SOL-520-13-000006_-_Amendment_1.pdf

SOLICITATION, OFFER AND AWARD 1. THIS CONTRACT IS A RATED ORDER

UNDER DPAS (15 CFR 7900)

RATING PAGE OF PAGES

2. CONTRACT NUMBER 3. SOLICITATION NUMBER 4. TYPE OF SOLICITATION 5. DATE ISSUED 6. REQUISITION/PURCHASE NUMBER

CODE7. ISSUED BY 8. ADDRESS OFFER TO (If other than item 7)

NOTE: In sealed bid solicitations "offer" and "offeror" mean "bid" and "bidder".

SOLICITATION

9. Sealed offers in original and copies for furnishings the supplies or services in the Schedule will be received at the place specified in item 8, or if hand carried, in the depository located in until local time

CAUTION - LATE Submissions, Modifications, and Withdrawals: See Section L, Provision No. 52.214-7 or 52.215-1. All offers are subject to all terms and conditions contained in this solicitation.

10. FOR

INFORMATION

CALL:

A. NAME B. TELEPHONE (NO COLLECT CALLS)

AREA CODE NUMBER EXT.

C. E-MAIL ADDRESS

11. TABLE OF CONTENTS

(X) SEC. DESCRIPTION PAGE(S) (X) SEC. PAGE(S)DESCRIPTION

A B C D E F G H

I

J

K

L

M EVALUATION FACTORS FOR AWARD

INSTRS., CONDS., AND NOTICES TO OFFERORS

REPRESENTATIONS, CERTIFICATIONS AND OTHER

STATEMENTS OF OFFERORS

PART IV - REPRESENTATIONS AND INSTRUCTIONS

LIST OF ATTACHMENTS

PART III - LIST OF DOCUMENTS, EXHIBITS AND OTHER ATTACH.

CONTRACT CLAUSESSOLICITATION/CONTRACT FORM

SUPPLIES OR SERVICES AND PRICES/COSTS

DESCRIPTION/SPECS./WORK STATEMENT

PACKAGING AND MARKING

INSPECTION AND ACCEPTANCE

DELIVERIES OR PERFORMANCE

CONTRACT ADMINISTRATION DATA

SPECIAL CONTRACT REQUIREMENTS

NOTE: Item 12 does not apply if the solicitation includes the provisions at 52.214-16, Minimum Bid Acceptance Period.

OFFER (Must be fully completed by offeror)

12. In compliance with the above, the undersigned agrees, if this offer is accepted within calendar days (60 calendar days unless a different period is inserted by the offeror) from the date for receipt of offers specified above, to furnish any or all items upon which prices are offered at the set opposite each item, delivered at the designated point(s), within the time specified in the schedule.

13. DISCOUNT FOR PROMPT PAYMENT

(See Section I, Clause No. 52.232-8)

14. ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF AMENDMENTS

(The offeror acknowledges receipt of amendments to the SOLICITATION for offerors and related documents numbered and dated):

10 CALENDAR DAYS (%) 20 CALENDAR DAYS (%) 30 CALENDAR DAYS (%) CALENDAR DAYS(%)

DATEAMENDMENT NO.AMENDMENT NO. DATE

15A. NAME AND

ADDRESS

OF OFFER-

OR

CODE FACILITY 16. NAME AND THE TITLE OF PERSON AUTHORIZED TO SIGN OFFER

(Type or print)

15B. TELEPHONE NUMBER

AREA CODE NUMBER EXT.

15C. CHECK IF REMITTANCE ADDRESS IS

DIFFERENT FROM ABOVE - ENTER SUCH

ADDRESS IN SCHEDULE.

17. SIGNATURE 18. OFFER DATE

AWARD (To be completed by Government)

19. ACCEPTED AS TO ITEMS 20. AMOUNT 21. ACCOUNTING AND APPROPRIATION

22. AUTHORITY FOR USING OTHER THAN FULL OPEN COMPETITION:

10 U.S.C. 2304 (c) 41 U.S.C. 253 (c)

24. ADMINISTERED BY (If other than Item 7)

26. NAME OF CONTRACTING OFFICER (Type or print)

IMPORTANT - Award will be made on this Form, or on Standard Form 26, or by other authorized official written notice.

AUTHORIZED FOR LOCAL REPRODUCTION

Previous edition is unusable

23. SUBMIT INVOICES TO ADDRESS SHOWN IN

(4 copies unless otherwise specified)

25. PAYMENT WILL BE MADE BY

27. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

(Signature of Contracting Officer)

28. AWARD DATE

CODE

ITEM

STANDARD FORM 33 (REV,. 9-97)

Prescribed by GSA - Far (48 CFR) 53.214 (c)

SEALED BID (IFB)

NEGOTIATED (RFP)

(Hour) (Date)

PART I - THE SCHEDULE PART II - CONTRACT CLAUSES

REQ-520-13-000050

ACQUISITION AND ASSISTANCE OFFICE

USAID/GUATEMALA; 3190 GUATEMALA PLACE

WASHINGTON, DC 20521-3190

REGIONAL OFFICE OF ACQUISITION AND ASSISTANCE (ROAA)

USAID/EL SALVADOR

SOL-520-13-000006

INDYRA GONZALEZ localgovernance@usaid.gov

13-17 18-28 29-37 39-46 47-67 68-78

79-117

502 24224000 4134

05/21/2013

119-129

130-149 150-153

SOL-520-13-000006 - AMENDMENT 1 - ATTACHMENT 1

psigui Typewritten Text localgovernance@usaid.gov psigui Typewritten Text psigui Typewritten Text psigui Typewritten Text 2:00pm psigui Typewritten Text 7/15/2013 psigui Typewritten Text psigui Typewritten Text

2-1

A.Construction

Brief Description of the Sector

Nearly all small-scale development activities—housing, sanitation, water sup-ply, healthcare, schools—involve some amount of construction.

Construction includes one or more of several diverse activities: demoli-tion, site-clearing, excavation, pipe laying, equipment installation, structure erection, and soil grading, leveling, and compacting.

Every construction project has its own unique issues, but the activities in gen-eral share many common features and potentially adverse environmental impacts. This chapter covers small-scale projects and is only intended to identi-fy key issues and illustrate potential mitigation measures. Detailed guidelines for the specific type of project should be consulted.

Potential Environmental Impacts

Adverse environmental impacts of construction can be direct and indirect.

Although direct impacts often receive more attention, indirect effects can be equally significant, gradually inducing changes in the environment, population, and use of land by, for example, causing in-migration of a popula-tion to take advantage of new infrastructure or spreading disease from insects breeding in flooded and abandoned quarries and borrow pits. Construction can also have significant effects on public health. Roads—and construction workers themselves—can be pathways for the spread of AIDS and other com-municable diseases.

Direct and indirect impacts of associated or ancillary activities can also result.

Construction of a small-scale irrigation system may require a new road to be built or an existing road to be improved so materials and equipment can reach the project site—a separate project with its own set of environmental impacts.

ENVIRONMENTAL GUIDELINES FOR THE USAID LATIN AMERICA AND CARIBBEAN BUREAU

2ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

AND BEST PRACTICES FOR

SMALL-SCALE

INFRASTRUCTURE

r

Inside...

A. CONSTRUCTION ...........................2-1

Brief Description of the Sector ...........2-1

Potential Environmental Impacts ......2-1

Program Design—Some Specific Guidance..........................................2-3

Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Issues ............................2-6

Reference.........................................2-13

B. Water and Sanitation...........2-14

Brief Description of the Sector .........2-14

Potential Environmental Impacts ....2-15

Program Design—Some Specific Guidance........................................2-18

Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Issues ..........................2-24

References .......................................2-29

C. Housing Reconstruction .......2-33

Brief Description of the Sector .........2-33

Potential Environmental Impacts ....2-34

Program Design—Some Specific Guidance........................................2-36

Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Issues ..........................2-43

References .......................................2-46

Attachment 1: Social Baseline Survey...................................2-47

Attachment 2: Environmental Baseline Survey .....................2-53

Attachment 3: Preliminary Project Profile .......................2-57

IGONZALEZ

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IGONZALEZ

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SOL-520-13-000006 - LOCAL GOVERNANCE

AMENDMENT NO. 1

ATTACHMENT 2

IGONZALEZ

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IGONZALEZ

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ENVIRONMENTAL GUIDELINES FOR THE USAID LATIN AMERICA AND CARIBBEAN BUREAU2-2

All potential impacts should be considered and mitigated, with the most signif-icant impacts addressed first. As in any project, the best way to accomplish this is by careful planning and incorporation of mitigation measures during the planning and design phase of a project. Environmental impacts of special con-cern include:

Damage to sensitive or valuable land. Construction in wetlands, estuaries, or other sensitive ecosystems may destroy or significantly damage exceptional natural resources and the services they provide. This damage may reduce eco-nomic productivity, impair essential ecosystem services (such as flood control or breeding habitat for food fish), or degrade the recreational value of these resources. Compacting the soil and grading the site may alter drainage patterns and water tables, changing the accessibility and quality of water resources.

Extracting construction materials such as wood, stone, gravel, or clay may dam-age terrestrial ecosystems.

Sedimentation of surface waters. Land clearing, excavation, extraction of materials, and other construction-related activities can result in soil erosion, which, in turn, can lead to sedimentation in receiving waters. Sedimentation may reduce capacity of ponds and reservoirs, increasing flood potential, or sub-stantially alter aquatic ecosystems by changing streambed, lakebed, and estuary conditions.

Contamination of ground and surface water supplies. Toxic materials are often used in construction—solvents, paints, vehicle maintenance fluids, fuels.

If these are dumped or wash into streams they may contaminate ground or sur-face water supplies, harming the health of the local community and populations living downstream. Aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems may also be damaged.

Where inadequate sanitary facilities are provided for construction crews, human waste may contaminate water resources.

Adverse social impacts. Construction may displace local inhabitants or reduce their access to environmental resources. Construction on or near cul-turally important sites—cemeteries, meeting places, sacred sites—may generate conflict or resentment with the community, as would use of non-local labor. If the new facility provides a valuable service not available elsewhere it may cause migration to the area. Noise and dirt from the site may disturb neighbors.

Spread of disease. An influx of construction workers from other regions or construction of a new road may introduce new diseases to the local popula-tion or increase the incidence of local infection. This is a particular concern with sexually transmitted diseases, such as HIV. Certain facilities, such as

Environmental Issues and Best PracticesLAC

Construction may displace local inhabitants or reduce their access to environmental resources.

All potential impacts should be considered and mitigated, with the most significant impacts addressed first.

those for healthcare, sanitation, and solid waste, can also increase the pres-ence of diseases.

Aesthetic damage. If a structure is too large, inconsistent with local architec-tural customs, or sited with inadequate attention to existing aesthetics, the facil-ity may harm the visual quality of the area.

Program Design—Some Specific Guidance

Apply best practices. The best practices discussed in chapter 1 of these guide-lines apply to the construction dimension of projects, including using an adap-tive management process, engaging the local population (including women) in planning, implementation, construction, and decision-making related to opera-tion, ownership, and maintenance.

Consider the full range of impacts. When planning a construction project and evaluating various options, project developers must examine all classes of impacts—direct, indirect, ancillary, cumulative, and socio-cultural. Assessment of indirect effects is especially important for large infrastructure development projects. Ancillary, cumulative, and socio-cultural impacts can occur at any scale, and their strength is likely to be proportional to the size of the project.

The following checklist can be used to identify environmental effects of small-scale construction activities.1

LACSmall-Scale Infrastructure Activities

ENVIRONMENTAL GUIDELINES FOR THE USAID LATIN AMERICA AND CARIBBEAN BUREAU 2-3

When planning a construction project and evaluating various options, project developers must examine all classes of impacts—direct, indirect, ancillary, cumulative, and socio-cultural.

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1 This list incorporates questions included in Checklist #2 of the Canadian International Development Agency's Handbook on Environmental Assessment.

Site Selection

What are the current uses and activities at the proposed project site?

What are the existing infrastructures?

What is the traffic rate of the site?

How close are neighboring residences? How close are the intended users?

What are the expectations of the local popu-lation?

Could the project lead to:

– Displacements of the population (immi-gration, migration, or transfer and resettle-ment)?

– Changes in ways of life or loss of territory for indigenous peoples?

– Accentuated social inequalities (for exam-ple, due to control by industrial entrepre-neurs)?

– Incompatible uses (industrial area versus residential area, sacred land, and so on) or social and value conflicts between the pos-sible land and building uses (for example, if the proposed uses are in conflict with cultural and traditional characteristics)?

– Problems in supplying water, energy, fuel-wood, materials, and other resources and services such as sanitation facilities and electrical equipment?

– A decrease or an improvement in the qual-ity of life?

– Greater awareness of the importance of a healthy environment?

– Better, more abundant, and more accessi-ble goods and services (education, medical care, community services, industry)?

What types of environment, landscape, flora, and fauna are present?

– Are there any species of particular biologi-cal, medicinal, cultural, historical, social, or commercial value?

– What is their specific importance?

– Could the project damage them?

Is the site of cultural, archeological, historical, or social value?

Are there any bodies of water, wooded areas, slopes, wetlands, or other vulnerable sites nearby?

Is the site prone to landslides, flooding, heavy rainfall, earthquakes, or other disasters?

– Is the site steeply sloped?

– Is the soil sufficiently stable?

– What are its thickness, texture, drainage, and topographical features?

Are anti-erosion measures and protective measures against flooding and heavy rainfall necessary to avoid damage to the building and its structures?

Is there historical data on precipitation, sur-face water flows, and climatic conditions?

Can the extent and quality of groundwater supplies be determined?

What are the various activities associated with site preparation and construction?

– Will there be demolition, excavation, lev-elling, clearing, soil denudation, filling, backfilling or wetland reclamation?

Environmental Issues and Best PracticesLAC

ENVIRONMENTAL GUIDELINES FOR THE USAID LATIN AMERICA AND CARIBBEAN BUREAU2-4

LACSmall-Scale Infrastructure Activities

ENVIRONMENTAL GUIDELINES FOR THE USAID LATIN AMERICA AND CARIBBEAN BUREAU 2-5

Planning and Design

What are the local zoning, building, and per-mitting requirements?

Is the proposed design constructed of material appropriate to the climate and site?

Are erosion and flood protection measures incorporated?

Is this a small, isolated project or one of many similar projects?

Will ancillary or associated infrastructure development be necessary?

– What indirect effects are possible—will a new road encourage illegal logging and poaching?

What are the types, quantities, and sources of construction materials?

Where will workers sleep? What preparations for water supply, sanitation, and solid waste disposal have been made? Have steps been taken to ensure that these services are provided in an environmentally sound manner? What kind of public health education will construc-tion workers receive?

What kind of healthcare facilities will be con-structed, and how will gray water from bathing and washing of bedding be disposed of? What system of human waste disposal will be provid-ed that will not create health risks? How will water be provided to the facility in a way that minimizes contamination risk for patients and nearby communities?

If the facility will generate solid waste, does the design include space and features for separa-tion of recyclables and organic waste?

If hazardous materials will be produced, does the design include proper storage, handling, and disposal facilities?

If cooling waters or water containing suspend-ed matter are generated, does the design include elements for treatment, storage, and discharge?

Could the project lead to social conflict or con-flict over ownership rights or land use?

Could the project lead to unplanned and spon-taneous settlements

Will there be a greater demand for natural, financial, energy, and agricultural resources as a result of the project?

Construction

What activities will be carried out during the operational phase? What site preparation and construction activities will be carried out?

How will construction and demolition debris be disposed of?

How will the materials be conveyed to the site and stored?

What toxic materials will be used during con-struction? Are non-toxic substitutes available?

Are measures in place for disposal of toxic materials?

What measures for monitoring environmental impacts and adhering to environmental guide-lines are in place?

From where will construction crews be recruit-ed? Will the schedule compete with local crop harvesting or other seasonal labor requirements?

ENVIRONMENTAL GUIDELINES FOR THE USAID LATIN AMERICA AND CARIBBEAN BUREAU2-6

Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Issues

Site occupied or used by local residents

Dwellings located close by

Site has historic, cultural, or social importance

Difficult for intended users to reach (steep climb or decent, distant location)

Site would require road improvement or new road construction

Site contains habitat for important ecosystems, plants, or animals

Site has important scenic, archeological, cultural, or historical features

Displace untenured residents or reduce farmers’, herders', gatherers' lands

Disturb neighbors, with construction creating noise and dust

Offend local population or damage social fabric

Result in unused or underused facility

Adverse environmental impacts typical of roads, including erosion, changing water tables, or providing access for illegal mining, logging, or poaching

Destroy or harm important ecologically, culturally, or economically important ecosystems, plants, or animals

Destroy or harm sites with exceptional resource values

Find alternative location. If not possible, provide equivalent land, accommodations, or fair monetary compensation, provided these are accepted voluntarily and without coercion (SS)

Build as far as practical from neighbors

Concentrate noisiest work and take measures to keep dust to a minimum

Wet ground if water is abundant, and leave natural cover intact as long as possible

Screen facility with trees or fencing to control noise (P&D)

(SS) (C)

Find alternative site (SS)

Find alternative site or find some way of making access easier, for example by providing bicycle cart shuttle service to health clinic (SS) (O&M)

Find alternative site or evaluate whether a footpath would suffice

Follow guidance on design, construction, operation and maintenance described in Chapter 3: Rural Roads in this manual (SS) (O&M)

Find alternative location. If not possible, design facility so that it will create least impact, minimize disturbance of native flora, remove large plants and turf where possible, and replant recovered plants and other flora from local ecosystem after construction (C) (SS) (P&D)

Find alternative location. If not possible, design facility so that it will create least impact, minimize site disturbance, remove important artifacts, and provide worker incentives for discovery and safe removal of archeological, cultural, or historical material (SS) (C) (P&D)

Site Selection

Issue or aspect of activity

Impact The activity may. . .

Mitigation Note: Mitigations apply to specific project phases—site selection (SS);

planning and design (P&D), construction (C), operation and maintenance (O&M)

Table 2.1 Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Issues for Construction

ENVIRONMENTAL GUIDELINES FOR THE USAID LATIN AMERICA AND CARIBBEAN BUREAU 2-7

Site is wetland or abuts water body

Site is steeply sloped

Area is heavily wooded

Site prone to flooding

Destroy or harm valuable and sensitive ecosystems and organisms

Cause erosion and damage to terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems in construction or use

Degrade forest

Contribute to flooding potential

Destroy site or subject workers and inhabitants are to risk of injury or death

Environmentally damage site from accidental release of toxic, infectious, or otherwise harmful material during flooding

Contaminate drinking water

Find alternative site. Wetlands and riparian ecosystems are extremely sensitive. Wetlands provide important environmental services such as filtering toxins and nutrients from runoff. If no alternative, set the facility as far back as possible from the water body or wetland to minimize the amount of wetland destroyed by facility footprint and construction activity

Revegetate as soon as possible

If facility will include sanitation facility find alternative site

(SS) (P&D) (C)

Find alternative site. If not possible, design facility and apply construction practices that minimize risk, for instance, use hay bales to control erosion during construction. Pay particular attention to potential erosion and redirection of water flows during design and construction

Revegetate as soon as possible

Maintain design features (O&M) (SS) (P&D) (C)

Find alternative location if area is old growth or relatively undegraded forest. If not possible, design to minimize the number of trees that must be cut down

Avoid destroying rare or unique trees

Consult with local populations about current use of trees and preferences for preservation (SS) (P&D) (C)

Find alternative site or design facility that is raised above flood plain

Design facility to minimize risk, designing with proper grading and drainage. Maintain design features such as drainage structures

Avoid constructing sanitation or other facilities that will use and store such materials at flood prone sites. If not possible, design storage area so hazardous materials are above the ground or in waterproof containers with locking lids that are kept closed, and ensure that facility operators follow these practices. Choose dry sanitation options, such as dehydrating toilets, instead of wet ones, such as septic tanks or detention ponds (P&D) (SS) (O&M)

Site Selection

Issue or aspect of activity

Impact The activity may . . .

Mitigation Note: Mitigations apply to specific project phases—site selection (SS);

planning and design (P&D), construction (C), operation and maintenance (O&M)

ENVIRONMENTAL GUIDELINES FOR THE USAID LATIN AMERICA AND CARIBBEAN BUREAU2-8

Site prone to landslides

Area experiences heavy rainfall, earthquakes

Facility is or will include a water supply improvement

Destroy site or subject workers and inhabitants to risk of injury or death

Environmentally damage site from accidental release of toxic, infectious, or otherwise harmful material during flooding

Contaminate drinking water

Destroy site or subject workers and inhabitants to risk of injury or death

Environmentally damage site from accidental release of toxic, infectious, or otherwise harmful material during flooding

Contaminate drinking water

Deplete ground or surface water resources and damage local ecosystems or downstream communities

Poison users from natural or human-made chemical contaminants such as arsenic

Spread disease by pathogenic contaminants

Contaminate groundwater

Find alternative site on stable ground. If not possible, design facility to minimize risk, for example, by planting trees all around facility. Maintain design features

Avoid constructing sanitation or other facilities that will use and store hazardous materials at landslide-prone sites. If not possible, design storage area so that hazardous materials are stored in durable leak-proof containers with locking lids that are kept closed. Choose dry sanitation options, such as dehydrating toilets, instead of wet ones, such as septic tanks or detention ponds. (P&D) (SS) (O&M)

Design facility to minimize risk, for instance, in earthquake prone areas, build structures with wood frames instead of concrete or brick. Maintain design features

Use material appropriate to the climate, such as stucco instead of adobe in areas with heavy rainfall

Design storage areas with hazardous materials above the ground or in waterproof containers. Ensure that facility operators follow these practices. Choose dry sanitation options, such as dehydrating toilets, instead of wet ones, such as septic tanks or detention ponds (P&D) (O&M) (C)

Determine safe yield and establish system for regulating use

Test seasonal water quality and examine historical water quality data before building facility

Incorporate siting, design features, and operation and maintenance practices that minimize environmental impacts described in Section B—Water Supply and Sanitation in this chapter. Include practices such as community participation, fee for service pricing, preventing livestock grazing near water supply, and the like (SS) (P&D) (C) (O&M)

Planning and Design

Issue or aspect of activity

Impact:

The activity may. . .

Mitigation Note: Mitigations apply to specific project phases—site selection (SS);

planning and design (P&D), construction (C), operation and

ENVIRONMENTAL GUIDELINES FOR THE USAID LATIN AMERICA AND CARIBBEAN BUREAU 2-9

Facility is or will include a sanitation improvement

Facility will provide healthcare services

Facility will generate solid waste

Discharge untreated or insufficiently treated sewage that contaminates drinking water (ground and surface), spreads diseases, and degrades aquatic ecosystems

Spread disease via failure to sterilize infectious waste or prevent access by waste pickers or disease vectors

Expose local community to health risks via unsafe disposal of toxic, carcinogenic, and teratogenic materials

Contaminate drinking water (ground and/or surface) via improper land disposal (May also damage local ecosystems, animals, or plants)

Spread disease

Contaminate drinking water (ground and surface)

Degrade aquatic ecosystems

Increase greenhouse gases

Do not site in wetland or next to stream, river, lake, or well or up-gradient from a drinking water source

Do not site where water table is high or underlying geology makes contamination of groundwater likely

Choose dry sanitation options, such as dehydrating toilets, instead of wet ones, such as septic tanks or detention ponds

Incorporate design features, education/social marketing programs, construction and O&M practices (see Section B—Water and Sanitation in this chapter) such as community participation, sanitation promotion focusing on women and children, and use of appropriate natural treatment systems (SS) (P&D) (C) (O&M)

Do not site in wetland or next to stream, river, lake, or well

Incorporate design features and operation and maintenance procedures (see Chapter 5: Section B—Medical Waste in this manual)

Include elements such as hand washing facilities, a waste storage room, an incinerator (if rural), a space for encapsulation, and a plastic/clay lined pit for safe burial.

If waste will be buried on site, do not site pit up-gradient from drinking water source such as a well. Do not site pit where water table is high or underlying geology makes groundwater contamination likely. If no alternative site is available, ensure that pit is lined with impermeable material such as clay or polyethylene

Provide for safe disposal of gray water from bathing and washing of bedding

Ensure that human waste disposal minimizes health risks

Ensure that water is provided to the facility in a way that minimizes risk of contamination for patients and nearby communities (O&M) (SS) (P&D) (C)

Include space and features for source separation of recyclables and organic waste

Consider including space and/or constructing a compost bin or wormbox if facility will produce organic waste (see Chapter 5: Solid Waste Management in this manual) (P&D)

(C) (O&M)

Planning and Design

Issue or aspect of activity

Impact The activity may . . .

Mitigation Note: Mitigations apply to specific project phases—site selection (SS);

ENVIRONMENTAL GUIDELINES FOR THE USAID LATIN AMERICA AND CARIBBEAN BUREAU2-10

Facility will house automotive, laboratory, or other industrial activities

Facility will generate cooling waters, soaking waters, or water containing suspended organic mater, mercury, lead, or soaps

Indirect effects

Cumulative effects of one development project over time or many small developments built in a short time period

Expose workers or population to toxic, carcinogenic, and teratogenic materials

Contaminate drinking water (ground and surface)

Damage local ecosystems, animals, or plants

Expose workers or population to toxic, carcinogenic, and teratogenic materials

Contaminate drinking water (ground and surface)

Damage local ecosystems, animals, or plants

Damage or destroy natural resources

Increase in-migration

Damage local social and cultural integrity

Spread disease to both people and animals

Cause excessive extraction of building materials, multiply impacts associated with logging un-degraded forest, quarrying and borrowing (see below for more detail)

Do not site near wetlands or bodies of water

Design with proper storage, handling, and treatment facilities (see Chapter 4: Microfinance Institutions and Micro and Small Enterprises in this manual) (SS) (P&D) (C) (O&M)

Incorporate cleaner production technologies into design, operation, and maintenance (see Chapter 4: Microfinance Institutions and Micro and Small Enterprises in this manual)

Design with elements for storage, treatment, and discharge of wastewater (P&D) (O&M) (SS) (C)

Research indirect effects that may be associated with the particular type of facility being built and evaluate other possible impacts of this type. If the project falls into one of the sectors in this volume, the relevant sector briefing and the resources listed therein are excellent starting points for this research (SS) (P&D) (C) (O&M)

Develop logging, quarrying, and borrowing plans that take into account cumulative effects and include reclamation plans. Monitor adherence to plans and impacts of extraction practices. Modify as necessary (C) (O&M) (P&D)

Planning and Design

Issue or aspect of activity

Impact The activity may . . .

Mitigation Note: Mitigations apply to specific project phases—site selection (SS);

ENVIRONMENTAL GUIDELINES FOR THE USAID LATIN AMERICA AND CARIBBEAN BUREAU 2-11

Construction crews and camps

Use of heavy equipment and hazardous materials

Damage local habitat and compact and erode soil due to building and occupation of construction camps

Contaminate surface water and spread of disease through solid waste generated by camps

Spread communicable diseases including malaria, tuberculosis, and HIV/AIDS from construction crews from outside the region

Introduce alcohol or other socially destructive substances via construction crews

Deplete local animals and plants (especially game and fuelwood) via poaching and collection by the construction crew

Cause erosion due to machinery tracks

Compact soil, changing surface and groundwater flows, and hurting future use for agriculture

Contaminate ground or surface water when hazardous construction materials or mechanical fluids are spilled or dumped

Place workers at risk for exposure to hazardous materials

Explore off-site accommodation for crew. Keep camp size to a minimum.

Require that crew preserve as much vegetation as possible, for example, by creating defined foot paths

Provide temporary sanitation on site, such as pit latrines (assuming the water table is low enough and soil and geology of appropriate composition)

Use local or regional labor

Screen potential crew members for HIV and tuberculosis.

Provide education and enforce guidelines on contact with local residents

Set guidelines prohibiting poaching and collection of plants and wood with meaningful consequences for violation, such as termination of employment

Provide adequate quantities and good quality food and cooking fuel (C) (P&D)

Minimize use of heavy machinery

Set protocols for vehicle maintenance, such as requiring that repairs and fueling occur elsewhere or over impervious surface such as plastic sheeting

Prevent dumping of hazardous materials

Burn waste materials that are not readily reusable or recyclable, do not contain heavy metals, and are flammable. Investigate and use less toxic alternative products (P&D) (C)

Construction

Issue or aspect of activity

Impact The activity may . . .

Mitigation Note: Mitigations apply to specific project phases—site selection (SS);

ENVIRONMENTAL GUIDELINES FOR THE USAID LATIN AMERICA AND CARIBBEAN BUREAU2-12

Construction

Issue or aspect of activity

Impact The activity may. . .

Mitigation Note: Mitigations apply to specific project phases—site selection (SS);

planning and design (P&D), construction (C), operation and maintenance (O&M)

Demolition of existing structures

Site clearing or leveling

Excavation

Filling

Bother or endanger neighbors due to noise, dust, and debris

Contaminate soil or ground or surface water from demolition waste containing residual amounts of toxic materials, such as leaded paint

Damage or destroy sensitive terrestrial ecosystems in the course of site clearing or preparation

Cause erosion, siltation, changes in natural water flow, or damage to aquatic ecosystems

Cause erosion, siltation, changes in natural water flow, or damage to aquatic ecosystems when excavated soil is piled inappropriately

Expose inhabitants and crew to risk of injuries in excavation pits

Deprive down-gradient populations and ecosystems of water if higher regions are blocked

Block water courses if fill is inappropriately placed

Destroy valuable ecosystems if fill is inappropriately placed

Cause land subsidence or landslides if fill is inappropriately placed, causing injuries or damage

Recover all reusable material (this may be the standard procedure in many developing countries). Determine whether toxic materials are present. If so, dispose of waste in lined landfill; otherwise, explore options for reuse in areas where potential for contamination of surface and ground water are small, such as for roadbed material (P&D) (C)

Design facility to create least impact

Minimize disturbance of native flora during construction.

Remove without destroying large plants and turf. Use erosion control measures such as hay bales. Replant recovered plants and other appropriate local flora as soon as possible (C) (P&D)

Cover pile with plastic sheeting, prevent run-off with hay bales, or similar measures

Place fence around excavation site

Investigate shallower excavation or no-excavation alternatives (P&D) (C)

Do not fill the flow-line of a watershed

Be aware that in arid areas, occasional rains may create strong water flows in channels. A culvert may not supply adequate capacity for rare high-volume events. Design so filling will not be necessary

Transplant as much vegetation and turf as possible.

Use good engineering practices. For example, do not use soil alone; first lay a bed of rock and gravel (P&D) (C) (SS)

ENVIRONMENTAL GUIDELINES FOR THE USAID LATIN AMERICA AND CARIBBEAN BUREAU 2-13

Road improvement/new road construction

Source of building materials

Cause erosion and changes to water quality and natural water flows via poor road construction practices and maintenance

Increase access for mining, logging, poaching, settlement, or other development that destroys natural resources or harms local populations

Spread human or livestock disease

Damage aquatic ecosystems through erosion and siltation

Harm terrestrial ecosystems via harvesting of timber or other natural products

Spread vector-borne diseases when stagnant water accumulates in active or abandoned quarries or borrow pits and breeds insect vectors

Find alternative site

Evaluate whether an alternative mode of transport would suffice, such as rail, water, or footpath

Adhere to specifications for road design and maintenance that keep water off road surfaces

Follow best practices for design, construction, and operation and maintenance (see Chapter 3: Rural Roads in this manual), including developing quarry and borrow pit plans, following the contour line, using camber and turnout drains, training operations and maintenance personnel, and so on (SS) (P&D) (C) (O&M)

Identify the most environmentally sound source of materials that is within budget

Develop logging, quarrying, and borrowing plans that take into account cumulative effects

Monitor adherence to plans and impacts of extraction practices; modify as necessary

Fill quarries and pits before abandoning

Control run-off into pit (C) (P&D) (O&M)

Construction

Issue or aspect of activity

Impact The activity may . . .

Mitigation Note: Mitigations apply to specific project phases—site selection (SS);

planning and design (P&D), construction (C), operation and maintenance (O&M)

Reference CIDA (Canadian International Development Agency). 1997. “Checklist #2:

Building Construction.” In Handbook on Environmental Assessment of Non- Governmental Organizations and Institutions Programs and Practices. CIDA:

Quebec.

Online: www.acdi-cida.gc.ca/cida_ind.nsf/vLUallDocByIDEn/4A300D10 BADB47B2852565B4005C8434?OpenDocument.

ENVIRONMENTAL GUIDELINES FOR THE USAID LATIN AMERICA AND CARIBBEAN BUREAU2-14

B. WATER AND SANITATION ACTIVITIES

Brief Description of the Sector

Worldwide, 2.5 billion people lack access to adequate sanitation and more than 1 billion lack sufficient safe water. In Latin America and the Caribbean, 128 million people lack access to adequate sanitation and

92 million lack sufficient water supply (UN Economic and Social Council 2000). Polluted water harms the health of 1.2 billion people and contributes to the deaths of 15 million children under five every year. Poor sanitation and water management often promote transmission of vector-borne diseases, such as malaria, which kill another 1.5–2.7 million people annually. In certain areas, large numbers of people have been poisoned by groundwater contaminated with naturally occurring toxins, such as arsenic, or pre-industrial and industrial pollutants, such as mercury and pesticides (UNEP 2000).

Disease and mortality are not the only consequences of polluted and scarce water. There is also a high opportunity cost—and women and children bear most of it. Women and girls spend hours a day collecting most household water, hours that could be spent more productively on education or food production.

Also, children are more likely to become sick from contaminated water, and women are likely to be their caregivers, making both unable to carry out other tasks.

Water resources are generally poorly managed in the developing world. Many urban areas in developing countries lose more than half of the distributed water from leaking pipes. Rural people and the rapidly growing urban and peri-urban poor are disproportionately underserved. Good sanitation and hygiene are key to preventing contamination and improving health—but good sanitation facili-ties have little benefit if the water remains contaminated. Therefore, water sup-ply and sanitation projects must be viewed as interdependent. Concurrent implementation that incorporates hygiene promotion as a key component cre-ates the greatest benefits. However, this approach is not yet widely practiced.

Over the past three decades, experience has also shown that water and sanita-tion activities are most effective and sustainable when they use a participatory approach that responds to genuine demand; builds capacity for operation, maintenance, and cost sharing; involves the community directly in all key deci-sions; cultivates a sense of communal ownership; and uses appropriate technol-ogy that can be maintained at the village level. Also important are educational and participatory efforts to change hygiene behaviors.

In Latin America and the Caribbean, 128 million people lack access to adequate sanitation and 92 million lack sufficient water supply.

Women and girls spend hours a day collecting most household water, hours that could be spent more productively on education or food production.

These guidelines are designed to apply to small-scale rural and urban water sup-ply technologies and sanitation systems. Large-scale water projects are not con-sidered here. Water supply technologies covered by these guidelines include:

LACSmall-Scale Infrastructure Activities

ENVIRONMENTAL GUIDELINES FOR THE USAID LATIN AMERICA AND CARIBBEAN BUREAU 2-15

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2 This section is taken from Environmental Guidelines for PVOs and NGOs: Potable Water and Sanitation Projects. The WASH Project, 1992, by Alan Wyatt, William Hargrewe, and Eugene Brantley.

Water supply and sanitation projects must be viewed as interdependent.

Experience has also shown that water and sanitation activities are most effective and sustainable when they use a participatory approach.

Pond and spring improvements, hand-dug wells, small-diameter boreholes, wells with hand pumps, roof rainwater catchments, small dams, seasonal impoundments

Showers, clothes-washing basins, cattle troughs

Spring-fed, gravity water distribu-tion systems

Complex systems—well or surface water pumps, storage tanks and standpost distribution, yard taps or connections, extensions of urban water lines into under-served peri-urban areas

Sanitation systems covered by these guidelines include:

Individual latrines—composting, dehydrating, pour-flush and com-munity latrines

Small-scale septic and leachfield systems

Settled and simplified sewers

Water stabilization ponds

Constructed wetlands

Water-borne sewage with disposal to surface waters

Potential Environmental Impacts2

Water Supply

Depletion of fresh water. Fresh water sources, including groundwater and surface water, can be depleted as a result of unplanned uses or insufficient source yields. This usually occurs when water extraction exceeds safe yields as a result of underestimating the capacity of the source or the demand. Depleting surface waters destroys the resource, affects aquatic life, reduces economic pro-ductivity, and diminishes downstream uses and recreational possibilities.

Exhaustion of groundwater can lead to land subsistence, altered flow in other locations, and loss of economic productivity. These impacts also lead to poor-er water quality, health impacts, and higher costs of potable water supplies downstream.

Chemical degradation of the quality of potable water sources. Water quality can be affected as a result of resource depletion or contamination by wastewater or runoff, which contains silt, solid waste, or agricultural and industrial pollutants.

Surface waters tend to become more polluted as “normal” contaminant load-ings become concentrated in reduced flow situations, and groundwater can be altered in coastal or island areas due to saltwater intrusion. Both of these situa-tions affect health and water treatment costs.

Standing water. Pools of stagnant water can collect near water taps as a result of poorly designed drainage systems, or leaking taps, pipes and storage tanks.

This problem can be exacerbated by improper or ineffective wastewater or solid waste disposal practices. Stagnant water provides a breeding ground for mos-quitos, can increase transmission of water related diseases, and can lead to increase erosion and siltation problems, if not properly drained.

Degradation of terrestrial, aquatic, and coastal habitats. Habitats can be damaged during the construction of water systems. Construction of facilities in sensitive areas (wetlands, estuaries, protected areas) can destroy flora, fauna or their habitats leading to loss of biodiversity, reduction of productivity, and loss of aesthetic and recreational areas. Soil erosion resulting from poor construc-tion practices, leakage or lack of adequate drainage, is the principle impact on land resources. This in turn can lead to siltation in receiving waters. If the con-struction of water facilities leads to an unplanned increase in population or resource based economic activity, this then has secondary effects on habitat and biodiversity.

Sanitation

Contamination of surface water, groundwater, and soil. Improperly designed or unused sanitation facilities can contaminate soil and water by pathogens from human excreta or decomposing wastes. Nitrate contamination is especially common. Contamination of soil and water can result in increased incidences of diseases associated with poor sanitation—diarrheal diseases, dysen-teries, and enteric fevers and viruses.

Surface water inflow can contaminate groundwater resources that are inade-quately protected. Improper siting and design of latrines, soakaways, or leach fields increases the probability of contamination. Contamination can also occur if sanitation facilities are not properly operated and maintained, reinforcing the fact that appropriate training and health education are key to preventing con-tamination.

Environmental Issues and Best PracticesLAC

ENVIRONMENTAL GUIDELINES FOR THE USAID LATIN AMERICA AND CARIBBEAN BUREAU2-16

Construction of facilities in sensitive areas (wetlands, estuaries, protected areas) can destroy flora, fauna or their habitats leading to loss of biodiversity, Improper siting and design of latrines, soakaways, or leach fields increases the probability of contamination.

ENVIRONMENTAL GUIDELINES FOR THE USAID LATIN AMERICA AND CARIBBEAN BUREAU 2-17

Degradation of aquatic and terrestrial habitats. Streams, lakes, estuaries, and ecosystems can be contaminated with organic nutrients and solids from poorly designed or operated sanitation facilities. Improper site selection and poor construction practices can also create adverse effects. Polluted waters can negatively affect health, as can fish and shellfish that are contaminated with pathogens. Polluted receiving waters can become eutrophic and lose their aes-thetic and economic value. Land can become contaminated if wastewater, sep-tic tank sludge, or raw wastes are disposed of improperly by land application.

Depletion of fresh water resources

Chemical degradation of the quality of potable water sources

Creation of standing water

Degraded terrestrial, aquatic, and costal habitats

Increased human health risks

Destruction of natural resources

Destruction of aquatic life

Loss of economic productivity

Loss of recreation areas

Increased cost of water supplies

Concentrated pollution in surface water

Salt water intrusion

Poorer quality water and associated health impacts

Increased water treatment costs

Increase in vector-borne diseases

Standing water contaminated with solid waste and associated health impacts

Soil erosion or sedimentation

Altered ecosystem structure, function

Loss of biodiversity

Loss of economic productivity

Loss of aesthetics and recreational value

Soil erosion or sedimentation

Arsenic poisoning

Mercury poisoning

Water-related infectious diseases

Overestimated water supplies

Underestimated water demand

Over-pumping water resources

Lack of information on resource yields

Waste and leakage of potable water

Poor pricing policies and practices, leading to excessive use, waste, and leakage

Depleted surface and groundwater resources

Reduced stream flows

Runoff from improper solid and liquid waste or excreta disposal

Lack of, or inadequately designed, drainage systems

Leakage or waste from pipes and taps

Lack of operator concern for stagnant water

Improperly sited facilities (in wetlands or other sensitive habitats)

Poor construction practice

Leakage or waste from pipes and taps

Increased population and agricultural activity

Failure to test water quality before developing the water resource

Lack of ongoing water quality monitoring· Inadequate protection of wells and water supplies

Biological contamination

Table 2.2 Impacts of Water Supply Projects

Problem Possible Impacts Possible Causes

Source: This section is taken from Environmental Guidelines for PVOs and NGOs: Potable Water and Sanitation Projects. The WASH Project, 1992, by Alan Wyatt, William Hargrewe, and Eugene Brantley.

ENVIRONMENTAL GUIDELINES FOR THE USAID LATIN AMERICA AND CARIBBEAN BUREAU2-18

Program Design—Some Specific Guidance

As with other program and project development activities, potentially adverse environmental impacts need to be addressed early in the design process to avoid possible costly mistakes or project failure. Generally, the same design questions outlined in Section A of this chapter apply to the design of small-scale water and sanitation activities. Many adverse environmental, social, and cultural impacts of water supply and sanitation projects occur when the improvements are not used, used improperly, or not maintained—or if the users do not adopt necessary complementary behaviors, such as washing their hands after defecating. There are many lessons from water supply and sanitation projects over the past 30 years, a few of which are summarized below.

Table 2.3 Impacts of Sanitation Projects

Increased human health risk from contamination of surface water, groundwater, soil, and food by excreta, chemicals, and pathogens

Ecological harm from degraded stream, lake, estuary and marine water quality and terrestrial habitats

Increased disease transmission associated with excreta (diarrhea, parasites)

Malnutrition caused by diseases

Higher infant mortality

Reduced economic productivity

Poor-quality surface and groundwater

Health impacts associated with use of chemically contaminated water

Increased cost of water treatment for domestic and industrial uses

Health impacts associated with contaminated water

Fish or shellfish contamination and associated health risks

Nutrient contamination (eutrophication)

Alteration of ecosystem structure and function and loss of biodiversity

Reduced economic productivity

Soil erosion and sedimentation

Failure to use sanitation facilities

Disposal of excreta or wastewater on land or into surface water without adequate treatment

Improperly sited sanitation facilities near water supplies

Inadequately protected groundwater

Improper operation of sanitation facilities

Lack of maintenance on sanitation facilities

Improper disposal of wastewater in food production

Failure to use sanitation facilities

Disposal of excreta or wastewater directly into sensitive areas without adequate treatment

Improperly operated sanitation facilities

Lack of…