Salt_resilient_streets.docx

Salt Resilient Street Tree Practices

Soil Specifications The soil of the tree pit shall be removed and replaced to a depth of 36”. Replacement soil must meet the basic standards provided in the Street Tree Assessment packet, and shall be further amended according to the standards below: Comment by Kelley, Michael: Texture test of the topsoil that forestry buys came in at 50/40/10 (Loam), no additional sand should be needed.

· 20% compost by volume shall be added

· 10% biochar by volume shall be added

Trichoderma harzianum – many products Pseudomonas stutzeri – EM1?

Structural Changes There are several new technologies which can improve the survival rate of street trees exposed to salt.

Cultural Practices In salt-prone areas, the following changes to the standard planting protocol shall be made

· Trees without grates or other hardware are to be planted such that the overall soil level is to be between 1” and 2” below the surface of the sidewalk. The site is then to be mulched to a height of 1” above the sidewalk Comment by Kelley, Michael: The purpose of this is to use the mulch as a wicking material that both intercepts and draws out the salts from the soil. It is based on Green et Al. “Wicking salts from brine-contaminated soils: a potential method for in situ remediation” and Sera “Salt tolerant trees for use in Central Europe – A review”

I think there should probably be two mulch changeouts a year (spring for interception, fall for wicking), but that may be excessive.

· All mulch materials are to be removed and discarded during the first week of March (winter season depending), the site is to be re-mulched immediately. To the 1” above sidewalk level

· Trees planting beds are to be flushed with a minimum of 2” of water at the end of winter to encourage salt migration out of the tree pit (no less than 40 gallons for a 3x10 tree pit). Flushing shall take place after the mulch has been removed and before new mulch has been installed, and shall occur at a rate that the water does not overflow the tree pit. In locations of high salt use, 1lb of gypsum per square yard of tree pit area should be added.

· The use of standard rock salt for sidewalk de-icing on streets with tree pits should be strongly discouraged. Application of CaCl de-icing salts, sand, biochar, and de-icing products produced from agricultural wastes are to be encouraged.

· Silt fence, or some other barrier against salt spray should be installed around the perimeter of the tree pit at the end of November and removed in March. This barrier should be no less than 18” in height to ensure that it is visible enough not to constitute a tripping hazard.

Species Selection List Well-documented Salt Tolerant Species

Species documented by multiple sources as tolerant of soil salinity.

· Gleditsia tricanthos

· Quercus rubra

· Robinia pseudoacacia

· Juniperus virginiana

· Populus alba

· Elaeagnus angustifolia

· Fraxinus excelsior

· Quercus alba

· Sophora japonica

· Syringia reticulata

· Taxodium distichum

· Acer campestre

· Alnus cordata

· Amelanchier canadensis

· Caragana arborescens

· Crataegus crus-galli

· Diospyros virginiana

· Juglans nigra

· Nyssa sylvatica

· Picea pungens

· Pinus mugo

· Pinus nigra

· Platanus occidentalis

· Populus nigra

· Populus simonii

· Quercus bicolor

· Quercus coccinea

· Quercus phellos

· Quercus robur

· Quercus velutina

· Quercus virginiana Salt Tolerant Species These species were identified by one source as tolerant of salt.

· Acer tataricum

· Aesculus pavia

· Ailanthus altissima

· Alnus glutinosa

· Alnus rubra

· Amelanchier arborea

· Amelanchier laevis

· Amelanchier lamarckii

· Betula pendula

· chionanthus virginicus

· Corylus colurna

· Fraxinus angustifolia

· Fraxinus biltmoreana

· Fraxinus ornus

· Fraxinus xanthoxyloides

· Gymnocladus dioicus

· Juniperus chinensis

· Laburnum alpinum

· Laburnum anagyroides

· Laburnum x watereri

· Liquidambar styraciflua

· Lonicera sp

· Lycium barbarum

· Picea glauca

· Pinus rigida

· Platanus orientalis

· Platanus sp

· Populus balsamifera

· Populus deltoides

· Populus tremula

· Populus x beroninensis

· Populus x canadensis

· Populus x canescens

· Prunus caroliniana

· Prunus serotina

· Prunus spinosa

· Quercus acutissima

· Quercus castaneifolia

· Quercus cerris

· Quercus dentata

· Quercus ellipsoidalis

· Quercus frainetto

· Quercus ilex

· Quercus imbricaria

· Quercus ithaburensis

· Quercus libani

· Quercus macranthera

· Quercus macrocarpa

· Quercus pontica

· Quercus pubescens

· Quercus pyrenaica

· Quercus shumardii

· Quercus stellata

· Quercus suber

· Quercus turneri

· Quercus x hispanica

· Ribes alpinum

· Sorbus intermedia

· Syringia vulgaris

· Tamarix sp

· Viburnum lantana

Moderately Salt Tolerant Species Species which were identified as moderately tolerant of saline soils by at least one source. Trees listed as both “tolerant” and “moderately tolerant” are listed here rather than in the tolerant list.

· Betula papyrifera

· Fraxinus pennsylvanica

· Koelreuteria paniculata

· Celtis occidentalis

· Ginkgo biloba

· Thuja occidentalis

· Pinus thunbergii

· Fraxinus americana

· Betula populifolia

· Betula lenta

· Prunus virginiana

· Styphnolobium japonicum

· Pinus strobus

· Pinus taeda

· Salix alba

· Ulmus americana X

Questionable Species Species that have conflicting research

· Acer saccharum

· Aesculus hippocastanum

· Pinus sylvestris

· Picea abies

· Malus sp

· Alnus incana

· Ligustrum vulgaris

· Platanus x acerifolia

· Quercus petraea

· Sambucus nigra

· Sorbus aria

Discouraged Species Species with at least one source claiming salt sensitivity

· Carpinus caroliniana

· Carya glabra

· Cercis canadensis

· Cornus mas

· Cornus sanguinea

· Pinus resinosa

· Pyracantha coccinea

· Rhamnus cathartica

· Salix purpurea

· Sambucus racemosa

· Taxus baccata

· Tilia americana

· Tilia argentea

· Tilia platyphyllos

· Tilia sp

· Tsuga canadensis

· Ulmus carpinifolia

· Ulmus glabra

Strongly Discouraged Species The following species were identified by multiple sources as intolerant of salt.

· Tilia cordata

· Abies balsamea

· Acer platanoides

· Acer pseudoplatanus

· Acer rubrum

· Carpinus betulus

· Corylus avellana

· Fagus sylvatica

· Prunus avium

· Sorbus aucuparia

References Aaron W. Green, Thomas M. DeSutter, Aaron L. M. Daigh, Miranda A. Meehan. Wicking Salts from Brine-Contaminated Soils: A Potential Method for In Situ Remediation. Agric. Environ. Lett. 4:180069 (2019) doi:10.2134/ael2018.12.0069

University of Maine Cooperative Extension. Tolerance of Trees and shrubs to Salts in Soil. https://extension.umaine.edu/gardening/manual/tolerance-trees-shrubs-salts-soil/ Date accessed: 1/25/2023

Appleton et al., Trees and Shrubs that Tolerate Saline Soils and Salt Spray Drift. Virginia Cooperative Extension. Publication 430-031 https://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/430/430-031/430-031.html Date accessed: 1/10/2023

Šerá B. (2017): Salt-tolerant trees usable for Central European cities – A review. Hort. Sci. (Prague), 44: 43–48.

Ibarra-Villarreal, Arlett L, et al. Salt-tolerant Bacillus species as a promising strategy to mitigate the salinity stress in wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum). Journal of Arid Environments 186 (2021) 104399 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2020.104399

Sheridan, Richard, et al., RIDOT Salt Tolerant Tree and Shrub Guide. FHWA-RIDOT-RTD-09-01 August 2010 Departments of Landscape Architecture and Plant Sciences University of Rhode Island

Mao, Xiaoxi et al.

Remediation of organic amendments on soil salinization: Focusing on the relationship between soil salts and microbial communities Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 239 (2022) 113616 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113616

Greenbelt Native Plant Center. Salt Tolerant Species List. City of New York Parks & Recreation ND https://www.nycgovparks.org/greening/greenbelt-native-plant-center/garden-species-lists/garden-salt Date accessed 25 Jan 2023

Norfolk Salt Tolerant Plants High Tide Gardening Notes. https://norfolkbotanicalgarden.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/salt-tolerant-plants-high-tide-gardening-notes.pdf ND. Date accessed 25 Jan 2023

Sanden, Blake et al., Managing Salinity, Soil and Water Amendments. https://cekern.ucanr.edu/files/98609.pdf ND, Date Accessed 10 Jan 2023

Babar, Muhammad et al., Mining of halo-tolerant plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and their impact on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under saline conditions Journal of King Saud University – Science 33 (2021) 101372 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2021.101372

Bello, S.K.; Alayafi, A.H.; AL-Solaimani, S.G.; Abo-Elyousr, K.A.M. Mitigating Soil Salinity Stress with Gypsum and Bio-Organic Amendments: A Review. Agronomy 2021, 11, 1735. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/agronomy11091735

Hafez, E.M.; Gowayed, S.M.; Nehela, Y.; Sakran, R.M.; Rady, A.M.S.; Awadalla, A.; Omara, A.E.-D.;

Alowaiesh, B.F. Incorporated Biochar-Based Soil Amendment and Exogenous Glycine Betaine Foliar Application Ameliorate Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Tolerance and Resilience to Osmotic Stress. Plants 2021, 10, 1930. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10091930

Rady M.M. A novel organo-mineral fertilizer can mitigate salinity stress effects for tomato production on reclaimed saline soil South African Journal of Botany 81 (2012) 8–14. doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2012.03.013