RFI 72061120C0000WGIP Draft Section C - USAID WASH-GIP Activity.pdf

U.S. AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT

Subdivision 694/Stand 100 Ibex Hill Road

PO Box 320373

Lusaka, Zambia – 10101 infozambia@usaid.gov

USAID.gov

TO: All Prospective Offerors

ISSUANCE DATE: Monday, November 16, 2020

REQUEST FOR INFORMATION (RFI) #: 72061120C0000WGIP

SUBJECT: Draft Section C - USAID Water Sanitation and Hygiene Governance Institutions and

Policies (WASH-GIP) Activity

DUE DATE: Monday, December 7, 2020, at 2:00 pm Lusaka Time

Dear Prospective Offerors:

The United States Government, represented by the U.S. Agency for International Development

(USAID), is seeking input from interested Offerors who may provide comments, opinions, and recommendations in response to the proposed activity approach in the subject draft Statement of

Objective (SOO) under RFI # 72061120C0000WGIP. USAID/Zambia anticipates that the subsequent

RFP will serve as the basis for a five-year, $18 to $21 million contract, subject to the availability of funds.

The purpose of this RFI is to solicit feedback on the draft SOO to help ensure clarity and purpose.

While we welcome all comments, we particularly request Offeror to respond to the questions in

Attachment II below. Please note that responding to this RFI will not give any advantage to or preclude any organization or individual from any RFP that may be subsequently issued as any/all comments received will be strictly for information gathering purposes only. RFI Responses must be submitted electronically in Microsoft Word format to OAA Solicitations Lusaka AID (oaa-solicit-lusaka@usaid.gov) to the attention of Ms. Doreen Muleya and Mr. Mohib Ahmed under the title: RFI #

72061120C0000WGIP, USAID WASH-GIP Activity. See Attachment 1 for detailed RFI Response

Requirements.

USAID/Zambia may choose to publish responses to the RFI submissions in an anonymized format through https://beta.sam.gov/. The release of this RFI in no way obligates the United States Government or USAID to release a solicitation for this proposed activity, nor are either responsible for any costs incurred in preparing responses to this RFI.

Thank you for your interest in the subject request for information.

Sincerely, Mohib Ahmed

Supervisory Contracting Officer

Director, Office of Acquisition and Assistance

Attachment I: RFI Response Requirements

Attachment II: RFI Questions

Attachment III: Draft Statement of Objective mailto:infozambia@usaid.gov mailto:oaa-solicit-lusaka@usaid.gov https://beta.sam.gov/

RFI #: 72061120C0000WGIP

Draft Statement of Objective for the

USAID Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Governance Institutions and Policies (WASH-GIP) Activity

ATTACHMENT I – RFI RESPONSE REQUIREMENTS

Responses should include the following:

1. Cover page, not to exceed one (1) page, that includes:

a. Organization name and address

b. Point of contact name and contact information

c. A brief statement of interest that indicates the organization’s interest in applying as a prime or subcontractor. If a team or consortium is envisioned, please provide the names of the potential partner organizations, if possible.

2. Comments and questions on the draft Statement of Objective. Submissions must not exceed six

(6) pages, excluding annexes/attachments that may be relevant. Please reference Page and

Section Title for each question to ensure USAID is able to fully understand the question/comment.

No other documents or information are requested at this time. USAID asks respondents to not send any additional information other than what is requested above and to adhere to the page limits mentioned.

ATTACHMENT II – RFI QUESTIONS

1. What, if any, are your concerns about the proposed breadth of the activity?

2. What are the key risks, challenges, and/or omissions with the stated objectives? Are there alternatives that would mitigate or alleviate these risks and challenges?

3. Are the targets under Section C.5, Success realistic? If not, please help articulate how success could be measured.

4. What lessons learned, if any, could you share with USAID that would help inform the design of the Activity?

5. Given the current WASH policy and regulatory environment, what role can the GRZ and private sector play, respectively, in expanding WASH services and to ensure the sustainability of

WASH services and infrastructure?

• What are the main barriers to expand water and sanitation infrastructure and enhance operation and maintenance? And how might WASH-GIP address these barriers?

6. What are the main governance and institutional challenges to sustainable WASH infrastructure development, maintenance, and service delivery in Zambia? How might WASH-GIP address these challenges?

7. Given the social and economic situation in Zambia, how could USAID support the government, civil society, and the private sector to effectively deliver WASH services and achieve the committed universal access by 2030 goal?

8. What are the major opportunities and challenges for private sector engagement in WASH service delivery at the national, district, and sub-district levels? How might WASH-GIP address these challenges?

9. Any General feedback and/or comments?

ATTACHMENT III – DRAFT STATEMENT OF OBJECTIVE

C.1 ACTIVITY TITLE

The activity title is USAID Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Governance Institutions and

Policies (WASH-GIP) Activity.

C.2 PURPOSE

The USAID Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Governance, Institutions and Policies (WASH-GIP) Activity will increase sustainable WASH service delivery in Muchinga, Northern, Western and Southern

Provinces. These provinces may be subject to change during the life of implementation. The purpose of this activity is to professionalize WASH services, to promote accountability for reliable and high-quality

WASH services, and to enhance the enabling environment for service delivery. All activities are predicated on enhanced sector governance, for this reason, the WASH-GIP activity will work with the

GRZ entities at the national, provincial, and local levels to ensure that the systems, policies, and processes are in place, implemented and enforced to ensure Zambians receive access to high-quality

WASH services. WASH-GIP will also work with the private sector to leverage reach, innovation, and long-term commercial interests to provide lasting services. By doing so, USAID will greatly contribute to building the capacity of Zambian WASH service providers.

C.3 BACKGROUND

Over six million Zambians lack access to safe water, and 11 million remain without basic sanitation1.

Decades of underinvestment have translated into poor infrastructure unable to accommodate population growth. Where infrastructure exists, investments in essential preventative maintenance are lacking. The Revised National Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Program 2016-2030 notes an annual failure rate of 2.5% for water supply systems.

Institutional arrangements for service provision leave large gaps in WASH coverage. In Zambia, Commercial Utilities (CUs) — joint ventures between local authorities and a mix of private sector and parastatal institutions — are mandated WASH service providers. However, in under-served peri-urban and rural areas, CUs lack incentives and resources to expand coverage. In these areas, water systems are managed and operated following the Community-Based Management (CBM) model, which has not resulted in sustainable operation and maintenance (O&M) of WASH facilities in rural communities.

Sustainable O&M requires professionalized services, including ongoing repair work and supply chain management. In partnership with communities, the private sector offers promise in creating sustainable systems for WASH services. Though water sector policies recognize the private sector as an essential stakeholder, private sector participation is constrained by inadequate policy enforcement, poor understanding of policies, and market failure.

WASH governance lies at the heart of these challenges. Under good governance, sector organizations, institutions, and people are organized, trained, motivated, and accountable to keep water and sanitation systems running and ensure the effective management of water resources for the benefit of all individuals, households and communities. Communities have a responsibility for decisions that affect them, especially in terms of how budgets are utilized, the quality of services provided, rates for services received, and activities occurring in the watershed that may affect water quality. Citizen engagement also supports the inclusion of marginalized and vulnerable populations, particularly women and youth, while supporting community ownership and the likelihood of service sustainability.

1 WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene, 2017

C.4 ACTIVITY OBJECTIVE

The overall objective of this activity is to have a professional WASH sector to maintain and expand sustainable WASH services in Muchinga, Northern, Western, and Southern Provinces, focusing on peri-urban, rural growth centers2 and rural areas.

Objective 1: Institutionalize market-based WASH service delivery, financially sustainable and inclusive management models for water and sanitation facilities (hand pump boreholes, small piped water schemes and latrines).

The Offeror to articulate how they will enhance the construction quality of water supply facilities (new hand pump boreholes, small piped water schemes) and institutionalize market-based safe water and sanitation service delivery. The Offeror is also expected to articulate how it will improve the financial sustainability of water supply and sanitation services. Further, the Offeror is expected to articulate how it will facilitate access for the poor to adequate sanitation facilities. Failure rates for WASH facilities remain very high. Attaining universal service coverage will therefore require not only investments in new services but more importantly addressing lack of sustainability of service.

Objective 2: Increased accountability of WASH service providers, policymakers and civic leaders for improved and sustainable WASH service delivery.

The Offeror will articulate how it will improve the capacity of citizens to hold WASH service providers, policymakers and civic leaders accountable for quality service delivery and improved investments, respectively.

Objective 3: Supported policy and regulatory reforms to strengthen enabling environment for sustainable service delivery.

The Offeror will articulate how it will strengthen the policy and regulatory frameworks to remove barriers to private sector investments and participation in the WASH sector. Further, the Offeror is expected to articulate the necessary policy and legislative improvements to allow for the commodification of WASH services.

Objective 4: Increased private sector participation in the delivery, operation, and maintenance of

WASH services delivery.

The Offeror to articulate how they will enhance the participation of the private sector in WASH service provision and improving service reliability.

C.5 SUCCESS

Success for WASH-GIP will be measured by improved sustainability of services in the target districts as a result of increased investments and participation of private enterprises in the delivery and management of WASH services and increased access to WASH services. At the end of the WASH-GIP activity, the number of private sector entities participating in the WASH sector would have increased, and the enterprises growing through increased transactions.

The Offeror must propose a minimum number of private enterprises to work with to meet the following targets by the end of the activity:

2 Wekwete, 1988, defined growth centers as service centers (rural or urban) which have a potential for further development and hence need to be supported by further public and private sector investment.

Activity performance indicators

Results Indicator

Increased access to safe water by

10 percent between baseline and endline per district

HL.8.1-1 Number of people gaining access to basic drinking water services as a result of USG assistance

HL.8.1-2 Number of people gaining access to safely managed drinking water services as a result of USG assistance

HL.8.1-4 Number of institutional settings gaining access to basic drinking water services as a result of USG assistance

Offeror to propose additional indicators to measure achievement of the result

Improved the functionality rate of water supply facilities by 25 percent between baseline and endline per target district.

HL.8.1-3 Number of people receiving improved service quality from an existing basic drinking or safely managed water service as a result of USG assistance

HL.8.3-3 Number of water and sanitation sector institutions strengthened to manage water resources or improve water supply and sanitation services as a result of USG assistance

HL.8.4-1 Value of new funding mobilized to the water and sanitation sectors as a result of USG assistance

Increased access to sanitation by

25% percent, including for the poorest of the poor, between baseline and endline per district.

HL.2-1 Number of communities verified as open defecation free

(ODF) as a result of USG assistance

HL.8.2-2 Number of people gaining access to a basic sanitation service as a result of USG assistance

HL.8.2-4 Number of basic sanitation facilities provided in institutional settings as a result of USG assistance

Improved performance-based sustainability assessments in at least

125 rural water service providers or community-based water committees.

CBLD-9 Percent of USG-assisted organizations with improved performance

Increased private sector participation in WASH service delivery by 30 percent between baseline and endline per district.

C.6 KEY STAKEHOLDERS

Based on the above background, USAID/Zambia consulted with key stakeholders, including the private sector, government, regulators, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and donors working in the industry.

The following list provides key stakeholders and their envisioned respective roles and responsibilities within the USAID’s WASH-GIP Activity:

Stakeholder Role

USAID/Zambia Oversight of the performance of the Contract.

Department of Water Supply and

Sanitation Services in MWDSEP

Ensure buy-in and alignment to government policies and priorities during activity planning and implementation. Provide leadership for policy, legislative and regulatory reforms to allow greater participation of the private sector in WASH service delivery.

Private Sector Partner with USAID and GRZ to identify and pursue market opportunities, including financing, that address shared priorities and objectives by supporting financially sustainable WASH services delivery that meets the needs of Zambians.

CUs Collaborate in the delivery of WASH services.

Department of Information and

Policy in MWDSEP

Involved and consulted to ensure alignment to GRZ policies and priorities.

Cooperating Partners such as

African Development Bank, DFID, Germany Development

Cooperation, Japanese

International Development

Cooperation, KfW, UNICEF, World Bank, etc.

Align to their existing or planned activities and/or changes to activity to ensure resource use effectiveness and impact for

WASH services.

Water Resources Management

Authority (WARMA)

Issuance of water permits for groundwater and surface water developments. WARMA is expected to register and regulate some private sector WASH entities such as drillers and hydrogeologists.

WASH NGOs Align to their existing or planned activities and/or changes to activity to ensure resource use effectiveness and impact for

WASH services. Potential subcontractors to implement priority interventions in selected districts. They could serve as important institutions in promoting accountability in the WASH sector.

Communities Target recipients for the WASH services. They are customers for commercial WASH services and are primary rights holders, who will hold service providers and duty bearers accountable.

Traditional leaders To be involved in activity planning and implementation to ensure alignment with local priorities, practices, and norms.

NWASCO Accredit products, regulate quality, and ensure customer protection, particularly for sanitation; set tariffs for WASH services; monitor and regulate the operations of private entities in WASH. Support policy and legal reforms necessary for greater commercialization of WASH services.

C.7 LINKAGES TO MISSION OBJECTIVES AND OTHER USG PROGRAMS

The USAID/Zambia’s 2019-2024 CDCS3 states that “USAID will Partner with the Zambian

Government, Civil Society and the Private Sector to Advance the Country’s Self-Reliance through more

Effective Development Choices and Governance, Enterprise-Driven Economic Growth, and Increased

Resilience among its Most Vulnerable Citizens.” Over the last 50 years, USAID has supported and implemented assistance programs that target economic growth, health, education, democracy and

3 USAID/Zambia Country Development Cooperation Strategy, 2019 - 2024 https://www.usaid.gov/documents/1860/country-development-cooperation-strategy-cdcs- 2019-2024-0 https://www.usaid.gov/documents/1860/country-development-cooperation-strategy-cdcs-2019-2024-0 governance, and humanitarian assistance.

The WASH-GIP activity contributes to the achievement of USAID/Zambia CDCS Development

Objective 3 (Capacity of Zambia’s Government, Citizens and Private Sector Increased to Improve

Health Outcomes and Meet Critical Needs of Vulnerable Populations) and Intermediate Result 3.1

(Utilization of Quality Health, Water, and Sanitation Services and Prevention Practices Increased) and

3.2 (Health, Water, and Sanitation Systems' Effectiveness, Capacity and Sustainability Strengthened).

Many USG programs have invested or are currently investing in Zambia to improve health outcomes and human wellbeing. The Offeror will be expected to build on past programs and leverage existing programs, to the extent feasible, to optimize the impact of WASH-GIP. The Offeror will also coordinate, where appropriate, with relevant USAID WASH, health, education, private sector, and non-

WASH programs and other donor-supported initiatives that complement WASH-GIP objectives.

Activities such as Scaling Up Nutrition Technical Assistance, Scaling Up Nutrition Learning and

Evaluation, EduFinance and Local Impact Governance would be beneficial to WASH-GIP. For maternal, newborn and child health (MCHN), there is a clear link between safe water, sanitation and hygiene, and optimal health outcomes for women and children. For instance, simple hygiene practices such as handwashing during antenatal care, labor and delivery can reduce the risk of infections and death for newborns and mothers by up to 25%. Improved community access to clean drinking water, sanitation and hygiene also lead to reduced intestinal infections and diarrheal episodes in mothers and children and directly improves child growth and development. Therefore, WASH-GIP leveraging efforts with health activities would greatly enhance the outcomes for MCHN. Activities include USAID in Community

Health Assistants, Community Radio Program, Scaling Up Early Childhood Development in Zambia, Zambia Accessible Health Markets and Family Health and Nutrition, with potential collaboration in

Muchinga, Southern and Western provinces.

C.8 ASSUMPTIONS

● The Government of the Republic of Zambia (MWDSEP and NWASCO) will be committed to reform efforts to move the WASH sector towards full commercialization.

● The WASH regulator and service providers, including CUs, are committed to adjust tariffs in terms of both cost recovery and affordability.

● The WASH sector in Zambia will scale up successful models from WASH-GIP.

● There will be effective civil society engagement, and accountability mechanisms to advocate for sector reforms and improved sector governance.

● The civic space for citizen engagement, such as free media, freedom of speech, and freedom of assembly will be respected.

● Zambia’s macroeconomic conditions will allow for improved domestic resource mobilization and private investment.

C.9 THE DEVELOPMENT HYPOTHESIS

The development hypothesis for this activity holds that if access to WASH services is increased, adaptive management models for sustainable WASH services delivery are implemented, and if the

WASH tariff setting regime is profit-oriented to attract private sector participation and investments, and if private sector investments in WASH service delivery is enhanced, and if key WASH sector institutions’ capacities are strengthened, and if citizens are empowered to demand better service delivery and accountability, then WASH service delivery will improve and become sustainable.

C.11 ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE

The Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended, Section 117 requires that the impact of USAID’s activities on the environment is considered and that USAID include environmental sustainability as a central consideration in designing and carrying out its development programs. ADS Parts 201.5 and 204

(http://www.usaid.gov/policy/ADS/200/), in part, require that the potential environmental impacts of

USAID-financed activities are identified prior to a final decision to proceed, and that appropriate environmental safeguards are adopted for all activities.

In order to identify any potential negative impacts and ensure compliance with USAID environmental procedures, the Contractor must develop procedures to identify, assess and avoid the environmental impacts of proposed activities and develop mechanisms to address the relevant assessment requirements.

The Contractor must comply with host country environmental regulations unless otherwise directed in writing by USAID. In case of conflict between the host country and USAID regulations, the latter shall govern.

None of the activities funded under this contract will be implemented unless an environmental threshold determination, as defined by 22 CFR 216, has been reached for that activity, as documented in the Initial

Environmental Examination (IEE), duly signed by the Bureau Environmental Officer (BEO).

USAID anticipates that environmental compliance and achieving optimal development outcomes for the proposed activities will require environmental management expertise.

The Offeror should therefore include as part of their response, their approach to achieving environmental compliance and management, to include:

a) Their approach to developing and implementing an Environmental Monitoring and Mitigation

Plan and a Water Quality Assurance Plan

b) Their approach to providing necessary environmental management expertise, including examples of experience of environmental management of similar activities.

c) An illustrative budget for implementing the environmental compliance activities. For the purposes of this activity, illustrative costs for environmental compliance implementation and monitoring in their cost proposal.

The Threshold Decision level has been determined to be Negative with Conditions. Therefore, the

Contractor is subject to the terms and conditions for Environmental Compliance and is subject to change.

C.12 YOUTH INTEGRATION

This activity is rooted in a Positive Youth Development (PYD) approach, which is based on the belief that “given guidance and support from caring adults, all youth (ages 10-29) can grow up healthy and productive, making positive contributions to their families, schools, and communities.” PYD programs intentionally focus on developing competencies and behaviors that support pro-social attitudes, a clear and positive personal identity, and positive belief in the future. PYD programs encourage youth leadership and experiential learning, as well as adult approachability and champions. Services and opportunities are designed to support young people in developing a sense of competence, usefulness, belonging, and empowerment. For many, the PYD approach is a paradigm shift in the way that they think about youth, education, employment, leadership, health, and protection of the environment and its resources. The Offeror must work with the private sector to ensure the activity will include concrete and practical approaches that will not only address the challenges that youth face to accomplish the activity results but will also involve and support young people in the decision -making, management and leadership of this activity. The Activity youth integration must at a minimum include an emphasis on the involvement of the youth in the operation and maintenance of WASH facilities.

C.13 SELF-RELIANCE AND SUSTAINABILITY

WASH-GIP will function as an integral part of the Zambian WASH system to deliver sustainable water and sanitation services through meaningful partnerships between government, the private sector and communities. The activity moves beyond the simple measurement of infrastructure investments to create lasting solutions that maintain and enhance water and sanitation services for rural, peri-urban and rural growth center communities. WASH-GIP will adopt a water sector systems approach – from community interventions, to wider service delivery, and within the enabling environment – to addressing and improving sustainability of water and sanitation services through enhanced regulatory and institutional capacity of private service providers, civil society and government. Within communities, WASH-GIP will design services that meet users’ demands and interests and design inclusive mechanisms for supported and supervised community-managed maintenance and accountability of water and sanitation services in partnership with private water and sanitation providers. The activity’s focus on improving the enabling environment for greater private sector investment in WASH services will create innovative, affordable and sustainable models for the construction, operation and maintenance of water and sanitation services.

C. 14 GENDER EQUALITY AND WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT

USAID seeks to ensure that “women are empowered to effectively advocate for their perspectives and priorities, and that they can fully engage as managers, partners and entrepreneurs in water and sanitation activities and enterprises.”4 Women are often the managers of domestic water resources as well as promoters of home and community-based sanitation activities. However, women’s views and voices are frequently excluded from community-based decision-making bodies despite their accumulated knowledge about resources and insights into common water and sanitation challenges. The Offeror is expected to demonstrate intentional consideration of gender inequities and opportunities within the

WASH system and how the proposed WASH-GIP strategy will translate into (1) improved WASH outcomes through, for example, inclusive and effective distribution and management of water supply and sanitation services and (2) greater gender equality and women’s empowerment through increased participation and voice in decision-making and management. The Offeror must incorporate gender equality considerations into each component of this activity, including the sustainable delivery of water and sanitation services and accountability mechanisms for monitoring WASH service delivery. The

Offeror will reflect gender within the Activity Monitoring, Evaluation and Learning Plan (AMELP) by providing sex- and age-disaggregated data and closely monitoring gender outcomes related to, for example, number of females and males reached with improved services.

C.15 CLIMATE CHANGE INTEGRATION

Climate change is a cross-cutting issue that can have significant impacts on regional, national, and local development efforts in all sectors. In recognition of that fact, Executive Order (EO) 13677 requires all

US agencies to factor climate change into their foreign assistance planning and manage the associated climate risks. In addition, a country’s development trajectory can significantly influence its emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) that cause climate change.

Climate Risk Management (CRM) is required for all USAID-supported activities, with limited exceptions.

Climate risk has the potential for negative consequences on activity objectives and/or outcomes due to changing climatic conditions. The focus of climate risk management at USAID is on the risk to USAID development programming. The CRM process may identify potential development opportunities associated with current and expected climatic and meteorological changes, including chances to achieve additional development objectives (including increasing climate resilience and reducing greenhouse gas emissions).

4 USAID Water and Development Strategy 2013-2018.

The Offeror must describe their approach to climate risk management, take advantage of opportunities to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, demonstrate their understanding of climate risk management as it relates to this activity. In addition, given the challenges posed by climate change, the Offeror will need to articulate practices and interventions that can enable climate resilient approaches to succeed and support the sustainability of the investments made under this activity.

C.16 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, INNOVATION AND PARTNERSHIP (STIP)

USAID/Zambia is one of 20 Missions recognized as a “Lead Mission” in applying Science, Technology, Innovation and Partnership (STIP) to enhance its development impact. The Offeror must describe their approach and use of cost-effective methods to reach many beneficiaries and accelerate the timeline for obtaining results, and/or bringing ground-breaking innovations to scale.

C.17 REFERENCE DOCUMENTS

1. Boulenouar, J., Schweitzer, R., and Lockwood, H., 2013. Mapping sustainability assessment tools to support sustainable water and sanitation service delivery. Triple-S Working Papers, p.26.

https://www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/2013_wp6_sustainabilityassessmenttools.pdf

2. Government of the Republic of Zambia Seventh National Development Plan, 2017

Kabasu, R., Ndirangu, N. and Mbuvi, J., 2018. Sustaining WASH services through market-based approaches, experiences by USAID’s KIWASH project.

3. Kariuki, M. and Schwartz, J., 2005. Small-scale private service providers of water supply and electricity: A review of incidence, structure, pricing, and operating characteristics. The World Bank.

4. McNicholl, D., et al. (2019). Performance-based funding for reliable rural water services in Africa.

Uptime consortium, Working Paper 1. Available at:

https://www.smithschool.ox.ac.uk/research/water/report-performance-based-funding.html

5. USAID (2018) An Examination of CLTS’s Contributions Toward Universal Sanitation

6. USAID/Zambia Country Development Cooperation Strategy, 2019 - 2024

7. https://www.usaid.gov/documents/1860/country-development-cooperation-strategy-cdcs-2019-2024-

8. Schaub-Jones, D. and Valfrey-Visser, B., 2009. Supporting private entrepreneurs to deliver public goods: engaging sanitation entrepreneurs

9. Smith, A. & Butterworth, J.A. 2019. Developing consumer markets within rural WASH systems, 2019.

10. Sustainability Assessment of Rural Water Service Delivery Models, World Bank Global Water

Practice August 2017

11. SUWASA_Cost Recovery for Urban Water Services in Zambia

12. Wekwete, K.H., ‘Rural Growth Points in Zimbabwe- prospects for the future’, Journal of Social

Development in Africa, Vol.3, No. 2, 1988, pp.5-16.

13. WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (JMP) https://washdata.org/data/household#!/table?geo0=region&geo1=sdg

14. Zambia Statistics Agency, Ministry of Health (MOH) Zambia, and ICF. 2019. Zambia Demographic and Health Survey 2018. Lusaka, Zambia, and Rockville, Maryland, USA: Zambia Statistics Agency, Ministry of Health, and ICF.

https://www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/2013_wp6_sustainabilityassessmenttools.pdf https://washdata.org/data/household#!/table?geo0=region&geo1=sdg