FOA Attach 1 ARN30075-TC_25-1.pdf

TC 25-1

Training Land

JULY 2020

DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Distribution authorized to the DOD and DOD contractors only to protect technical or operational information from automatic dissemination under the International Exchange Program or by other means. This decision was made on 07 NOV 2007. Other requests for this document will be referred to: Commander, US Army Training

Support Center (ATSC), ATTN: ATIC-LTR, Fort Eustis, VA 23604.

DESTRUCTION NOTICE: Destroy by any means that will prevent disclosure of contents or reconstruction of the document.

This publication supersedes TC 25-1, dated 5 December 2016.

Headquarters Department of the Army

This publication is available at the Army Publishing Directorate site

(https://armypubs.army.mil/), and the Central Army Registry site

(https://atiam.train.army.mil/catalog/dashboard).

TC 25-1 i

TC 25-1

Training Circular No. 25-1

Headquarters Department of the Army

Washington, D.C, 31 July 2020

Training Land

Contents Page

Preface……………………………………………………………………………………….iv

Chapter 1 MANEUVER TRAINING AREAS SUPPORT ARMY TASK TRAINING .................... 1-1 Section I – Introduction and Purpose of this Training Circular .................................. 1-1 Section II – Army Training Land Strategy .................................................................. 1-2 Section III – Sustainable Range Program, Managing, Sustaining, and Maintaining Training Lands ........................................................................................................... 1-3

Chapter 2 MANEUVER DOCTRINE FRAMES MANEUVER TRAINING LAND REQUIREMENTS ...................................................................................................... 2-1 Section I – Training Units and Developing Leaders .................................................. 2-1 Section II – Brigade Combat Teams (BCT) ............................................................... 2-1 Section III – Types of Army Operations that Frame Training Land Requirements ... 2-3 Section IV – Maneuver Training Areas that Support Specific Tasks or Units ........... 2-7 Section V – Contiguous and Non-Contiguous Operations ........................................ 2-9

Chapter 3 TRAINING LAND REQUIREMENTS ......................................................................... 3-1 Section I – Maneuver Areas as Real Property .......................................................... 3-1 Section II – Training Sustainability and Realism ....................................................... 3-4 Section III – Accessible and Capable Training Land ................................................. 3-4 Section IV – Assembling Operational and Institutional Land Requirements ............. 3-6 Section V – Deriving Installation Land Requirements ............................................... 3-9

DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Distribution authorized to the DOD and DOD contractors only to protect technical or operational information from automatic dissemination under the International Exchange Program or by other means. This decision was made on 07 NOV 2007. Other requests for this document will be referred to: Commander, US Army Training

Support Center (ATSC), ATTN: ATIC-LTR, Fort Eustis, VA 23604.

DESTRUCTION NOTICE: Destroy by any means that will prevent disclosure of contents or reconstruction of the document.

*This publication supersedes TC 25-1, dated 5 December 2016.

Contents ii TC 25-1 31 July 2020

Chapter 4 TRAINING LAND REQUIREMENTS (OPERATIONAL) 4-1 Section I - Aviation Center of Excellence .................................................................. 4-2 Section II - Cyber Center of Excellence ................................................................... 4-6 Section III - Fires Center of Excellence .................................................................... 4-7 Section IV - Intelligence Center of Excellence .......................................................... 4-9 Section V - Maneuver Center of Excellence ............................................................ 4-11 Section VI - Maneuver Support Center of Excellence ............................................. 4-16 Section VII - Sustainment Center of Excellence ..................................................... 4-20 Section VIII - U.S. Army Special Operations Command ......................................... 4-37 Section IX - Combat Training Centers ..................................................................... 4-40

Appendix A Acceptable Landscape Conditions: Maneuver Training Areas and Associated Training Features ................................................................................................... A-1

Glossary ..................................................................................................... Glossary-1 References ............................................................................................ References-1

Figures

Figure 1-1. Army Range Requirements Model’s Multiple Inputs .................................................. 1-2 Figure 2-1. BCT Land Size Requirement ...................................................................................... 2-2 Figure 2-2. Army Tactical Doctrine Taxonomy ............................................................................. 2-3 Figure 2-3. Example of a turning movement ................................................................................. 2-4 Figure 2-4. Defense in Depth ........................................................................................................ 2-5 Figure 2-5. Stability Operations Underlying Logic ....................................................................... 2-6 Figure 2-6. Defense Support of Civil Authorities Core Tasks ...................................................... 2-7 Figure 2-7. Example Urban Operations sector sketch .................................................................. 2-8 Figure 2-8. Example of echeloned FSC support to an ABCT ..................................................... 2-9 Figure 2-9. CAB Contiguous and Noncontiguous Training Areas ............................................. 2-10 Figure 2-10. BCT Contiguous and Noncontiguous Training Areas ............................................ 2-10 Figure 3-1. Light Maneuver Area POI Extract ............................................................................... 3-8 Figure 3-2. POI Computation ........................................................................................................ 3-9

Contents

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Tables

Table 3-1. Example CBRNE Platoon Proponent Land Requirements ............................................... 3-6 Table 4-1. Aviation ............................................................................................................................. 4-2 Table 4-2. Signal ................................................................................................................................. 4-6 Table 4-3. Air Defense Artillery ............................................................................................................ 4-7 Table 4-4. Field Artillery ...................................................................................................................... 4-8 Table 4-5. Military Intelligence .......................................................................................................... 4-9 Table 4-6. MCOE Armor Brigade Combat Team (ABCT) (FCC 17710) ........................................... 4-11 Table 4-7. MCOE Armor Brigade Combat Team (ABCT) (FCC 17720) ........................................... 4-12 Table 4-8. MCOE Infantry Brigade Combat Team (IBCT) (FCC 17710) .......................................... 4-13 Table 4-9. MCOE Infantry Brigade Combat Team (IBCT) (FCC 17720)........................................... 4-14 Table 4-10.MCOE Stryker Brigade Combat Team (SBCT) (FCC 17710) ........................................ 4-14 Table 4-11.MCOE Stryker Brigade Combat Team (SBCT) (FCC 17720) ......................................... 4-15 Table 4-12. CBRN ........................................................................................................................... 4-16 Table 4-13. Engineers .................................................................................................................... 4-17 Table 4-14. Military Police ................................................................................................................ 4-19 Table 4-15. Maneuver Enhancement Brigade .................................................................................. 4-19 Table 4-16. Adjutant General ........................................................................................................... 4-20 Table 4-17. Maintenance (except missile) ....................................................................................... 4-20 Table 4-18. Medical ........................................................................................................................... 4-21 Table 4-19. Multifunctional Logistics BSB ......................................................................................... 4-23 Table 4-20. Multifunctional Logistics CSSB ...................................................................................... 4-24 Table 4-21. Multifunctional Logistics FSC ......................................................................................... 4-25 Table 4-22. Multifunctional Logistics Distro CO. ............................................................................... 4-28 Table 4-23. Music ............................................................................................................................. 4-32 Table 4-24. Ordnance (Missiles/Munitions) ...................................................................................... 4-32 Table 4-25. Ordnance ........................................................................................................................ 4-33 Table 4-26. Public Affairs ................................................................................................................ 4-33 Table 4-27. Quartermaster ............................................................................................................... 4-34 Table 4-28. Transportation .............................................................................................................. 4-35 Table 4-29. Civil Affairs ................................................................................................................... 4-37 Table 4-30. Military Information Support Operations ........................................................................ 4-37 Table 4-31. Ranger ........................................................................................................................... 4-38 Table 4-32. Special Forces .............................................................................................................. 4-39 Table 4-33. Combat Training Centers ............................................................................................... 4-40 Table A-1. Acceptable Landscape Conditions ................................................................................... A-2 iv TC 25-1 31 July 2020

Preface

Army Capability Manager Ranges (ACM Ranges) is the Headquarters Department of the Army

Deputy Chief of Staff G3/7 Sustainable Range Program’s (SRP) agent. This Training Circular

(TC) provides the training land requirements for operational and institutional unit missions and tasks. It provides the calculation methods to determine installation land requirements as well as terminology and process to evaluate land usability.

The principal audience for TC 25-1 includes all members of the Sustainable Range Program as well as commanders and staff at both installation and major command levels. Trainers and educators throughout the Army will use this manual. TC 25-1 applies to the Active Army, Army

National Guard, and United States Army Reserve unless otherwise stated.

Users of this TC are encouraged to submit comments and suggested changes by using the electronic version of DA Form 2028, (Recommended Changes to Publications and Blank Forms).

Recommended changes should be submitted - directly to Commander, U.S. Army Training

Support Center, Live Training Directorate, ATTN: ATIC-LTR, Fort Eustis, Virginia 23604-

5166.

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Chapter 1

Maneuver Training Areas Support Army Task Training

SECTION I – INTRODUCTION & PURPOSE OF THIS TRAINING CIRCULAR

1-1. The Army trains Soldiers and units worldwide on a variety of tasks conducted under various conditions. The Army's Combined Arms Training Strategies (CATS) provides commanders, leaders, trainers, staffs, and Soldiers with a unit training strategy that assist them in developing training plans to build or sustain unit-training readiness throughout the sustainable readiness process. CATS are developed based on a thorough review of mission, doctrine, and organization. Along with providing these training tasks, the Army proponents determine training support requirements that include live fire ranges, maneuver land, and training environment to ensure commanders can conduct the tasks effectively. TC 25-8, Training Ranges, specifies the doctrinal standards for live fire ranges. The purpose of Army

Training Circular 25-1, is to specify the process of defining the Army’s doctrinal standards for maneuver training land area that supports all tasks developed by TRADOC and USASOC proponents. TC 25-1 provides guidelines for the landscape required, to include the sustainment thereof, to conduct effective maneuver training in various kinds of terrain as well as provides data for the Army Range Requirements Model (ARRM). (See Figure 1-1 on page

1-2.)

1-2. Documents used to develop training land requirements include:

Army Doctrine Publication (ADP 7-0), Training

The Sustainable Range Program AR 350-19

The Army’s Training Land Strategy (ATLS)

Combined Arms Training Strategies (CATS)

Institutional training land requirements as defined by approved Programs of Instruction

(POI)

Operational training land requirements as defined by respective proponent

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Figure 1-1. Army Range Requirements Model’s Multiple Inputs

SECTION II – ARMY TRAINING LAND STRATEGY

1-3. The Army Training Land Strategy (ATLS) provides the vision and guidance for the management of ranges and training land. This strategy combines current training land management practices with those needed to support the vision of future Army training. The ATLS supports the

Army Training Strategy by providing the infrastructure capability required to support live training for the Soldier.

1-4. Live training remains the cornerstone of Army doctrine. To ensure the Army can continue to train as it will fight, training must reflect the operational warfighting environment. To meet validated requirements the Army must establish best management practices for range operations and optimize available resources for range and training land priorities with the goal of maximizing the Capability, Availability, and Accessibility of ranges and training land.

Capability. The configuration and characteristics of ranges and training lands as a platform necessary to support live training requirements.

Availability. The necessary infrastructure to support range and training land capabilities within the boundaries of scheduling and training time requirements.

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Accessibility. The conditions required to conduct live training for Soldiers and units when and where required on ranges and training land.

SECTION III – SUSTAINABLE RANGE PROGRAM, MANAGING, SUSTAINING, AND

MAINTAINING TRAINING LANDS

1-5. The Sustainable Range Program (SRP) is the Army’s overall approach to improving the design, management, usage, and long-term sustainability of ranges. The goal of the SRP is to maximize the capability, availability, and accessibility of ranges and training lands to support doctrinally based operational and institutional training requirements, mobilization, and deployments. It has two core programs, the Range Program and the Integrated Training Area

Management (ITAM) Program. The Range Program includes range modernization, range development, and range operations. The ITAM Program maintains the live maneuver training environment to improve training efficiency, Soldier and unit readiness, and survivability by sustaining realistic training lands through integration of land use requirements with land capability.

For additional information, reference AR 350-19.

1-6. The ITAM Program sustains the Army’s live training land capability by:

Repairing maneuver damage.

Reconfiguring land to enable new maneuver training capabilities to meet the Commanders’ intents.

Creating and maintaining a resilient training land base to keep pace with the Army’s modernization efforts.

1-7. As a training enabler, ITAM is responsible for maintaining the three primary types of maneuver training land (Light Forces; CATCD 17710, Heavy Forces; CATCD 17720, and Amphibious Forces;

CATCD 17711) and associated features. (See Section 3-2 and Section 3-3).

1-8. The components of the ITAM Program are:

Training Requirement Integration (TRI)

Land Rehabilitation and Maintenance (LRAM)

Range and Training Land Assessment (RTLA)

Sustainable Range Awareness (SRA)

SRP Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Program

1-9. Training Requirements Integration

The TRI component integrates training mission requirements with non-training mission

(e.g. environmental) planning.

The installation ITAM coordinator, or equivalent, will consult with the Range Management

Authority (or equivalent official), other range organization personnel, trainers, environmental technical staff, natural and cultural resources managers, and other environmental staff members to integrate—

Training requirements.

Land management, training management, and natural and cultural resources management data.

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Data derived from the Range and Training Land Assessment and Army conservation program components.

Ensure efficient and successful land management strategies are being developed and meet regulatory requirements (e.g., Sikes Act, National Environmental Policy

Act (NEPA), Clean Water Act, Endangered Species Act, etc.). Training mission projects (i.e., ITAM, Range Modernization, Range Operations, Range

Development) will be integrated into and regularly coordinated with applicable installation plans including, but not limited to:

Integrated Natural Resources Management Plan (INRMP)

Integrated Cultural Resources Management Plan (ICRMP)

Integrated Wildland Fire Management Plan (IWFMP)

Forest Management Plan

Wildlife Management Plan

Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP)

Agriculture Conservation Plan (for agricultural lease areas)

Installation Real Property Master Plan (RPMP)

TRI supports range modernization project siting and training event scheduling and allocation.

TRI ensures proper coordination with non-training mission elements (e.g. DPW /

Environmental) to ensure training support projects are compliant with local, state, Federal, Department of Defense (DoD) / Army regulations (e.g. AR 200-1), and Host

Nation agreements, as applicable.

1-10. Land Rehabilitation and Maintenance

• The LRAM component is a key enabler for sustaining realistic training conditions through the reconfiguration of training lands to enable new maneuver capabilities, maintenance of existing training land resources, and maneuver damage repair.

• LRAM projects may be executed in order to mitigate safety hazards that prevent maneuver training lands from being utilized for required training tasks.

• Installations will define and document their LRAM objectives in the Installation RCMP.

• LRAM projects will be coordinated with appropriate installation offices to ensure all necessary documentation (e.g., NEPA, DA Form 4283, (Facilities Engineering Work Request), etc.) is completed and that activities are in compliance with applicable cultural and environmental laws and regulations.

• Biannual User working Group meetings will be held for recommendations to improve

LRAM execution and efficiency.

2-11. Range and Training Land Assessment

• The RTLA component acquires data and assesses information to maximize the capability and sustainability of training land capabilities to support live training.

• RTLA conducts assessments to support training land management decisions. Assessment types and needs are determined locally at the installation and must have a direct correlation with the installation’s current training mission requirements and Army approved changes to mission.

• RTLA assessments are designed to:

Provide information to support land management decisions.

Identify landscape conditions suitable for installation specific training missions.

Provide recommendations on land management strategies required to support unit training tasks.

Identify and report the requirement for LRAM practices and land management work.

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Provide information to support LRAM projects:

Identify and report a need for soil stabilization and/or vegetation management to attain or maintain conditions suitable for training missions

Monitor the success/failure of LRAM projects Assist with identifying suitable landscape conditions to support training mission requirements

RTLA supports all ITAM components.

Installations will define and document their RTLA objectives in the Installation RCMP.

RTLA conducts internal capability assessments by routinely reviewing plans, such as the

NRMP, ICRMP, agricultural leases, annual burn plan, timber harvest plan, and other plans as appropriate.

Biannual User Working Group meetings are held for recommendations to improve RTLA execution and efficiency.

1-12. Sustainable Range Awareness

SRA is the component of the ITAM Program used to promote range and training land awareness to educate range and training land users on safety and emergency protocols related to mission readiness activities in addition to local environmental considerations.

SRA is achieved by:

Developing and distributing educational materials to users of range and training land assets.

Integrating SRA into existing Command and installation operational awareness activities and events.

Soldier Field Cards provide vital information including, but not limited to emergency phone numbers, MEDEVAC procedures, risk assessment matrix, work/rest and water consumption table, and other installation specific information. Soldier Field Cards are SRA products available to all SRP supported installations and sites.

1-13. SRP Geographic Information Systems Program

The SRP GIS Program, a component of the ITAM Program, is the foundational support element of the SRP. The mission of the SRP GIS Program is to create, analyze, manage, and distribute standardized authoritative geospatial information, products, and services for the execution of training strategies and missions on U.S. Army ranges and training lands.

The SRP GIS Program provides standard geospatial data development, geospatial analysis, and mapping capabilities at all echelons. These capabilities support the ITAM

Program components, Range Development, Range Modernization, Range Operations functions, and training mission support.

Geospatial data development, geospatial analysis, and mapping capabilities are required to perform and/or support the following:

Development and execution of model parameters for overall program budgeting and execution

Range project planning process

RCMP development

The RFMSS Enhanced Graphic Firing Desk (EGFD)

Military Installation Map (MIM) development and sustainment

Unit training suitability analysis and training mission support products

Geospatial data developed in support of the SRP must adhere to National, Federal, DoD, and Army standards:

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The HQDA DCS G 3/7 SRP Geospatial Data Strategy, updated annually, identifies and documents the funding, collection, and maintenance of geospatial data for which HQDA DCS G 3/7 is the proponent. These geospatial data layers are a critical requirement in support of Army live training.

All HQDA DCS G 3/7 proponent geospatial data must meet published guidance, including the geospatial Data Quality Assurance Plans (QAPs) for which HQDA

DCS G 3/7 is the proponent, and Army Installation Geospatial Information and

Services (IGI&S) metadata requirements.

To allow for data integration, the current approved release of the Spatial Data

Standards for Facilities, Infrastructure, and Environment (SDSFIE) will be followed (see AR 115-13).

All HQDA DCS G 3/7 proponent geospatial data must include associated metadata (see AR 115-13).

Access to geospatial information is core to performing SRP functions at all levels.

On a quarterly basis, SRP supported installations/sites will submit HQDA DCS G 3/7 proponent geospatial data in accordance with AR 115-13 and guidance in the HQDA

DCS G 3/7 SRP Geospatial Data Strategy. SRP geospatial information must be available for data consolidation and strategic planning to support the HQDA DCS

G3/7 Training, Training Support Simulations Division, to SRP supported Commands for regional analysis, to other HQDA offices for geospatial analysis and integration, and to SRP supported installations/sites to support the training mission.

HQDA DCS G 3/7 proponent geospatial data will be integrated into the Army enterprise GIS system.

As the lead for the SRP GIS Program, ACM Ranges is responsible for –

Coordinating and managing SRP GIS Program recommendation, requirements, and initiatives, including:

Representing HQDA DCS G3/7 Training, Training Simulations Division at quarterly IGI&S Functional Coordination Committee (FCC) meetings and serving as the lead for HQDA DCS G3/7 Training proponent geospatial data (as directed by HQDA DCS G3/7 Training, Training Simulations Division.

Managing SRP GIS Program requirements & initiatives within the ACM Ranges, HQDA Support Work Plan (direct support and services).

Presenting programmatic updates at the SRP Management Reviews and representing the SRP GIS Program during technical, management, user working groups, and workshops.

Providing recommendations to the SDSFIE family of standards based on SRP requirements.

Chairing the SRP GIS User Working Group (UWG).

Coordinating SRP GIS requirements and policies with Federal and DoD offices/agencies, including HQDA DCS G3/7 Training, Training Simulations

Division, the G9 IGI&S Program, the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency

(NGA), U.S. Army G2, and the Army Geospatial Center (AGC).

Developing, maintaining, and distributing SRP GIS Program information, guidance, and documentation.

Managing the SRP Esri Enterprise Agreement (EA).

The SRP GIS UWG identifies and recommends GIS requirements to support SRP by utilizing best management practices and standards for GIS initiatives, analyzing options for automation and tool development, and exploring alternatives to meet SRP GIS user requirements. Biannual SRP GIS UWG meetings will be held for recommendations to

31 July 2020 TC 25-1 1-7 improve SRP GIS execution and efficiency. The SRP Geospatial Support Center (GSC) provides standard SRP geospatial information and services in support of SRP GIS

Program requirements at SRP supported installations/sites, SRP supported Commands, and HQDA DCS G3/7 Training, Training Simulations Division.

The mission of the SRP GSC is to increase the utility and cost effectiveness of GIS in support of the SRP.

The SRP GSC serves as the point of contact for SRP GIS technical support, to include the SRP GIS Toolkit, and provides centralized guidance to SRP supported installations/sites on how to adhere to current guidance, policies, standards, and regulations for geospatial data development, collection, maintenance, storage, distribution, and submittal.

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Chapter 2

Maneuver Doctrine Frames Maneuver Training Land Requirements

SECTION I – TRAINING UNITS AND DEVELOPING LEADERS

2-1. Army Doctrine Publication (ADP) 7-0, Training describes the fundamentals of how the Army trains to conduct operations as a unified action partner employing the Army’s operational concept— unified land operations. Developing and sustaining readiness is the Army’s number one priority.

Training represents the most important activity units do every day to achieve readiness. The Army does this by conducting tough, realistic, standards-based, and performance-oriented training.

2-2. FM 7-0, Train to Win in a Complex World, describes how the Army trains to win. With that focus, the Army develops training readiness and the capabilities that support Army and joint force commanders. FM 7-0 applies to all leaders at all organizational levels. All leaders are trainers.

Leaders include Officers, Warrant Officers, Noncommissioned Officers, and Department of the Army

Civilians in leadership positions.

2-3. Unit collective training reinforces foundations established in the institutional training domain and introduces additional skills needed to support the unit’s mission and readiness posture. Collective training requires interactions among individuals or organizations to perform tasks that contribute to the unit’s training objectives and mission-essential task proficiency.

2-4. Unit training occurs in the operational training domain at home station, maneuver combat training centers, regional training centers, and mobilization training centers. Unit training develops and sustains an organization’s readiness by achieving and sustaining proficiency in mission-essential tasks. Installations ensure units have access to the training enablers required to develop and sustain mission readiness.

SECTION II - BRIGADE COMBAT TEAMS

2-5. Brigade combat teams (BCTs) organize to conduct decisive action, which is the continuous, simultaneous combinations of offensive, defensive, and stability or defense support of civil authorities’ tasks. The BCT can fight without augmentation, but it also can be tailored to meet the precise needs of the assigned missions. BCTs conduct expeditionary deployment and integrate the efforts of the Army with military and civilian, joint and multinational partners. The BCT is the

Army’s largest combined arms organization as well as being the primary close combat force. For combat operations, the ground component of joint task forces is built around the BCT. The BCT units and capabilities from every warfighting function; they are task organized to meet specific mission requirements. There are currently three types of BCTs. They are the Armored Brigade Combat Team

(ABCT), the Infantry Brigade Combat Team (IBCT), and the Stryker Brigade Combat Team (SBCT).

This section describes the organization, capabilities, and limitations of each BCT type. For additional information, please reference FM 3-96 Brigade Combat Team.

2-6. ABCTs are balanced combined arms units that execute operations with shock and speed. Their main battle tanks, self-propelled artillery, and fighting vehicle-mounted Infantry provide tremendous striking power. ABCTs require significant strategic airlift and sealift to deploy and sustain.

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Their fuel and ammunition consumption may limit operational reach. However, the ABCT’s unmatched tactical mobility and firepower offset this. ABCTs include organic military intelligence, military police, artillery, signal, engineer, CBRN, reconnaissance, and sustainment capabilities.

2-7. IBCTs are the Army’s lightest BCT, and are organized around dismounted Infantry, capable of airborne or air assault operations. Each of the three types of IBCT (light Infantry, air assault, or airborne) have the same basic organization. IBCTs require less strategic lift and logistical support than other BCTs. When supported with intra-theater airlift, IBCTs have theater-wide operational reach. Organic antitank, military intelligence, artillery, signal, engineer, reconnaissance, and sustainment elements enable the IBCT commander to employ the force in combined arms formations.

IBCTs are optimized for operations in close terrain such as swamps, woods, hilly and mountainous areas, and densely populated areas.

2-8. SBCTs balance combined arms capabilities with significant strategic and intra-theater mobility.

Designed around the Stryker wheeled armor combat system in several variants, the SBCT has considerable operational reach. It is more deployable than the Armored Brigade Combat Teams

(ABCT) and has greater tactical mobility, protection, and firepower than the IBCT. SBCTs fight primarily as a dismounted Infantry formation. The SBCT includes military intelligence, signal, engineer, antitank, artillery, reconnaissance, and sustainment elements. This design lets SBCTs commit combined arms elements down to company level in urban and other complex terrain against a wide range of opponents.

2-9. BCTs require large training spaces to conduct training. According to calculations from the

Army Range Requirements Model (ARRM), ABCTs and IBCTs require approximately 10,390 acres;

SBCTs require 18,750 acres to perform training exercises. The map in Figure 2-1 shows land size requirements using black boxes scaled to the installation that represent acreage needed to support

BCT training. These maps are also used by HQDA to analyze BCT stationing capacity according to

Accessible Land on Army installations.

Figure 2-1. BCT Land Size Requirements

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SECTION III – TYPES OF ARMY OPERATIONS THAT FRAME TRAINING LAND

REQUIREMENTS

2-10. Offensive operations. An offensive task is a task conducted to defeat and destroy enemy forces and seize terrain, resources, and population centers. The four primary offensive tasks are movement to contact, attack, exploitation, and pursuit. (See Figure 2-2 below.)

Figure 2-2. Tactical Doctrinal Taxonomy (ADP 3-90)

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2-11. Commanders require large maneuver areas in which to design attack zones large enough to conduct all of the offensive maneuver training that mobile forces require. Army Proponents consider this as they derive the areas needed to support maneuver. Both manned and unmanned aviation requirements must be included in the planning and resourcing of a training event. (See Figure 2-3 below.)

Figure 2-3. Example of a turning Movement (FM 3-96)

2-12. Maneuver Training Areas for offensive operations support Army maneuver training for all forms of offensive maneuver (penetration, frontal assault, envelopment, infiltration, turning movement). ADP 3-0, ADP 3-90, and ATP 3-90.1 provide the conceptual framework for Army unit maneuver that drives the Proponent size requirements for Army tasks conducted in maneuver training areas.

2-13. Defensive operations. A defensive task is conducted to defeat enemy attacks, gain time, control key terrain, protect critical infrastructure, secure the population, and economize forces. There are three primary defensive tasks: area defense, mobile defense, and retrograde.

2-14. Commanders conducting training for defensive operations require substantial maneuver areas to array forces throughout the doctrinal structure of the battlefield. Proponents consider the maneuver and range capabilities of the mobile tanks, mechanized infantry, and aviation forces in developing maneuver land requirements that support defense training. Both manned and unmanned aviation requirements must be included in the planning and resourcing of a training event.

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2-15. Maneuver Training Areas for defensive operations support Army maneuver training for all patterns of defense. Figure 2-4 illustrates a Combined Arms Battalion (CAB) Defense in Depth. ADP

3-0, ADP 3-90, and FM 3-90-1 provide the conceptual framework for Army unit maneuver that drives the proponent size requirements for Army tasks conducted in maneuver training areas. (See Figure 2-

4 below.)

Figure 2-4. Typical control measures for an area defense (FM 3-90-1)

2-16. Stability Operations. Stability tasks leverage the coercive and constructive capabilities of the military force. These tasks enable forces to establish a safe and secure environment, facilitate reconciliation among local or regional adversaries, support the establishment of political, legal, social, and economic institutions, and facilitate the transition of responsibility to a legitimate civil authority.

2-17. Training for the tasks involved in Stability Operations is normally conducted by Brigade Combat

Team (BCT) elements in the same areas that are used for offensive and defensive maneuver training.

Proponents may derive additional stability training area requirements for specific BCT elements.(See

Figure 2-5 on page 2-6.)

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Figure 2-5. Stability Operations Underlying Logic (ADP 3-07)

2-18. Civil Support Operations. Army leaders ensure that Army units supporting civil authorities are guided by three core purposes which are: to save lives, to alleviate suffering and to protect property.

2-19. If the National Command Authority directs federal U.S. Forces operations in Continental

United States (CONUS), the tasks that will be required are already trained in the normal conduct of

Army business. No maneuver training land is required solely for civil support operations training.

(See Figure 2-6 on Page 2-7.)

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Figure 2-6. Defense Support of Civil Authorities Core Tasks (ADP 3-28)

SECTION IV – MANEUVER TRAINING AREAS THAT SUPPORT SPECIFIC TASKS

OR UNITS

2-20. Maneuver training areas that support urban operations training. All Army units conduct operations in urban areas. To address the requirements for realistic urban maneuver terrain, the Army provides Urban Operations (UO) sites and Combined Arms Collective Training Facility (CACTF).

2-21. The Army inventories UO sites and CACTFs as ranges rather than as maneuver training land for building maintenance purposes. Units’ requirements for UO facilities are likewise managed as range requirements. The UO facilities serve the same purpose as maneuver training land for Army units training in an urban environment.

2-22. Maneuver training areas around these facilities are often used in conjunction with the urban operations training facility. They serve as maneuver areas for units or opposing forces attacking the

UO site. (See Figure 2-7 on page 2-8.)

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Figure 2-7. Example urban operations sketch (ATTP 3-06.11)

2-23. Maneuver training areas that support sustainment training. Commander’s sustainment operations are integral to all other operations and therefore require maneuver area from which to support close combat operations. Maneuver operations in the BCT’s area of operations (AO) are supported by sustainment operations that are integrated into the Brigade’s terrain footprint. Some sustainment units require limited training land to train on separately for short periods each year.

2-24. Proponents define the training areas that Brigade Support Battalion units require. Brigade support units normally train with the combat units they support and therefore require limited training land for separate organic training.

2-25. Proponents define training areas that non-brigade support units require. Non-brigade support units require training area for supply and maintenance points as well as command and control training. (See Figure 2-8 on page 2-9.)

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Figure 2-8. Example of echeloned FSC support to an ABCT (FM 4-0)

2-26. Maneuver training areas that support units not affiliated with Brigade Combat Teams. There are other units not usually assigned or attached to BCTs. Proponents for each type of unit provide the maneuver training area requirements for their respective types of units. These units may include other federal entities outside of the DoD. TRADOC assembles and models the land requirements for these other types of units in the same way they are modeled for Combined Arms Battalions.

2-27. Maneuver training areas that support TRADOC Programs of Instruction (POI). Many TRADOC

POIs require maneuver training land. TRADOC school commandants develop and approve maneuver training areas that their respective schools require to support individual training classes. Army budgets for range and training land support funding based on these TRADOC POIs. Ranges, land areas, maintenance, and operating personnel are provided to the installations on the basis of the POI information.

SECTION V – CONTIGUOUS AND NONCONTIGUOUS OPERATIONS

2-28. Army units may deploy in AO with either contiguous or noncontiguous boundaries. Army units train for operations in both types of AO.

2-29. When larger echelons are involved, more terrain is required to deploy all forces that may be assigned or attached for training. As stated in the Army’s FM 3-90 series, units will often operate in multiple non-contiguous locations rather than one large, contiguous location. A contiguous maneuver box of battalion size supports either requirement for most units.

2-30. The impact of the contiguous/non-contiguous doctrine on maneuver training area requirements is that the Army requires few large, contiguous areas. When commanders need large unit, contiguous

2-10 TC 25-1 31 July 2020 areas, they will move to other locations if there is insufficient training land available at home station.

At all echelons, commanders, leaders, and staffs will maneuver virtually and constructively to complement lower unit live maneuver training capabilities.

2-31. A Combined Arms Battalion commander can array forces in two different ways inside his AO.

On the left, the example shows units that share contiguous boundaries. On the right side, units are arrayed in specified areas but do not have contiguous boundaries. (See Figure 2-9 below.)

Figure 2-9. CAB Contiguous and Noncontiguous Training Areas

2-32. BCT commanders can similarly array forces in two different ways in his AO. The Brigade operates in the same way as the battalion. Division and Corps operations may similarly operate in a contiguous or a non-contiguous array. (See Figure 2-10 below.)

Figure 2-10. BCT Contiguous and Noncontiguous Training Areas

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Chapter 3

Training Land Requirements

SECTION I – MANEUVER AREAS AS REAL PROPERTY

3-1. The Garrison Commander’s Real Property Accountability Officer (RPAO) records the official maneuver training land inventories based on guidance published by the Office of the Deputy Chief of

Staff, G-9 (DCS, G-9). TRADOC uses the inventory to determine installation available land.

Available land is compared with Army installation training land requirements to identify deficiencies.

3-2. Types of Maneuver Training Areas. The three primary types of maneuver training land described in TC 25-1 can be found in Army Regulation 415-28. The three types and their associated

Facility Category Codes (CATCD’s) are: Maneuver Training Area - Light Forces (CATCD 17710), Maneuver Training Area - Heavy Forces (CATCD 17720) and Maneuver Training Area -

Amphibious Forces (CATCD 17711).

Light Forces Maneuver Training Area (CATCD 17710). Defined as:

“Space for ground and air combat forces to practice movements and tactics as specified in the unit’s Combined Arms Training Strategy (CATS). Different type units may support one another (combined arms), or a unit may operate on its own to practice a specific CATS tasks set. The “Light” designation refers to areas where maneuver may be restricted for some reason to small units or units having only wheeled vehicles. “Light” maneuver/training areas are not typically used by “Heavy” forces other than assembly areas where movement is restricted to roads or trails. Included in this category are bivouac sites, base camps, and other miscellaneous training areas….”

Heavy Forces Maneuver Training Area (CATCD 17720). Defined as:

“Space for ground and air combat forces to practice movements and tactics as specified in the unit’s Combined Arms Training Strategy (CATS). Different type units may support one another (combined arms), or a unit may operate on its own to practice a specific CATS tasks set. The “Heavy” designation refers to areas where maneuver is unrestricted and can consist of all types of vehicles and equipment, including tracked vehicles. “Heavy” maneuver/training areas can be used by “light” forces. This category includes bivouac sites, base camps, and other miscellaneous training areas….”

Amphibious Forces Maneuver Training Area (CATCD 17711). Defined as:

“Space for ground and air combat forces to practice movements and tactics during amphibious (ship-to-shore) operations. Different type units may support one another (combined arms), or a unit may operate on its own to practice a specific

CATS tasks set. Tasks can include both combat and logistics (especially logistics over the shore). Included in these areas are bivouac sites, base camps, and other miscellaneous training areas….”

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3-3. The three types of maneuver training areas listed above may contain training “features” or areas designed for specific training tasks, but that are not of significant enough size, or do not generate sufficient funding requirements, to warrant a separate real property designation. These features include:

Tactical Assembly/Bivouac Sites: These are locations within the maneuver/training area where troops establish temporary camps and/or assemble prior to conducting training missions.

Landing Zones/Pickup Zones (LZ/PZ): LZs and PZs are areas within the maneuver/training area used for training tactical helicopter operations and landing and takeoff procedures.

Artillery Firing Points (AFP): AFPs are sites located throughout the maneuver/training area used to conduct indirect fire into the impact area.

Mortar Firing Points (MFPs): MFPs are sites located throughout the maneuver/training area used to conduct indirect fire into the impact area.

Observation Points (OP): OPs are sites located within the maneuver/training area in the vicinity of an impact area used to adjust the firing of indirect fires or close air support into the impact area.

Forward Arming and Refueling Point (FARP): A FARP is a temporary facility, organized, equipped, and deployed to provide fuel and ammunition necessary for the employment of aviation maneuver units in combat.

Land Navigation Courses: Land navigation courses are areas located within the maneuver/training area principally scheduled and used for mounted and/or dismounted map reading, terrain association, or navigational training. (“Land Navigation Course” has its own CATCD, 17998, but shares the same Facility Analysis Category (FAC), 1741, as

Maneuver Area, Light Forces.

Amphibious Launch Sites: Amphibious launch sites are areas located maneuver/training area used to train tactical ship-to-shore operations.

Maneuver Trails: Maneuver trails support tactical training events associated with installation training missions. Trail design and condition requirements are based on specific mission needs. These trails can support mounted and dismounted training exercises.

3-4. Maneuver Trails are defined as the network of unpaved trails found within a maneuver corridor or training area that support maneuver/tactical training. These trails are not part of the DPW Real

Property infrastructure, have no RPUID, no assigned FCC Code, and may branch from Training Area

Tank Trails (CATCD 85720 for paved, CATCD 85725 for unpaved Training Area Tank Trails), Training Area Roads (CATCD 85710 for paved, CATCD 85715 for unpaved Training Area Roads) or

Combat Trails (CATCD 17965). Planned maintenance and repairs of these trails are generally identified by the ITAM program.

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The primary distinction between the three types of trails are:

Maneuver Trails are used for training (i.e., maneuver tasks, not movement) and are within a training area.

Training Area Tank Trails or Training Area Roads are used primarily for ingress, egress, and circulation within and around the training area by tactical and administrative vehicles (i.e., Administrative, Tactical Road March, and Movement

Tasks.)

Combat Trails are defined as a training site used for various training types of proficiency and sustainment training by rotation through a series of stations in a round robin scenario. These are not to be confused with maneuver trails which include an unpaved network of trails in a maneuver corridor or training area used by tactical vehicles/equipment for maneuver training.

3-5. Usage calculations for these other types of land and for land used as testing areas are not included in TC 25-1. However, certain training tasks (including tasks from other training requirements documents like TC 25-1) may reference these land training features as necessary parts of their land requirement, and may document specific conditions within these features to support those tasks. NOTE: some of these land features when scheduled for their non-maneuver training task(s) (e.g., Artillery Firing Points) may make entire training areas where they are located unavailable for maneuver training tasks.

3-6. Primary and Secondary Land Uses. Land with primary use designations other than CATCD

17710, 17720, or 17711 may be utilized for some light and/or heavy maneuver training tasks. Non-dudded Impact Areas (CATCD 17731), Field Training Areas (CACTD 17999), and Personnel and

Equipment Parachute Drop Zones (CATCD 17991), in addition to some portions of other live-fire complexes, are examples of areas that may be identified as secondary use (listed in real property as

“Secondary Design Use”). These areas should be considered available to support maneuver training tasks; however, their availabilities may be limited to times not scheduled for their primary uses, and the allowable training tasks may be limited to those that do not alter the land conditions needed to support the primary uses. For example, an installation may prevent some armor maneuver training tasks within a primary use drop zone containing a flight landing strip in order to avoid damage to facilities.