable to liquefied petroleum gases (LPG) and compressed natural gas (CNG) facilities. These criteria are applicable to all branches of the Department of Defense (DoD) and the Defense Logistics Agency (DLA).

Reasons for Document: This update to UFC 3-460-01 incorporates changes to the design requirements for fuel facilities. These changes are based on lessons learned from the previous guidelines, new technologies, updated requirements by the services for fuel handling and quality, new regulations, coordinate with unified facilities guide specifications (UFGS), and other reference documents. Incorporation of these changes will decrease the life-cycle costs by ensuring the integrity of the fueling systems during operations and decreasing maintenance requirements.

Impact: The changes to this UFC will impact the design and cost of fuel facilities.

However, the following benefits should be realized.

• Ensure that the fuel quality issued to the DoD aircraft, trucks, ships, and vehicles is such that no damage is realized to DoD assets.

• By ensuring that all fuel facilities will be standardized throughout the tri-services.

• Decrease the amount of maintenance and repair required on the fuel facility system.

Unification Issues:

There are a few items that are either Navy, Air Force or Army specific. The list below summarizes these items, along with the justification for it to be Service Specific:

• The Navy requires the use of a fusible link butterfly valve at the inlet to truck fillstand and on supply and return risers at aircraft direct fueling stations. The Navy’s position for fusible link valves is primarily because JP-5, which is primarily used by the Navy, does not have the static dissipater additive (SDA), so it is more likely to spark during transport thru pipelines and equipment than any other fuel. (Refer to paragraph 2-

3.14.3). The fusible link will shut if there is a fire or other high-temperature event. Also, the Navy’s aircraft direct fueling stations are designed to hot refuel aircraft, so the fusible link will also protect the aircraft if there is a high-temperature event between the tank and the fusible link.

• The Air Force allows the use of internally coated filter-separators and piping from the filter-separators to the skin of the aircraft. Since it is Air Force policy to always filter the fuel at the skin of the aircraft, any paint and carbon particles in the fuel will be filtered before entering the aircraft.

The Navy does not filter at the skin of the aircraft, therefore the filter-separator must be either aluminum or stainless steel, and the piping from the filter-separator to the aircraft is to be stainless steel. In addition, for Navy systems, the return line is also to be stainless steel if there is any possibility for recirculating the fuel without going thru two filtrations.

• This UFC references Service-Specific documents, which the tri-service fuel community does not oversee. Also, each service has its own requirements for fuel quality and operations.

This Page Intentionally Left Blank i

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1-1 PURPOSE AND SCOPE

1-2 APPLICABILITY

1-3 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE (DoD) FUELS DISCIPLINE

WORKING GROUP (FDWG)

1-4 SERVICE HEADQUARTERS SUBJECT MATTER EXPERTS

(SME)

1-4.1 Service Provider Subject Matter Expert (SME) 1-4.2 Service Control Point (SCP)

1-5 WAIVERS AND EXEMPTIONS

1-6 POLICY

1-7 GENERAL BUILDING REQUIREMENTS

1-8 CYBERSECURITY

1-9 REFERENCED STANDARDS

1-10 GLOSSARY

1-11 REFERENCES

1-12 PROJECTS OUTSIDE OF THE UNITED STATES and its territories 1-12.1 NATO Standards 1-12.2 Non-NATO Projects

1-13 DOCUMENT HIERARCHY

CHAPTER 2 GENERAL DESIGN INFORMATION

2-1 OPERATIONAL CAPABILITIES

2-2 FUEL SPECIFICATIONS

2-3 FUEL PROPERTIES AND ADDITIVES

2-3.1 Motor Gasoline (Mogas) [F-46] [ASTM D4814] 2-3.2 Aviation Gasoline (Avgas) [F-18] [ASTM D910] 2-3.3 Aviation Turbine Fuels 2-3.4 Kerosene [ASTM D3699] 2-3.5 Diesel Fuels 2-3.6 Burner Fuel Oils 2-3.7 Alternative Fuel (E85) [ASTM D5798] 2-3.8 Alternative Fuel Bio-Diesel (B20) 2-3.9 Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) 2-3.10 Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) 2-3.11 OTTO Fuels 2-3.12 Lubricating Oils 2-3.13 Hydrazine - Water (H-70) [MIL-PRF-26536] 2-3.14 Fuel Additives

2-4 PRODUCT SEGREGATION

2-4.1 Product Grades ii

2-4.2 Exceptions

2-5 TRANSFER FLOW RATES

2-6 PHYSICAL SECURITY

2-6.1 Antiterrorism and Physical Security 2-6.2 Security Fencing

2-7 MAINTAINABILITY CAPABILITIES

2-8 VOICE COMMUNICATIONS

2-9 OTHER COMMUNICATIONS

2-9.1 Data Communications 2-9.2 Fire Alarm Communication

2-10 WORKER SAFETY

2-10.1 Emergency Showers and Eyewash Stations

2-11 ELECTRICAL DESIGN

2-11.1 Area Classifications 2-11.2 Illumination 2-11.3 Grounding and Bonding***

2-12 CATHODIC PROTECTION

2-12.1 Tanks 2-12.2 Piping 2-12.3 Structures 2-12.4 Test Stations

2-13 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

2-13.1 General Policy 2-13.2 Regulations and Guidelines 2-13.3 Transfer of Fuel at Ports 2-13.4 Air Quality Control 2-13.5 Water Quality Control 2-13.6 Aboveground Storage Tanks 2-13.7 Underground Storage Tanks

2-14 FIRE PROTECTION

2-14.1 General Requirements 2-14.2 Fire Protection of Aboveground Storage Tanks 2-14.3 Fire Protection of Underground Vertical Storage Tanks 2-14.4 Fire Protection of Pumping Facilities 2-14.5 Fire Protection of Filtration Facilities 2-14.6 Fire Protection of Tank Truck and Tank Car Facilities 2-14.7 Fire Protection of Aircraft Parking and Fueling Facilities 2-14.8 Fire Protection of Refueler Vehicle Facilities 2-14.9 Fire Protection of Fuel Testing Laboratory 2-14.10 Fire Protection of Support Facilities 2-14.11 Fire Protection of Fuel Piers

2-15 EMERGENCY SHUT-DOWN

2-16 ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION HAZARDS

2-17 IDENTIFICATION

2-18 ANTISTATIC DESIGN

2-18.1 Piping Inlet Connections 2-18.2 Enclosed Vapor Spaces iii

2-18.3 Filter-Separators 2-18.4 Aircraft Direct Fueling Stations 2-18.5 Truck Bottom Loading

2-19 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE DOCUMENTATION

2-19.1 Operation and Maintenance Documentation for System

Components 2-19.2 Operation and Maintenance Support Information (OMSI)

2-20 PROTECTION AGAINST SEISMIC ACTIVITY

2-21 STRUCTURAL DESIGN

2-22 CANOPIES

2-22.1 Canopies to Protect Fixed Assets from Extreme Weather

Conditions 2-22.2 Extreme Weather Condition for Canopies 2-22.3 Canopies to Reduce Stormwater 2-22.4 Canopies to Reduce Temperature 2-22.5 General Canopy Construction

2-23 CONCRETE

2-24 AIRFIELD/AIRSPACE REQUIREMENTS

2-25 PERMITS

CHAPTER 3 BULK FUEL STORAGE FACILITIES

3-1 INTRODUCTION

3-2 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

3-2.1 Custody Transfer

3-3 RECEIVING FACILITIES

3-3.1 Pipeline Receiving Facilities 3-3.2 Marine Off-loading Facilities

3-4 DISPENSING FACILITIES

3-4.1 Pipeline Pumping Facilities 3-4.2 Tank Truck and Tank Car Loading Facilities 3-4.3 Marine Loading Facilities

3-5 PIPING SYSTEMS

3-5.1 Product Segregation

3-6 DESCRIPTION OF SYSTEM COMPONENTS

3-7 CONTROLS

3-7.1 Control System Philosophy 3-7.2 Exceptions 3-7.3 Design Requirements 3-7.4 Flow Controls 3-7.5 Pump Controls

3-8 PRODUCT RECOVERY SYSTEMS

3-9 FUEL ADDITIVES

CHAPTER 4 AIRCRAFT FUELING FACILITIES

4-1 INTRODUCTION

iv

4-1.1 Function 4-1.2 Aviation Turbine Fuels 4-1.3 Special Precautions for Aviation Turbine Fuel Quality

4-2 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

4-3 RECEIVING FACILITIES

4-3.1 Pipeline Receiving Facilities 4-3.2 Tank Truck and Tank Car Off-Loading Facilities 4-3.3 Marine Off-Loading Facilities 4-3.4 Special In-Bound Filtration

4-4 DISPENSING FACILITIES

4-4.1 Refueler Truck Fillstands 4-4.2 Aircraft Direct Fueling Systems 4-4.3 Marine Loading Facilities

4-5 PIPING SYSTEMS

4-5.1 Product Segregation 4-5.2 Pigging

4-6 DESCRIPTION OF SYSTEM COMPONENTS

4-7 CONTROLS

4-7.1 Control System Philosophy 4-7.2 Exceptions 4-7.3 Design Requirements 4-7.4 Flow Controls 4-7.5 Pump Controls

4-8 FUEL ADDITIVES

4-9 DEFUELING AND RETURN-TO-BULK (RTB) SYSTEMS

4-9.1 General Criteria 4-9.2 JP-5 Systems 4-9.3 JP-8 Systems

4-10 PRODUCT RECOVERY SYSTEMS

4-10.1 Tank Trucks and Fuel Bowsers 4-10.2 Return to Bulk

CHAPTER 5 MARINE RECEIVING AND DISPENSING FACILITIES

5-1 FUNCTION

5-2 FUEL PIERS AND WHARVES

5-3 BERTHING PIERS

5-4 OFFSHORE MOORINGS

5-5 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

5-6 GENERAL LAYOUT

5-7 PIPING SYSTEMS

5-7.1 Piping Arrangement

5-8 DESCRIPTION OF SYSTEM COMPONENTS

5-8.1 Grounding Systems 5-8.2 Special Considerations for Aviation Turbine Fuels

5-9 CONTROLS

5-9.1 Control System Philosophy v

5-9.2 Exceptions

5-10 PRODUCT RECOVERY SYSTEMS

5-11 WEATHER SHEDS

5-12 CANOPIES

5-13 SPECIAL CALCULATIONS

5-14 EMERGENCY SHOWERS AND EYEWASH STATIONS

5-15 TRAFFIC BOLLARDS

5-16 SPECIAL DRAINAGE FOR FUELING PIERS

5-17 BALLAST TREATMENT AND SLUDGE REMOVAL

5-17.1 Ballast Receiving and Treatment Facilities

5-18 SLUDGE REMOVAL SYSTEMS

5-18.1 Design Requirements 5-18.2 Sludge Disposal 5-18.3 Piping Materials

CHAPTER 6 INTERTERMINAL AND INSTALLATION PIPELINES

6-1 INTRODUCTION

6-2 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

6-3 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

6-3.1 Fuel Segregation 6-3.2 Applicable Regulations 6-3.3 Sampling 6-3.4 Pigging 6-3.5 Surge Suppression 6-3.6 Filtration

6-4 PIPING SYSTEMS

6-5 DESCRIPTION OF SYSTEM COMPONENTS

6-6 CONTROLS

6-6.1 Control System Philosophy 6-6.2 Exceptions

6-7 PRODUCT RECOVERY SYSTEMS

6-8 SPECIAL CALCULATIONS

CHAPTER 7 GROUND PRODUCTS FUELING FACILITIES

7-1 INTRODUCTION

7-1.1 Types of Facilities

7-2 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

7-3 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

7-3.1 Fuel Segregation 7-3.2 Facility Size 7-3.3 Facility Configurations 7-3.4 Bulk Operations 7-3.5 Shelters 7-3.6 Concrete Fueling Area – Filling Stations 7-3.7 Canopies vi

7-3.8 Regulations 7-3.9 Bottom Loading 7-3.10 Truck Offload and Loading Facilities 7-3.11 Tactical Refueler Truck Loading Facilities 7-3.12 Spill Containment

7-4 STORAGE TANKS

7-4.1 Distance from Power Lines

7-5 PIPING SYSTEMS

7-5.1 Piping System – Tactical Refueler Facilities 7-5.2 Aboveground Piping System – Filling Stations 7-5.3 Underground Piping System – Filling Stations

7-6 CONTROLS

7-6.1 Control System Philosophy 7-6.2 Exceptions 7-6.3 Card and Key Locks

7-7 DESCRIPTION OF SYSTEM COMPONENTS

7-8 VAPOR RECOVERY

CHAPTER 8 ATMOSPHERIC STORAGE TANKS

8-1 INTRODUCTION

8-2 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

8-3 GENERAL CRITERIA

8-3.1 Materials 8-3.2 Protection 8-3.3 Design Requirements 8-3.4 Storage Capacity 8-3.5 Tank Spacing 8-3.6 Distance from Buildings and Property Lines 8-3.7 Distance from Roadway, Railroads and Power Lines 8-3.8 Distance from Tank Truck and Tank Car Off-Loading and/or

Loading Facilities 8-3.9 Interior Coatings 8-3.10 Exterior Coatings 8-3.11 Fill Piping 8-3.12 Vapor Emission Control Systems 8-3.13 Strapping Tables 8-3.14 Product Recovery Systems 8-3.15 Registration 8-3.16 Nameplates

8-4 HORIZONTAL ABOVEGROUND TANKS (SINGLE WALL

STEEL)

8-4.1 General Design Considerations 8-4.2 Tank Design Requirements

8-5 HORIZONTAL ABOVEGROUND TANKS (DOUBLE WALL

STEEL)

8-5.1 General Design Considerations vii

8-5.2 Tank Design Requirements

8-6 HORIZONTAL ABOVEGROUND TANKS (FIRE-RESISTANT)

8-6.1 General Design Considerations 8-6.2 Tank Design Requirements

8-7 HORIZONTAL ABOVEGROUND TANKS (PROTECTED

TANKS)

8-7.1 General Design Considerations 8-7.2 Tank Design Requirements

8-8 ABOVEGROUND VERTICAL STORAGE TANKS

8-8.1 General Design Considerations 8-8.2 Tank Roofs 8-8.3 Internal Floating Pans 8-8.4 Tank Bottoms 8-8.5 Foundations 8-8.6 Post Installation Inspection

8-9 UNDERGROUND HORIZONTAL STORAGE TANKS

8-9.1 General Design Considerations 8-9.2 Installation

8-10 UNDERGROUND VERTICAL STORAGE TANKS (CUT AND

COVER)

8-10.1 General Design Considerations

8-11 APPURTENANCES

8-12 HEATERS

8-12.1 General Design Considerations 8-12.2 Heating Medium 8-12.3 Convection-Type 8-12.4 In-Line Type 8-12.5 Insulation and Tracing

8-13 UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANK SPILL CONTAINMENT

SYSTEMS

8-13.1 General Design Considerations

8-14 ABOVEGROUND TANK SPILL CONTAINMENT SYSTEMS

8-14.1 General Design Considerations 8-14.2 Spill Containment System Capacity 8-14.3 Remote Containment/Impoundment Spill Collection Systems 8-14.4 Diked Enclosure – Earthen Dike Type 8-14.5 Diked Enclosure – Reinforced Concrete Dike Type 8-14.6 Diked Enclosure – Combination Dike Type 8-14.7 Stormwater Collection Systems 8-14.8 Dike Access

8-15 MISCELLANEOUS USE TANKS

8-15.1 Installation 8-15.2 Heating Oil Tanks 8-15.3 Generator Fuel Tanks 8-15.4 Fire Pump Fuel Tanks 8-15.5 Waste Oil Tanks 8-15.6 Containment viii

8-15.7 Underground Tanks

8-16 SHIPBOARD OFF-LOAD FUEL STORAGE TANKS

8-16.1 Function 8-16.2 General Design Considerations 8-16.3 Locations

8-17 JET ENGINE TEST CELL FUEL STORAGE TANKS

8-18 FUELS AUTOMATED SYSTEM

CHAPTER 9 PIPING SYSTEMS

9-1 INTRODUCTION

9-2 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

9-2.1 Design Requirements 9-2.2 Piping Arrangement 9-2.3 Surge Analysis

9-3 ABOVEGROUND PIPING

9-3.1 Identification 9-3.2 Pipe Supports 9-3.3 Arrangement 9-3.4 Anchors 9-3.5 Thermal Relief Valves

9-4 UNDERGROUND PIPING

9-4.1 Depth of Cover 9-4.2 Parallel and Crossing Pipes 9-4.3 Casing Sleeves 9-4.4 Line Markers 9-4.5 Warning Tapes 9-4.6 Thermal Relief Valves 9-4.7 Double Wall Piping 9-4.8 Single Wall Piping Leak Detection Systems 9-4.9 Double Wall Piping Leak Detection Systems for Ground Vehicle

Fueling Facilities 9-4.10 Double Wall Piping Leak Detection Systems for Non-Ground

Vehicle Fueling Facilities 9-4.11 Service Pits

9-5 UNDERWATER PIPING

9-5.1 Special Arrangements 9-5.2 Connections 9-5.3 Unique Considerations 9-5.4 Corrosion Protection 9-5.5 Depth of Burial 9-5.6 Pipe Thickness and Weight

9-6 PIPING MATERIALS

9-6.1 Non-Aviation Systems 9-6.2 Aviation Systems

9-7 WELDING CRITERIA

9-8 PIPING CONNECTIONS

ix

9-9 INTERIOR PIPE COATINGS

9-10 EXTERIOR PIPE COATINGS

9-11 SAMPLING FACILITIES

CHAPTER 10 ALTERNATE POL FACILITIES

10-1 INTRODUCTION

10-2 LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS (LPG)

10-2.1 Uses 10-2.2 General Design Considerations 10-2.3 Receiving Facilities 10-2.4 Storage Facilities 10-2.5 Distribution Facilities 10-2.6 Air Mixing Facilities

10-3 COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS (CNG)

10-3.1 Uses 10-3.2 General Design Considerations 10-3.3 Warning

10-4 HYDRAZINE STORAGE AND SERVICING FACILITIES

10-4.1 Uses 10-4.2 General Design Considerations 10-4.3 Construction Concepts

10-5 OTTO FUELS

CHAPTER 11 SUPPORT FACILITIES

11-1 INTRODUCTION

11-2 OPERATIONS BUILDING

11-2.1 Design Standards 11-2.2 Fuel Office 11-2.3 Training/Conference Room 11-2.4 Fuel Maintenance Workshop 11-2.5 Storeroom 11-2.6 Laboratory 11-2.7 System Components for Miscellaneous Safety 11-2.8 Control Room 11-2.9 Miscellaneous Spaces 11-2.10 Communications

11-3 ROADS

11-4 UTILITIES

11-5 AIRCRAFT REFUELER AND FUEL DELIVERY VEHICLE

PARKING

11-5.1 General 11-5.2 Clearances 11-5.3 Arrangement 11-5.4 Ingress/Egress 11-5.5 Paving x

11-5.6 Containment Area 11-5.7 Remote Spill Containment System 11-5.8 Fire Protection 11-5.9 Security 11-5.10 Lighting 11-5.11 Block Heater Connections

CHAPTER 12 MAJOR REHABILITATION

12-1 INTRODUCTION

12-2 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

12-3 ABOVEGROUND FUEL STORAGE TANK REHABILITATION

12-3.1 Aboveground Vertical Tank Inspections 12-3.2 Increase Manhole Sizes 12-3.3 Replace Tank Floors 12-3.4 Replace Floating Roof Tanks with Fixed Roofs 12-3.5 Product Recovery Systems 12-3.6 Coatings 12-3.7 Isolation Valves 12-3.8 Alarms and High Level Shut-off Valves

12-4 UNDERGROUND OPERATING TANKS

12-4.1 Manholes 12-4.2 Interior Coatings

12-5 HYDRANT SYSTEMS

12-5.1 Pumps 12-5.2 Filter-Separators 12-5.3 Fuel Quality Monitors 12-5.4 Control Systems 12-5.5 Electrical Systems 12-5.6 Lateral Control Pits 12-5.7 Distribution Piping 12-5.8 Diaphragm Control Valves 12-5.9 Hydrant Control Valve Differential Pressure Control Pilots 12-5.10 Hydrant Outlets

12-6 DIKES, LINERS, AND BASINS

12-7 LEAK DETECTION

12-8 CATHODIC PROTECTION

12-9 ISOLATION VALVES

12-10 SOIL AND GROUNDWATER REMEDIATION

12-11 LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS (LPG) FACILITIES

12-12 PIPELINE INSPECTION

12-12.1 Inspection 12-12.2 In-Line Inspections (Smart Pigging)

12-13 PIPELINE REPAIRS

12-13.1 Pipeline Repair Methods 12-13.2 Pipe Support Upgrades

12-14 CHECKLIST

xi

CHAPTER 13 FUELING FACILITY TEMPORARY DEACTIVATION

13-1 INTRODUCTION

13-2 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

13-3 FUEL STORAGE AND DISTRIBUTION FACILITIES

13-3.1 Tanks 13-3.2 Pipelines

13-4 FACILITIES

13-4.1 General Considerations 13-4.2 Fencing 13-4.3 Paved Surfaces

CHAPTER 14 FUELING FACILITY CLOSURE

14-1 CLOSURE REQUIREMENTS

14-1.1 Aboveground Tanks 14-1.2 Underground Tanks 14-1.3 Pipelines

14-2 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

14-3 INVENTORY

CHAPTER 15 FUEL SYSTEM COMPONENTS

15-1 INTRODUCTION

15-2 BULK AIR ELIMINATORS

15-3 METERS

15-3.1 Custody Transfer versus Non-Custody Transfer Meters 15-3.2 Meters – Positive Displacement 15-3.3 Meters - Turbine 15-3.4 Meters - Orifice

15-4 PRESSURE GAUGES

15-5 STRAINERS

15-6 SURGE SUPPRESSORS

15-7 FILTRATION

15-7.1 Aviation Turbine Fuel Filter-Separators 15-7.2 Micronic Pre-Filters 15-7.3 Haypack Coalescers

15-8 PUMPS

15-8.1 Design Requirements 15-8.2 Centrifugal Pumps 15-8.3 Vertical Turbine Pumps 15-8.4 Jockey Pumps 15-8.5 Rotary Pumps 15-8.6 Drivers 15-8.7 Materials of Construction 15-8.8 Installation

15-9 MANUAL VALVES

xii

15-9.1 Materials of Construction – General Service 15-9.2 Materials of Construction – Aviation Turbine 15-9.3 Isolation Valves Types 15-9.4 Isolation Valve Operators 15-9.5 Isolation Valve Pits

15-10 OTHER VALVES

15-10.1 Check Valves 15-10.2 V-Port Ball Valves 15-10.3 Thermal Relief Valves 15-11 Diaphragm Control Valves 15-11.1 Open/Close Operation 15-11.2 Throttling Operation 15-11.3 Check Valve Function 15-11.4 Remote Operations 15-11.5 Materials of Construction 15-11.6 Applications 15-11.7 Combinations

15-12 FUEL HOSES

15-12.1 Loading Fuel Hoses 15-12.2 Off-Loading Fuel Hoses 15-12.3 Submarine Fuel Hoses

APPENDIX A MANUAL SURGE CALCULATIONS FOR SIMPLE PIPING

SYSTEMS 229

APPENDIX B CHARTER OF DoD FUELS DISCIPLINE WORKING GROUP

(FDWG) 233

APPENDIX C Plates

APPENDIX D GLOSSARY

D-1 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

D-2 DEFINITION OF TERMS

APPENDIX E REFERENCES

xiii

TABLES

Table 2-1. Properties of Aviation Fuels

Table 2-2. Physical Properties of Diesel Fuels

Table 2-3. Physical Properties of Burner Fuel Oils

Table 2-4. Design Flow Rates

Table 2-5. Emergency Shower and Eyewash Station Locations1

Table 2-6. Atmospheric POL Tank Cooling Water

Table 2-7. Pressurized POL Tank Cooling Water

Table 2-8. Design Engineering Weather Data for Canopies

Table 4-1. Aviation Turbine Fuel Receipt Filtration Table (1) (3)

Table 8-1. Appurtenances

Table 9-1. Allowable Pressure Table – ANSI Class 150 Flanged Joints xiv

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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1-1 PURPOSE AND SCOPE

This Unified Facilities Criteria, UFC 3-460-01, contains general criteria and standard procedures for the design and construction of military land-based facilities which receive, store, distribute, or dispense liquid fuels. It is also applicable to the handling of liquefied petroleum gases (LPG) and compressed natural gas (CNG). It provides guidance on the rehabilitation, deactivation, or closure of fueling facilities. Support facilities are also included. Facility Plate 001 provides assistance in identifying UFC chapter numbers for specific fueling components.

These criteria, except Chapters 12, 13, and 14 of this UFC, are intended for new construction only and do not apply retroactively to facilities existing at the time this UFC was issued. However, these criteria, including Chapters 12, 13, and 14, are applicable when modernizing or expanding existing facilities if the improvements can be justified in terms of obsolescence, expanded operational requirements, safety, environmental compliance, or excessive maintenance costs.

1-2 APPLICABILITY

The guidance contained in this UFC is intended for use by facility planners, engineers, and architects for individual project planning and for preparing engineering and construction documentation for all real property facilities used for storing, distributing, and dispensing fuels for reciprocating and jet engine aircraft, automotive fuels, lubricating oils, and alternate fuels. In addition, it is intended for use by operations and maintenance personnel as a guidance document for facility design, modifications, and improvements.

1-3 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE (DOD) FUELS DISCIPLINE WORKING

GROUP (FDWG)

This UFC was updated by the DoD Fuels Discipline Working Group (FDWG). The DoD FDWG consists of recognized POL experts, primarily from the engineering community, to establish the criteria for the DoD community on ways to provide safe, operationally effective, and economic DoD fuel facilities systems to meet the mission requirements.

The FDWG will examine, develop, recommend, and provide design features for the standardization of facilities, system components, and equipment, and procedures used in fuel handling systems for storage, distribution, maintenance and dispensing of aircraft, marine, and ground fuels. The FDWG will evaluate facility component parts on DoD installations and will serve as a pool of expertise to assist in resolving systemic fuel handling facility problems. FDWG meetings will also serve as a forum to update members on new system components, and equipment, DoD or service-specific programs, and changes affecting the fuels maintenance, repair and construction community. Refer to Appendix B, Charter for DoD Fuels Discipline Working Group for more information.

1-4 SERVICE HEADQUARTERS SUBJECT MATTER EXPERTS (SME)

It is recognized that the policies, obligations, and responsibilities of the military branches may vary on some minor points. Therefore, consult the Subject Matter Expert at the appropriate Service Headquarters for interpretation. For the purposes of interpretation of this UFC, the Subject Matter Expert at the appropriate Service Headquarters is defined as follows:

a) Army – Headquarters, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, POL Facilities Proponent (CECW-EC)

b) Air Force – The Air Force Fuels Facilities Subject Matter Expert (AFCEC/COS) or officially designated alternate

c) Navy/Marine Corps – NAVFAC POL Facility Subject Matter Expert

(NAVFAC EXWC, CI11)

1-4.1 Service Provider Subject Matter Expert (SME)

DLA Installation Support for Energy (DLA DS-FEI) is the Executive Agent as defined in

DOD 4140.25M.

1-4.2 Service Control Point (SCP)

For the purposes of interpretation of this UFC, the Service Control Point is defined as follows:

a) Army – Army Petroleum Center

b) Air Force – Air Force Petroleum Office

c) Navy/Marine Corps – Naval Supply Systems Command - Energy

1-5 WAIVERS AND EXEMPTIONS

For specific interpretations, waivers or exemption, contact the appropriate Service Headquarters Subject Matter Experts (SME) and refer to MIL-STD-3007 for the waiver process.

Recommended UFC language generated from recurring waivers and exemptions will be considered by the DoD Fuel Facilities Engineering Panel with supporting rationale for inclusion on FDWG voting agendas. Recommended changes to this UFC are then reviewed/approved by the voting members of the DoD Fuels Facilities Discipline Working Group, preferably in a normal recurring meeting.

1-6 POLICY

Design petroleum fuel facilities to meet the operational and management requirements of the Command in which the facility is located, as well as to meet all applicable federal, state, and local regulations concerning environmental, health, safety, and fire protection issues.

1-7 GENERAL BUILDING REQUIREMENTS

Comply with UFC 1-200-01, DoD Building Code (General Building Requirements). UFC 1- 200-01 provides applicability of model building codes and government unique criteria for typical design disciplines and building systems, as well as for accessibility, antiterrorism, security, high performance and sustainability requirements, and safety. Use this UFC in addition to UFC 1-200-01 and the UFC and government criteria referenced therein.

1-8 CYBERSECURITY

All control systems (including systems separate from an energy management control system) must be planned, designed, acquired, executed, and maintained in accordance with UFC 4-010-06, and as required by individual Service Implementation Policy.

1-9 REFERENCED STANDARDS

The execution agency issuing a contract for design and/or construction services will direct the use of standard designs, guide specifications, and/or definitive drawings. In other situations, where these standards are not readily available, contact appropriate Service Headquarters for assistance in obtaining these documents.

1-10 GLOSSARY

Appendix D contains acronyms, abbreviations, and definition of terms.

1-11 REFERENCES

Appendix E contains a list of other criteria and references used in this document. The publication date of the code or standard is not included in this document. Unless otherwise specified, the most recent edition of the referenced publication applies.

1-12 PROJECTS OUTSIDE OF THE UNITED STATES AND ITS

TERRITORIES

1-12.1 NATO Standards

For fueling projects located outside of the United States and its territories, and in a NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) country, review and comply with all appropriate host-nation regulations, NATO documents such as STANAG 3784, and this

UFC.

1-12.2 Non-NATO Projects

For fueling projects located outside of the United States and its territories, and not in a NATO country, use host-nation standards (if more stringent), this UFC, and applicable Service policy.

1-13 DOCUMENT HIERARCHY

For the design of all DoD fueling projects, modify the UFGS and standard design drawings to meet the specific needs of the project. The document hierarchy in order of decreasing precedence is as follows:

a) Unified Facility Criteria (UFC)

b) Unified Facilities Guide Specification (UFGS)

c) DoD Standards

The UFCs, UFGSs, and DoD Standards must be site-adapted for each specific fueling facility.

CHAPTER 2 GENERAL DESIGN INFORMATION

2-1 OPERATIONAL CAPABILITIES

Design fuel facilities for continued operation using emergency or temporary expedients despite the loss of one or more components of the fuel receiving and/or dispensing system by enemy action or other factors. For tactical or mission-related fuel facilities, provide an alternative source of fuel supply to the fuel facility to ensure emergency operation under the most adverse conditions, including back up power (emergency generators). Maintain consistency with prescribed criteria in appropriate directives, instructions, and standard designs (including NATO Standards).

2-2 FUEL SPECIFICATIONS

The following specifications apply to the various petroleum fuels that may be addressed:

a) MIL-DTL-5624, Turbine Fuel, Aviation, Grades JP-4 and JP-5.

b) MIL-DTL-38219, Turbine Fuel, Low Volatility, JP-7.

c) MIL-DTL-83133, Turbine Fuel, Aviation, Kerosene Type, JP-8 (NATO F-34 and NATO F-35).

d) AFLP-3747 Guide Specifications (Minimum Quality Standards) for Aviation

Turbine Fuels (F-24, F-27, F-34, F-35, F-37, F-40 and F-44).

e) MIL-DTL-25524, Turbine Fuel, Aviation, Thermally Stable (JPTS).

f) ASTM D1655, Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels.

g) CID A-A-52557, Fuel Oil, Diesel; for Posts, Camps and Stations.

h) CID A-A-59693, Diesel Fuel, Biodiesel Blend (B20).

i) MIL-DTL-16884, Fuel, Naval Distillate.

j) ASTM D3699, Standard Specification for Kerosene.

k) ASTM D4814, Standard Specification for Automotive Spark-Ignition

Engine Fuel.

l) ASTM D910, Standard Specification for Aviation Gasoline (Avgas).

m) ASTM D975, Standard Specification for Diesel Fuel Oils.

n) MIL-DTL-87107, Propellant, High Density Synthetic Hydrocarbon Type, Grade JP-10.

o) ASTM D5798, Standard Specification for Fuel Ethanol (Ed75-Ed85) for

Automotive Spark-Ignition Engines.

p) ASTM D6751, Standard Specification for Biodiesel Fuel Blend Stock

(B100) for Middle Distillate Fuels.

q) ASTM D7467, Standard Specification for Diesel Fuel Oil, Biodiesel Blend

(B6 to B20).

r) ASTM D396, Standard Specification for Fuel Oils.

s) MIL-PRF-26536 Propellant, Hydrazine.

t) MIL-PRF-9000 Lubricating Oil, Shipboard Internal Combustion Engine, High-Output Diesel.

u) MIL-PRF-17331 Lubricating Oil, Steam Turbine & Gear, Moderate

Service.

v) ASTM D1835, Standard Specification for Liquefied Petroleum (LP) Gases.

w) SAE J1616, Standard for Natural Gas Vehicle Fuel.

2-3 FUEL PROPERTIES AND ADDITIVES

In addition to the fuel specifications, refer to Coordinating Research Council, Inc., CRC Report No. 635, Handbook of Aviation Fuel Properties, for additional fuel properties.

The following paragraphs list typical physical properties of various grades of fuel and additives which would affect the design of a petroleum fuel facility. The NATO designation is shown in brackets.

2-3.1 Motor Gasoline (Mogas) [F-46] [ASTM D4814]

2-3.1.1 Physical Properties of Mogas

a) Specific Gravity 0.70 to 0.78

b) Reid Vapor Pressure 0.58 to 15 psia (at 100 degrees F (38 degrees C))

c) Flash Point -31 degrees F (-35 degrees C) to -45 degrees F (-43 degrees

C)

d) Viscosity <1 cSt (at 104 degrees F (40 degrees C))

2-3.1.2 Special Precautions for Mogas

Because of its high volatility, gasoline produces large amounts of vapor at ordinary temperatures. When confined in a tank or container at liquid temperatures above 20 degrees F (-7 degrees C), the vapor space is normally too rich to be explosive. At temperatures 20 degrees F (-7 degrees C) or less, vapor spaces above gasoline may be in the explosive range. One gallon (3.785 L) of liquid gasoline when vaporized will occupy about 25 cubic feet (700 L) of space, and if permitted to escape and become diluted with air, it is highly flammable. Provide a design that precludes disposing of mogas into storm or sanitary sewers.

2-3.2 Aviation Gasoline (Avgas) [F-18] [ASTM D910]

2-3.2.1 Description of Aviation Gasoline

Aviation gasoline is a high-octane aviation fuel used for piston or Wankel engine powered aircraft. It is distinguished from motor gasoline, which is the everyday gasoline used in ground vehicles. In military service, avgas is seldom used in manned aircraft but is commonly used in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs).

The Air Force has a standard design for small avgas fuel systems. Contact the Air Force Fuels Service Headquarters Subject Matter Expert (SME) for more information.

2-3.2.2 Avgas Grades

100LL, spoken as "100 low lead", is the most common grade used in military applications. It is dyed blue and contains a maximum of 2 grams of lead per US gallon (0.56 grams/liter) and is the most commonly available and used aviation gasoline.

Other grades that are theoretically available include Grade 80, Grade 91, Grade 100, and Grade 82UL. The differences between all 80, 91, 100, and 100LL are lead content and color. Grade 82UL is unleaded.

2-3.2.3 Physical Properties of Avgas (100 LL)

a) Specific Gravity 0.68 to 0.74

b) Reid Vapor Pressure 5.5 to 7.0 psia (at 100 degrees F (38 degrees C))

c) Flash Point < -35 degrees F (-37 degrees C)

d) Melting/Freezing Point < -72 degrees F (-58 degrees C)

2-3.2.4 Special Precautions for Avgas

Using the wrong grade of gasoline will cause engine problems. Virtually all grades of avgas available contain tetra-ethyl lead (TEL) as a lead based anti-knock compound.

See mogas for flammability issues.

2-3.3 Aviation Turbine Fuels

2-3.3.1 Physical Properties of Aviation Turbine Fuels

Table 2-1. Properties of Aviation Fuels

Property

Grade Number

[NATO

Code]

Relative Density

Specific Gravity

Reid Vapor Pressure at 100°F(38°C) psia (kPa)

Minimum Flash Point, °F (°C)

Average (kin.)

Viscosity at

100°F (38°C), ft2/s x 10-5 (cSt)

Freezing Point, °F (°C)

JP-4 [F-40] 57° to 45°

API

0.751 to 0.802

2 to 3 (13.8 to 20.7) -20 (-29) 0.9 x 10-5 (0.8) -72 (-58)

JP-5 [F-44] 48° to 36°

API

0.788 to

0.845 0.04 (0.3) 140 (60) 1.6 x 10-5 (1.5) -61 (-52)

JP-8 [F-34] 51° to 37°

API

0.775 to

0.840 0.05 (0.3) 100 (38) 1.9 x 10-5 (1.8) -53 (-47)

JP-10 20° to

18.5° API

0.935 to

0.943 0.11 (0.8) 67 (19) 3.4 x 10-5 (3.2) -110 (-79)

Property

Grade Number

[NATO

Code]

Relative Density

Specific Gravity

Reid Vapor Pressure at 100°F(38°C) psia (kPa)

Minimum Flash Point, °F (°C)

Average (kin.)

Viscosity at

100°F (38°C), ft2/s x 10-5 (cSt)

Freezing Point, °F (°C)

JPTS 53° to 46°

API

0.767 to

0.797 0.11 (0.8) 110 (43) 1.3 x 10-5 (1.2) -64 (-53)

Jet A 51° to 37°

API

0.775 to

0.840 0.029 (0.2) 100 (38) 1.6 x 10-5 (1.5) -40 (-40)

Additized Jet A [F-24]

51° to 37°

API

0.775 to

0.840 0.029 (0.2) 100 (38) 1.6 x 10-5 (1.5) -40 (-40)

Jet A-1 [F-35]

51° to 37°

API

0.775 to

0.840 0.05 (0.3) 100 (38) 1.6 x 10-5 (1.5) -53 (-47)

TS-1 51° API 0.708 to

0.838 3.11 (21.44) 82 (28) 0.6 X 10-5 (0.56) -58 (-50)

Hydrazine 9° API 1.007 NA 126 (52) NA NA

2-3.3.2 Special Precautions for Aviation Turbine Fuels

Because of the serious consequences of a turbine engine failure and the nature of the fuel systems in turbine engines, provide designs which include means to prevent contamination of aviation turbine fuels by dirt, water, or other types of fuels. Solid contaminants are generally those which are insoluble in fuel. Most common are iron rust, scale, sand, and dirt. Iron rust contaminates aviation turbine fuel. Special filtration is required for receiving aviation turbine fuel into bulk storage and operating storage to remove contaminants before the fuel is delivered to aircraft. To preserve fuel quality, limit materials in contact with the fuel to stainless steel, non-ferrous, or coated carbon steel for aircraft fueling systems. Do not use zinc, copper, and zinc- or copper-bearing alloys in contact with aviation turbine fuels, including pipe, valves, system components, and accessories. The maximum allowable aircraft servicing use limits of solids and free water are provided in MIL-STD-3004. Provide a design that precludes disposing of aviation turbine fuels into storm or sanitary sewers.

2-3.4 Kerosene [ASTM D3699]

2-3.4.1 Physical Properties of Kerosene

a) Relative density

b) API Gravity 51 degrees to 37 degrees API

c) Specific Gravity 0.775 to 0.840

d) Reid Vapor Pressure 0.5 psia (3.5 kPa) (maximum at 100 degrees F (38 degrees C))

e) Flash Point (minimum) 100 degrees F (38 degrees C)

f) Viscosity at 104 degrees F (40 degrees C) 1 to 2 x 10-5 ft2/s (0.9 to 1.9 cSt.)

g) Freezing Point -22 degrees F (-30 degrees C) (maximum)

2-3.4.2 Special Precautions for Kerosene

Design separate systems for kerosene to avoid discoloration caused by contamination.

Provide a design that precludes disposing of kerosene into storm or sanitary sewers.

2-3.5 Diesel Fuels

2-3.5.1 Sulfur Content of Diesel Fuels

Diesel fuel that is available for motive fuel in the United States is Low Sulfur Diesel (LSD) which has a maximum sulfur content of 500 ppm and Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD) which has a maximum sulfur content of 15 ppm, both meeting ASTM D975.

Since ULSD has a sulfur content much less than LSD, very small concentrations of LSD will contaminate ULSD and mandate downgrading it to LSD. Take precautions when designing systems to ensure that cross contamination is prevented.

2-3.5.2 Physical Properties of Diesel Fuels

Table 2-2. Physical Properties of Diesel Fuels

Automotive DF-2 [F-54]

Diesel Fuel Marine [F-76]

Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel [ASTM D975]

(a) Relative Density API Gravity, °API (Specific Gravity)

40 to 34 (0.825 to 0.855)

39 to 33 (0.830 to 0.860)

30 (0.876)

(b) Reid Vapor Pressure at 100 °F (38 °C), psia (kPa)

0 (0) 0 (0)

0 (0)

(c) Flash Point, °F (°C) 131 (55) 140 (60) 150 (66)

(d) Viscosity at 104°F

(40°C) ft2/s (cSt)

2.0 to 4.4 x 10-5

(1.9 to 4.1)

1.8 to 4.6 x 10-5

(1.7 to 4.3)

2.7 x 10-5 (2.5)

(e) Pour Point, °F (°C) 10 (-12) 20 (-7) 0 (-18) Notes: (1) JP-8 is currently used as arctic grade diesel fuel (DFA) in the Arctic and Antarctic for heating fuel. The gross heating value of JP-8 is 18,400 Btu/lb (42 800 kJ/kg).

(2) DF-1, winter grade diesel fuel, has a flash point of 100 degrees F (38 degrees C) and a viscosity of 1.4 to 2.6 x 10-5 ft2/s (1.3 to 2.4 cSt) at 104 degrees F (40 degrees C).

2-3.5.3 Special Precautions for Low Sulfur Diesel Fuels

While not as critical as with aviation turbine fuels, diesel fuel systems are subject to damage by dirt and water in the fuel. Avoid contamination by dirt and water or dilution by lighter fuels. In cold climates, provide designs that will prevent “gelling.” Provide a design that precludes disposing of diesel fuels into storm or sanitary sewers.

2-3.5.4 Special Precautions for Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel

With the reduction in sulfur content comes a reduction in overall lubricity and conductivity of the fuel. A lower lubricity level can cause premature wear and damage to metal parts in typical compression ignition engines. Lubricity additives are added in accordance with ASTM D975 . Lower conductivity can cause a potential for an increased risk in fire or explosion caused by static electricity. Even though a conductivity additive is added it is recommended that flow rates are limited and bonding and grounding of system components be utilized to minimize static electricity during loading operations.

2-3.6 Burner Fuel Oils

2-3.6.1 Physical Properties of Burner Fuel Oils

Table 2-3. Physical Properties of Burner Fuel Oils

Grade Number 1 2 4 5 Light 5 Heavy 6 Relative Density °API 48 to 36 40 to 28 30 to 15 22 to 14 23 to 8 22 to 7

Specific Gravity 0.786 to 0.843

0.825 to 0.877

0.876 to 0.966

0.922 to 0.972

0.913 to 1.017

0.922 to 1.022

Reid Vapor Pressure at 100°F (38°C), psia (kPa)

< 0.1 (< 0.7)

< 0.1 (< 0.7)

< 0.1 (< 0.7)

< 0.1 (< 0.7)

< 0.1 (< 0.7)

< 0.1 (< 0.7)

Minimum Flash Point, °F (°C) 100 (38) 100 (38) 130 (54) 130 (54) 130 (54) 150 (66)

Average viscosity at 100°F (38°C), ft2/s x 10-5(cSt)

1.5 to 2.4 (1.4 to 2.2)

2 to 3.3 (1.9 to 3.1)

11.3 to 70 (10.5 to

65)

70 to 215 (65 to 200)

323 to 969 (300 to

900)

208 to 807 (193 to

750) Pour Point, °F (°C) -10 (-23) -5 (-21) 21 (-6) 20 to 30

(-7 to -1) 20 to 30 (-7 to -1)

30 to 70 (-1 to 21)

Gross Heat Value, Btu/lb (kJ/kg)

19,765 (45 973)

19,460 (45 264)

18,840 (43 820)

18,560 (43 171)

18,825 (43 787)

18,200 (42 333)

2-3.6.2 Special Precautions for Burner Fuel Oils

When the ambient temperature of the burner fuel oil is less than 20 degrees F (11 degrees C) above the pour point temperature, the burner fuel oil needs to be heated. At the burner fuel oil’s pour point temperature, the fuel oil has reached a gel-like state and would be difficult to pump. In nearly all cases, No. 6 fuel oil requires heating to be pumped. In some cases, No. 4 and No. 5 burner fuel oils will require heating. Provide a design that precludes disposing of burner fuel oils into storm or sanitary sewers.

2-3.7 Alternative Fuel (E85) [ASTM D5798]

2-3.7.1 Physical Properties of E85

a) Specific Gravity 0.760 to 0.780

b) Reid Vapor Pressure 6-12 psia (42 to 83 kPa)

c) Flash Point (minimum) -20 degrees F (-30 degrees C)

d) Viscosity is 6.1x10-6 to 3.4x10-5 ft2/s (0.57 to 3.19 cSt)

e) Pour Point -212 degrees F (-100 degrees C)

2-3.7.2 Special Precautions for E85

Due to the corrosiveness of E85, many common materials used with gasoline systems are not compatible with the handling and storage of alcohols (E85, or ethanol, is 85 percent ethyl alcohol). Zinc, brass, lead, aluminum, and lead based solder are several metals that become degraded by ethanol exposure. Other metals, including unplated carbon steel, stainless steel, black iron and bronze seem to have acceptable resistance to ethanol corrosion. Certain nonmetallic materials that have been successfully used with ethanol include: Buna-N, Neoprene rubber, polyethylene, nylon, polypropylene, nitrile, Viton, and Teflon. Common nonmetallic materials degraded by ethanol are natural rubber, polyurethane, cork gasket material, leather, polyester-bonded fiberglass laminate, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyamides, and methyl-methacrylate plastics.

Proper cleaning of existing tanks that are being converted for E85 storage is required, because E85’s solvent properties loosen tank deposits. In ethanol dispensing a one-micron in-line filter is recommended for impurity/particle removal. The shelf life of E85 is approximately 60-90 days in some cases. At normal temperatures E85 is less explosive than gasoline, but E85 is more explosive at lower temperatures. Ethanol vapors have similar behavior to gasoline, but a lower vapor pressure. E85 is an electrical conductor and is potentially carcinogenic. Provide a design that precludes disposing of E85 into storm or sanitary sewers.

2-3.8 Alternative Fuel Bio-Diesel (B20)

2-3.8.1 Physical Properties of Bio-Diesel

Biodiesel fuel B20 is a blend of petroleum diesel fuel meeting ASTM D975 and 100 percent (neat) biodiesel fuel meeting either ASTM D6751 or EN 14214, where the biodiesel content of the blended fuel is no more than 20 percent biodiesel by volume (B20). Biodiesel has physical properties very similar to conventional diesel.

a) Specific Gravity 0.870 to 0.890

b) Reid Vapor Pressure 0.0 psia (0.0 kPa) (maximum at 100 degrees F (38 degrees C))

c) Flash Point (minimum) 100 degrees F (38 degrees C) for D1, 126 degrees

F (52 degrees C)

d) Viscosity at 104 degrees F (40 degrees C) 1.2 to 4.4 x 10-5 ft2/s (1.3 to

4.1 cSt.)

e) Pour Point 10 degrees F (-12 degrees C)

2-3.8.2 Special Precautions for Bio-Diesel

In dispensing Bio-Diesel, it is recommended that a 30-micron and a 10-micron in-line filter be used, in succession, as a primary and secondary means for impurity/particle removal. Bio-Diesel (B100) has good solvent qualities and will remove deposits from fuel systems. As a result, it may require more filter changes initially. One of the most commonly used blends of Bio-Diesel is B20. B20 has not been approved for use in combat or tactical vehicles or equipment. The usage of bio-diesel in other engines/vehicles has been reviewed by vehicle manufacturers and copies can be obtained at http://www.biodiesel.org/. B20 should be used within six months of manufacturer, because of the fuels shelf life. Users should be aware that a B20 blend will have increased viscosity requirements. Provide a design that precludes disposing of bio-diesel fuels into storm or sanitary sewers.

2-3.9 Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)

2-3.9.1 Physical Properties of LPG

LPG is composed predominantly of propane and propylene with minor amounts of butane, isobutane, and butylene. It is odorless, colorless, and non-toxic. To reduce the danger of an explosion from undetected leaks, commercial LPG usually contains an odorizing agent which gives it a distinctive pungent odor. LPG is a vapor at atmospheric conditions. It is normally stored as a liquid at a storage pressure of 200 psia (1400 kPa). LPG has the following properties:

a) Freezing Point, degrees F (degrees C) -305 (-187)

b) Relative Density (Specific Gravity) 147 degrees API (0.588)

c) Vapor Pressure at 100 degrees F (38 degrees C), 175.8 (1212) psi (kPa)

d) Heat Content, Btu/lb (kJ/kg) 21,591 (50 221)

2-3.9.2 Special Precautions for LPG

a) Store LPG under pressure in appropriate pressure-rated tanks.

b) The potential for fire and explosion presents extreme hazards to life and property. Provide adequate relief venting and additional fire protection in accordance with NFPA 58.

c) Provide tank spacing in accordance with the requirements of Chapter 10 of this UFC.

2-3.10 Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)

2-3.10.1 Physical Properties of CNG

Appendix A to NFPA 52, Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) Vehicular Fuel Systems, defines certain CNG properties. Natural gas is a flammable gas. It is colorless, tasteless, and non-toxic. It is a light gas, weighing about two thirds as much as air. It http://www.biodiesel.org/ tends to rise and diffuse rapidly in air when it escapes from the system. Natural gas burns in air with a luminous flame. At atmospheric pressure, the ignition temperature of natural gas mixtures has been reported to be as low as 900 degrees F (482 degrees C).

The flammable limits of natural gas-air mixtures at atmospheric pressure are about 5 percent to 15 percent by volume of natural gas. While natural gas consists principally of methane, it also contains ethane, small amounts of propane, butane, and higher Hydrocarbons and may contain small amounts of nitrogen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and helium which will vary from zero to a few percent depending upon the source and seasonal effects. As distributed in the United States and Canada, natural gas also contains water vapor. This “pipeline quality” gas can contain 7 pounds or more of water per million cubic feet of gas (112 kg/106 m3). Some constituents of natural gas, especially carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide in the presence of liquid water, can be corrosive to carbon steel, and the corrosive effect is increased by pressure. The pressures used in CNG systems covered by NFPA 52 are substantial and well above those used in transmission and distribution piping and in other natural gas consuming equipment. As excessive corrosion can lead to sudden explosive rupture of a container, this hazard must be controlled. Pressures in CNG fueling stations are typically less than 5,000 psi (35 000 kPa).

2-3.10.2 Special Precautions for CNG

a) Provide venting for safety relief in areas where CNG is to be stored.

(1) CNG is a highly flammable substance. Therefore, in design of facilities, use the following precautions to prevent fires from becoming uncontrollable:

(2) Do not directly extinguish fires with water.

(3) Do not extinguish large fires.

(4) Allow large fires to burn while cooling adjacent equipment with water spray.

(5) Shut-off CNG source, if possible.

(6) Extinguish small fires with dry chemicals.

b) CNG is non-toxic but can cause anoxia (asphyxiation) when it displaces the normal 21 percent oxygen in a confined area without adequate ventilation.

c) Because of corrosion problems, water in Department of Transportation (DOT) certified tanks is limited to 0.5 pounds per million cubic feet (8 kg/10 6 m3).

2-3.11 OTTO Fuels

Information on OTTO fuels is contained in NAVSEA S6340-AA-MMA-010, Technical Manual for OTTO Fuel II Safety, Storage, and Handling Instructions, published by direction of Commander, Naval Sea Systems Command. Distribution of this document is restricted and Naval Sea Systems Command handles requests for information.

2-3.12 Lubricating Oils

2-3.12.1 Steam Turbine Lubricating Oils [0-250] [MIL-PRF-17331]

a) For use in main turbines and gears, auxiliary turbine installations, certain hydraulic equipment, general mechanical lubrication, and air compressors.

b) Physical Properties:

(1) Flash Point: 400 degrees F (204 degrees C) minimum.

(2) Pour Point: 20 degrees F (-6 degrees C) maximum.

(3) Viscosity at 104 degrees F (40 degrees C), 80 to 104 x 10-5 ft2/s

(74 to 97 x 10-6 m2/s).

2-3.12.2 Lubricating Oils [0-278], [MIL-PRF-9000]

For use in advanced design high-output shipboard main propulsion and auxiliary diesel engines using fuel conforming to MIL-DTL-16884.

2-3.12.3 Special Precautions for Lubricating Oils

To pump the oil when the ambient temperature of the lubricating oil is less than 20 degrees F (11 degrees C) above the pour point temperature, heat the lubricating oil. At the pour point temperature, the oil becomes gel-like and is difficult to pump.