J.2 IEE.pdf

GH/ID/MAL PREVENTION OF MALARIA THROUGH VECTOR CONTROL

IEE TEMPLATE VERSION 3.1

INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL

EXAMINATION

PROJECT/ACTIVITY DATA

Project/Activity Name: Prevention of Malaria through Vector Control Geographic Location(s) (Country/Region): Global Amendment (Yes/No), if Yes indicate # (1, 2...): No Implementation Start/End Date (FY or M/D/Y): September 2022-September 2027 If Amended, specify New End Date:

Solicitation/Contract/Award Number(s):

Implementing Partner(s):

Bureau Tracking ID: GH-21-10626 Tracking ID of Related RCE/IEE (if any): GH-16-000220 Tracking ID of Other, Related Analyses:

ORGANIZATIONAL/ADMINISTRATIVE DATA

Implementing Operating Unit(s):

(e.g. Mission or Bureau or Office)

GH/ID/MAL

Other Affected Operating Unit(s):

Lead BEO Bureau: Global Health Funding Account(s) (if available): HL.3 Malaria Original Funding Amount:

If Amended, specify funding amount:

If Amended, specify new funding total:

Prepared by: Natalia Machuca Date Prepared: November 3, 2021

ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE REVIEW DATA

Analysis Type: Environmental Examination Deferral Environmental Determination(s): Categorical Exclusion(s)

Negative Positive Deferred (per 22 CFR 216.3(a)(7)(iv)

IEE Expiration Date (if applicable): September 2030 Additional Analyses/Reporting Required: EMMP, IWMP, and Annual EMMR Climate Risks Identified (#): Low ______ Moderate _9__ High __4___ Climate Risks Addressed (#): Low ______ Moderate __9___ High ___4___

THRESHOLD DETERMINATION AND SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

PROJECT/ACTIVITY SUMMARY

Despite significant progress over the past decade, malaria remains a major global public health problem – with an estimated 229 million cases and 409,000 deaths in 2019. While this represents a decline from 2000 levels, there has been a plateau in progress in recent years due to insecticide resistance, funding stagnation, and other factors. Thus, highly efficacious and long-lasting vector control measures, including new tools, are necessary to maintain progress in malaria control and eliminate malaria.

The goal of this project is to prevent malaria infections and limit transmission of malaria by reducing contact between humans and the mosquito vector(s) in countries where USAID supports malaria control efforts. The project will focus on continuing to scale up and sustain key project outputs of ownership and appropriate use of insecticide-treated mosquito nets (ITNs), targeted and cost-effective use of indoor residual spraying (IRS), and entomological monitoring to collect data to inform the selection, implementation, and assessment of vector control interventions. Research, piloting, and introduction of new vector control products and tools will be another key input into the long-term efficacy of ITNs, IRS, and other potential vector control measures.

ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINATIONS

Upon approval of this document, the determinations become affirmed, per Agency regulations

(22 CFR 216).

TABLE 1: ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINATIONS

Projects/Activities Categorical Exclusion Citation (if applicable)

Negative Determination

Positive Determination1

Deferral2

Project/Activity 1:

Implementation of indoor residual spraying (IRS)

Sub-activity 1.1:

Procurement, distribution/delivery, storage, application and disposal of waste associated with World Health Organization Pre- Qualif ied (WHO/PQ) and/or U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)-approved insecticides.

Sub-activity 1.2: Provision of

1 Positive Determinations require preparation of a Scoping Statement and Environmental Assessment.

2 Deferrals must be cleared through an Amendment to this IEE prior to implementation of any deferred activities.

Projects/Activities Categorical Exclusion Citation (if applicable)

Negative Determination

Positive Determination1

Deferral2 operational support (e.g., training, supervision, community mobilization) for insecticides programs.

Sub-activity 1.3: Provision of monitoring and evaluation support for insecticides programs.

Categorical Exclusion, per 22 CFR 216.2(c)(i)

Project/Activity 2:

Distribution of insecticide-treated mosquito nets (ITNs)

Sub-activity 2.1:

distribution/delivery, storage, and disposal of waste associated with World Health Organization Pre- Qualif ied (WHO/PQ) ITNs.

Sub-activity 2.2: Provision of operational support (e.g., training, supervision, community mobilization) for ITNs programs.

Sub-activity 2.3: Provision of monitoring, including durability monitoring.

Project/Activity 3:

Implementation of larviciding programs

Sub-activity 3.1:

distribution/delivery, storage, application and disposal of waste associated with World Health Organization Pre- Qualif ied (WHO/PQ) and/or U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)-approved larvicides.

Sub-activity 3.2: Provision of operational support (e.g., training, supervision, community mobilization) for larvicide programs.

Sub-activity 3.3: Provision of monitoring and evaluation support for larvicide programs.

Project/Activity 4:

Implementation of

Projects/Activities Categorical Exclusion Citation (if applicable)

Negative Determination

Positive Determination1

Deferral2 insecticide -based personal Sub- 4.1:

Procurement, distribution/delivery, storage, and disposal of waste associated with World Health Organization Pre- Qualif ied (WHO/PQ) and/or U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)-approved personal repellents, insecticide-treated clothing, or footwear, etc.

Sub-activity: 4.2: Provision of operational support (e.g., training, supervision, community mobilization) for personal repellents, insecticide-treated clothing, or footwear, etc. programs.

Sub-activity: 4.3: Provision of monitoring and evaluation support for personal repellents, insecticide-treated clothing, or footwear, etc. programs.

Categorical Exclusion, per 22 CFR 216.2(c)(i)

Project/Activity 5:

Implementation of alternative domestic insecticide-based tools Sub-activity 5.1:

Procurement, distribution/delivery, storage, application and disposal of waste associated with World Health Organization Pre- Qualif ied (WHO/PQ) and/or U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)-approved eave ribbons, eave tubes, treated/untreated screening, etc. insecticide treated product.

Sub-activity 5.2: Provision of operational support (e.g., training, supervision, community mobilization) for eave ribbons, eave tubes, treated/untreated screening, Projects/Activities Categorical Exclusion Citation (if applicable)

Negative Determination

Positive Determination1

Deferral2 etc. insecticide treated product.

Sub-activity 5.3: Provision of monitoring and evaluation of eave ribbons, eave tubes, treated/untreated screening, etc. insecticide treated products program support.

Categorical Exclusion, per 22 CFR 216.2(c)(i)

Project/Activity 6:

Conduct entomological surveillance and vector control monitoring and research Sub-activity 6.1: Perform surveillance to gather information on the seasonality, density, behavior, and habitat indices of the Anopheles.

gambiae, An. coluzzii, An.

funestus, An. Arabiensis, An. Stephensi, and other Anopheles in malaria vector country.

Sub-activity 6.2: Determine the bio-efficacy, as well as the residual efficacy of Health Organization Pre- Qualif ied (WHO/PQ) and/or U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)-approved products on Anopheles populations under f ield conditions to generate data for the strategic vector control in areas at risk of malaria transmission worldwide.

Project/Activity 7:

Conduct small-scale construction activities, Sub-activity 7.1: Renovation and/or cosmetic improvements to insectaries and other building and facilities (storerooms, of fices, etc.) used in vector control project activities.

Small scale activities will only involve a total disturbed area equal to or less than 1,000m2 .

CLIMATE RISK MANAGEMENT

Climate risks are assessed in Section 4.2 and Annex 1. Based on the assessment, activities were assigned high and moderate climate risk ratings indicating that climate change is likely to significantly impact achievement of development outcomes.

IMPLEMENTATION

In accordance with 22 CFR 216 and Agency policy, the conditions and requirements of this document become mandatory upon approval. This includes the relevant limitations, conditions and requirements in this document as stated in Sections 3, 4, and 5 of the IEE and any BEO Specified Conditions of Approval.

USAID APPROVAL OF INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION

PROJECT/ACTIVITY NAME: __Prevention of Malaria through Vector Control________

Bureau Tracking ID: ______GH-21-10626________________

Approval:

, GH/ID Office Director Date

Clearance:

Julie Wallace, Malaria Division Chief Date

Clearance:

Allison Belemvire, COR Date

Clearance:

Dennis Durbin, Climate Integration Lead Date

Concurrence:

Dennis Durbin, Global Health Bureau Environmental Office

Date

DISTRIBUTION:

Environmental Compliance Database: environmentalcompliancesupport@usaid.gov

Dennis Durbin, GH BEO: ghcompliancesupport@usaid.gov

Brian Hirsch, BEO Africa: AFRBEO-Support@icf.com

Nov 30, 2021 Allison Belemvire ulie Wallace Malaria 11/30/2021

Megan Fotheringham (affiliate) Digitally signed by Megan Fotheringham (affiliate) Date: 2021.12.03 09:58:37 -05'00'

INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL

EXAMINATION

CONTENTS

1.0 PROJECT/ACTIVITY DESCRIPTION

1.1 PURPOSE OF the IEE 9

1.2 PROJECT/ACTIVITY OVERVIEW 9

1.3 PROJECT/ACTIVITY DESCRIPTION 9

2.0 BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION

2.1 LOCATIONS AFFECTED AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT (ENVIRONMENT,

PHYSICAL, CLIMATE, SOCIAL, Threatened and ENDANGERED species) 12

2.2 APPLICABLE AND APPROPRIATE PARTNER COUNTRY AND OTHER

INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS (E.G. WHO), ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL LAWS,

POLICIES, AND REGULATIONS 12

2.3 COUNTRY/MINISTRY/MUNICIPALITY ENVIRONMENTAL CAPACITY ANALYSIS (AS

APPROPRIATE) 13

3.0 ANALYSIS OF POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL RISK

4.0 ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINATIONS

4.1 RECOMMENDED ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINATIONS 17

4.2 CLIMATE RISK MANAGEMENT 21

5.0 CONDITIONS AND MITIGATION MEASURES

5.1 CONDITIONS Error! Bookmark not defined.

5.2 AGENCY CONDITIONS Error! Bookmark not defined.

5.3 MITIGATION MEASURES 24

6.0 LIMITATIONS OF THIS INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION

7.0 REVISIONS

ATTACHMENTS:

1.0 PROJECT/ACTIVITY DESCRIPTION

1.1 PURPOSE OF THE IEE

The purpose of this document, in accordance with Title 22, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 216 (22 CFR 216), is to provide a preliminary review of the reasonably foreseeable effects on the environment of the USAID intervention described herein and recommend determinations and, as appropriate, conditions, for these activities. Upon approval, these determinations become affirmed, and specified conditions become mandatory obligations of implementation.

This IEE also documents the results of the Climate Risk Management process in accordance with USAID policy (specifically, ADS 201mal).

This IEE is a critical element of USAID’s mandatory environmental review and compliance process meant to achieve environmentally sound design and implementation. Potential environmental impacts should be addressed through formal environmental mitigation and monitoring plans (EMMPs) and/or Environmental Assessments (EAs), if needed.

1.2 PROJECT/ACTIVITY OVERVIEW

The purpose of this project is to support the U.S. President’s Malaria Initiative (PMI), as well as U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) Missions and Bureaus with malaria programs, in planning and implementing entomological monitoring, indoor residual spraying (IRS) and insecticide-treated mosquito net (ITN) programs and other proven, life-saving malaria vector control interventions with the overall goal of ending malaria faster and with an emphasis on strengthening health systems and building capacity. The expected duration of this project is September 2022 – September 2027 and the approximate project amount is $800-900 million.

1.3 PROJECT/ACTIVITY DESCRIPTION

Malaria continues to cause sickness and death, with the World Health Organization (WHO) estimating 229 million malaria cases and 409,000 malaria deaths worldwide in 2019. More than two thirds of these deaths were children under five years old and 94 percent of all deaths occurred in sub-Saharan Africa. Both IRS and ITNs have been proven to be cost-effective, life-saving interventions in the fight against malaria in nearly all transmission settings. In more limited settings, larviciding has also proven to be effective in reducing malaria transmission.

Furthermore, new vector control tools are on the horizon which should complement existing interventions.

Malaria prevention and control remains a major U.S. foreign assistance objective of the U.S.

Government (USG). PMI’s 2021-2026 Strategy’s objectives are to: work with PMI partner countries to further reduce malaria deaths, decrease malaria illness, and accelerate progress toward elimination. The new strategy has five strategic focus areas: reach the unreached, strengthen community health systems, keep malaria services resilient, invest locally, and innovate and lead to end malaria faster.

Activities to be implemented under this project align with the goal and objectives of the PMI Strategy 2021-2026. It is also in line with the goals articulated in the Roll Back Malaria Partnership's Action and Investment to Defeat Malaria 2016-2030 and World Health Organization's Global Technical Strategy for Malaria 2016-2030.

USAID’s support for vector control fully aligns with the U.S. Government’s vision of ending preventable child and maternal deaths, as children under five years of age and pregnant women are at highest risk for malaria and other vector-borne diseases. The activities envisioned under this contract also support USAID’s vision of combating infectious disease, health system strengthening and local capacity building, and research and innovation.

The four main objectives of this contract are:

1) Implement and provide technical assistance for implementation of proven, life-saving vector control interventions for malaria, utilizing an integrated approach to vector control and ensuring that implementation reflects the latest evidence and country experiences for malaria.

2) Support the collection and analysis of entomological monitoring data, as well as epidemiological, climate and other data as relevant, to inform, monitor and evaluate strategic deployment of vector control interventions for malaria.

3) Strengthen the capacity of local governments, partners and research institutions at various levels to lead, manage, and monitor proven, life-saving vector control interventions for malaria in order to increase sustainability and locally driven approaches and ensure that effective interventions are implemented by those closest to the people served.

4) Support innovation in vector control interventions for malaria control, including piloting of promising novel tools or modifications to interventions that have received World Health Organization (WHO) recommendation for malaria control or promising products with a strong evidence base to be considered by WHO for recommendation, and ensure that evidence informs and refines vector control-related policies and guidelines at global and national levels.

TABLE 2: DEFINED OR ILLUSTRATIVE PROJECTS/ACTIVITIES AND SUB-ACTIVITIES

Project/Activity 1 — Implementation of indoor residual spraying (IRS) Sub-activity 1.1: Procurement, distribution/delivery, storage, application and disposal of waste associated with World Health Organization Pre-Qualified (WHO/PQ) and/or U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)-approved insecticides.

Sub-activity 1.2: Provision of operational support (e.g., training, supervision, community mobilization) for insecticides programs.

Sub-activity 2.3: Provision of monitoring, including durability monitoring.

Project/Activity 2 — Distribution of insecticide-treated mosquito nets (ITNs) Sub-activity 2.1: Procurement, distribution/delivery, storage, and/or disposal of waste associated with World Health Organization Pre-Qualified (WHO/PQ) ITNs.

Sub-activity 2.2: Provision of operational support (e.g., training, supervision, community mobilization) for ITNs programs.

Sub-activity 2.3: Provision of monitoring, including durability monitoring.

Project/Activity 3 — IImplementation of larviciding programs Sub-activity 3.1: Procurement, distribution/delivery, storage, application and disposal of waste associated with World Health Organization Pre-Qualified (WHO/PQ) and/or U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)-approved larvicides.

Sub-activity 3.2: Provision of operational support (e.g., training, supervision, community mobilization) for larvicide programs.

Sub-activity 3.3: Provision of monitoring and evaluation support for larvicide programs.

Project/Activity 4 — IImplementation of insecticide-based personal protection Sub-activity: 4.1: Procurement, distribution/delivery, storage, and disposal of waste associated with World Health Organization Pre-Qualified (WHO/PQ) and/or U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)-approved personal repellents, insecticide-treated clothing, or footwear, etc.

Sub-activity: 4.2: Provision of operational support (e.g., training, supervision, community mobilization) for personal repellents, insecticide-treated clothing, or footwear, etc. programs.

Sub-activity: 4.3: Provision of monitoring and evaluation support for personal repellents, insecticide-treated clothing, or footwear, etc. programs.

Project/Activity 5 — Immplementation of alternative domestic insecticide-based tools Sub-activity 5.1: Procurement, distribution/delivery, storage, application and disposal of waste associated with World Health Organization Pre-Qualified (WHO/PQ) and/or U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)-approved eave ribbons, eave tubes, treated/untreated screening, etc.

insecticide treated product.

Sub-activity 5.2: Provision of operational support (e.g., training, supervision, community mobilization) for eave ribbons, eave tubes, treated/untreated screening, etc. insecticide treated product.

Sub-activity 5.3: Provision of monitoring and evaluation of eave ribbons, eave tubes, treated/untreated screening, etc. insecticide treated products program support.

Project/Activity 6 — Conduct entomological surveillance and vector control monitoring and research Sub-activity 6.1: Perform surveillance to gather information on the seasonality, density, behavior, and habitat indices of the Anopheles. gambiae, An. coluzzii, An. funestus, An. Arabiensis, An. stephensi, and other Anopheles in malaria vector country.

Sub-activity 6.2: Determine the bio-efficacy, as well as the residual efficacy of Health Organization Pre- Qualif ied (WHO/PQ) and/or U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)-approved products on Anopheles populations under field conditions to generate data for the strategic vector control in areas at risk of malaria transmission worldwide.

Project/Activity 7— Conduct small-scale construction activities Sub-activity 7.1: Renovation and/or cosmetic improvements to insectaries and other building and facilities (storerooms, offices, etc.) used in vector control project activities. Small scale activities will only involve a total disturbed area equal to or less than 1,000m2 .

Will this project/activity involve construction3 as defined by ADS 201 and 303? Yes No

2.0 BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION

3 Construction, as defined by ADS 201 and 303, includes: construction, alteration, or repair (including dredging and excavation) of buildings, structures, or other real property and includes, without limitation, improvements, renovation, alteration and refurbishment. The term includes, without limitation, roads, power plants, buildings, bridges, water treatment facilities, and vertical structures. In the box below, describe any construction planned for this project/activity. Refer to ADS 201maw for required Construction Risk Management procedures.

If yes, describe in the space below:

This project may undertake small-scale construction, renovation and/or cosmetic improvements to insectaries and other building and facilities (storerooms, offices, etc.) used in vector control project activities. Small scale activities are defined as those involving a total disturbed area equal to or less than 1,000m2 Negative determination, per 22 CFR 216.3(a)(2)(iii), subject to conditions, is recommended.

2.1 LOCATIONS AFFECTED AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT (ENVIRONMENT, PHYSICAL,

CLIMATE, SOCIAL, THREATENED AND ENDANGERED SPECIES)

This contract will be implemented worldwide. Currently, PMI works in 24 focus countries in Africa and supports three programs in the Greater Mekong Subregion in Southeast Asia– representing about 90% of the global malaria burden4.

Activities will not be geographically limited, and the contractor will need to be prepared to work in other countries as needed. Geographic distribution of activities will depend on PMI program, USAID Mission demand, and funding availability. Specific country conditions and baseline information will be captured in supplemental IEEs and SEAs.

2.2 APPLICABLE AND APPROPRIATE PARTNER COUNTRY AND OTHER INTERNATIONAL

STANDARDS (E.G. WHO), ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL LAWS, POLICIES, AND REGULATIONS

All countries that constitute potential markets of use areas for these pesticides have a pesticide registration and regulation process. Procurement of use of pesticides in a USAID-funded activities is subject to USAID’s pesticides procedures (22 CFR 216.3(b)).

The mandate of the World Health Organization (WHO) Prequalif ication Unit Vector Control Product Assessment Team (PQT/VCP) is to increase access to safe, high-quality, and effective vector control products. The WHO PQT/VCP assesses vector control products and public health pesticide active ingredients to determine that they can be used safely and effectively and are manufactured to a high-quality standard. This is done by assessing product dossiers and inspecting manufacturing sites. Products that meet prequalif ication requirements are added to the WHO List of vector control products. WHO PQT recommendations will often facilitate a product’s country registration. While USAID is not required by U.S. regulations to select insecticide produces that have been recommended for use by WHO PQT, USAID’s procurement policies required a WHO PQT recommendation in its environmental decision-making criteria.

A summary of potentially applicable standards, guidelines, and useful references are provided below for developing the Waste Management Plan (WMP) and EMMP. Other references for waste management are identif ied in specific conditions of the activities.

International Conventions and Agreements

Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Council on the Decision on the control of Transboundary Movements of Wastes

USAID Resources and References

USAID. Sector Environmental Guidelines o Solid Waste

4 Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cote d’Ivoire, D.R. Congo, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Thailand, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe o Healthcare Waste o Healthcare Facilities o Construction o Safer Use Pesticides

USAID. Integrated Waste Management Plan USAID. Integrated Vector Management Programs for Malaria Vector

Control Programmatic Environmental Assessment.

USAID. Green Meeting Checklist (see Annex 2)

Other International References and Standards

Safe Management of wastes from health-care activities (Note: Where national requirements on waste management associated with disposal do not exist, WHO’s “Safe Management of Wastes from Healthcare Activities” handbook is the internationally-recognized standard used by the Bureau for Global Health)

2.3 COUNTRY/MINISTRY/MUNICIPALITY ENVIRONMENTAL CAPACITY ANALYSIS (AS

APPROPRIATE)

3.0 ANALYSIS OF POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL RISK

PROJECT/ACTIVITY 1: IMPLEMENTATION OF INDOOR RESIDUAL SPRAYING (IRS)

TABLE 3A. POTENTIAL IMPACTS – PROJECT/ACTIVITY 1

Project/Activity Potential environmental and social impacts Sub-activity 1.1: Procurement, distribution/delivery, storage, application and disposal of waste associated with World Health Organization Pre-Qualified (WHO/PQ) and/or U.S.

Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)-approved insecticides.

Health and environmental impacts may result due to inadequate quality control of insecticides (i.e., procuring non-approved insecticides, improper storage, or poor inventory management).

Occupational risks for workers involved in IRS campaigns.

Health and safety risks for residents of treated houses (e.g., risks from skin contact and/or ingestion of insecticides).

Nearby residents may be exposed to insecticides if insecticides are not securely stored to prevent theft and misuse incidents, including the illegal resale of insecticides.

Ecological risk to non-target species and water bodies f rom use of insecticides.

Environmental risk from disposal of liquid and solid wastes.

Improper incineration of wastes and disposal of residual ash can pose a threat to air quality, soil, and the water supply and result in environmental and public health hazards.

Sub-activity 1.2: Provision of operational support (e.g., training, supervision, community mobilization) for insecticides programs.

PROJECT/ACTIVITY 2: DISTRIBUTION OF INSECTICIDE-TREATED MOSQUITO NETS (ITNS)

TABLE 3B. POTENTIAL IMPACTS – PROJECT/ACTIVITY 2

Sub-activity 2.1: Procurement, distribution/delivery, storage, application and/or disposal of waste associated with World Health Organization Pre-Qualified (WHO/PQ) ITNs.

Misuse of ITNs (i.e., nets used for nonpublic health purposes such as fishing).

Reduced efficacy of ITNs due to improper storage.

Pilferage of ITNs (during storage and/or transport) and consequential human and environmental exposure.

Worker safety (during handling and distribution of ITNs) Contamination of edible or potable materials due to contact with ITNs.

Human and environmental impacts of washing ITNs.

Human and environmental impacts of bags and baling materials used to package ITNs.

Sub-activity 2.2: Provision of operational support (e.g., training, supervision, community mobilization) for ITNs programs.

PROJECT/ACTIVITY 3: IMPLEMENTATION OF LARVICIDING PROGRAMS

TABLE 3C. POTENTIAL IMPACTS – PROJECT/ACTIVITY 3

Project/Activity Potential environmental and social impacts Sub-activity 3.1: Procurement, distribution/delivery, storage, application and disposal of waste associated with World Health Organization Pre-Qualified (WHO/PQ) and/or U.S.

Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)-approved larvicides.

Health and environmental impacts may result due to inadequate quality control of larvicides (i.e. procuring non approved larvicides, improper storage, or poor inventory management).

Occupational risks for workers involved in larviciding implementation (e.g., risks from larvicide exposure and vehicular accidents), especially women of child-bearing age.

Health and safety risks for residents near treated sites (e.g., risks from skin contact and/or ingestion of larvicides).

Nearby residents may be exposed to larvicides if larvicides are not securely stored to prevent theft and misuse incidents, including the illegal resale of larvicides.

Ecological risk to non-target species and water bodies f rom use of larvicides (e.g., during larviciding of water bodies).

Environmental risk from disposal of larvicide (both liquid and solid waste).

Improper incineration of wastes and disposal of residual ash can pose a threat to air quality, soil, and the water supply and result in environmental and public health hazards.

Sub-activity 3.2: Provision of operational support (e.g., training, supervision, community mobilization) for larvicide programs.

PROJECT/ACTIVITY 4: IMPLEMENTATION OF INSECTICIDE-BASED PERSONAL PROTECTION

TABLE 3D. POTENTIAL IMPACTS – PROJECT/ACTIVITY 4

Sub-activity: 4.1: Procurement, distribution/delivery, storage, application and disposal of waste associated with World Health Organization Pre-Qualified (WHO/PQ) and/or U.S.

Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)-approved personal repellents, insecticide-treated clothing, or footwear, etc.

Health and environmental impacts may result due to inadequate quality control of insecticide-based personal protection.

Occupational risks for workers involved in insecticide-based personal protection activities.

Health and safety risks for people using insecticide-based personal protection (e.g., risks from skin contact).

Ecological risk to non-target species and water bodies f rom use / washing of insecticide-based personal protection.

Environmental risk from disposal insecticide-based personal protection.

Risk of pilferage from vector control program stocks to uncontrolled use by smallholders, for non-vector control purposes.

Sub-activity: 4.2: Provision of operational support (e.g., training, supervision, community mobilization) for personal repellents, insecticide-treated clothing, or footwear, etc. programs.

PROJECT/ACTIVITY 5: IMPLEMENTATION OF ALTERNTATIVE DOMESTIC INSECTICIDE-BASED

TOOLS

TABLE 3E. POTENTIAL IMPACTS – PROJECT/ACTIVITY 5

Sub-activity 5.1: Procurement, distribution/delivery, storage, application and disposal of waste associated with World Health Organization Pre-Qualified (WHO/PQ) and/or U.S.

Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)-approved eave ribbons, eave tubes, treated/untreated screening, etc. insecticide treated product.

Health and environmental impacts may result due to inadequate quality control of alternative domestic insecticide-based tools.

Occupational risks for workers involved in implementing alternative domestic insecticide-based tools.

Health and safety risks for workers and residents using alternative domestic insecticide-based tools (e.g., risks f rom skin contact).

Ecological risk to non-target species and water bodies f rom use / washing of alternative domestic insecticide-based tools.

Environmental risk from disposal alternative domestic insecticide-based tools.

Risk of pilferage from vector control program stocks to uncontrolled use by smallholders, for non-vector control purposes.

Sub-activity 5.2: Provision of operational support (e.g., training, supervision, community mobilization) for eave ribbons, eave tubes, treated/untreated screening, etc. insecticide treated product.

PROJECT/ACTIVITY 6: CONDUCT ENTOMOLOGICAL SURVEILLANCE AND RESEARCH

TABLE 3F. POTENTIAL IMPACTS – PROJECT/ACTIVITY 6

Sub-activity 6.1: Perform surveillance to gather information on the seasonality, density, behavior, and habitat indices of the Anopheles. gambiae, An. coluzzii, An. funestus, An. Arabiensis, An.

stephensi, and other Anopheles in malaria vector country.

Entomological surveillance and vector control research use laboratory equipment, chemical reagents, insecticides, and entomological surveillance supplies that have the potential to cause adverse health and environmental impacts if not properly managed. These materials require special care and management to minimize their expiration and/or damage. -Entomological surveillance and vector control research use laboratory equipment, chemical reagents, insecticides, and

Interest and/or concern among beneficiaries regarding activities centered around resource waters

Increase in general understanding and knowledge of malaria, and mitigation capacity for malarial impacts.

Sub-activity 6.2: Determine the bio-ef f icacy, as well as the residual ef f icacy of Health Organization Pre- Qualif ied (WHO/PQ) or U.S.

Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)-approved products on Anopheles populations under field conditions to generate data for the strategic vector control in areas at risk of malaria transmission worldwide.

PROJECT/ACTIVITY 7: CONDUCT SMALL-SCALE CONSTRUCTION

TABLE 3G. POTENTIAL IMPACTS – PROJECT/ACTIVITY 7

Project/Activity Potential environmental and social impacts Sub-activity 7.1: Renovation and/or cosmetic improvements to insectaries and other building and facilities (storerooms, offices, etc.)

used in vector control project activities. Small scale activities will only involve a total disturbed area equal to or less than 1,000m2 .

Lack of necessary permits and assessments in place in advance.

Improper siting or construction techniques.

Use of construction equipment can cause injuries to workers and bystanders.

Construction activities during renovation of facilities may generate debris and wastes that contain both non-hazardous and hazardous materials.

Exposure to hazardous building materials during renovation activities can result in health impacts.

Waste produced during the construction or refurbishment work can be harmful to the environment and human health.

Use of environmentally unsustainable construction materials can lead to environmental degradation.

Lack of personal protective equipment may lead to accidents, injuries, or exposure of workers.

Construction activities can create standing water and breeding habitats for disease vectors.

Construction activities may have an impact on endangered species and their critical habitats.

3.1 THREATENED AND ENDANGERED SPECIES

The activities proposed includes work in already developed areas, clinical settings, and existing infrastructure. Therefore, the activities are not likely to adversely impact threatened and endangered species, or their critical habitat. Activity level actions that include construction or infrastructure improvements should be assessed for the presence of threatened or endangered species, or their critical habitat. Any activity that may adversely impact threatened or endangered species or their critical habitat may not proceed without an Environmental Assessment.

4.0 ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINATIONS

4.1 RECOMMENDED ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINATIONS

The following table summarizes the recommended determinations based on the environmental analysis conducted. Upon approval, these determinations become affirmed, per 22 CFR 216.

Specified conditions, detailed in Section 5, become mandatory obligations of implementation, per ADS 204.

TABLE 4: ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINATIONS

Projects/Activities Categorical Exclusion Citation (if applicable)

Negative Determination

Positive Determination5

Deferral6

Project/Activity 1:

Implementation of indoor residual spraying (IRS) Sub-activity 1.1:

Procurement, distribution/delivery, storage, application and disposal of waste associated with World Health Organization Pre- Qualif ied (WHO/PQ) and/or U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)-approved insecticides.

Sub-activity 1.2: Provision of operational support (e.g., training, supervision, community mobilization) for insecticides programs.

Sub-activity 1.3: Provision of monitoring and evaluation support for insecticides programs.

Categorical Exclusion, per 22 CFR 216.2(c)(i)

Project/Activity 2:

Distribution of insecticide-treated mosquito nets (ITNs) Sub-activity 2.1:

Procurement, distribution/delivery, storage, and disposal of waste associated with World Health Organization Pre- Qualif ied (WHO/PQ) ITNs.

Sub-activity 2.2: Provision of operational support (e.g., training, supervision, community mobilization) for ITNs programs.

Sub-activity 2.3: Provision of monitoring, including durability monitoring.

Categorical Exclusion, per 22 CFR 216.2(c)(i)

Project/Activity 3:

Implementation of larviciding programs Sub-activity 3.1:

Procurement, distribution/delivery, storage, application and

5 Positive Determinations require preparation of a Scoping Statement and Environmental Assessment.

6 Deferrals must be cleared through an Amendment to this IEE prior to implementation of any deferred activities.

Projects/Activities Categorical Exclusion Citation (if applicable)

Negative Determination

Positive Determination5

Deferral6 disposal of waste associated with World Health Organization Pre- Qualif ied (WHO/PQ) and/or U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)-approved larvicides.

Sub-activity 3.2: Provision of operational support (e.g., training, supervision, community mobilization) for larvicide programs.

Sub-activity 3.3: Provision of monitoring and evaluation support for larvicide programs.

Categorical Exclusion, per 22 CFR 216.2(c)(i)

Project/Activity 4:

Implementation of insecticide-based personal Sub-activity: 4.1:

Procurement, distribution/delivery, storage, and disposal of waste associated with World Health Organization Pre- Qualif ied (WHO/PQ) and/or U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)-approved personal repellents, insecticide-treated clothing, or footwear, etc.

Sub-activity: 4.2: Provision of operational support (e.g., training, supervision, community mobilization) for personal repellents, insecticide-treated clothing, or footwear, etc. programs.

Sub-activity: 4.3: Provision of monitoring and evaluation support for personal repellents, insecticide-treated clothing, or footwear, etc. programs.

Categorical Exclusion, per 22 CFR 216.2(c)(i)

Project/Activity 5:

Implementation of alternative domestic insecticide-based tools Sub-activity 5.1:

Projects/Activities Categorical Exclusion Citation (if applicable)

Negative Determination

Positive Determination5

Deferral6 distribution/delivery, storage, application and disposal of waste associated with World Health Organization Pre- Qualif ied (WHO/PQ) and/or U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)-approved eave ribbons, eave tubes, treated/untreated screening, etc. insecticide treated product.

Sub-activity 5.2: Provision of operational support (e.g., training, supervision, community mobilization) for eave ribbons, eave tubes, treated/untreated screening, etc. insecticide treated product.

Sub-activity 5.3: Provision of monitoring and evaluation of eave ribbons, eave tubes, treated/untreated screening, etc. insecticide treated products program support.

Project/Activity 6:

Conduct entomological surveillance and vector control monitoring and research

Sub-activity 6.1: Perform surveillance to gather information on the seasonality, density, behavior, and habitat indices of the Anopheles.

gambiae, An. coluzzii, An.

funestus, An. Arabiensis, An. Stephensi, and other Anopheles in malaria vector country.

Sub-activity 6.2: Determine the bio-efficacy, as well as the residual efficacy of Health Organization Pre- Qualif ied (WHO/PQ) and/or U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)-approved products on Anopheles populations under f ield conditions to

Projects/Activities Categorical Exclusion Citation (if applicable)

Negative Determination

Positive Determination5

Deferral6 generate data for the strategic vector control in areas at risk of malaria transmission worldwide.

Project/Activity 7:

Conduct small-scale construction activities, Sub-activity 7.1: Renovation and/or cosmetic improvements to insectaries and other building and facilities (storerooms, of fices, etc.) used in vector control project activities.

Small scale activities will only involve a total disturbed area equal to or less than 1,000m2 .

4.2 CLIMATE RISK MANAGEMENT

This section summarizes the methodology used and findings of the CRM Screening, in accordance with ADS 201mal. The project design team, in consultation with the CIL, considered the potential effect of climate risks/stressors on the sustainability of the project (changing precipitation patterns, rising temperature, floods, droughts, fires, landslides, etc.) in addi tion to the impact of project activities on the climate (increased greenhouse gas emissions, land use changes, etc.). See Annex 1 for the compete CRM table.

5.0 CONDITIONS AND MITIGATION MEASURES

5.1 CONDITIONS

The environmental determinations in this IEE are contingent upon full implementation of the following general implementation and monitoring requirements, as well as ADS 204 and other relevant requirements.

5.1.1 During Pre-Award:

5.1.1.1 Pre-Award Briefings: As feasible, the design team and/or the cognizant environmental officer(s) (e.g., MEO, REA, BEO) will provide a pre-award briefing for potential offerors on environmental compliance expectations/responsibilities at bidders’ conferences.

5.1.1.2 Solicitations: The design team, in coordination with the A/CO, will ensure solicitations include environmental compliance requirements and evaluation criteria. A/CO will ensure technical and cost proposal requirements include approach, staffing, and budget sufficient for complying with the terms of this IEE.

5.1.1.3 Awards: The A/COR, in coordination with the A/CO, will ensure all awards and sub-awards, include environmental compliance requirements.

5.1.2 During Post-Award:

5.1.2.1 Post-Award Briefings: The A/COR and/or the cognizant environmental officer(s) (e.g., MEO, REA, BEO) will provide post-award briefings for the IP on environmental compliance responsibilities.

5.1.2.3 Workplans and Budgeting: The A/COR will ensure the IP integrates environmental compliance requirements in work plans and budgets to comply with requirements, including EMMP implementation and monitoring.

5.1.2.4 Staffing: The A/COR, in coordination with the IP, will ensure all awards have staffing capacity to implement environmental compliance requirements.

5.1.2.5 Records Management: The A/COR will maintain environmental compliance documents in the official project/activity file and upload records to the designated USAID environmental compliance database system.

5.1.2.6 Host Country Environmental Compliance: The A/COR will ensure the IP complies with applicable and appropriate host country environmental requirements unless otherwise directed in writing by USAID. However, in the case of a conflict between the host country and USAID requirements, the more stringent shall govern.

5.1.2.7 Work Plan Review: The A/COR will ensure the IP verif ies, at least annually or when activities are added or modified, that activities remain with the scope of the IEE. Activities outside of the scope of the IEE cannot be implemented until the IEE is amended.

5.1.2.8 IEE Amendment: If new activities are introduced or other changes to the scope of this IEE occur, an IEE Amendment will be required.

5.1.2.14 USAID Monitoring Oversight: The A/COR or designee, with the support of the cognizant environmental officer(s) (e.g., MEO, REA, BEO), will ensure monitoring of compliance with established requirements (e.g., by desktop reviews, site visits, etc.).

5.1.2.16 Environmental Compliance Mitigation and Monitoring Plan : The A/COR will ensure the IP develops, obtains approval for, and implements Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Plans (EMMPs) that are responsive to the stipulated environmental compliance requirements.

5.1.2.17 Environmental Compliance Reporting: The A/COR will ensure the IP includes environmental compliance in regular project/activity reports, using indicators as appropriate; develops and submits the Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Reports (EMMRs); and completes and submits a Record of Compliance (RoC) describing their implementation of EMMP requirements in conjunction with the final EMMR or at the close of sub activities (as applicable). And where required by Bureaus or Missions, ensure the IP prepares a closeout plan consistent with contract documentation for A/COR review and approval that outlines responsibilities for end-of-project operation, the transition of other operational responsibilities, and final EMMR with lessons learned.

5.1.2.18 Corrective Action: When noncompliance or unforeseen impacts are identif ied, IPs notify the A/COR, place a hold on activities, take corrective action, and report on the effectiveness of corrective actions. The A/COR initiates the corrective action process and ensures the IP completes and documents their activities.

Where required by Bureaus or Missions, ensure Record of Compliance is completed.

5.1.2.19 Threatened and Endangered Species: Activities that may adversely impact the continued existence of threatened or endangered species or their critical habitat are not authorized. Activity level actions that include construction or infrastructure improvements must be assessed for the presence of threatened or endangered species, or their critical habitat. Any activity that may adversely impact threatened or endangered species or their critical habitat may not proceed without an Environmental Assessment.

5.2 AGENCY CONDITIONS

5.2.1 Sub-award Screening: The A/COR will ensure the IP uses an adequate environmental screening tool to screen any sub-award applications and to aid in the development of EMMPs.

5.2.2 Programmatic IEEs (PIEE): PIEEs stipulate requirements for additional environmental examination of new or country specific projects/activities. The A/COR of any project/activity being implemented under a PIEE will ensure appropriate reviews are conducted, typically through a Supplemental IEE, and approved by the cognizant BEO.

5.2.3 Supplemental IEEs (SIEEs): An SIEE will be prepared for any new project/activity being planned which fall under a PIEE. The SIEE will provide more thorough analysis of the planned activities, additional geographic context and baseline conditions as well as specific mitigation and monitoring requirements.

5.2.4 Other Supplemental Analyses: The A/COR will ensure supplemental environmental analyses that are called for in the IEE are completed and documented.

5.2.5 Resolution of Deferrals: If a deferral of the environmental threshold determination was issued, the A/COR will ensure that the appropriate 22CFR216 environmental analysis and documentation is completed and approved by the BEO before the subject activities are implemented.

5.2.6 Positive Determination: If a Positive Determination threshold determination was made, the A/COR will ensure a Scoping Statement, and if required an Environmental Assessment (EA), is completed and approved by the BEO before the subject activities are implemented.

5.2.7 Compliance with human subject research requirements: The AM, A/COR shall assure that the IP and sub-awardees, -grantees, and -contractors demonstrate completion of all requirements for ethics review and adequate medical monitoring of human subjects who participate in research trials carried out through this IEE and ensure appropriate records are maintained. All documentation demonstrating completion of required review and approval of human subject trials must be in place prior to initiating any trials and cover the period of performance of the trial as described in the research protocol.

5.2.8 Pesticides or Pesticide Products: Any activities conducted under this IEE involving the procurement, use, research, or disposal of pesticides and/or larvicides and their waste products will require a supplemental IEE, supplemental EA, or PERSUAP based on consultations with the GH BEO.

5.2.9 Waste Management Plan: The AOR/COR or AM(s) shall ensure that the IP prepares an integrated Waste Management Plan (WMP) or utilize an equivalent standard operating procedure (SOP) that will define and detail direct and indirect waste streams generated by IP-managed activities and specify appropriate management practices, including handling and treatment or disposal, for each.

The AOR/COR or AM(s) will ensure that the IP verif ies the use of such WMP or SOP as a part of its environmental mitigation, monitoring, and reporting, including documentation in the annual EMMR.

5.3 MITIGATION MEASURES

The mitigation measures presented in this section constitute the minimum required based on available information at the time of this IEE and the environmental analysis in Section 4. These measures shall provide general direction for completing the project/activity Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Plan (EMMP) and/or the EA and PERSUAP, if required.

PROJECT/ACTIVITY 1: IMPLEMENTATION OF INDOOR RESIDUAL SPRAYING (IRS)

TABLE 5A. SUMMARY OF MITIGATION MEASURES FOR PROJECT/ACTIVITY 1

Project/Activity Mitigation Measure(s)

Sub-activity 1.1: Procurement, distribution/delivery, storage, application and disposal of waste associated with World Health Organization Pre-Qualified (WHO/PQ) and/or U.S.

Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)-approved insecticides.

Insecticide selection for any USAID-supported malaria program is subject to the criteria listed in the USAID Programmatic Environmental Assessment, country SEAs, and host country requirements.

Procurement and inventory logs must be maintained.

Ensure storage facility and personal protective equipment (PPE) are appropriate for the active ingredient used and in accordance with approved SOPs.

Distribute insecticides to facilities that can manage such commodities safely in storage, use, and disposal.

Health test all spray team members for duty fitness.

Train all workers with potential insecticide contact on the use of PPE.

Train operators on mixing insecticides and the proper use and maintenance of application equipment.

Enforce application and cleanup procedures.

Implement Information, Education and Communication

(IEC) campaigns to inform homeowners of responsibilities and precautions.

Storage facilities and transportation vehicles must be physically secured to prevent theft.

Maintain records of all insecticide receipts, issuance, and return of empty containers.

Conduct analysis comparing number of houses treated

vs. number of containers used.

Examine houses treated to confirm application.

Perform physical inventory counts during the application season.

Ensure application equipment and PPE are appropriate for the active ingredient used and in accordance with approved SOPs and maintain equipment to avoid leaks.

Handling, treatment, and disposal of nonhazardous (general waste) and hazardous wastes must be in accordance with the approved WMP/SOPs and the PMI BMPs.

Choose sites for disposal of liquid wastes, including f ixed and mobile soak pit sites according to PMI BMPs

Maintain soak pits as necessary during season.

Monitor waste storage and management during campaign.

Monitor disposal procedures post-campaign.

Wastes will only be disposed in incinerators that comply with PMI BMPs

Refer to the following documents for guidance when developing material(s):

Sector Environmental Guideline: USAID: Healthcare Waste (2019)

WHO: Safe management of waste from health-care activities

USAID: Integrated Waste Management Plan (IWMP) USAID. Integrated Vector Management Programs for

Malaria Vector Control Programmatic Environmental Assessment.

Sub-activity 1.2: Provision of operational support…