RFI 72061120C000DRM Draft Section C - USAID Revenue Mobilization for Equity and Growth.pdf

U.S. AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT

Subdivision 694/Stand 100 Ibex Hill Road

PO Box 320373

Lusaka, Zambia – 10101 infozambia@usaid.gov

USAID.gov

TO: All Prospective Offerors

ISSUANCE DATE: September 18, 2020

REQUEST FOR INFORMATION (RFI) #: 72061120C000DRM

SUBJECT: Draft Section C - USAID Revenue Mobilization for Equity and Growth

DUE DATE: October 6, 2020 at 2:00 pm Lusaka Time

Dear Prospective Offerors:

The United States Government, represented by the U.S. Agency for International

Development (USAID), is seeking input from interested parties who may provide comments, opinions, and recommendations in response to the proposed activity approach outlined in the subject draft statement of work under RFI #72061119C000DRM. USAID/Zambia anticipates that the subsequent RFP will serve as the basis for a three-year base-period contract, estimated at $6 to $ 8 million, with an additional $3 to $5 million for two option years, subject to the availability of funds.

The purpose of this RFI is to 1) solicit feedback on the draft Statement of Work and 2) solicit industry comments and feedback. Please note that responding to this RFI will not give any advantage to or preclude any organization or individual from any RFP that may be subsequently issued as any/all comments received will be strictly for information gathering purposes only.

RFI Responses must be submitted electronically in Microsoft Word format to OAA

Solicitations Lusaka AID (oaa-solicit-lusaka@usaid.gov) to the attention of Doreen Muleya and

Mohib Ahmed under the title: RFI #72061120C000DRM USAID Revenue Mobilization for Equity and Growth. See Attachment 1 for detailed RFI Response Requirements.

Offerors must route any queries to the respective points of contact for the Ministry of the

Finance and the Zambia Revenue Agency with a copy to oaa-solicit-lusaka@usaid.gov as follows:

• Ministry of Finance: Mr. Kayula Chimfwembe, email: Kayula.Chimfwembe@mof.gov.zm

• Zambia Revenue Authority: Mr. Kenneth Munkombwe, email:

MunkombK@zra.org.zm

USAID/Zambia may choose to publish responses to the RFI submissions in an anonymized format through https://beta.sam.gov/.

mailto:infozambia@usaid.gov mailto:oaa-solicit-lusaka@usaid.gov mailto:oaa-solicit-lusaka@usaid.gov Kayula.Chimfwembe@mof.gov.zm MunkombK@zra.org.zm https://beta.sam.gov/

RFI #: 72061120C000DRM

USAID Revenue Mobilization for Equity and Growth

The release of this RFI in no way obligates the United States Government or USAID to release a solicitation for this proposed activity, nor are either responsible for any costs incurred in preparing responses to this RFI.

Thank you for your interest in the subject request for information.

Sincerely, Mohib Ahmed

Supervisory Contracting Officer

Director, Office of Acquisition and Assistance

ATTACHMENTS:

1. RFI Response Requirements

2. Draft Statement of Work - USAID Revenue Mobilization for Equity and Growth

ATTACHMENT 1: RFI RESPONSE REQUIREMENTS

Responses should include the following:

1. Cover page, not to exceed one (1) page, that includes:

a. Organization name and address

b. Point of contact name and contact information

c. Brief statement of interest that indicates the organization’s interest in applying as a prime or subcontractor. If a team or consortium is envisioned, please provide the names of the potential partner organizations, if possible.

2. Comments and/or questions on the draft Statement of Work. Submissions must not exceed five (5) pages, excluding annexes/attachments that may be relevant. Please reference Page and Section Title for each question to ensure USAID is able to fully understand the question/comment.

No other documents or information are requested at this time. USAID asks respondents to not send any additional information other than what is requested above and to adhere to the page limits mentioned.

ATTACHMENT 2: DRAFT STATEMENT OF WORK

C.1 ACTIVITY TITLE

The activity title is USAID Revenue Mobilization for Equity and Growth.

C.2 PURPOSE

The proposed activity will help Zambia improve domestic revenue mobilization (DRM) and expand the fiscal space for public spending and investments in service delivery and poverty reduction. The activity will engage both government and non-government stakeholders to build capacity in tax policy analysis, improve tax compliance and administration, and strengthen the tax culture in a manner that facilitates private sector growth and accountability relationships between taxpayers and the Government of the Republic of Zambia (GRZ).

C.3 BACKGROUND

Zambia’s development strategy has targeted a rapid scale-up of public investment to address infrastructure needs. The growth benefits have yet to materialize, resulting in large fiscal deficits financed through non-concessional borrowing and the accumulation of domestic arrears. With the depreciation of the kwacha, a constrained tax base, increasing debt service payments, and several hard currency-denominated debt instruments coming due in the near future, the government’s ability to deliver on its priorities and support the most vulnerable is compromised.

The risk of debt distress has increased substantially. Over 83% of the projected 2020 domestic revenues in the Fiscal Year (FY) operating budget were allocated to debt service and the wage bill (63% of total expenditure allocations), with little remaining for other investment in social sectors and support to poverty alleviation.

Fiscal constraints affect social-sector spending more than any other function of government and threaten to erode the gains that Zambia has made thus far. The social-sector budget as a share of the total has declined from 29.4% in 2019 to 26.1% in 2020. Education has reduced both in absolute terms and as a share of the national budget, falling from 16% in 2018 to 12.4% in 2020.

Budget allocation to agriculture has declined for the past three years, falling 15% in the 2020 budget alone. Although government funding to Zambia’s health sector has been increasing in nominal terms since 2010, the share for the health sector in the national budget averaged 9.2% over the past five years, far below the benchmark 15% that Zambia committed to when it signed onto the 2001 Abuja Declaration.

The GRZ recently launched a National Health Insurance Scheme, to be financed in part from payroll tax deductions from formal sector workers; yet these contributions fall far short of what is required for the GRZ to meaningfully expand access to quality health care. Closing these financing gaps, and expanding the fiscal space for priority investments, will depend on Zambia’s ability to sustainably mobilize increasing levels of domestic resources, especially tax revenues.

This requires reform to both tax policy and administration in a manner that strengthens dialogue and negotiation between taxpayers and the GRZ and reinforces public accountability.

Closing these financing gaps, and expanding the fiscal space for priority investments, will depend on Zambia’s ability to sustainably mobilize increasing levels of domestic resources, especially taxes. Taxes must be collected in a way that facilitates private sector growth, strengthens accountability relationships between taxpayers and the GRZ, and supports poverty alleviation.

The amount of tax collected has important consequences for the availability of resources that underpin state capacity. The way in which tax is collected impacts investment, growth, incomes, and taxpayer demands for accountability of public resource use.

Recent DRM efforts have resulted in steady revenue growth, with domestic tax revenues increasing from 13.0% (2016), to 14.8% (2017), to 15.8% (2018) of Gross Domestic Product

(GDP). Nevertheless, Zambia’s tax ratio remains low compared to peer countries in the

Southern African Development Community, which averaged 23.7% of GDP in 2015.

The 2016 Tax Administration Diagnostic Assessment Tool (TADAT) pointed to a number of strengths and weaknesses in the current system. Compliance remains one of the weakest areas in the tax administration system. Other key issues include uncertainty regarding the actual number of registered taxpayers and the accuracy of the taxpayer registration database; low rates of on-time filing across all core tax types; the high value of tax arrears and weak debt management procedures; significant delays in processing value-added tax (VAT) refund claims; and a lack of routine and systematic use of third-party information to improve registration and enforcement. The 2017 Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability Report reflected similar issues.

Many elements of the private sector have an interest in making current tax administration more transparent and efficient, and tax policy more predictable, transparent and equitable. Other private sector actors disproportionately benefit from the current tax regime and are vested in the status quo. In the tax policy arena, key challenges are significant exemptions and a multiplicity of tax rates. The Ministry of Finance (MoF) undertakes limited impact analysis to inform policy formulation, and there is poor coordination between government institutions. While steps have been taken to streamline tax incentives, significant work remains. GRZ efforts to ensure it has an adequate revenue stream from the mining sector has created a turbulent mining taxation environment characterized by frequent and abrupt tax policy changes. At the same time, the focus on mining taxation is distracting attention from broader issues in the country’s tax regime, and the need for a more constructive public-private dialogue to ensure a more sustainable framework that promotes equity, efficiency, and growth. Approximately one-third of the public debt stock is domestic, and two-thirds of it is held by foreign creditors. As high levels of domestic borrowing have also made it more difficult for the private sector to access finance, improvements in tax revenue that contribute to more sustainable debt management hold the potential of unlocking increased domestic finance for entrepreneurs and the private sector.

Key DRM reform priorities are reflected in the draft Public Financial Management Reform

Strategy (2019-2024) and the Zambia Revenue Authority (ZRA) Corporate Strategic Plan (2019-

2021). The Ministry of Finance completed three further diagnostic studies on tax expenditures, the tax gap, and marginal effective tax rates to guide its reform priorities. In the GRZ 2020 budget submission to Parliament, the Minister of Finance also committed to continuing its review of the tax system, as well as continuing the roll-out of the modernization and automation of tax https://www.tadat.org/assets/files/Zambia_Final_PAR_2016.pdf https://www.pefa.org/node/631 administration. Emerging areas in international taxation such as the Organization for Economic

Cooperation and Development’s (OECD’s) base erosion and profit shifting recommendations are starting to be incorporated into domestic practice with the most notable development being the release of updated Transfer Pricing Regulations and the introduction of Documentation Rules.

On legislative measures, the GRZ has proposed to reform, update and strengthen a number of

Acts such as the Income Tax Act, Customs and Excise Act, Property Transfer Tax Act, and the

Valued Added Tax Act in an effort to render their administration more effective, although experience suggests that legislative reform efforts will be slow.

Zambia is experiencing the exogenous effects of the pandemic as a result of the global economic slowdown. It shares land borders with eight countries, and the copper mining industry has also experienced decreasing demand from China, caused by production shutdowns and global supply chain disruptions. The target budget deficit for 2020 (on a cash basis) was set at 5.5 percent of

GDP in the 2020 budget. This was premised on a significant increase in domestic revenues to at least 22 percent of GDP. These revenue targets are all expected to decline. The IMF projects a contraction in the economy of 5.1%. The scaling down of economic activity is expected to cut across all sectors including manufacturing, transport, power generation and transmission, wholesale and retail trade, and tourism, all with associated reductions in tax and non-tax revenues. A contraction in revenues is likely to continue as long as the pandemic - and its economic consequences - persists. The GRZ announced tax measures in March and April 2020 to bolster the private sector’s ability to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic. These measures will also reduce tax revenues. While overall revenue performance was on target during the first quarter of 2020, revenue performance during the second quarter was 19% below projections, largely driven by the negative economic impacts of the Covid-19 pandemic and lower than anticipated domestic VAT, VAT on imports, and customs duties (see attached ZRA Revenue

Performance Report for 2020 Year to Date).

The scope for realigning expenditures is limited due to the prevalence of non-discretional expenditure items such as debt payments, public worker emoluments and expenditures tied to externally financed projects. All these trends point to a much larger fiscal deficit than the 5.5 percent of GDP targeted for 2020.

C.4 STRATEGIC LINKAGES

Relationship to U.S. government priorities: ReMEG builds on years of U.S. Government partnership to improve public sector governance and promote transparent and accountable management of public resources in Zambia. As USAID/Zambia works to operationalize The

Journey to Self-Reliance this activity will specifically contribute to the Mission’s Financing Self

Reliance Framework. ReMEG supports and reinforces USAID/Zambia’s Country Development

Cooperation Strategy (2019-2024). While ReMEG’s focus will be on revenue administration, policy and enhanced public private dialogue on revenue issues, the project ultimately aims to help

Zambia achieve sustainable financing of its own development agenda over time. To do so, the activity will work closely with other USAID and USG efforts that are playing a part in that process.

ReMEG will work closely with the Mission’s new Business Enabling Environment activity, which will focus on energy, agriculture, and trade, and USAID’s Zambia’s health financing portfolio. It will also closely coordinate with the U.S. Department of the Treasury’s Office of Technical

Assistance (OTA), which provides intermittent technical advice to the ZRA. An additional interlocking activity within the DRG sector includes Local Impact Governance, an integrated governance program focused at sub-national levels that will incorporate own-source revenue mobilization and citizen engagement within its suit of interventions.

Alignment with GRZ Priorities: Increasing domestic revenue mobilization is a top priority for the GRZ. Zambia’s Vision 2030 (2006-2030) is to transform Zambia into a prosperous middle-income nation by 2030 and to create a new Zambia which is a “strong and dynamic middle-income industrial nation that provides opportunities for improving the well-being of all, embodying values of socio-economic justice.” Vision 2030 is implemented through medium-term national development plans. Zambia is currently implementing its Seventh National Development

Plan (7NDP) for the period 2017-2021. The activity is also intended to support the ZRA’s objectives and performance benchmarks in its Corporate Strategic Plan (see attached background documents). The four result areas are: a) enhanced revenue collection; b) satisfied and knowledgeable taxpayers; c) efficient, reliable and simplified business systems; and d) committed, competent and high performing workforce. Zambia’s recent weakening in economic fundamentals, however, have compromised its ability to make the desired progress towards achieving its Vision 2030 objectives, and its revenue performance benchmarks.

Complementary Zambia Programs: ReMEG will ensure active coordination with the community of development partners and take frequent stock of the work of other stakeholders to ensure coherence, leverage resources and avoid duplication of efforts. In the case of the

Strengthening Good Governance Program, for example, USAID anticipates that support to the

Ministry of Finance on tax policy issues will be led by the Strengthening Good Financial

Governance Program, program, funded by the European Union and Germany, with complementary assistance to be proposed during the work planning phase with the MOF, GIZ, and other partners as appropriate.

Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ)

Strengthening Good Financial Governance in Zambia (2019-2022): Provides support in (1) integrated planning and budgeting, (2) effective internal control for predictable budget execution, (3) increased effectiveness of revenue mobilization, (4) transparent reporting of financial and service delivery performance, and (5) moving towards fiscal decentralization. In 2020, the program initiated support to the Ministry of

Finance’s Tax Policy Unit and the Revenue Forecasting Unit. This includes the development of a capacity development plan to support the Tax Policy Unit’s work on policy formation and policy impact analysis, with a focus on VAT, tax exemptions, and income tax, and improving applied techniques for macroeconomic models and revenue forecasting. Areas of cooperation with the ZRA focus on developing a holistic approach to tax service delivery and a number of new service channels, digital tax data analysis;

and improving the results of tax assessments and collections for the taxation of large enterprises including tax arrears and the underlying business processes.

USAID Accountable Governance for Improved Service Delivery (AGIS)

(2017-2022): Working in both the Zambian Ministry of Health and the Ministry of

General Education, and in coordination with the Ministry of Finance and the Office of the https://www.giz.de/en/worldwide/20839.html

Auditor General, AGIS strengthens financial controls, procurement and auditing so that public funds are more effectively used for service delivery. AGIS operations target

Eastern, Lusaka, and Muchinga provinces, customized to needs identified in local assessments.

USAID Business Enabling Environment (2021-2016): Catalyzes greater private sector investment and trade in rural areas by strengthening select Zambian government and civil society organizations to implement improved and streamlined policies and processes for economically viable rural enterprises, and by creating an enabling environment that incentivizes productive investments in trade, agriculture, energy, eco-tourism and sustainable natural resource management.

USAID Local Impact Governance (2020-2025): Supports Zambia build a sub-national system of governance for devolved service delivery more responsive to citizen needs. The program will engage national and sub-national authorities in three provinces to anchor citizen and private-sector inputs in government planning, budgeting and performance monitoring of service delivery; strengthen development outcomes through joint problem-solving by local authorities and line ministries; boost own-source revenue and fiscal management of local authorities to more effectively deliver on current functions and build a foundation for devolved services; and spread the adoption of good practices and lessons learned to sub-national governments outside of the geographical focal area of implementation.

C.4 SCOPE OF WORK

ReMEG is based on the development hypothesis that if Zambia can achieve a more stable, equitable and efficient tax system, then compliance will improve, the tax base will expand, and revenues will grow over time and create the fiscal space to increase priority spending and unlock the country’s growth potential. While the amount of tax collected has important consequences for the availability of resources that underpin state capacity and supports the delivery of basic services, the way in which tax is collected impacts investment, growth, incomes, and taxpayer demands for accountability of public resource use. While technical measures are important to strengthen enforcement and facilitate tax compliance, this is insufficient to deliver a more effective, equitable, and accountable tax system. These outcomes necessitate a clearer focus on empowering taxpayers, including more attention to the interests of previously excluded participants, and enhancing the quality and transparency of the decision-making process. The program seeks to promote the “governance dividend” as the transformation of revenues into spending and services promotes government accountability and strengthens the social contract between citizens and the state.

The proposed activity will help Zambia improve domestic revenue mobilization (DRM) and expand the fiscal space for public spending and investments in service delivery and poverty reduction. The activity will engage both government and non-government stakeholders to build capacity in tax policy analysis, improve tax compliance and administration, and strengthen the tax culture in a manner that facilitates private sector growth and accountability relationships between taxpayers and the GRZ. The ZRA has an established reform agenda that could benefit from

USAID advice and facilitation. Significant changes in tax policy are politically more challenging although shifts in the reform environment may open windows of opportunity. The activity will therefore include support to private sector and civil society stakeholders, as well the GRZ, to promote improved analysis, dialogue, and advocacy and to build coalitions that can quickly mobilize support for both DRM and broader fiscal policy reforms needed to respond to the current fiscal crisis, the anticipated Covid-19 economic shocks, and any windows of opportunity that open in the post-election environment in FY 2021.

The activity is organized around four objectives, each to be implemented through a combination of technical assistance, capacity building, and (as USAID deems appropriate) commodity support.

C.4 OBJECTIVES

Activities under ReMEG will support the following four objectives to help Zambia strengthen the tax culture, increase voluntary compliance, and sustainably increase domestic revenue mobilization in a manner that promotes balanced private sector-led economic growth. Outputs and interventions will be agreed year-on-year with the GRZ, and opportunities for specific interventions will be identified and pursued as and when they arise, in close cooperation with other donors and technical assistance providers.

1. Tax and Non-Tax Revenue Administration and Compliance Improved will advance the efforts of the ZRA to operationalize MoF policies and collect tax and non-tax revenues in a more effective, efficient, and transparent manner.

Illustrative activities include: technical assistance to implement a strategy addressing the low rate of compliance across all taxes and obligations; efficiency measures to improve VAT collection;

improved forecasting of VAT refunds; improved monitoring and reporting of performance against desired outcomes; and support to conduct a human resources and organizational assessment and operationalize a revised structure.

2. Tax Policy Strengthened to equip the MoF with the tools and skills to conduct policy analysis, evaluate and communicate the impact of tax reforms, and formulate sound, predictable, and fair tax and non-tax revenue policies.

Illustrative activities include: capacity development of the Ministry of Finance’s tax policy unit in policy impact assessment to lay the foundation for policy review and reform; improved revenue modeling and forecasting; targeted evaluation of tax incentives; facilitation support to strengthen coordination across GRZ institutions; implementation of the remaining parts of OECD tax base erosion and profit shifting initiatives; and examination of the effectiveness of non-tax revenue collection. GIZ and the International Monetary Fund have initiated support to the Ministry of

Finance on tax policy and revenue forecasting and are expected to take the lead on this objective.

Complementary USAID interventions will be identified in collaboration with other donor agencies and the Ministry of Finance at work planning stage, as appropriate.

3. Public-Private Dialogue Enhanced, will build private sector and civil society capacity to contribute to an informed dialogue on taxation, and ensure that public input informs decision making on the mobilization and use of public resources.

Illustrative activities include: assessments of how to shift and sustain the politics of reform on specific tax-related issues; expansion of meaningful transparency and improved quality of consultation processes through improved and new dialogue platforms; and c) investments in both private sector and civil society capacity; including media outreach strategies and linked efforts to improve independent media’s skills to analysis and report on fiscal issues.

4. Enhanced capacity to address other fiscal policy and management priorities as they emerge

ReMEG is primarily envisioned as support for domestic revenue mobilization, but the implementor must be prepared to respond to strategic windows of opportunity to respond to urgent emerging needs on an as needed basis, and in close coordination with other donor partners and technical assistance providers. This might include support to the MoF to realign expenditure policy and priorities in response to Covid-19 generated impacts, prioritizing Covid-

19 related support packages and public investment projects and implementing wage bill reforms.

While technical measures are important to strengthen enforcement and facilitate tax compliance, this is insufficient to deliver a more effective, equitable, and accountable tax system. These outcomes necessitate a clearer focus on empowering taxpayers, including more attention to the interests of previously excluded participants, and enhancing the quality and transparency of the decision-making process. A grants-under-contract (GUC) facility will support Objective 3 and will be used where the initiative of local organizations and conveners has the potential to extend

ReMEG’s reach or augment its results. A key ingredient for the success of this activity is the mobilization of support from within the private sector and non-governmental community. Tax and non-tax reforms are most likely to succeed when they reflect the interests and priorities of those constituencies likely to be affected by the reforms. Each grant shall be justified based on its expected contribution to improved policy, administration, or engagement on tax and non-tax revenue and broader DRM issues.

C.4 GENDER

There has been little analysis on gendered biases in the Zambian tax system. Strengthening data collection to include sex disaggregation will help inform gender-sensitive tax policy and administration. Disparities and trends in experiences of paying taxes will be monitored as activity outcomes. USAID will also support diagnostic studies and surveys on the potential social and economic effects on population groups expected to be affected by reforms. The GRZ has demonstrated commitment to confront gender inequality in other areas and is expected to support proactive efforts to eliminate any gender bias detected in the tax system.

C.5 RESULTS MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING, EVALUATION, AND

LEARNING

The results to be achieved under this contract, to be refined after award with the GRZ and non-governmental counterparts, are:

● Contribute to the GRZ’s goal of increasing tax revenues as a percentage of GDP Improved payment compliance by taxpayers

● Increased efficiency of VAT collection

● Improved monitoring and reporting of ZRA performance against desired outcomes

● Improved skills and capacity to produce analysis and options that help the MoF make informed policy decisions

● Private sector and civil society stakeholders demonstrate improved capacity to generate research and policy assessments

● Expanded and improved opportunities for private sector, civil society, and GRZ stakeholders to consult on DRM and broader fiscal issues

● Increased MoF and ZRA capacity to effectively communicate reforms and conduct political and public consultation on changes to policies, laws, and regulations

● The MoF has more sustainable, competency-based capacity to develop, manage and analyze revenue policy, legislation, and regulations

Performance indicators, to be more fully developed at activity start up, will take into account the local context and availability of data. Shifts in the local context will have implications for the achievement of results, and significant shifts will trigger adaptation of the logical framework to better reflect the changed context. The activity will incorporate Financing Self Reliance standard indicators, such as:

● Government revenue (tax and non-tax), excluding foreign grants, as a percent of GDP and in local currency (disaggregated)

● Number of improvements to tax policies and tax administration procedures contributed to by USAID assistance

● Spending on revenue authority as a percent of tax collections

● Time required by taxpayers and enterprises to prepare and pay taxes (annual hours)

● Increased year-on-year collections due to USAID assistance (disaggregated by tax type)

● Number of persons trained

● Number of person-hours of training

In addition to traditional performance-based monitoring, the activity will incorporate complexity-aware monitoring and risk assessments, to be employed over the life of the activity.

The Mission envisions a step-by-step approach to results management by facilitating GRZ and non-state partners to break down specific problems into root causes, identify entry points, search for possible solutions, take action, reflect upon what has been learned, adapt and then act again. Outputs and interventions will be agreed year-on-year with the GRZ and non-state actors, and opportunities for specific interventions will be identified and pursued as and when they arise. The approach will draw on process-tracking methodologies, using milestones and progress trackers to capture the full extent of results, support evolving flexible and demand-led interventions, and enable work on change areas that cannot be fully specified from the outset.

The monitoring, evaluation, and learning approach will explicitly address risks as reflected in the logical framework. This assists the activity management team in intentionally assessing whether or not the initial assumptions governing activity design continue to hold, providing the team with information required to make the most appropriate management decisions. The implementing partner will be asked to identify, monitor, and report on risks on an annual basis, and this will be periodically assessed during the Mission’s bi-annual portfolio reviews.

BACKGROUND DOCUMENTS

1. Zambia Revenue Authority Corporate Strategic Plan, Revised March 2020

2. Zambia Revenue Authority, Interim Tax Revenue Performance Report 2020

3. Zambia Revenue Authority, Covid-19 Tax Policy and Other Measures

4. Ministry of Finance, draft Public Financial Management Reform Strategy

5. Ministry of Finance, Zambia Tax Expenditure Study, December 2018

6. Ministry of Finance, Marginal Effective Tax Rate Study, December 2018

7. Ministry of Finance, Tax Gap Study, December 2018