Florida_Grades_and_Standards_for_Nursery_Plants_2022.PDF

Florida Grades and Standards for Nursery Plants 2022

Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... i Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................................ii Plant Names ................................................................................................................................... iii Contract Guidelines ...................................................................................................................... iii Plants Not Listed in Index .............................................................................................................. iii Noncompliance Cases or Violations .......................................................................................... iv Registering Complaints ................................................................................................................ iv General Requirements .................................................................................................................. v

TREES

Table of Contents Introduction to Tree Grading Steps for Determining Tree Grade Tree Grading Example 1 Tree Grading Example 2 Step 1. Choosing Tree Matrix and Measuring Tree Caliper Step 2. Determining Trunk Structure Quality Step 3. Determining Crown Uniformity Step 6. Determining Correctly Made Pruning Cuts and Other Defects Step 7. Determining Root Structure Quality Type 1 Tree Matrix — Tall and Wide Type 2 Tree Matrix — Tall and Narrow Type 3 Tree Matrix — Short/Wide and Multi-Trunk Florida Fancy Tree Photo Examples Florida #1 Tree Photo Examples Florida #2 Tree Photo Examples Index of Trees Listed by Common Name and Matrix Type Index of Trees Listed by Scientific Name and Matrix Type Index of Small-Maturing Trees Glossary of Tree Terms Appendix A — Best Management Practices (BMP)

Introduction Part One: Tree Pruning Before Planting, At Planting, or After Planting Part Two: Correcting Tree Root Ball Part Three: Tree Planting Detail Part Four: Irrigating Tree After Planting and During Establishment

Appendix B — Tree Grading Photo Examples Appendix C — Tree Form Examples References

PALMS

Table of Contents Introduction to Grading Palms Glossary of Palm Grading Terminology Palm Grades Steps for Determining Palm Grades Requirements for Leaf Count and Root Ball Measurement Introduction to Palm Specification Glossary of Palm Specification Terminology Illustration of Palm Specification Terminology Checklist for Potential Specification Palm Specification Examples Additional Information

SHRUBS

Table of Contents Introduction to Grading Shrubs Minimum Average Spread for Container and B&B Shrubs Minimum Root Ball Sizes General Grade Standards for Shrubs General Downgrading Factors Types of Shrubs

Broad Spreading Semi-Broad Spreading Spreading Globose Globose Azaleas Globose Self Heading… Upright Spreading Upright Spreading Camillias Upright Columnar Special Grade Specific Specifications

- Basal Rosettes

- Stemmed Rosettes

- Ferns Roses Groundcovers Ornamental Vines

Index of Shrubs, Groundcovers, and Vines Listed Alphabetically by Common Names with the Type which they are to be graded by

Index of Shrubs, Groundcovers, and Vines Listed Alphabetically by Scientific Names with the Type which they are to be graded by

Glossary of Terms References

WETLAND PLANTS

Table of Contents Introduction to Grading Wetland Plants Standards for Wetland Plants Grading Standards for Red and Black Mangroves Grading Standards for Wetland Trees Grading Standards for Wetland Shrubs Grading Standards for Wetland Plants Grading Standards for Wetland Herbs General Grading Illustrations for Wetland Plants Downgrading Factors Index of Wetland Shrubs Index of Wetland Sedges Index of Wetland Grasses Index of Wetland Rushes Index of Wetland Emergents References

INTRODUCTION

Florida’s unique and diverse climate provides environmental conditions favorable for the growth of about 25,000 plant species. This vast number of plants, coupled with the many different sizes and shapes of plants that enter the market, clearly indicates the need for precise communication between buyer, contractor, and seller. This is further necessitated as buyer, contractor, and seller specify and negotiate plant quality. For example, the designation ‘three gallon’ can be interpreted in various ways, but in order to communicate effectively, additional specifications are needed. The Florida Grades and Standards for Nursery Plants, passed by the Florida Legislature in 1955 and codified with Section 581.031 (2)(3), Florida Statutes, establishes a vehicle for buyer and seller communication. These grades and standards shall not be used as specifications nor shall they be referenced in their entirety as a replacement for specifications.

Consumer knowledge, preferences, and awareness are demonstrated in their purchases of plants. Therefore, the nursery industry must precisely communicate the attributes of its valued products. To this end, as much detail as possible and other attributes which facilitate communication are used in these revised standards and categories of plants.

The grades and standards are not intended to be used as specifications for specific jobs or contracts.

Minimum heights and/or spreads used in this document represent the size of a quality plant. They do not represent actual plants available at any given time of year or in a given market as plant sizes available at any given time vary based on supply and demand.

i.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services (FDACS) gratefully acknowledges the assistance of the Florida Nursery, Grower and Landscape Association (FNGLA) and its many members, who, along with the University of Florida’s Institute of Food and Agriculture Sciences contributed their time and plant materials for the development of this manual. For this sixth edition of the Florida Grades and Standards, the Department acknowledges the contributions of the members of the ad hoc and section committees. Committee members included landscape architects, consultants, contractors, designers, growers, and inspectors.

Committee Members:

Ad Hoc:

Ben Bolusky John Conroy Tyson Emery Michael Marshall Jason Stanley

Trees:

Lori Ballard E.J. Bolduc Shaun Brown Tyson Emery Todd Gentry Dr. Edward Gilman Michael Marshall Matt Muenich Kimberly Pearson

Palms:

Russell Adams John Conroy Max Deledda Matt McGraw Chris Miller George Nottingham Jason Stanley ii.

Sample contract language: ALL SPECIES NOT LISTED IN GRADES AND STANDARDS

FOR NURSERY PLANTS, PUBLISHED BY FDACS, SHALL CONFORM TO A FLORIDA #1.

PLANT NAMES

The accepted scientific name(s) and preferred common name(s) are referenced in this publication in order to be in compliance with the General Requirements (refer to page iv), until changed by sanctioned authority. The scientific name is required to positively identify a plant. In addition, other scientific names (synonyms, horticultural names, invalid scientific names) and other common names are included.

Modern scientific techniques have provided new information about taxonomic relationships and led to changes in plant names, but some possible name changes have not yet been settled. For this publication, names listed in The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening (Huxley, et.al., 1999) are considered authoritative. For plants named after the publication of this reference, individual specialists and plant taxonomists were consulted. We are grateful for the assistance of Dr. Patti Anderson, Botanist, Division of Plant Industry(DPI), FDACS, who used Guide to the Vascular Plants of Florida, 3rd Edition, authored by R.P. Wunderlin and B.F. Hansen, as a taxonomic reference.

CONTRACT GUIDELINES

Verification of specified grades are to be determined at the time of delivery. Grades determined at the time of initial and regrading inspections shall be based on the growth characteristics and condition of the plant at the time of grading. The grade shall not be based on any past or predicted future growth potential of the plant.

Within 30 days following plant delivery, if any of the parties identified in the contract have cause to believe that any trees, palms, shrubs, groundcovers, or other horticultural materials are not of the specified grade, they may, at their discretion, request a regrading inspection by the DPI.

Upon the findings provided, parties may seek further remedy by requesting replacements of plant materials or other corrective actions, including, but not limited to, legal recompense.

Note: When agreed upon by parties identified in the contract, additional regrading inspections may be conducted during the construction/establishment/warranty periods to determine compliance with the standards set forth in this document. These additional inspections shall be conducted independent of involvement from the Division on Plant Industry.

PLANTS NOT LISTED IN INDEX

Landscape architects and contractors have requested that the quality of plant species for which grades have not been established be consistent with those species for which grade standards have been established. The textbox below contains sample language; although, not part of the grading regulation, that could be included in contracts. For instance when the architect or contractor wish to ensure the plant quality is the same for species not included in index, this language can be binding under the contract, giving a basis for inspection and legal testimony if necessary.

iii.

This document is meant to be used for ANY species sold in Florida. To establish the grade for tree species or cultivar not listed, first determine the natural crown form, or growth habit of the tree, then identify which one of the three matrix types matches this form, and proceed through the grading process.

NONCOMPLIANCE CASES OR VIOLATIONS

Any dispute over the grade of a plant(s) shall be called to the attention of the DPI within thirty

(30) days following delivery to the landscape project if the DPI is expected to assist in settling the case. This is necessary to protect both the buyer and the seller. The grade of a plant can decline very rapidly if that plant is improperly handled or neglected, thus making regrading difficult.

Anyone considering a complaint shall, for their own protection, see that the plant(s) in question receives the best of care and is kept segregated from other plants so that definite identity is maintained. Cases of dispute may be settled by:

1. Agreement of the buyer and the seller.

2. Having the plants in question regraded by an authorized representative of the DPI. The report of regrading inspection can then be used for (1) above or (3) below, or as evidence for legal action.

3. Action taken by DPI relative to plant disease and insect problems.

REGISTERING COMPLAINTS

All complaints or requests for a regrading inspection should be made in writing and directed to the attention of the Chief Plant Inspector, Division of Plant Industry, P.O. Box 147100, Gainesville, Florida 32614-7100. The Chief Plant Inspector will direct the appropriate DPI representative to conduct the initial investigation of such complaints. For further assistance please call 888–397-1517.

UNDER SIZING AND SPECIES SUBSTITUTION

It is important not to confuse the plant size with the plant grade specified in contract documents (can include bids, contracts, plans, specifications, etc.). Plants may be under sized according to the contract document but may still retain the grade specified. In this instance, the under sized plant(s) is a breach of the contract document(s), not a violation of Florida Grades and Standards for Nursery Plants.

A substitution of one species or cultivar for another is also a breach of the contract documents, not a violation of Florida Grades and Standards for Nursery Plants.

iv.

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

The plant material specified in contract documents shall be governed by the following requirements:

1. Be eligible for certification by the DPI.

2. Originate from a registered nursery under inspection with DPI, or certified and have met the requirements of Chapter 581, Florida Statutes, and Title 5B, Florida Administrative Code.

3. Meet the grade standards set forth hereafter.

4. Be correctly labeled as to name, grade, and date of delivery, as follows:

a. Plants shall be plainly and legibly labeled by the growers to show the scientific or accepted common name, including variety and rootstock when applicable, and the grade; and

b. only one name and grade label is needed on a group of plants of the same species and cultivars, rootstock and grade when addressed to one consignee, provided that the label is also marked to indicate the number of plants in the group for which the label is intended; and

c. any invoice may be used in lieu of labels to indicate the number, species and cultivar, and grade of plants, provided such invoice accompanies the plants and a copy of the invoice is given to the consignee at the time of delivery.

5. Be living stock and not be in decline, broken, frozen or damaged.

v.

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Introduction to Tree Grading Steps for Determining Tree Grade Tree Grading Example 1 Tree Grading Example 2 Step 1. Choosing Tree Matrix and Measuring Tree Caliper Step 2. Determining Trunk Structure Quality Step 3. Determining Crown Uniformity Step 6. Determining Correctly Made Pruning Cuts and Other Defects Step 7. Determining Root Structure Quality Type 1 Tree Matrix — Tall and Wide Type 2 Tree Matrix — Tall and Narrow Type 3 Tree Matrix — Short/Wide and Multi-Trunk Florida Fancy Tree Photo Examples Florida #1 Tree Photo Examples Florida #2 Tree Photo Examples Index of Trees Listed by Common Name and Matrix Type Index of Trees Listed by Scientific Name and Matrix Type Index of Small-Maturing Trees Glossary of Tree Terms Appendix A — Best Management Practices (BMP)

Introduction Part One: Tree Pruning Before Planting, At Planting, or After Planting Part Two: Correcting Tree Root Ball Part Three: Tree Planting Detail Part Four: Irrigating Tree After Planting and During Establishment

Appendix B — Tree Grading Photo Examples Appendix C — Tree Form Examples References

1.

INTRODUCTION TO TREE GRADING

The quality or grade of a tree at time of planting may have a large impact on its longevity in the landscape. Tree quality is based on grading of the trunk, branch, crown, leaf, and root characteristics. This introduction presents a brief description of some of the distinctions among tree grades.

These descriptions are not to be used to distinguish one grade from another.

Large maturing trees with codominant trunks in the lower half of the tree canopy should not be planted. These may be sturdy when they are small but become increasingly prone to failure as they grow larger.

Florida Fancy is the highest grade. These trees should have one dominant trunk into the crown of the tree and branch diameter should not be larger than 2/3 the diameter of the trunk measured directly above the branch union. There should be no flush cuts and no open wounds on the trunk or major branches. The crown should be uniform and show little, if any, evidence of chlorosis, necrosis, disease, or insect infestation. The root ball should be appropriately sized (refer to Matrices, pages 17-19) and be free of severe defects.

Florida #1 is a high grade. These trees may require some corrective pruning (refer to Appendix A, Part 1, page 33) so they develop a quality trunk and branch structure. They may have minor trunk injuries or could have other defects. Defects may be corrected by pruning the tree at planting and/or once or twice within a year or two after planting.

Florida #2 is a lower grade. These trees require major corrective pruning to develop a structure which will promote longevity. These trees can be misshapen and such defects may take several pruning doses over time to correct.

Cull is the lowest grade. These trees lack vigor or vitality and/or have poor trunk and branch structure or severe root defects. They may have other problems such as large open wounds, flush cuts or a loose root ball which may prevent them from becoming established in the landscape. Defects may take several years to correct or may not be correctable.

The better grades of trees will require less pruning after planting and are likely to establish more quickly. The better grades of trees have been properly trained and pruned in the nursery to develop a structure which resists damage from winds and other outside forces. Most tree maintenance budgets have not been developed to allow for pruning a tree after planting, so it is practical to start with a healthy, well-formed tree.

Trees can be pruned before planting, at planting, and after planting to improve the grade (refer to Appendix A, Part 1, page 33).

Note: Grades established for trees do not apply to trees installed for wetland mitigation.

For trees installed for wetland mitigation, refer to the wetland section of Florida Grades and Standards for Nursery Plants.

Note: Florida Grades and Standards for Nursery Plants do not apply to trees grown with an intentional specialty form such as braided stems, poodles, espalier, topiary, bonsai, etc.

2.

STEPS FOR DETERMINING TREE GRADE

Choose the appropriate tree matrix type (refer to Index of Trees, pages 23- 30).

Appropriate matrix type:

Measure the caliper (refer to Step 1, page 9).

Note: For multi-trunk, small-maturing trees, use container size or root ball diameter in place of caliper.

Caliper:

Inspect the trunk structure and circle the appropriate grade below based on trunk structure only (refer to Step 2, page 10).

Skip this step if the tree is a small-maturing tree (refer to Index of Small-Maturing Trees, page 30).

Florida Fancy Florida #1 Florida #2 Cull

Inspect the crown uniformity and circle the grade below based on crown uniformity only (refer to Step 3, page 11).

Note: For crown uniformity, there is no Florida #1 or Cull grade.

Florida Fancy Florida #2

Record the lowest grade determined in Step 2 and Step 3.

Step 4 Grade:_______________________________

Record the grade after making the following deductions:

• If one of the following statements is true, reduce the grade determined in Step 4 by one.

• If two or more of the following statements are true, reduce the grade determined in Step 4 by two.

For multi-trunk, small-maturing trees:

• Skip statements a) and d) below;

and

• Use container size or root ball diameter instead of caliper for statement b below.

Note: When making deductions in statements a, b, and d below, refer to matrix type and caliper previously recorded in Step 1.

Step 5 Grade:____________________________

3.

T F Step 5

a) Tree does not meet height requirement.

b) Crown does not meet diameter requirement.

c) Root ball is not secure enough to successfully transplant.

d) Root ball or container is undersized. If root ball is two or more sizes undersized, reduce the grade by two.

e) Tree has a trunk caliper larger than two inches and requires a stake to hold the trunk erect. For multi-trunk trees, this applies to each trunk individually.

Record the grade after making the following deductions:

• If the tree being graded is a Florida Fancy in Step 5, only one of the following statements must be true to reduce the Florida Fancy grade to Florida #1.

• If two of the following statements are true, reduce the grade determined in Step 5 by one.

• If three of the following statements are true, reduce the grade determined in Step 5 by two.

T F Step 6

a) Flush cuts were made when pruning branches from the trunk (refer to Step 6, page 12).

b) Branch stubs were left beyond the collar. A branch stub may be removed and not reduce the grade (refer to Step 6, page 13).

c) Open trunk wounds are evident.

Wounds are considered open when they are greater than 10% of trunk circumference and/or more than two inches tall. Open or closed proper pruning cuts are not downgraded (refer to Step 6, page 13).

d) More than 10% of the crown exhibits necrosis, chlorosis, pest damage, disease, or tip dieback (refer to Step 6, page 14).

e) The crown is thin and sparsely foliated. Recently harvested trees, as well as some species through fall and early spring, are naturally thin and sparse and are not downgraded(refer to Step 6, page14).

f) There is included bark between the trunk and a major lateral branch or between main trunks (refer to Photo 29, page 37). This is not a downgrade on small-maturing trees (refer to Step 6, page 15).

Step 6 Grade: ____________________________

Record the grade after making the following determination.

• If one of the following statements is true, reduce the grade from Step 6 to a Cull (refer to Step 7, Figure 11, page 16).

Step 7 Final Grade: ___________________________

4.

T F Step 7

a) The top-most root emerges from root collar more than two inches below the root ball surface.

1) Note: Soil, substrate and/or roots can be removed from the top 1/3 of the root ball to conform to this depth requirement.

b) All three of the following are true:

1.One or more roots greater than

1/10 the trunk caliper; and

2. circles more than 1/3 of the trunk;

and

3. is in the top ¼ of the root ball.

1) Note: If the diameter of the circling root(s) is less than 1/3 of the trunk caliper, the circling root(s) can be cut at the point where it begins to circle. The tree would then no longer be a Cull.

2) Note: The presence of a circling root(s) is not a downgrade when three or more non-circling, structural roots are growing higher in the substrate profile over the circling root. These non-circling, structural roots do not need to be equally spaced around the trunk (refer to Step 7, Figure 11, page 16).

live oak - Quercus virginiana Final Grade: Florida #2

- - - Indicates the half-way mark of the tree height.

Pointing to the codominant trunks indicated by the solid red lines.

TREE GRADING EXAMPLE 1

This example is a guide for grading a sample 14-foot tall, 45-gallon container grown live oak (Quercus virginiana) tree with a 3-inch caliper trunk measured six inches above the ground. The tree has a 66-inch uniform crown diameter. The bark is intact and there are no evident flush cuts. There are several recent, open, proper pruning cuts along the lower trunk. There are two nearly equal diameter trunks in the lower ½ of the tree with included bark.

Step 1. Choose the appropriate tree matrix type (refer to Step 1, page 9).

Matrix type: Type 1 Matrix, Tall and Wide

Measure the caliper of the tree and locate it in the left column of the appropriate matrix.

Caliper: 3-inches

Step 2. Inspect the trunk structure and circle the appropriate grade below based on trunk structure only (refer to Step 2, page 10).

Step 5. Record the grade after making the following deductions:

• If one of the following statements is

Step 4 by one.

Step 2 Grade: Florida #2 Explanation: The trunk divides into two nearly equal trunks along the lower ½ of the tree.

Step 3. Grade the tree according to crown uniformity (refer to Step 3, page11).

Step 3 Grade: Florida Fancy Explanation: This example tree has a uniform crown, as indicated in the example description (refer to Step 3, Figure 4.A, page 11).

Step 4. Record the lowest grade determined in Step 2 or Step 3.

Step 4 Grade: Florida #2 Explanation: The grade determined in Step 2 = Florida #2, and in Step 3 = Florida Fancy.

5.

• If two or more of the following grade determined in Step 4 by two.

Step 5 Grade: Florida #2 Explanation: The grade determined in Step 4 is not reduced because all statements in Step 5 are false.

T F Step 5 x a) Tree does not meet height requirement.

x b) Crown does not meet diameter requirement.

x c) Root ball is not secure enough to successfully transplant.

x d) Root ball or container is undersized.

If root ball is two or more sizes undersized, reduce grade by two.

x e) Tree has a trunk caliper larger than two inches and requires a stake to hold the trunk erect. For multi-trunk trees, this applies to each trunk individually.

Step 6. Record the grade after making the following deductions:

• If the tree being graded is currently a

Florida Fancy, only one of the following statements must be true to reduce the Florida Fancy grade to Florida #1.

• If two of the following statements are

Step 5 by one.

• If three of the following statements are x a) Flush cuts were made when pruning branches from the trunk (refer to Step 6, page 12).

x b) Branch stubs were left beyond the collar (refer to Step 6, page 13).

x c) Open trunk wounds are evident (refer to Step 6, page 13).

x d) More than 10% of the crown exhibits necrosis, chlorosis, pest damage, disease, or tip dieback (refer to Step 6, page 14).

x e) The crown is thin and sparsely foliated (refer to Step 6, page 14).

x f) There is included bark between the trunk and a major lateral branch or between main trunks ((refer to Step 6, page 15).

Step 6 Grade: Florida #2 Explanation: The grade determined in Step 5 is not reduced because only one statement is true.

Step 7. Record the grade after making the following determination:

true, reduce the grade from Step 6 to a Cull (refer to Step 7, Figure 11, page 16).

Step 7 Final Grade: Florida # 2 Explanation: None of the statements in Step 7 are true, so the grade remains Florida #2.

6.

x a) The top-most structural root emerges from root collar more than two inches below the top of the root ball surface.

x b) All three of the following are true:

One or more roots greater than 1/10 the trunk caliper circle more than 1/3 of trunk in the top 1/4 of the root ball.

TREE GRADING EXAMPLE 2

This example is a guide for grading a sample 6-foot tall, 30-gallon container grown wax privet (Ligustrum japonicum) tree with a 6-foot crown diameter. The tree stands erect by itself and root ball is secure enough to transplant. There is chlorosis on 4% or 5% of the crown, there is included bark between the trunks, and the crown was sheared.

Step 1. Choose the appropriate tree matrix type (refer to Step 1, page 9).

Matrix type: Type 3 Matrix, Short and Wide/Multi-Trunk

Measure the caliper of the tree and locate it in the left column of the appropriate matrix.

Container size: 30 gallons Explanation: When grading multi-trunk small-maturing trees, use the container size or root ball diameter, not the caliper.

Step 2. Skip this step.

Explanation: This step is skipped because the wax privet is a small-maturing tree and Step 2 is not used when grading this species.

Step 3. Grade the tree according to crown uniformity (refer to Step 3, page 11).

Step 3 Grade: Florida Fancy Explanation: The example tree has a uniform crown as illustrated in Step 3, page 11).

Step 4. Record the lowest grade determined in Step 2 or Step 3.

Step 4 Grade: Florida Fancy Explanation: Step 2 is skipped; therefore, the grade in Step 3 is the only grade to use thus far.

Step 5. Record the grade after making the following deductions:

• If one of the following statements is true, reduce the grade determined in Step 4 by one.

• If two or more of the following grade determined in Step 4 by two.

For multi-trunk, small-maturing trees:

• Skip statements a) and d) below;

and

• Use container size or root ball diameter instead of caliper for statement b below.

Step 5 Grade: Florida Fancy Explanation: Steps a) and d) were skipped. The grade determined in Step 4 is not reduced because all remaining statements in Step 5 are false.

7.

T F Step 5

a) Tree does not meet height requirement.

x b) Crown does not meet diameter requirement.

x c) Root ball is not secure enough to successfully transplant.

d) Root ball or container is undersized. If root ball is two or more sizes undersized, reduce grade by two.

x e) Tree has a trunk caliper larger than two inches and requires a stake to hold the trunk erect.

For multi-trunk trees, this applies to each trunk individually.

wax privet - Ligustrum japonicum Final Grade: Florida Fancy

Step 6. Record the grade after making the following deductions:

• If the tree being graded is currently a Florida Fancy, only one of the following statements must be true to reduce the Florida Fancy grade to Florida #1.

• If two of the following statements are true, reduce the grade determined in Step 5 by one.

• If three of the following statements are x a) Flush cuts were made when pruning branches from the trunk (refer to Step 6, page 12).

x b) Branch stubs were left beyond the collar (refer to Step 6, page 13).

x c) Open trunk wounds are evident (refer to Step 6, page 13).

x d) More than 10% of the crown exhibits necrosis, chlorosis, pest damage, disease, or tip dieback (refer to Step 6, page 14).

x e) The crown is thin and sparsely foliated (refer to Step 6, page 14).

x f) There is included bark between the trunk and a major lateral branch or between main trunks (refer to Step 6, page 15). Not a downgrade on small-maturing trees.

Step 6 Grade: Florida Fancy Explanation: The grade determined in Step 5 is not reduced because, even though the statement in Step 6 (f) is true, included bark is not a downgrade on small maturing trees.

Step 7. Record the grade after making the following determination:

true, reduce the grade from Step 6 to a Cull (refer to Step 7, Figure 11, page 16).

Step 7 Final Grade: Florida Fancy Explanation: None of the statements in Step 7 are true; therefore, the grade remains Florida Fancy.

8.

x a) The top-most structural root emerges from root collar more than two inches below the top of the root ball surface.

x b) All three of the following are true:

One or more roots greater than 1/10 the trunk caliper circle more than 1/3 of trunk in the top 1/4 of the root ball.

Trees greater than 4 inches are measured 12 inches from the ground

Trees less than or equal to 4 inches are measured 6 inches from the ground

4-inches in this direction

3-inches in this direction

STEP 1. CHOOSING TREE MATRIX AND MEASURING TREE CALIPER

Step 1 in the tree grading process begins with choosing the appropriate tree matrix type. This is determined by locating the tree species in the Index of Trees by either common or scientific name (refer to pages 23 - 30). This index assigns the correct matrix type. Once determined, record the appropriate matrix in Step 1.

For example, if the tree being graded is a sweet acacia (Acacia farnesiana), the appropriate matrix type is 3.

Step 1 in the tree grading process continues with measuring the caliper. Trunk caliper is measured six inches from the ground on trees up to and including 4-inches in caliper, and 12 inches above the ground for larger trees (refer to Figure 1). Remember that multi-trunk, small-maturing trees, use container size or root ball diameter in place of caliper.

Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) is not an appropriate measurement for nursery grown trees.

Figure 2.

Figure 1.

Because tree trunks are not always round, the average of the thickest part and that perpendicular to it can be referred to as caliper. In this example, the trunk is 4-inches in one direction and 3- inches perpendicular to it. The average of these two measurements is 3½; thus, making the caliper 3½-inches (refer to Figure 2).

Measure the caliper of the tree being graded. Once determined, record the appropriate caliper in Step 1.

9.

Uppe Half

Lower

Upper Half

STEP 2. DETERMINING TRUNK STRUCTURE QUALITY

Step 2 in the tree grading process begins with inspecting the trunk to determine the quality of the trunk structure. Using the illustrations below, choose the structure and corresponding text that most closely represents only the trunk structure of the tree being graded. Once chosen, circle the appropriate tree grade for Step 2. Remember to skip Step 2 when grading small-maturing trees (refer to Index of Small-Maturing Trees, page 30).

a. b. c.

A. Florida Fancy

B. Florida #1 a.

b.

a. b. c.

C. Florida #2

D. Cull

a. b.

A. Florida Fancy. The trunk extends into one central leader in the approximate center of the tree as shown above; leader does not have to be perfectly straight. The tip of the central leader must be intact, and its terminal bud must be the highest part of the tree. No branch may have a diameter greater than 2/3 the central leader diameter measured directly above the union. If the central leader divides in two nearly equal diameter stems in the upper 10% of the tree, the trunk is not downgraded to a Florida #1.

B. Florida #1. The trunk divides into two nearly equal diameter leaders in the upper ½ of the tree. If one leader is 2/3 or less than the diameter of the other leader (measured above the union), they are not equal; therefore, making the trunk a Florida Fancy. The tip of the leader may be cut up to 1/10 of trunk caliper without being downgraded.

C. Florida #2. The trunk divides into two nearly equal diameter leaders in the lower ½ of the tree, or divides into three or more nearly equal diameter leaders in the upper ½ of the tree. If the trunks are 2/3 or less than the diameter of one leader measured above the union, do not downgrade. If the tip of the leader(s) is cut up to 1/10 of the trunk caliper, do not downgrade. If there is a dogleg in the clear trunk portion of the tree, grade the tree Florida #2. If a dogleg is in the crown of the tree, do not downgrade. (reference Figure 3.C.b)

C. Cull. The trunk divides into three or more nearly equal diameter leaders in the lower ½ of the tree.

Note: Trees may be pruned at planting in an effort to improve grade. For example, one of two nearly equal trunks correctively pruned according to Appendix A (i.e.

removing about 2/3 of length) may meet grade even though the branch diameter on the pruned stem remains unchanged (refer to Appendix A, Part 1, page 33).

Figure 3. 10.

Upper Half

Lower Half a.

Upper Half

Lower Half

Upper Half

Lower

STEP 3. DETERMINING CROWN UNIFORMITY

Step 3 in the tree grading process begins with inspecting the crown to determine uniformity.

Using the illustrations below, choose the crown uniformity and corresponding text that most closely represents the crown uniformity of the tree being graded. Once chosen, circle the appropriate tree grade for Step 3. Remember, that for crown uniformity, there is no Florida #1 or Cull grade; there can only be a Florida Fancy or Florida #2 grade.

a. b. c. d.

A. Florida Fancy. There may be small to medium voids, and crown shapes may vary.

B. Florida #2. There are large voids, and/or the tree may be one sided.

large void one sided large void

a. b. c. d.

Figure 4.

Note: Not all shapes and forms are represented in the above illustrations. The images include a sample of what would be considered acceptable for Florida Fancy and Florida #2.

11.

small void medium void

STEP 6. DETERMINING CORRECTLY MADE PRUNING CUTS

AND OTHER DEFECTS

Step 6 in the grading process begins with inspecting the tree to determine if pruning cuts have been made correctly. Using the illustrations below for Step 6(a), determine if the correct pruning cuts have been made. Once determined, record results in Step 6(a). Remember, if the pruning cuts have not been made correctly, deduct accordingly.

A. B. C. D.

E. F. G.

A. Notice the swelling at the base of each branch. This is branch and trunk tissue, also known as the collar, which helps hold the branch securely on the trunk. A proper cut is made along the dashed line, always to the outside of the branch bark ridge (BBR) and angled away from trunk. Some species have no swelling at the base of branches; therefore, it may be more difficult to determine exactly where to make a proper pruning cut.

B. Cut along line (YES) just outside the collar to properly remove the branch. Cutting closer to the trunk line (NO) would result in an improper flush cut. Cutting farther from the trunk would result in an improper stub cut.

C. Properly remove branches from the trunk. Always cut to the outside of the branch collar and BBR. Notice that the BBR is still visible on top of the pruning cut and the pruning cut is nearly circular.

D. The right side of photograph shows a properly executed pruning cut with BBR and collar intact. Cutting along Line (NO) would result in an improper flush cut.

E. Never make an improper flush cut as shown here.

Notice that the BBR is missing on top of the pruning cut and the pruning cut is oval. Improper flush cuts initiate trunk decay and can reduce growth.

F. This photograph shows an improper flush cut shaped like an oval. Notice that the wound wood or callus which closes over the flush cut is missing from the top and bottom of the cut.

G. This photograph shows a proper pruning cut. Notice that the wound wood or callus is circular.

Figure 5.

12.

Step 6(c). Open trunk wounds are evident - Open trunk wound is defined as wood (xylem) exposed due to injury (from mechanical, biological, or environmental agents) that killed or removed bark. Wounds are considered open when they are greater than 10% of trunk circumference and/or more than two inches tall. The following are not considered trunk damage: scrapes, surface abrasions or discoloration; shallow gouges;

evidence of rubbing that does not expose wood; closed pruning wounds, or the wound wood growing over or around any wound.

Stub cuts left behind

A. B.

Step 6(b). Branch stubs were left behind - While avoiding flush cuts into the branch collar, problems can also arise from leaving too much material beyond the collar. Branch stubs are susceptible to decay and once infected can allow the decay to break through the branch protection zone into the trunk of the tree.

Remember, a branch stub may be removed and not reduce the grade.

https://extension.unh.edu/resource/basics-pruning-trees-and-shrubs-fact-sheet

Step 6 in the grading process continues with inspecting the tree for other defects. Using the illustrations below for Step 6(b), determine if other defects are present. Once determined, record results in Step 6 (b).

Figure 6.

Step 6 in the grading process continues with inspecting for open trunk wounds. Using the illustrations below for Step 6(c), determine if other defects are present. Once determined, record results in Step 6(c).

Figure 7.

13.

Open trunk wound

Not trunk wound

A.

B.

https://www.pinterest.ca/pin/531565562243945617/

Step 6(d). More than 10% of the crown exhibits any of the following:

A. Necrosis – Localized or general death of cells or parts of a living organism. Dead, typically, brown, foliage and/or stem tissue.

B. Chlorosis – A whitish or yellowish leaf discoloration caused by lack of chlorophyll. Often caused by nutrient deficiency.

C. Pest damage – Typical example of pest damage.

D. Disease – Typical example of disease.

E. Dieback – A condition in which the branches in the tree or crown die from the tips towards the main stem.

Step 6(e). Crown is thin and sparsely foliated.

Remember, recently harvested trees, as well as some species through fall and early spring, are naturally thin and sparse and are not downgraded.

www.blogs.ifas.ufl.edu

Step 6 in the grading process continues with inspecting for canopy defects. Using the illustrations below for Step 6(d), determine if other defects are present. Once determined, record results in Step 6(d).

Figure 8.

Step 6 in the grading process continues with inspecting for canopy defects. Using the illustrations below for Step 6(e), determine if the crown is thin and sparsely foliated. Once determined, record results in Step 6(e).

Figure 9.

14.

A.

B.

C.

D. E.

A. B.

http://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/monroeco/files/2008/07/MVC-112F.jpg

Step 6(f). Included bark - Bark that becomes embedded in the union between branch and trunk or between codominant stems. Lacks wood connections, resulting in weak structure. Remember, this is not a downgrade on small-maturing trees.

Step 6 in the grading process continues with inspecting for canopy defects. Using the illustrations below for Step 6(f), determine if there is included bark between the trunk and a major lateral branch. Once determined, record results in Step 6(f).

Figure 10.

15.

A. B. C. D.

STEP 7. DETERMINING ROOT STUCTURE QUALITY

Not a Cull Cull

Root collar Circling root growing lower Three non-circling, structural than structural roots growing higher in the roots substrate profile, over the circling root.

Root collar

Circling root growing higher Non-circling, than structural structural roots growing roots lower in the substrate profile than circling root.

A and C. The presence of a circling root(s) is not a downgrade when three or more non-circling, structural roots are growing higher in the substrate profile over the circling root. These non-circling, structural roots do not need to be equally spaced around the trunk.

If there are three or more non-circling structural roots growing higher in the substrate profile and farther from the trunk than the circling root, there is no need to search for circling roots.

B and D. A tree is a Cull when a root greater than 1/10 the trunk caliper circles more than 1/3 around the trunk in the top 1/4 of the root ball. Non-circling structural roots are growing lower in the substrate profile than the circling root(s).

If the diameter of the circling root(s) is less than 1/3 of the trunk caliper, the circling root(s) can be cut at the point where it begins to circle. The tree would then no longer be a Cull.

C. D.

Figure 11.

16.

TYPE 1 TREE MATRIX — TALL AND WIDE FORM

Examples: black-olive, golden shower tree, live oak, mahogany, red maple, river birch, royal poinciana, southern magnolia, sycamore, winged elm

Trunk caliper

Tree height greater than or equal to

Crown diameter greater than or equal to

B&B root ball diameter greater than or equal to

Container volume greater than or equal to

1½” 5’ 2.5’ 20” 15 gallon

2” 6’ 3’ 24” 25 gallon

2½” 7’ 3.5’ 28” 25 gallon

3” 8’ 4’ 32” 45 gallon

3½” 9’ 5’ 36” 65 gallon

4” 10’ 6’ 40” 100 gallon

4½” 12’ 7’ 44” 100 gallon

5” 14’ 8’ 44” 100 gallon

5½” 16’ 9’ 50” 200 gallon

6” 17’ 10’ 52” 200 gallon

7” 18’ 11’ 60” 300 gallon

8” 19’ 12’ 70” 300 gallon

9” 20’ 13’ 80” 670 gallon

10” 20’ 14’ 80” 670 gallon

Notes:

1. Trees to be graded under this matrix are listed in the Index of Trees (refer to pages 23-30).

2. Root ball depth on field-grown, B&B stock shall be at least 2/3 of the root ball diameter shown in the matrix. Increase the root ball diameter to the next larger tree size if the tree is grown in soils with a high-water table resulting in shallower root ball.

3. When determining minimum root ball size, hardened-off, field grown trees can have a caliper up to one inch larger than indicated in the matrix.

4. If the caliper does not appear in the matrix, use the next smallest caliper.

5. American Standard for Nursery Stock (ANSI Z60.1) designation for container size (e.g. #15, #25, etc.) can be substituted for container volume.

6. The grades and standards are not intended to be use as specifications for specific jobs or contracts. Minimum heights and/or spreads used in this document represent the size of a quality plant. They do not represent actual plants available at any given time of year or in a given markets as plant sizes available at any given time vary based on supply and demand.

17.

TYPE 2 TREE MATRIX — TALL AND NARROW FORM

Examples: bald-cypress, Eagleston holly, East Palatka holly, Italian cypress, Japanese blueberry, little gem magnolia, pine, southern red-cedar

Trunk caliper

Tree height greater than or equal to

Crown diameter greater than or equal to

B&B root ball diameter greater than or equal to

Container volume greater than or equal to 1½” 5’ 1.5’ 20” 15 gallon

2” 6’ 1.5’ 24” 25 gallon

2½” 7’ 2’ 28” 25 gallon

3” 8’ 2’ 32” 45 gallon

3½” 9’ 2.5’ 36” 65 gallon

4” 10’ 3’ 40” 100 gallon

4½” 12’ 4’ 44” 100 gallon

5” 14’ 4.5’ 44” 100 gallon

5½” 16’ 5’ 50” 200 gallon

6” 17’ 6’ 52” 200 gallon

7” 18’ 7’ 60” 300 gallon

8” 19’ 8’ 70” 300 gallon

9” 20’ 9’ 80” 670 gallon

10” 20’ 10’ 80” 670 gallon

1. Trees to be graded under this matrix are listed in the Index of Trees (refer to pages 23-30).

2. Root ball depth on field-grown, B&B stock shall be at least 2/3 of the root ball diameter shown in the matrix. Increase the root ball diameter to the next larger tree size if the tree is grown in soils with a high-water table resulting in shallower root balls.

3. When determining minimum root ball size, hardened-off, field grown trees can have a caliper up to one inch larger than indicated in the matrix.

5. American Standard for Nursery Stock (ANSI Z60.1) designation for container size (e.g. #15,

6. The grades and standards are not intended to be use as specifications for specific jobs or quality plant. They do not represent actual plants available at any given time of year or in a

18.

TYPE 3 TREE MATRIX — SHORT/WIDE AND MULTI-TRUNK FORM

Examples: bottle-brush, crape-myrtle, ligustrum, pigeon plum, sea-grape, silver buttonwood, tabebuia, wax-myrtle, yaupon holly

Trunk caliper

Tree height greater than or equal to

Crown diameter greater than or equal to

B&B root ball diameter greater than or equal to

Container volume greater than or equal to

1½” 5’ 2’ 20” 15 gallon

2” 6’ 2.5’ 24” 25 gallon

2½” 6’ 3’ 28” 25 gallon

3” 7’ 3.5’ 32” 45 gallon

3½” 8’ 4’ 36” 65 gallon

4” 9’ 5’ 40” 100 gallon

4½” 10’ 6’ 44” 100 gallon

5” 12’ 7’ 44” 100 gallon

5½” 14’ 8’ 50” 200 gallon

6” 14’ 8’ 52” 200 gallon

1. Trees to be graded under this matrix are listed in the Index of Trees (refer to pages 23 – 30).

2. Root ball depth on field-grown, B&B stock shall be at least 2/3 of the root ball diameter shown in the matrix. Increase the root ball diameter to the next larger tree size if the tree is grown in soils with a high-water table resulting in shallower root balls.

3. When determining minimum root ball size, hardened off, field grown trees can have a caliper up to one inch larger than indicated in the matrix.

5. When grading multi-trunk, small-maturing trees, use the container size or root ball diameter, not the caliper.

6. Multi-trunk, small-maturing trees should not be downgraded if they are shorter than the minimum height in the matrix.

7. American Standard for Nursery Stock (ANSI Z60.1)designation for container size (e.g. #15,

8. The grades and standards are not intended to be use as specifications for specific jobs or quality plant. They do not represent actual plants available at any given time of year or in a

19.

Photo 1. Photo 2.

FLORIDA FANCY TREE PHOTO EXAMPLES

A Florida Fancy may have one dominant trunk or be multi-trunk. In each photo shown below, the crown uniformity represents a Florida Fancy.

Type 1 Matrix: live oak Type 1 Matrix: black olive

Type 2 Matrix: East Palatka holly Type 2 Matrix: bald-cypress

Type 3 Matrix: wax privet Type 3 Matrix: loblolly bay

20.

Photo 6. Photo 5.

Photo 4. Photo 3.

Photo 7. Photo 8.

Photo 11. Photo 12.

FLORIDA #1 TREE PHOTO EXAMPLES

A Florida #1 is downgraded for having two nearly equal trunks in the top half of the tree (refer to Photos 7-11) or for having a narrow crown (refer to Photo 12). In each photo below, the crown uniformity represents a Florida fancy.

Type 1 Matrix: live oak Type 1 Matrix: sycamore

Type 2 Matrix: East Palatka holly Type 2 Matrix: bald-cypress

Type 1 Matrix: red maple Type 1 Matrix: sweetgum

21.

Photo 10. Photo 9.

Photo 13. Photo 14.

FLORIDA #2 TREE PHOTO EXAMPLES

A Florida #2 may represent a variety of downgrades including two nearly equal trunks in the lower half of the tree, a dogleg in the clear trunk, or a non-uniform crown. In the photos below, several, but not all downgrades are represented.

Type 1 Matrix: live oak Type 1 Matrix: black olive

Type 1 Matrix: red maple Type 1 Matrix: sweetgum

Type 4 Matrix: Chinese elm Type 3 Matrix: loblolly bay

22.

Photo 18. Photo 17.

Photo 16. Photo 15.

INDEX OF TREES LISTED BY COMMON NAME AND MATRIX TYPE

Step 1 of the tree grading process begins with determining the matrix type of the tree. In the index below, locate the species of tree being graded and record the corresponding matrix in Step 1.

Matrix type Common Name* Scientific Name 3 acacia, sweet Vachellia farnesiana 1 African tulip tree Spathodea campanulata 1 almond, tropical Terminalia catappa 2 American hophornbeam Ostrya virginiana 3 arborvitae Platycladus orientalis 1 ash Fraxinus spp.

1 avocado Persea americana 2 bald-cypress Taxodium distichum 3 Barbados-cherry Malpighia emarginata 1 basswood Tilia americana 1 bauhinia Bauhinia spp.

2 bay, loblolly Gordonia lasianthus 3 bay, red Persea borbonia 2 bay, sweet Magnolia virginiana 3 beech, blue Carpinus caroliniana 1 birch, river Betula nigra & cvs.

1 black-gum Nyssa sylvatica 1 black ironwood Krugiodendron ferreum 1 black-olive; olive, black Terminalia buceras 3 blue-beech Carpinus caroliniana 3 bottle brush Callistemon spp.

3 Brazilian beauty leaf Calophyllum antillanum 3 carambola Averrhoa carambola 3 cassia Cassia spp.

2 cedar, eastern red Juniperus virginiana 1 cedar, Japanese Cryptomeria japonica 2 cedar, southern red Juniperus viginiana var. silicicola 3 cherry, Barbados Malpighia emarginata 3 citrus Citrus spp.

1 cottonwood Populus spp.

3 crape-myrtle Lagerstroemia cvs.

3 crape-myrtle, queen Lagerstroemia speciosa 2 cypress, bald Taxodium distichum 2 cypress, Italian Cupressus sempervirens 2 cypress, Leyland X Cupressocyparis leylandii 2 cypress, pond Taxodium ascendens 3 dogwood, flowering Cornus florida & cvs.

3 elder, yellow Tecoma stans 1 elm, American Ulmus americana 2 elm, lace bark Ulmus parvifolia

23.

Matrix type Common Name Name 1 elm, winged Ulmus alata 2 eucalyptus Eucalyptus spp.

1 false mastic tree Sideroxylon foetidissimum 3 fig, rusty Ficus rubiginosa 1 floss silk tree Ceiva speciosa 3 frangipani Plumeria rubra 3 fringetree Chionanthus virginicus 3 fringetree, Chinese Chionanthus retusus 3 geiger tree Cordia sebestena 2 ginkgo Ginkgo biloba & cvs.

3 glorybush Tibouchina urvilleana 1 golden rain tree Koelreuteria elegans 1 golden shower tree Cassia fistula 1 green buttonwood Conocarpus erectus & cvs. & vars.

3 guava Psidium guajava 1 gum, black Nyssa sylvatica 1 gumbo limbo Bursera simaruba 2 hackberry Celtis laevigata 3 hawthorn Crataegus spp.

1 hickory Carya spp.

1 holly, American Ilex opaca 2 holly, dahoon Ilex cassine & vars. & cvs.

2 holly, Eagleston Ilex x attenuata ‘Eagleston’ 2 holly, East Palatka Ilex x attenuata ‘East Palatka’ 2 holly, Foster Ilex x attenuata ‘Fosteri’ 3 holly, Nellie R. Stevens Ilex ‘Nellie R.