RFP 240000003127 Schedule C.docx

SCHEDULE C

Additional Information:

Utilize data from Wellogic and Aquifer Performance Tests to Update the Aquifer Properties used in the Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool.

1.0 Background

The Water Withdrawal Assessment Process (WWAP) mandated by State of Michigan Public Act 34 of 2006 (2006 PA 34) was developed to “assist in determining whether the proposed [water] withdrawal may cause an adverse impact to the waters of the state or to the water-dependent natural resources of the state.” Sec. 32706a. (1) of 1994 PA 451 mandated that the department [EGLE] test and implement an internet-based Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool (WWAT) that shall determine whether a proposed withdrawal is a zone A, zone B, zone C, or zone D withdrawal and whether the proposed withdrawal is likely to cause an adverse resource impact.

Reeves et al. (2009) reviewed the literature related to modeling streamflow depletion by pumping wells and concluded that the analytical model by Hunt (1999) was best suited for the groundwater component of the WWAT. This analytical model requires aquifer transmissivity, streambed conductance, and aquifer storage coefficient, as input parameters. The most consistent source of aquifer properties for use in the statewide WWAT was compiled by the Michigan Ground Water Inventory and Map (GWIM) Project (Reeves, et al., 2012). The GWIM database includes estimates for aquifer transmissivity mapped to a 1 km2 grid across the State for both the glacial deposits and bedrock aquifers. The median transmissivity of the grid cells within each Water Management Area (WMA) was assigned to the WMA and used in the screening model.

The streambed conductance used in the WWAT is allowed to vary with the depth to the top of the well screen entered by the user. A factor of 1/10 is included in the estimated streambed conductance to account for the anticipated anisotropy of aquifers in Michigan. This factor is reasonable for aquifers without clay units and likely underestimates the anisotropy in areas where clay layers are present (Todd and Mays, 2005). According to Reeves et al. (2009), underestimation of this factor is conservative in estimating the streamflow depletion by a pumping well. The streambed conductance used in the screening tool was computed as:

l = ((T / B') w / 10) / b where:

T is the median transmissivity of all the grid cells within the target WMA B’ is the estimated mean thickness of the glacial deposits within the target WMA b is the user-input value of depth to the top of the well screen or open interval of the well in the WWAT w is the estimated stream width (feet)

The stream width (w) was estimated for each WMA using a regression equation that related stream width to drainage area of a stream segment (T.G. Zorn, Michigan Department of Natural Resources, written communication, 2007):

w = 3.28 * (10^((0.522358 * log (da * 1.6093^2)) - 0.18786)) where da is the drainage area of the WMA (square miles) and w is stream width (feet).

The final required aquifer property is storage coefficient (S). Reeves et al. (2009, p. 6) concluded that a conservative estimate of S for glacial aquifers was required that was consistent with the observed uncertainty in the estimated storage coefficients across the state. As such, a constant value of 0.01, representative of a leaky aquifer, was used for glacial aquifers in the WWAT. For bedrock aquifers, a constant storage coefficient value of 0.0004 was used in the WWAT.

1.1 Statewide mapping of Transmissivity of Glacial and Bedrock Aquifers

1.1.1 Operational processing protocol for estimating the transmissivity of glacial aquifers

a) Download all available Wellogic records from the Michigan GIS Open Data portal (https://gis-michigan.opendata.arcgis.com/search?q=water%20wells ). There are six datasets that must be downloaded: Water Wells - Upper Peninsula, Water Wells - Northern Lower Peninsula, Water Wells - West Central Lower Peninsula, Water Wells - South Central & Southeastern Michigan, and Water Wells - East Central Lower Peninsula. Merge the five Lower Peninsula regional Wellogic datasets into a single Lower Peninsula file. PROJECT both Wellogic point files into NAD_1983_Michigan_GeoRef_Meters; WKID: 3078 Authority: EPSG

b) Contact John Yellich, Michigan Geological Survey (john.a.yellich@wmich.edu) for the latest update on which counties MGS has completed their location verification/correction process on. Add a new field (LOC_CORR) to the attribute table for each of the two Wellogic files developed in Step 1 above. Populate the new LOC_CORR fields with the percentage (0 – 100 %) of the records that were location corrected by county.

c) Obtain the Public Well Aquifer Performance Test Database (maintained by the EGLE, Drinking Water and Environmental Health Division) and the aquifer performance tests associated with irrigation wells conducted by private consultants from Lena Pappas, EGLE Water Use Program (pappasl4@michigan.gov).

d) Query the Public Well Aquifer Performance Test Database for RORD = DRIFT. Save selected set as PWS_Glacial_Aq_Test.shp.

e) Lena Pappas, EGLE Water Use Program (pappasl4@michigan.gov) will specify how to compute transmissivity values from the data in the Public Well Aquifer Performance Test Database.

f) Develop a method to weight the transmissivity values from the Public Well Aquifer Performance Test Database and the irrigation wells aquifer performance tests. Submit your weighting method to Lena Pappas, EGLE Water Use Program (pappasl4@michigan.gov) for approval prior to doing the transmissivity interpolations.

g) Using the two Wellogic files developed in step 1.1.1 (a) above, query for WITHIN_SEC = Y AND LOC_MATCH = Y. Save the query sets as All_Good_wells_UP.shp and All_Good_wells_LP.shp

h) Using the All_Good_wells_UP.shp and All_Good_wells_LP.shp from step 3 above, query for TRANS_D > 0. Save the query sets as Good_Wells_Trans_D_UP.shp and Good_Wells_Trans_D_LP.shp.

i) Select a kriging algorithm to independently interpolate the TRANS_D (units = ft2/day) parameter from the Good_Wells_Trans_D_UP.shp and Good_Wells_Trans_D_LP.shp data and the transmissivity values from the PWS_Glacial_Aq_Test.shp file and the irrigation wells aquifer performance tests. Submit your justification for choosing that algorithm to Lena Pappas, EGLE Water Use Program (pappasl4@michigan.gov) for approval prior to doing the interpolation.

j) Use the approved kriging algorithm to independently interpolate the TRANS_D (units = ft2/day) parameter from the Good_Wells_Trans_D_UP.shp and Good_Wells_Trans_D_LP.shp point files and the transmissivity values from the PWS_Glacial_Aq_Test.shp and the irrigation wells aquifer performance tests to two grids composed of 1000 x 1000 m grid cells.

1.1.2 Deliverables

Include the following file sets (all in the NAD_1983_Michigan_GeoRef_Meters projection):

1.1.2.1 All_Good_wells_UP.shp and All_Good_wells_LP.shp

1.1.2.2 Good_Wells_Trans_D_UP.shp and Good_Wells_Trans_D_LP.shp

1.1.2.3 UP_TransD grid and LP_TransD grid

1.1.3 Operational processing protocol for estimating the transmissivity of bedrock aquifers

a) Contact Lena Pappas, EGLE Water Use Program (pappasl4@michigan.gov) to obtain a copy of the Bedrock_Aquifers shapefile set.

b) Subdivide the Bedrock_Aquifers.shp file in an Upper Peninsula and a Lower Peninsula shapefile set (Bedrock_Aquifers_UP.shp and Bedrock_Aquifers_LP.shp). Mackinac and Bois Blanc islands should be included in the Bedrock_Aquifers_UP shapefile. All of the islands in the Beaver Island archipelago should be included in the Bedrock_Aquifers_LP shapefile.

c) Query the attribute files for both Bedrock_Aquifers_UP.shp and Bedrock_Aquifers_LP.shp for AQUIFER = 1. Save the query set as Bedrock_Aquifers_Only_UP.shp and Bedrock_Aquifers_Only_LP.shp.

d) Query the Public Well Aquifer Performance Test Database for RORD = ROCK. Save the selected set as PWS_BEDROCK_Aq_Test.shp. Create a new field B_TRANS and use Field Calculate to populate it with appropriate bedrock transmissivity values.

d) INTERSECT Bedrock_Aquifers_Only_UP.shp with both All_Good_wells_UP.shp and PWS_BEDROCK_Aq_Test.shp. Save as Bedrock_Wells_UP. INTERSECT Bedrock_Aquifers_Only_LP.shp with both All_Good_wells_LP.shp and PWS_BEDROCK_Aq_Test.shp. Save as Bedrock_Wells_LP.

e) Query the Bedrock_Wells_UP and Bedrock_Wells_LP attribute files for B_TRANS > 0. Save the query set as Good_ B_TRANS_UP.shp and Good_ B_TRANS_LP.shp.

f) Employing the approved weighting method developed in step 1.1.1 (f), use the IDW algorithm to independently interpolate the B_TRANS (units = ft2/day) parameter from the Good_ B_TRANS_UP.shp and Good_ B_TRANS_LP.shp point files onto two grids composed of 1000 x 1000 m grid cells that cover the extent of the Bedrock_Aquifers_Only_UP and Bedrock_Aquifers_Only_LP polygon files.

1.1.4 Deliverables

Include the following file sets (all in the NAD_1983_Michigan_GeoRef_Meters projection):

1.1.4.1 Bedrock_Wells_UP.shp and Bedrock_Wells_LP.shp

1.1.4.2 Good_ B_TRANS_UP.shp and Good_ B_TRANS_LP.shp

1.1.4.3 B_TRANS_UP and B_TRANS_LP grids

1.2 Statewide mapping of the Dominant Aquifer Storage Coefficient in each Water Management Area

1.2.1 Background

1.2.1.1 Detecting unconfined glacial aquifer conditions using Wellogic data By querying the Wellogic attribute field, AQ_CODE = ‘D’, all wells developed in glacial sediments can be selected. The effective hydraulic conductivity protocol developed during the GWIM Project is shown below:

This GWIM protocol required three parameters: BTotal (optimally from screen bottom or top of bedrock to the static water level); Bi (thickness of an individual stratum); and Ki (hydraulic conductivity of an individual stratum). Each of the 94 standardized lithology names allowed in Wellogic have been pre-assigned three hydraulic conductivity values (Ki), based on which glacial landsystem the well is located within. The THICKNESS field in the *_lith.dbf attribute file records the thickness of each stratum in the well log (parameter Bi). The SWL, SCREEN_BOT, and ROCK_TOP fields in the Wellogic database provide the other necessary data.

The AQ_THK_1 field in the Wellogic database records the summed thicknesses of all glacial strata from SCREEN_BOT upward to the bottom of a qualifying confining unit (>= 5 feet of CM or >= 10 feet of PCM). The AQ_THK_2 field records the summed thicknesses of all drift strata from SCREEN_BOT upward to the SWL. Where there are no qualifying confining units (i.e., the well is developed in an unconfined/leaky confined glacial aquifer), AQ_THK_1 = AQ_THK_2, but if there are qualifying confining units (i.e., the well is developed in a confined glacial aquifer), AQ_THK_1 < AQ_THK_2.

1.2.1.2 Spatial dominance rule set

The Models Committee of the Water Use Advisory Council (https://www.michigan.gov/egle/about/groups/water-use-advisory-council ) concurred that (a) all Water Management Areas (WMAs) containing 16 or more wells per square mile and 70 % or more of these wells are classified as unconfined or (b) WMAs containing at least 8, but less than 16, wells per square mile and 80 % or more of these wells are classified as unconfined, should have their storage coefficients increased from 0.01 to 0.10 in the WWAT.

1.2.2 Operational processing protocol to map all WMAs that are dominated by unconfined, glacial aquifers.

a) Contact Andy LeBaron, EGLE Water Use Program (lebarona@michigan.gov ) to obtain the most recent version of the WWAT Catchments polygon file (*_Catchment_GW_MI).

b) In the attribute table of the WWAT Catchments polygon file, make a new field AREA_SQ_MI (Numeric Double). Use Calculate Geometry -> Area -> Square Miles to populate this field.

c) Merge the All_Good_wells_UP.shp and All_Good_wells_LP.shp point files developed in step 1.1.1(c) above into a statewide Wellogic point file.

d) From the statewide Wellogic point file, select (AQ_CODE = ‘D’) and save as Glacial_Wells.shp.

e) From the Glacial_Wells file, query for AQ_THK_1 Is Not Null AND AQ_THK_2 Is Not Null AND AQ_THK_1 < AQ_THK_2. Save this query selection as CONF_Glac_wells.shp.

f) From the Glacial_Wells file, query for AQ_THK_1 Is Not Null AND AQ_THK_2 Is Not Null AND AQ_THK_1 = AQ_THK_2. Save this query selection as UNCONF_Glac_wells.shp.

g) Perform a SPATIAL JOIN between the WWAT Catchments (polygon file) and the UNCONF_Glac_wells (point file) using these parameters: Join Operation: JOIN_ONE_TO_ONE; Keep All Target Features: KEEP_ALL; Field Map of Join Features: <NONE>; Match Option: INTERSECT. Delete all attributes from the point file be processed (this will automatically show the JOIN_COUNT [number of wells in each catchment polygon]). Name the output file Poly_UNCONF.shp.

h) In the attribute table of the Poly_UNCONF file, add a new field named NumUCwells. Field calculate NumUCwells = JOIN_COUNT. Delete JOIN_COUNT field.

i) Perform a SPATIAL JOIN between the Poly_UNCONF (polygon file) and the CONF_Glac_wells (point file) using these parameters: Join Operation: JOIN_ONE_TO_ONE; Keep All Target Features: KEEP_ALL; Field Map of Join Features: KEEP Area_Sq_Mi and Num_Unconf; Match Option: INTERSECT. Name the output file Poly_CON-UNCON.shp.

j) In the attribute table of the Poly_CON-UNCON file, add a new field named NumCwells. Field calculate NumCwells = JOIN_COUNT. Delete JOIN_COUNT field.

k) In the attribute table of the Poly_CON-UNCON file, add a new field named Tot_wells. Field calculate Tot_wells = NumCwells + NumUCwells.

l) In the attribute table of the Poly_CON-UNCON file, add a new field named PCT_UCwells.

m) From the Poly_CON-UNCON file, select NumCwells > 0 AND NumUCwells > 0. In the selected set, field calculate PCT_UCwells = (NumUCwells / Tot_wells) * 100.

n) In the attribute table of the Poly_CON-UNCON file, add a new field named TotWelDen. Field calculate TotWelDen = Tot_wells / AREA_SQ_MI.

o) From the Poly_CON-UNCON file, query for (TotWelDen >= 16 AND PCT_UCwells >= 70) OR (TotWelDen >= 8 AND TotWelDen <16 AND PCT_UCwells >= 80). Save selected set as Uncon_Stor_Coeff.shp

1.2.3 Deliverables

1.2.3.1 Glacial_Wells.shp

1.2.3.2 CONF_Glac_wells.shp

1.2.3.3 UNCONF_Glac_wells.shp

1.2.3.4 Poly_UNCONF.shp

1.2.3.5 Poly_CON-UNCON.shp (after steps 1.2.2 (j) – 1.2.2 (n) have been performed)

1.2.3.6 Uncon_Stor_Coeff.shp

References

Hunt, B. 1999. Unsteady stream depletion from ground water pumping: Ground Water, 37 (1): 98–102.

Reeves, H., Lusch, D., Miller, S., Fisher, B., and Lovato, J. 2012. Groundwater Inventory and Map (GWIM) Project, Technical Report. Submitted to the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality, 256 p.

Reeves, H.W., Hamilton, D.A., Seelbach, P.W., and Asher, A.J. 2009. Ground-water-withdrawal component of the Michigan water-withdrawal screening tool. U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009–5003, 36 p.

Todd, D.K., and Mays, L.W. 2005. Groundwater Hydrology. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley, 636 p.

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