Attach 01 Annex 31c. UFC Fire Protection Code.pdf

UFC 3-600-01

26 September 2006

UNIFIED FACILITIES CRITERIA (UFC)

FIRE PROTECTION ENGINEERING

FOR FACILITIES

APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE; DISTRIBUTION UNLIMITED

FIRE PROTECTION ENGINEERING FOR FACILITIES

Any copyrighted material included in this UFC is identified at its point of use.

Use of the copyrighted material apart from this UFC must have the permission of the copyright holder.

U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS

NAVAL FACILITIES ENGINEERING COMMAND (Preparing Activity)

AIR FORCE CIVIL ENGINEER SUPPORT AGENCY

Record of Changes (changes are indicated by \1\ ... /1/)

Change No. Date Location

This UFC supersedes UFC 3-600-01, dated April 2003, and all subsequent changes.

FOREWORD

The Unified Facilities Criteria (UFC) system is prescribed by MIL-STD 3007 and provides planning, design, construction, sustainment, restoration, and modernization criteria, and applies to the Military Departments, the Defense Agencies, and the DoD Field Activities in accordance with USD(AT&L) Memorandum dated 29 May 2002. UFC will be used for all DoD projects and work for other customers where appropriate.

UFC are living documents and will be periodically reviewed, updated, and made available to users as part of the Services’ responsibility for providing technical criteria for military construction.

Headquarters, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (HQUSACE), Naval Facilities Engineering Command (NAVFAC), and Air Force Civil Engineer Support Agency (AFCESA) are responsible for administration of the UFC system. Defense agencies should contact the preparing service for document interpretation and improvements. Technical content of UFC is the responsibility of the cognizant DoD working group. Recommended changes with supporting rationale should be sent to the respective service proponent office by the following electronic form: Criteria Change Request (CCR). The form is also accessible from the Internet sites listed below.

UFC are effective upon issuance and are distributed only in electronic media from the following sources:

• Whole Building Design Guide web site http://dod.wbdg.org/.

Hard copies of UFC printed from electronic media should be checked against the current electronic version prior to use to ensure that they are current

AUTHORIZED BY:

DONALD L. BASHAM, P.E.

Chief, Engineering and Construction U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

DR. JAMES W WRIGHT, P.E.

Chief Engineer Naval Facilities Engineering Command

KATHLEEN I. FERGUSON, P.E.

The Deputy Civil Engineer DCS/Installations & Logistics Department of the Air Force

Dr. GET W. MOY, P.E.

Director, Installations Requirements and Management Office of the Deputy Under Secretary of Defense (Installations and Environment) http://www.hnd.usace.army.mil/TECHINFO/UFC/052902_SignedUFCImplementationMemo.pdf https://65.204.17.188/projnet/cms/version2/index.cfm?WORKFLOW=CMS_CCRQAdd&Action=IDFORM&SecureTry=1 https://65.204.17.188/projnet/cms/version2/index.cfm?WORKFLOW=CMS_CCRQAdd&Action=IDFORM&SecureTry=1 http://dod.wbdg.org/

REVISION SUMMARY SHEET

Document: UFC 3-600-01, Fire Protection Engineering for Facilities Superseding: This UFC supersedes UFC 3-600-01, dated April 2003, and all subsequent changes.

Description of Changes: This update to UFC 3-600-01 clarifies many of the requirements in the April 2003 version, as well as updates references, and further coordinates the services' requirements. New criteria for the following were added:

• Hydrant Color Coding

• Telecommunication Facilities

• Emergency Services Communication Centers

• High Rise Buildings

Reasons for Changes:

• New editions of many references, including NFPA 20.

• Clarify position on use of IBC versus NFPA 5000.

• Requirements of NFPA 50 were moved to NFPA 55.

Impact:

i

CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1-1 SCOPE

1-2 PURPOSE

1-2.1 Document Development

1-3 CRITERIA

1-3.1 Existing Facilities 1-3.2 Application/Types of Work Efforts 1-3.3 Absence of Criteria 1-3.4 Performance-Based Fire Safety Design 1-3.5 Conflicts in Criteria 1-3.6 Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ) 1-3.7 Equivalencies 1-3.8 Waivers 1-3.9 Antiterrorism Standards

1-4 DESIGN ANALYSIS

1-4.1 100% Design Submission

1-5 SERVICES AND QUALIFICATIONS OF FIRE PROTECTION ENGINEERS

1-6 FIRE PROTECTION DURING CONSTRUCTION

CHAPTER 2 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

2-1 BASIC CRITERIA

2-1.1 Egress and Safety to Life 2-1.2 Partitions 2-1.3 Type of Construction 2-1.4 Separation Between Buildings

2-2 FIRE AREAS

2-3 BUILDING HEIGHT LIMITATIONS

2-4 LIMITING INTERIOR FIRE SPREAD

2-4.1 Door Openings 2-4.2 Penetrations

2-5 MEANS OF EGRESS

2-5.1 Requirements 2-5.2 Means of Egress Marking

2-6 INTERIOR FINISH

2-6.1 Interior Wall and Ceiling Finish 2-6.2 Interior Floor Finish

2-7 INSULATION

2-7.1 Requirements 2-7.2 Exceptions to Insulation Criteria

2-8 ROOF COVERINGS AND ROOF DECK ASSEMBLIES

2-8.1 Roof Coverings 2-8.2 Roof Deck Assemblies

2-9 ROOF ACCESS

2-10 FIRE DEPARTMENT (EMERGENCY) VEHICLE ACCESS

2-10.1 All-Weather Ground Access 2-10.2 Vehicle Access ii

2-10.3 Aerial Apparatus Access 2-10.4 Fire Department Connection

2-11 AIR HANDLING

2-11.1 Design Requirements 2-11.2 Corridors 2-11.3 Plenums 2-11.4 Smoke and Heat Vents

2-12 PLASTIC PIPE AND CONDUIT

2-12.1 Penetrations 2-12.2 Prohibited Locations

2-13 FIRE RETARDANT TREATED (FRT) PLYWOOD

2-13.1 New Construction 2-13.2 Existing Construction

CHAPTER 3 WATER SUPPLY FOR FIRE PROTECTION

3-1 WATER DEMANDS FOR SPRINKLERED FACILITIES

3-1.1 Factors Influencing the Water Demand for Sprinklers 3-1.2 Water Demand for Sprinklers 3-1.3 Water Demand for Hose Streams 3-1.4 Total Water Demand for Sprinklered Occupancies 3-1.5 Water Demand for Sprinklers (Special Facilities)

3-2 WATER DEMANDS FOR UNSPRINKLERED FACILITIES

3-2.1 Hose Stream Demands for Unsprinklered Facilities 3-2.2 Hose Stream Demand for Unsprinklered Special Facilities 3-2.3 Aircraft Parking and Refueling Facilities 3-2.4 Yard and Outdoor Storage 3-2.5 Vehicle Parking Areas

3-3 WATER SUPPLY PRESSURE REQUIREMENTS

3-3.1 Pressure Required

3-4 QUANTITIES OF WATER REQUIRED

3-4.1 Total Storage Capacity 3-4.2 Reduction in Storage Capacity 3-4.3 Replenishment of Storage

3-5 WATER FOR FIRE PROTECTION

3-5.1 On-Site Storage 3-5.2 Monitoring

3-6 FIRE PUMPS

3-6.1 Requirements 3-6.2 Pump Type 3-6.3 Pump Starting Arrangement 3-6.4 Pump Drive 3-6.5 Pump Bypass 3-6.6 Backflow Preventer

3-7 WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS

3-7.1 Distribution Mains 3-7.2 Valves 3-7.3 Hydrants 3-7.4 Pressure-Regulating Valves (PRVs) iii

3-7.5 Backflow Prevention and Cross Connection Control 3-7.6 Meters

CHAPTER 4 FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS

4-1 GENERAL

4-1.1 Connections to Fire Reporting Systems 4-1.2 Plans and Calculations 4-1.3 Water Flow Testing

4-2 AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER SYSTEMS

4-2.1 Characteristics 4-2.2 Application Requirements 4-2.3 Design Requirements

4-3 WATER SPRAY SYSTEMS

4-3.1 Requirements

4-4 FOAM SYSTEMS

4-4.1 Requirements

4-4.2 AFFF

4-5 STANDPIPE SYSTEMS

4-5.1 Class I Standpipe Systems 4-5.2 Class II and Class III Standpipes

4-6 DRY CHEMICAL EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS

4-6.1 Application 4-6.2 Design Requirements 4-6.3 Limitations

4-7 CARBON DIOXIDE SYSTEMS

4-7.1 Application 4-7.2 Design Requirements

4-8 HALON 1301 SYSTEMS

4-8.1 Application

4-9 PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS

4-9.1 Extinguisher Cabinets

4-10 WET CHEMICAL EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS

4-10.1 Application 4-10.2 Design Requirements

4-11 CLEAN AGENT FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS

4-11.1 Application 4-11.2 Design Requirements

4-12 WATER MIST FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS

4-12.1 Application 4-12.2 Design Requirements

CHAPTER 5 FIRE ALARM SYSTEMS

5-1 PLANS AND CALCULATIONS

5-2 FIRE ALARM REPORTING SYSTEMS

5-2.1 Applications 5-2.3 Requirements

5-3 FIRE ALARM EVACUATION SYSTEMS

5-3.1 Applications iv

5-3.2 Requirements 5-3.3 Mass Notification System (MNS)

5-4 AUTOMATIC FIRE DETECTION SYSTEMS

5-4.1 Applications 5-4.2 Requirements 5-4.3 Detection Systems

CHAPTER 6 SPECIAL OCCUPANCIES AND HAZARDS

6-1 PERSONNEL HOUSING AND SIMILAR LODGING FACILITIES

6-1.1 Automatic Sprinkler Protection 6-1.2 Smoke Detection 6-1.3 Open Bay Personnel Housing 6-1.4 Apartment-Style Personnel Housing Quarters 6-1.5 Common Areas 6-1.6 Storage Areas, Shops, and Laundry Areas

6-2 FAMILY HOUSING

6-2.1 Definitions 6-2.2 New Family Housing 6-2.3 Existing Multi-Family Housing 6-2.4 Residential Range Top Extinguisher Units 6-2.5 Continuity 6-2.6 Off-Base Housing Requirements 6-2.7 Overseas Housing Requirements 6-2.8 Leased Family Housing

6-3 FOOD PREPARATION IN FACILITIES

6-3.1 Cooking Facilities for Other than Dwelling Units 6-3.2 Cooking Equipment in Facilities

6-4 MEDICAL FACILITIES

6-5 DETENTION AND CORRECTIONAL FACILITIES

6-5.1 Requirements 6-5.2 Locking Devices 6-5.3 Interior Finish

6-6 LIBRARIES

6-6.1 Facilities with Sprinkler Protection 6-6.2 Facilities without Sprinkler Protection

6-7 CHILD DEVELOPMENT FACILITIES (CDC)

6-7.1 Other Child Development Facilities

6-8 ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT INSTALLATIONS

6-8.1 Requirements 6-8.2 Existing Facilities

6-9 TELECOMMUNICATIONS (TELECOM) ROOMS AND BUILDINGS

6-9.1 Requirements 6-9.2 Construction 6-9.3 Detection 6-9.4 Multiple Tenant Facility 6-9.5 Stand-alone Telecom Buildings

6-10 ORDNANCE

6-10.1 Ordnance Production Facilities v

6-10.2 Ultra High-Speed Deluge Systems 6-10.3 Magazines and Bunkers 6-10.4 Stored Missile Assemblies 6-10.5 Other Ordnance Facilities

6-11 WAREHOUSES AND STORAGE FACILITIES

6-11.1 Sprinkler Protection 6-11.2 Bin Storage 6-11.3 Column Protection 6-11.4 Fire Area Limitation and Separation 6-11.5 Fire Walls 6-11.6 Rubber Tire Storage

6-12 STORAGE OF FLAMMABLE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS AND

HAZARDOUS WASTE

6-12.1 Flammable/Hazardous (Flam/Haz) Storage 6-12.2 Flammable and Combustible Liquid Storage Areas 6-12.3 Hazardous Materials Storage Areas 6-12.4 Hazardous Waste Storage Facilities 6-12.5 Spill Containment 6-12.6 Prefabricated Structures 6-12.7 Outdoor Storage Limitations and Separation 6-12.8 Electric Wiring and Equipment 6-12.9 Ventilation

6-13 WATERFRONT FACILITIES

6-14 PETROLEUM FUEL FACILITIES

6-14.1 Aboveground Vertical Tanks 6-14.2 Aboveground Vertical Tanks for Flammable Liquids 6-14.3 Aboveground Vertical Tanks for Combustible Liquids 6-14.4 Fuel Transfer Facilities 6-14.5 Aircraft Direct Fueling

6-15 HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS

6-15.1 Petroleum-Based Hydraulic Fluids 6-15.2 Hydraulic Test Systems

6-16 AIRCRAFT HANGARS

6-16.1 Tension Fabric Hangars

6-17 AIRCRAFT ACOUSTICAL ENCLOSURES

6-17.1 Complete Enclosures (Hush-House) 6-17.2 Out of Airframe Acoustical Enclosures (Test Cells)

6-18 HYPERBARIC AND HYPOBARIC CHAMBERS

6-18.1 Hyperbaric Chambers 6-18.2 Hypobaric Chambers

6-19 ANECHOIC CHAMBERS

6-20 LIQUID OXYGEN (LOX)

6-20.1 Fixed Liquid Oxygen Tanks 6-20.2 Oxygen Bulk Tanks 6-20.3 Separation Distances for LOX Tanks and Carts 6-20.4 Bulk Tank Vehicle Parking 6-20.5 LOX Storage for Propellant Applications

6-21 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE DEPENDENT SCHOOLS (DODDS)

vi

6-22 VEHICLE PARKING, STORAGE, MAINTENANCE, AND REPAIR

FACILITIES

6-22.1 Vehicle Parking 6-22.2 Overhaul and Repair Shops 6-22.3 Refueler Vehicle Facilities

6-23 PESTICIDE STORAGE AND HANDLING FACILITIES

6-24 WINDOWLESS (LIMITED ACCESS) STRUCTURES

6-24.1 Sprinkler Protection

6-25 UNDERGROUND STRUCTURES

6-25.1 Sprinkler Protection

6-26 GAS SERVICE

6-27 COAL

6-27.1 Storage 6-27.2 Handling 6-27.3 Pulverizing Equipment

6-28 POWER GENERATING AND UTILIZATION EQUIPMENT

6-28.1 Stationary Combustion Engines, Gas Turbines, and Generators 6-28.2 Transformers

6-29 TRASH COLLECTION AND DISPOSAL FACILITIES

6-29.1 Central Trash Collection and Dumpsters 6-29.2 Collection, Baling, and Storage Rooms 6-29.3 Trash Chutes

6-30 PROTECTION OF ELEVATOR MACHINE ROOMS AND HOISTWAYS

6-30.1 Fire Resistant Construction 6-30.2 Detection System 6-30.3 Electric Traction Elevators 6-30.4 Hydraulic Elevators 6-30.5 Flow Switch Test Connection 6-30.6 Italy

6-31 TENSION FABRIC STRUCTURES

6-31.1 Separation of, and Basic Allowable Area 6-31.2 Definitions:

6-31.3 Other Requirements 6-31.4 Tension Fabric Hangars

6-32 COMMISSARIES AND EXCHANGES

6-33 MORALE WELFARE AND RECREATION FACILITIES

6-34 MULTISTORY BUILDINGS

6-34.1 Building Four Stories or Greater

6-35 COMBUSTIBLE CONSTRUCTION

6-35.1 Renovation

6-36 MISSILE ALERT FACILITIES (MAF)

6-36.1 Sprinkler Protection 6-36.2 Heat Detectors 6-36.3 Fire Hydrants

6-37 EMERGENCY SERVICES COMMUNICATIONS CENTERS

6-38 HIGH RISE BUILDINGS

APPENDIX A REFERENCES

vii

APPENDIX B OCCUPANCY HAZARD CLASSIFICATION FOR DETERMINING

AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER DENSITIES AND HOSE STREAM DEMANDS

B-1 CLASSIFICATION OF OCCUPANCIES

B-1.1 Light Hazard Occupancies B-1.2 Ordinary Hazard Group 1 Occupancies B-1.3 Ordinary Hazard Group 2 Occupancies B-1.4 Special Occupancies

APPENDIX C PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINING FIRE FLOW DEMAND FOR

UNSPRINKLERED FACILITIES

C-1 PROCEDURES

C-1.1 Step One - Determine the Classification of Occupancy C-1.2 Step Two - Determine the Water Demand Weighted Factors C-1.4 Examples Calculations

APPENDIX D PROCEDURE FOR PERFORMANCE BASED FIRE SAFETY DESIGN

D-1 EQUIVALENT LEVEL OF SAFETY AND PROTECTION

D-2 DEFINITIONS

D-2.1 Stakeholders

D-3 FIRE SAFETY DESIGN DOCUMENTATION

D-3.1 Fire Protection Engineering Design Brief D-3.2 Performance-Based Fire Safety Design Report D-3.3 Building O&M Documentation D-3.4 Warrant of Fitness

D-4 REVIEW OF TRIAL DESIGNS

D-4.1 Third Party Review D-4.2 Compliant Fire Safety Design D-4.3 Review Brief

APPENDIX E INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE, UNIFORM BUILDING CODE, AND

NFPA 220 EQUIVALENTS

ACRONYMS

FIGURES

Figure 4-1 Floor Control Valve Assembly Figure 6-1 Garden Style Apartments Figure 6-2 Townhouse Style Apartment Units (Alternative 1) Figure 6-3 Townhouse Style Apartment Units (Alternative 2) Figure 6-4 Attached Duplexes Figure 6-5 Townhouse (Attached Single-Family Dwellings) Figure 6-6 Duplex Figure 6-7 Electric Traction Elevator Figure 6-8 Direct Plunger Hydraulic Elevator Figure 6-9 Direct Plunger Hydraulic Elevator – Hydraulic Supply Piping Extending above the Second Finished Floor Elevation

Figure 6-9 Direct Plunger Hydraulic Elevator – Hydraulic Supply Piping Extending above the Second Finished Floor Elevation

Figure 6-10 Holeless Hydraulic Elevator Figure 6-10 Holeless Hydraulic Elevator

TABLES

Table 3-1 Atmospheric POL Tank Cooling Water Table 3-2 Pressurized POL Tank Cooling Water Table 4-1 Sprinkler System and Water Supply Design Requirements for Sprinklered

Facilities Table 6-1 (Navy and Air Force) Separation distance between outdoor insulated transformers and buildings Table 6-2 (Army) Separation distance between outdoor insulated transformers and buildings Table 6-3 (Navy and Air Force) separation distance between outdoor fluid insulated transformers and equipment (including other transformers) Table 6-4 (Army) separation distance between outdoor fluid insulated transformers and equipment (including other transformers) Table 6-5 ELECTRIC TRACTION ELEVATOR Table 6-8 BASIC ALLOWABLE AREA for TENSION MEMBRANE/FABRIC

STRUCTURES

Table C-1 Water Demands for Unsprinklered Facilities viii

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1-1 SCOPE.

This UFC establishes fire protection engineering policy and criteria for Department of Defense (DOD) components. The provisions of this UFC are applicable to all new and existing DOD facilities located on or outside of DOD installations, whether acquired or leased, by appropriated or non-appropriated funds, or third party financed and constructed. Facilities covered by this document include all types of buildings and their contents, structures, whether considered temporary or permanent, mobile and stationary equipment, waterfront facilities, outside storage, and shore protection for ships and aircraft. Matters relating to fire department operations, staffing, and equipment are not covered by this UFC.

1-2 PURPOSE

The purpose of this UFC is to establish minimum protection requirements for DOD facilities. These criteria are based on commercial requirements set forth by national insurance underwriters and may exceed minimum national code requirements. The requirements in this UFC reflect the need for the protection of life, mission, and property (building or contents) while taking into account the costs of implementing the criterion and risks associated with the facility. These criteria have been established in the best interest of DOD.

1-2.1 Document Development

This document is intended to be used as a basis for the development of detailed design documents (including scope, basis of design, technical requirements, plans, drawings, specifications, cost estimates, request for proposals, and invitations for bids) used for the procurement of facilities, facility similar equipment, and other shore/land based infrastructure systems. It must be used as a reference document and requirement in the procurement of architectural and engineering services (A&E) and other consulting services to prepare detailed design documents including those for design/build projects. It is not intended to be used in lieu of detailed design documents in the procurement of facility construction.

1-3 CRITERIA

This UFC implements the following public laws:

a. UNITED STATES CODE http://www.gpoaccess.gov/uscode/index.html

• USC Title 10, Section 1794 Military Child Care http://www.gpoaccess.gov/uscode/index.html

• USC Title 15, Section 272 Utilization of Consensus Technical Standards by Federal Agencies

• USC Title 15, Section 2227 Fire Administration Authorization Act (also referred to as the Fire Safety Act)

• USC Title 15, Section 2225 Hotel-Motel Fire Safety

USC, Title 15, Section 272, identifies the necessary consensus technical standards required to implement policy objectives and activities within the area of fire protection engineering for the DOD. Compliance with criteria issued in accordance with this UFC does not constitute an exception to the public laws.

Fire protection criteria must conform to the requirements of this UFC, the National Fire Codes, published by the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), except as modified by this UFC, and portions of the International Building Code (IBC), published by the International Code Council, as specifically referenced by this UFC. Additional criteria include portions of the Factory Mutual Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets (FM Global Data Sheets), as specifically referenced by this UFC. Buildings required to be accessible must meet the provisions of Federal Standard FED-STD-795, Uniform Federal Accessibility Standard (UFAS) at http://www.access-board.gov/ufas/ufas-html/ufas.htm, and the Americans With Disabilities Act Accessibility Guidelines (ADAAG) at http://www.access-board.gov/adaag/html/adaag.htm.

Note 1: UFC 1-200-01 identifies the base line building code as the International Building Code to be used for all DoD construction. NFPA 5000 Building Construction and Safety Code, State or Local building codes will not be used.

Note 2: Projects that have significant time delays between the award for design and the beginning of construction must be re-evaluated and corrected to comply with any new editions of criteria (including codes and standards) that have been published.

1-3.1 Existing Facilities.

Existing facilities must meet the requirements of NFPA 101, Life Safety Code, for existing occupancies.

1-3.1.1 Facilities that do not meet the requirements of NPFA 101 for existing facilities must be brought up to, at least the minimum requirements for existing facilities. If the facility cannot be brought up to the minimum requirements for existing facilities without initiating a renovation, modernization, or rehabilitation project, that project must meet the requirements for new construction as specified in this UFC.

http://www.access-board.gov/ufas/ufas-html/ufas.htm http://www.access-board.gov/ufas/ufas-html/ufas.htm http://www.access-board.gov/adaag/html/adaag.htm

1-3.1.2 Any changes in occupancy require the facility to meet the requirements for new construction for the new occupancy as specified in this

UFC.

1-3.2 Application/Types of Work Efforts.

This UFC applies to all work necessary to build, maintain, or change DoD facilities/structures/systems. The services and agencies within DoD use various terms to classify these work efforts.

1-3.2.1 Construction.

Construction projects provide new facilities/structures/systems and must comply with the criteria in this UFC. Additions to existing buildings must comply with the criteria for new buildings. If the addition is 50% or more of the existing building's gross floor area, the existing building must comply with the criteria for new buildings, to the maximum extent possible.

1-3.2.2 Modernization/Major Investments.

1-3.2.2.1 Buildings that have alteration, modernization, modification, rehabilitation, and renovation costs equal to or exceeding 50% of the replacement cost of the building, must bring the entire building into compliance with new construction requirements. The 50% cost is exclusive of the costs to bring the building into full compliance.

1-3.2.2.2 Facilities in which alteration, modernization, rehabilitation, and renovation work is less than 50% of the replacement value of the building, the building must comply with the criteria in this UFC for new construction, to the maximum extent practical. All new work accomplished as part of alteration, modernization, modification, rehabilitation, and renovation actions/projects must meet the requirements for new construction.

1-3.2.3 Sustainment and Restoration.

New work accomplished in facilities as part of repair, restoration, and sustainment actions/projects must meet the requirements for new construction in this UFC.

Note: Sustainment and restoration efforts should look beyond the scope of work to ensure that the fire protection (including life safety) features are not being compromised or designed only for the portion of the building that is being repaired. The repair project, if possible, should include a basis to support the entire building, i.e., if considering providing a fire alarm extender panel to the existing antiquated fire alarm control panel, ensure the panel being provided has the capability to support the entire building so any additional projects can utilize the new panel without having to remove what was just installed.

1-3.2.4 Conversion of Use/Change of Occupancy.

1-3.2.4.1 When any portion of an uninhabited building is modified from its current use to that of an inhabited building, billeting, or a primary gathering building, as defined by UFC 4-010-01, for one year or more, the building must meet the requirements for new construction.

Note: Examples would include a warehouse (uninhabited) being converted to administrative (inhabited) use; an inhabited administrative building being converted to a primary gathering building or billeting; or an non-compliant primary gathering building/billeting being altered, modernized, modified, rehabilitated, or renovated and converted to billeting/primary gathering building. Definitions of inhabited, uninhabited, primary gather building and billeting are found in UFC 4- 010-01 DoD Minimum Antiterrorism Standards For Buildings.

1-3.2.4.2 When any portion of a building is modified from its current use to that of a mission essential building for one year or more, the building must meet the requirements for new construction.

Note: Examples would include a warehouse being converted to an aircraft hangar.

1-3.2.4.3 When any portion of a building is modified from its current use to any other occupancy use for two years or more, the building must meet the requirements for new construction. Changing groups of occupants within the occupancy classification does not constitute an occupancy change.

Note: An example of modifying from one occupancy to another would include an office building converted to mercantile. An example of changing groups of occupants would include an installation personnel function occupying the office space formally used by an installation contracting function.

1-3.3 Absence of Criteria

When a specific application is not covered by the criteria cited in this UFC, follow national building codes, recognized industry standards, and standard engineering practices. In the absence of such technical information, contact the DOD component authority having jurisdiction (refer to paragraph 1-4.6).

1-3.4 Performance-Based Fire Safety Design.

It is permissible that performance-based fire safety design methods be applied to the renovation, restoration, remodeling or modernization of existing facilities to address the evaluation of a subsystem, system, or complete building when it is not possible to meet the provided prescriptive requirements for new construction.

New facilities for which established prescriptive criteria exist, must not be permitted to use performance-based fire and life safety design methods. The use of performance-based fire safety design methods must only be permitted upon authorization by the DOD component authority having jurisdiction (AHJ) for new mission critical or unique facilities, where the user mandates requirements and objectives that are not addressed by established prescriptive requirements of national codes or this UFC. Performance-based fire safety design methods must not be used to eliminate required exiting requirements of NFPA 101, nor must it be used to eliminate automatic sprinkler systems required by DOD criteria.

1-3.4.1 Application and Use of Performance-Based Fire Safety Design Methods.

If performance-based fire safety design is used or permitted by the DOD component AHJ, Appendix D describes the provisions and applicable requirements associated with the fire safety design of DOD facilities. Appendix D is in accordance with the performance-based option of NFPA 101, Life Safety Code, and the performance-based fire safety design approach of the Society of Fire Protection Engineers (SFPE), Introduction to Performance-Base Fire Safety.

A fire protection engineer that meets the requirements of paragraph 1-6 below must perform the performance-based fire safety design.

1-3.5 Conflicts in Criteria.

If a conflict exists between this UFC and any other DOD document, referenced code, standard, or publication, this UFC must take precedence. The individual DOD components may issue specific technical guidance that expands the requirements of this UFC. The Army and Air Force issue engineering technical letters (ETLs); the Navy issues interim technical guidance (ITG); and the DLA issues technical policies. For Army, see http://www.hnd.usace.army.mil/techinfo/engpubs.htm. For Air Force, see www.afcesa.af.mil/Directorate/CES/Mechanical/FireEngr/default.htm. For Navy, see http://dod.wbdg.org/.

1-3.6 Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ).

The term "AHJ" as used in the codes and standards referenced in this UFC must mean the component office of responsibility, i.e., U.S. Army, HQ USACE/CECW- CE; U.S. Navy, NAVFACENGCOM HQ Code CHE; U.S. Marine Corps, HQMC Code LFF-1; U.S. Air Force, HQ AFCESA/CES; Defense Logistics Agency (DLA), DES-SE; National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA), Security and Installations; and all other DOD components, Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Installations via the DOD Committee on Fire Protection Engineering.

1-3.7 Equivalencies.

Equivalencies to established criteria may be approved by the AHJ, if the alternate fire protection engineering design provides an equivalent level of fire protection and life safety. Requests for approval must include written justification, hazard analysis, cost comparisons, criteria used, and other pertinent data. Lack of funds is not considered sufficient justification for deviation from established criteria.

http://www.hnd.usace.army.mil/techinfo/engpubs.htm http://www.afcesa.af.mil/Directorate/CES/Mechanical/FireEngr/default.htm http://dod.wbdg.org/

Approved equivalencies and alternatives must only apply to the specific facility involved and do not constitute blanket approval for similar cases.

1-3.8 Waivers.

Waivers to established criteria must be submitted to the AHJ for determination.

The waiver must demonstrate that the criteria cannot be technically executed, or execution of the criteria will increase a hazard or create a new hazard and no technical alternatives exist. Written request for waivers must include justification, hazards analysis, cost comparison, alternatives considered, and other pertinent data. Lack of funds or cost savings are not considered sufficient justification for deviation from established criteria. Waivers must only apply to the specific facility or project involved and do not constitute blanket approval for similar cases.

1-3.9 Antiterrorism Standards.

Design the facility to comply with UFC 4-010-01, DoD Minimum Antiterrorism Standards for Buildings and UFC 4-020-01, DoD Security Engineering Facilities Planning Manual. Antiterrorism requirements must not preclude any fire protection requirements.

1-4 DESIGN ANALYSIS.

A fire protection design analysis is required for all designs and must address the fire protection requirements of the project as required by this UFC. Summarize the fire protection design analysis and submit with the first design submission separate from other disciplines. Where applicable, discuss the following minimum fire protection provisions (include required vs. provided):

a. Building code analysis (i.e., type of construction, height and area limitations, and building separation or exposure protection)

b. Classification of occupancy,

c. Compliance with UFC 3-600-01 and National Fire Codes,

d. Requirements for fire-rated walls, fire-rated doors, fire dampers with their fire-resistive ratings, smoke compartmentation, smoke barriers

e. NFPA 101, Life Safety Code

f. Analysis of automatic sprinkler systems and suppression systems and protected areas, including hydraulic analysis of required water demand,

g. Water supplies, water distribution, location of fire hydrants,

h. Smoke control methods and smoke control systems,

i. Fire alarm system (the type of alarm system and location of the fire alarm equipment),

j. Fire detection system (the type of detection system and location of detectors),

k. Standpipe systems and fire extinguishers,

l. Interior finish ratings,

m. Connection to and description of base fire alarm reporting system.

n. Identify the various occupancies and hazardous areas associated with the facility,

o. Coordination with security and antiterrorism requirements,

p. Fire Department access.

Note: When directed by the cognizant fire protection engineer (FPE), projects with little or no fire protection considerations may not require a fire protection design analysis.

1-4.1 100% Design Submission.

The project FPE must review the 100% design submission of plans and specifications and certify in writing that the design is in compliance with this UFC and all applicable criteria. This certification letter must be submitted with the 100% submission.

1-5 SERVICES AND QUALIFICATIONS OF FIRE PROTECTION

ENGINEERS.

Major projects require the design services and review of a qualified fire protection engineer. Projects involving design or modification of, fire rated construction, fire detection, fire suppression, or life safety systems require the services and review of a qualified fire protection engineer. A qualified fire protection engineer is an integral part of the design team, and must be involved in every aspect of the design as it relates to fire protection. This includes, but is not limited to, building code analysis, life safety code analysis, design of automatic detection and suppression systems, water supply analysis, and a multi-discipline review of the entire project. For the purposes of meeting this requirement, a qualified fire protection engineer is defined as an individual meeting one of the following conditions:

• A registered professional engineer (P.E.) who has passed the fire protection engineering written examination administered by the National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveys

(NCEES).

• A registered P.E. in a related engineering discipline with a minimum of 5 years experience, dedicated to fire protection engineering that can be verified with documentation.

Exception: For Navy, a qualified fire protection engineer is defined as a registered professional engineer (P.E.) who has passed the fire protection engineering written examination administered by the National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveys (NCEES).

1-6 FIRE PROTECTION DURING CONSTRUCTION.

Contract specifications must reference the Army Corps of Engineering Manual (EM), EM 385-1-1, Safety and Health Requirements Manual, and NFPA 241, Safeguarding Construction, Alteration, and Demolition Operations, and must contain the requirement that the activity's fire regulations be followed.

Note: For Navy projects, Unified Facilities Guide Specification (UFGS) 01525, Safety and Occupational Health Requirements, must be used.

CHAPTER 2 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

2-1 BASIC CRITERIA.

Conform building construction to fire resistance requirements, allowable floor area, building height limitations, and building separation distance requirements of the IBC, except as modified by this UFC.

2-1.1 Egress and Safety to Life.

Comply with NFPA 101 for building construction related to egress and safety to life. For conflicts between the IBC and NFPA 101 related to fire resistance rating, conform to NFPA 101 and applicable criteria contained in this UFC.

Appendix E provides a cross reference between the construction types referenced in NFPA 220, Types of Building Construction and the IBC.

2-1.2 Partitions.

The IBC fire resistance requirements for permanent partitions do not apply to non-bearing partitions. For fire resistance ratings of non-bearing partitions, comply with NFPA 101. Occupancy separation must comply with the “Required Separation of Occupancies” table in the IBC.

2-1.3 Type of Construction.

Follow the requirements of the IBC to determine the permitted types of construction.

Exception: Type V (wood) roofs may be constructed on buildings of Type I or II construction, provided that they are separated from all other areas of the building by horizontal 2-hour concrete or masonry fire resistive construction. These roofs will not require sprinkler protection but will require draft stops to divide the spaces into areas not exceeding 280 m2 (3,000 ft2). Provide self-closing and latching access doors of similar construction in the draft stop where there is no other means of access to the area.

2-1.4 Separation Between Buildings.

Use the IBC to determine required separation distances between buildings except as modified by this UFC.

2-1.4.1 Manufactured Homes.

Separate house trailers in accordance with NFPA 501A, Fire Safety Criteria for Manufactured Home Installations, Sites, and Communities.

2-1.4.2 Relocatables.

Relocatable facilities must have the same fire protection, construction and separation requirements as non-relocatable facilities.

2-1.4.2.2 Provide a minimum separation of 15.3 m (50 ft) between groups of extra hazard occupancy, and 4.6 m (15 ft) for all other groups.

2-2 FIRE AREAS.

Conform to the IBC, except as modified by this UFC. Exceptions for specific occupancies are listed in Chapter 6 of this UFC.

2-2.1 Do not group mission critical relocatable facilities such as electronic equipment vans to form areas greater than 557 m2 (6,000 ft2) for unsprinklered facilities and 1115 m2 (12,000 ft2) for sprinklered facilities.

2-2.2 Do not group relocatable facilities having extra hazard occupancies as defined by NFPA 13, Installation of Sprinkler Systems, to form areas greater than 372 m2 (4,000 ft2) for unsprinklered facilities and 743 m2 (8,000 ft2) for sprinklered facilities.

2-3 BUILDING HEIGHT LIMITATIONS.

Conform to the IBC, except as modified by this UFC.

2-4 LIMITING INTERIOR FIRE SPREAD

2-4.1 Door Openings.

Door openings, in fire resistive construction, must be protected in accordance with NFPA 80, Fire Doors and Fire Windows. Fire door assemblies are required on each side of the door opening in 4-hour fire walls when openings are fitted with 3-hour rolling or sliding fire doors. Use fire doors listed by Underwriters Laboratories Inc. (UL), FM, or a nationally recognized testing laboratory (NRTL).

Do not modify approved fire doors in the field. Local fabrication of fire doors is not permitted.

2-4.2 Penetrations.

The protection of ducts at point of passage through firewalls must be in accordance with NFPA 90A, Installation of Air-Conditioning and Ventilating Systems, and/or NFPA 90B, Installation of Warm Air Heating and Air- Conditioning Systems. All other penetrations, such as piping, conduit, and wiring, through firewalls must be protected with a material or system of the same hourly rating that is listed by UL, FM, or a NRTL.

2-5 MEANS OF EGRESS

2-5.1 Requirements.

Comply with the requirements of NFPA 101, except as modified by this UFC.

2-5.2 Means of Egress Marking.

Mark means of egress in accordance with NFPA 101. Signs must have lettering on an opaque background. Internally illuminated signs must be light emitting diode (LED) type, electroluminescence (LEC), or cold cathode type.

Incandescent fixtures are not permitted except existing fixtures, which may remain in use.

Exception: In overseas locations; additional markings may be required to remain consistent with local national standards; colors may be consistent with local national standards, and bilingual signs are permitted.

2-5.2.1 Radioluminous Exit Signs.

Radioluminous exit signs in DOD facilities are not permitted.

2-5.2.2 Photoluminescent Exit Signs.

Photoluminescent exit signs and egress path marking is permitted only where provided with a reliable external illumination (charging) source providing a minimum illumination of 54 lux (5 foot-candles) of unfiltered fluorescent light.

Note: External illumination source must be energized at all times during building occupancy. Such lighting must not be controlled by automatic timers, automatic sensors including area occupancy sensors, or accessible manual switches.

Controls for such lighting must be accessible only to authorized personnel.

Photoluminescent signs must only be installed indoors and must not be exposed to direct sunlight, liquid spray, or temperatures outside of the range of +10 to 40°C (50 to 104°F). The legible viewing distance must be limited to 15.3 m (50 ft).

2-6 INTERIOR FINISH

2-6.1 Interior Wall and Ceiling Finish.

Wall and ceiling finishes, and movable partitions must conform to the requirements of NFPA 101 for interior finishes.

2-6.1.1 Drop-out ceilings (foam-grid panels) are not permitted.

2-6.2 Interior Floor Finish.

Conform to the requirements of NFPA 101.

2-7 INSULATION

2-7.1 Requirements.

Use thermal and acoustical insulation with a flame spread (FS) rating not higher than 75, and a smoke developed (SD) rating not higher than 150 when tested in accordance with ASTM E84 (NFPA 255), Standard Method of Test of Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials. Test cellular plastic insulation in the same densities and thicknesses as the material that will be used in construction applications.

2-7.2 Exceptions to Insulation Criteria.

For certain types of insulation installation, the exceptions described in paragraphs 2-7.2.1 and 2-7.2.2 apply.

2-7.2.1 Flame Spread - No Smoke Developed Rating Limitation.

Compliance with the SD rating limitation is not required, and a FS rating up to 100 is permitted for insulation, including insulating sheathing installed within wall assemblies. In such installations, conform the interior finish materials to paragraph 2-6 with a minimum fire-resistance rating of 15 minutes when tested in accordance with ASTM E119, Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials.

2-7.2.2 No Flame Spread or Smoke Limitation.

Compliance with FS and SD limitations are not required for the following applications:

• Insulation installed above poured concrete or poured gypsum roof decks, nominal 50.8 mm (2-inch) thick tongue-and-groove wood plank roof decks, or precast roof deck panels or planks that are approved by a NRTL, as noncombustible roof deck construction.

• Insulation installed above roof decks where the entire roof construction assembly, including the insulation, is UL listed as Fire Classified, or FM approved for Class I roof deck construction or equal listing or classification by a NRTL.

• Insulation contained entirely within panels where the entire panel assembly used in the construction application meets the cited FS and SD limitations.

• Insulation isolated from the interior of the building by masonry walls, masonry cavity walls, insulation encased in masonry cores, or concrete floors.

• Insulation installed over concrete floor slabs and completely covered by wood tongue-and-groove flooring without creating air spaces within the flooring system.

• Insulation completely enclosed in hollow metal doors.

• Insulation installed between new exterior siding materials and existing exterior siding or wood board, plywood, fiberboard, or gypsum exterior wall sheathing.

Note: The exception to SD limitations described in this paragraph is not applicable to hospitals and correctional facilities.

2-8 ROOF COVERINGS AND ROOF DECK ASSEMBLIES

2-8.1 Roof Coverings.

Use roof coverings approved and listed by a NRTL. The UL Roofing Materials and Systems Directory lists three Classes (A, B, and C) of acceptable roof coverings based on compliance with UL 790, Tests for Fire Resistance of Roof Covering Materials and NFPA 256, Fire Tests of Roof Coverings. Restrict Class C roof coverings to housing and buildings under 744 m2 (8,000 ft2) and that are not mission essential.

2-8.2 Roof Deck Assemblies.

Roof deck assemblies must be FM Class I approved, or UL listed as Fire Classified or equal listing or classification by an NRTL.

• Exception 1: Fully sprinklered buildings.

• Exception 2: Buildings less than 744 m2 (8,000 ft2).

2-9 ROOF ACCESS.

All enclosed exit stairs that extend to the top floor in any building three or more stories in height must have, at the highest point of the stair tower, an approved hatch opening to the roof with an appropriate ladder that conforms to 29 CFR 1910.27, Fixed Ladders. The hatch must be not less than 1.5 m2 (16 ft2) in area, with a minimum dimension of 610 mm (2 ft). At least one stairway must terminate at a standard door opening leading onto the roof surface, unless the roof has a slope greater than 4 in 12.

2-10 FIRE DEPARTMENT (EMERGENCY) VEHICLE ACCESS.

2-10.1 All-Weather Ground Access.

All buildings greater than 465 m (5,000 sq ft), or more than two stories in height must have at least one means of all-weather ground access to allow emergency vehicles unimpeded access to the building. All-weather ground access must be paved, start from the road, and terminate no farther than 10 m (33 ft) from the building.

Exception: An engineered all-weather surface that is not paved may be provided if approved by the AHJ.

2-10.1.1 Access to Residential Facilities.

Residential facilities must be provided with all-weather ground access to 3 sides, with a minimum of 2 sides having access to sleeping rooms.

2-10.2 Vehicle Access.

All force protection equipment, such as bollards or gates, must not require more than one person to remove or open. Access may require fire apparatus to drive over a curb. Any locking device controlling vehicle access must be under control of the Fire Department or 24-hour security personnel located at the specific facility. Dimensions of fire lanes and turnarounds must comply with NFPA 1, Uniform Fire Code.

2-10.3 Aerial Apparatus Access.

New facilities four stories or more in height and all new warehouses must be provided with suitable all-weather ground access surface for aerial apparatus on a minimum of two sides of the perimeter of the structure.

2-10.4 Fire Department Connection.

Facilities with fire department connections for sprinkler or standpipe systems must be provided with suitable all-weather ground access surface for pumper apparatus within 45 m (150 ft) of such fire department connections.

2-11 AIR HANDLING

2-11.1 Design Requirements

Air handling, heating, ventilation, and exhaust systems must comply with the requirements of NFPA 90A, except as modified by this UFC.

2-11.2 Corridors.

Egress corridors must not be used as a portion of a supply, return, or exhaust air system serving adjoining areas. Air transfer opening(s) must not be permitted in walls or in doors separating egress corridors from adjoining areas.

Exception: Toilet rooms, bathrooms, shower rooms, sink closets, and similar auxiliary spaces may have air transfer openings, unless prohibited by NFPA 101, such as in residential occupancies.

2-11.3 Plenums.

Plenums may be used as an integral part of an air handling system only if they conform to the requirements of NFPA 90A. Under no circumstances may combustible materials be located within the plenum space. Electrical wiring passing through the space, including telephone and communication wiring, must be plenum rated or must be in metal conduit. Rooms or areas that form a plenum space or that are used as a plenum must not be occupied for any purpose except during repairs or maintenance operations to the air handling equipment.

2-11.4 Smoke and Heat Vents.

Smoke and heat vents may be considered in buildings where a high rate of heat release is anticipated during a fire. In buildings without automatic sprinklers, smoke and heat vents must be arranged to operate automatically in accordance with NFPA 204, Smoke and Heat Venting. In buildings with automatic sprinkler protection, smoke and heat vents must be arranged to operate in the manual mode only. Skylights are the preferred method of providing manual smoke and heat vents.

2-12 PLASTIC PIPE AND CONDUIT

2-12.1 Penetrations.

Penetrations by plastic pipe or conduit through fire-rated walls, partitions, shafts, and floors must be fire-stopped by an approved or listed method in accordance with ASTM E814, Standard Test Method for Fire Tests of Through-Penetration Fire Stops or UL 1479, Fire Tests of Through-Penetration Firestops.

2-12.2 Prohibited Locations.

Plastic pipe and conduit must not be installed in exit stair enclosures, or in air plenum spaces unless specifically listed for that application.

2-13 FIRE RETARDANT TREATED (FRT) PLYWOOD

2-13.1 New Construction.

Use of FRT plywood is prohibited, except as permitted by the IBC. FRT plywood must not be used in any part of the roof or roofing system.

2-13.2 Existing Construction.

FRT plywood installations should be regularly inspected for structural integrity.

Replacement of damaged FRT plywood may require additional fire protection measures if FRT plywood is replaced with more combustible materials.

CHAPTER 3 WATER SUPPLY FOR FIRE PROTECTION

3-1 WATER DEMANDS FOR SPRINKLERED FACILITIES

3-1.1 Factors Influencing the Water Demand for Sprinklers.

The water demand required for sprinkler protection depends upon occupancy, discharge density, design area, and type of sprinkler system (wet or dry), type of construction, and other building features.

3-1.2 Water Demand for Sprinklers.

The water demand required for sprinklers must be determined from Table 4-1.

3-1.2.1 Design Densities.

Design densities indicated in Table 4-1 are minimum densities, and each sprinkler in the design area must discharge at least the flow rate required to produce the stipulated density.

3-1.2.2 Design Area.

Design areas shown in Table 4-1 are the hydraulically most remote areas.

3-1.3 Water Demand for Hose Streams.

Hose streams are needed concurrently with sprinkler discharge in order to effect final extinguishment or to wet down adjacent structures. The hose stream demand for sprinklered occupancies must be determined from Table 4-1.

3-1.4 Total Water Demand for Sprinklered Occupancies.

The total water demand for sprinklered occupancies is equal to the sum of the domestic/industrial demand plus the sprinkler system(s) water demand and the hose stream(s) demand. The total demand must be available at the sprinkler system connection to the underground main, and at the pressure necessary to produce the required sprinkler density over the required hydraulically most remote area of sprinkler operation.

3-1.5 Water Demand for Sprinklers (Special Facilities).

Special requirements apply to some facilities, as indicated in paragraphs 3-1.5.1 through 3-1.5.7.

3-1.5.1 Family Housing.

Water demand for family housing must be the sprinkler water demand plus domestic demand and 950 L/m (250 gpm) for hose streams.

3-1.5.2 Warehouses (Piled or Rack Storage).

Water demands for warehouses containing rack storage or piled storage must comply with paragraph 6-11.

3-1.5.3 Rubber Tire Storage.

Water demands for rubber tire storage must comply with paragraph 6-11.

3-1.5.4 Aircraft Hangars.

Water demands for aircraft hangars must comply with paragraph 6-16.

3-1.5.5 Aircraft Acoustical Enclosures.

Water demands for these facilities must comply with paragraph 6-17.

3-1.5.6 Ordnance Facilities.

Water demands for ordnance facilities must comply with paragraph 6-10.

3-1.5.7 Flammable and Combustible Liquid Storage.

Water demands for flammable and combustible liquid storage facilities must conform to paragraph 6-12.

3-2 WATER DEMANDS FOR UNSPRINKLERED FACILITIES.

Water demands for buildings and facilities that are not fully sprinklered are based on fire department hose stream requirements.

3-2.1 Hose Stream Demands for Unsprinklered Facilities.

Hose stream demands and duration requirements for facilities that are not fully sprinklered are outlined in Appendix C. The following factors affect the water demand and duration and must be considered to determine the specific demand and duration within a given range in accordance with Appendix C:

• Occupancy classification,

• Response time by fire department,

• Type of construction,

• Number of stories,

• Separation distances,

• Building floor area, and

• Firefighting access.

3-2.1.1 Procedure.

The procedure for determining specific fire flow demands and duration within a range is provided in Appendix C. This procedure must be followed to determine the minimum requirements for facilities that are not fully sprinklered.

3-2.1.2 High Demands.

When the required fire flow demand exceeds 7,570 L/m (2,000 gpm), a cost and benefit analysis must be conducted to determine if additional fire protection systems, features, or design changes that provide more favorable factors, such as type of construction or sprinkler protection, are more cost effective than…