Attachment 4-AFI48-139.pdf

BY ORDER OF THE

SECRETARY OF THE AIR FORCE

AIR FORCE INSTRUCTION 48-139

30 SEPTEMBER 2014

Aerospace Medicine

LASER AND OPTICAL RADIATION

PROTECTION PROGRAM

COMPLIANCE WITH THIS PUBLICATION IS MANDATORY

ACCESSIBILITY: Publications and forms are available on the e-Publishing website at www.e-publishing.af.mil for downloading and ordering.

RELEASABILITY: There are no releasability restrictions on this publication, OPR: HQ AFMSA/SG3PB

Supersedes: AFI48-139, 25 July 2012

Certified by: AF/SG3

(Brig Gen Charles E. Potter)

Pages: 33

This instruction incorporates guidance and criteria for the safe use of lasers and laser systems as defined in the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Z136.1.

This instruction implements requirements from Department of Defense Instruction (DoDI)

6055.15, DoD Laser Protection Program, Air Force Policy Directive (AFPD) 48-1, Aerospace

Medicine Enterprise, the Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration

(OSHA) Standard, Title 29, Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) and specific requirements from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Standard, Title 21, CFR, Part 1040.10, Laser

Products, and Part 1040.11, Specific Purpose Laser Products. The basic elements of the program emulate those of American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Standard Z136.1, American National Standard for Safe Use of Lasers and any other standard in the ANSI Z136 series, as applicable. This instruction applies to all Air Force (AF) personnel, AF Reserves, Air

National Guard, direct reporting units (DRU) and field operating agencies (FOA). Major commands (MAJCOM), DRU, and FOA may supplement this instruction when additional or more stringent safety and health criteria are required, but all direct supplements must be routed to the Office of Primary Responsibility (OPR) of this publication for coordination prior to certification and approval. This instruction does not apply to employees working under government contract or private contractors performing work under government contracts, or

State employees with traditional Guard positions, who are covered under their organizational standards. Contractors are responsible for compliance with Occupational Safety and Health

Administration (OSHA) standards and the protection of their employees unless otherwise specified in their contract. Send comments and suggested improvements on AF Form 847, Certified Current, 22 APRIL 2020 http://www.e-publishing.af.mil/

2 AFI48-139 30 SEPTEMBER 2014

Recommendation for Change of Publication, through channels, to Surgeon General of the AF, AF Medical Support Agency, Bioenvironmental Engineering Division (AFMSA/SG3PB), 7700

Arlington Blvd Ste 5151, Falls Church, VA 22042-5151. Requests for waivers must be submitted through the chain of command to the appropriate Tier waiver approval authority. The authorities to waive wing/unit level requirements in this publication are identified with a Tier

(“T-0, T-1, T-2, T-3”) number following the compliance statement. See AFI 33-360, Publications and Forms Management, for a description of the authorities associated with the Tier numbers. Submit requests for waivers through the chain of command to the appropriate Tier waiver approval authority, or alternately, to the Publication OPR for non-tiered compliance items. This publication requires the collection and or maintenance of information protected by the Privacy Act (PA) of 1974. Forms affected by the Privacy Act have the appropriate Privacy

Act statement. The authority to collect and/or maintain the records prescribed in this publication is Executive Order 12196, Occupational Safety and Health Programs for Federal Employees, February 26, 1980. Forms affected by the PA have an appropriate PA statement. System of records notice F044 AF SGE Medical Record System applies. This is authorized by 10 U.S.C., Chapter 55, Medical and Dental Care, 10 U.S.C., Sec 8013, Power and Duties of the Secretary of the AF, and Executive Order 9397. Ensure all records created as a result of processes prescribed in this publication are maintained in accordance with (IAW) Air Force Manual (AFMAN) 33-

363, Management of Records, and disposed of IAW Air Force Records Disposition Schedule

(RDS) maintained in the Air Force Records Information Management System (AFRIMS) located from the portal at https://www.my.af.mil//gss-af61a/afrims/afrims/. Field activities must send implementing publications to the higher headquarters functional OPR for review and coordination before publishing. The use of the name or mark of any specific manufacturer, commercial product, commodity, or service in this publication does not imply endorsement by the Air Force.

SUMMARY OF CHANGES

This document is substantially revised and must be completely reviewed. Tiers have been added to wing-level and below directives and are designated with a “(T-x)”, where x ranges from 0 to 3 to indicate waiver authority. This tiering results from changes to the inspection process outlined in AFI 90-201, The Air Force Inspection System. Refer to AFI 90-201 for details.

Chapter 1—PROGRAM OVERVIEW 5

1.1. Overview

Table 1.1. Class Description

1.2. Purpose

Chapter 2—ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES 8

2.1. Assistant Secretary of the Air Force for Installations & Environment (SAF/IE). . 8

2.2. Assistant Secretary of the Air Force for Acquisition (SAF/AQ)

2.3. Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Air Force, Environment, Safety, and

Occupational Health (SAF/IEE) https://www.my.af.mil/gss-af61a/afrims/afrims

AFI48-139 30 SEPTEMBER 2014 3

2.4. The Office of the Air Force Surgeon General (AF/SG)

2.5. Air Force Medical Support Agency, Bioenvironmental Engineering Division

(AFMSA/SG3PB)

2.6. Headquarters Air Force Safety Center (HQ AFSEC)

2.7. HQ Air Force Inspection Agency (HQ AFIA)

2.8. HQ Air Force International and Operations Law Directorate (HQ AF/JAO)

2.9. Air Force Legal Operations Agency (AFLOA/JACE)

2.10. Air Force Civil Engineer Center, Fire Emergency Services (AFCEC/CXF)

2.11. MAJCOM, FOA and DRU

2.12. Air Combat Command (ACC)

2.13. Air Force Materiel Command (AFMC)

2.14. SPOs, PMs, and PEOs

2.15. Installation Commander

2.16. Installation Staff Judge Advocate

2.17. Installation Laser Safety Officer (ILSO)

2.18. Medical Treatment Facility (MTF) Commander or Equivalent

2.19. Installation Safety (SEG)

2.20. Installation Civil Engineer Fire Emergency Services

2.21. Installation Contracting Office

2.22. Unit Commander

2.23. Unit Laser Safety Officer (ULSO)

2.24. Workplace Supervisor

2.25. Individual

Chapter 3—INSTALLATION PROGRAM 19

3.1. General Guidelines

3.2. LSO and User Training Criteria

3.3. Hazard Evaluations

3.4. Laser Hazard Controls

3.5. Medical Surveillance for Laser Users and Some Broadband Optical Sources

3.6. Accidents/Incidents

3.7. Special Considerations

3.8. Combat Simulation Laser Systems

3.9. Military Specific Lasers

4 AFI48-139 30 SEPTEMBER 2014

Chapter 4—AIR FORCE APPROVAL OF LASERS AND LASER SYSTEMS 23

4.1. Establishment of Laser Safety Review Requirements

4.2. AF LSSRB

4.3. AF LSSRB Approval and DoD Exemption Process

4.4. Laser Temporary Approval for Emergency Operational Capability (EOC)

Attachment 1—GLOSSARY OF REFERENCES AND SUPPORTING INFORMATION 27

AFI48-139 30 SEPTEMBER 2014 5

Chapter 1

PROGRAM OVERVIEW

1.1. Overview. This instruction incorporates guidance and criteria for the safe use of lasers and laser systems as defined in the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Z136.1.

1.1.1. ANSI Z136.1 classifies lasers according to the type of hazards they present and according to the extent of safety controls required. Classes range from the least hazardous, Class 1, through the most hazardous, Class 4. For Class 1 and Class 2 lasers, the letter M after the number refers to viewing the laser with optical aids so that the laser is magnified.

Class 3 is divided into subcategories of Class 3R and Class 3B. The older ANSI designation for Class 3 was Class 3A and Class 3B. ANSI changed Class 3A to Class 3R with the R designating reduced risk. For reference, Table 1.1 below provides a general, but not all encompassing, description of the classes. All mandatory requirements are in this AFI. For a non-mandatory guide describing best force health protection management practices and information when working with lasers and laser systems use refer to the PHA Guide found on the Knowledge Exchange (Kx) website.

Table 1.1. Class Description.

Class Description

1 Not recognized as hazardous

1M Could be hazardous if viewed with optical aids (telescopes, binoculars or loupes)

2 Could be hazardous if viewed for > 0.25 seconds, on-axis

2M Increased hazard if viewed with optical aids

3R Potential direct and diffuse hazard if eye focused

3B Direct eye or skin exposure hazard

4 Hazardous for direct or scattered exposure

1.1.2. Military specific lasers that employ coherent radiation are lasers and laser systems used for combat, combat training, or classified in the interest of national security, and require

AF Laser System Safety Review Board (LSSRB) approval prior to acquisition and/or employment. Examples include, but are not limited to: laser illuminators, designators, range finders, tactical pointers, tactical lasers, and lasers employed to augment explosive ordnance disposal. For lasers categorized as directed energy weapons (DEWs), AFI 91-401 shall be followed. The DoD, or its components, are authorized to exempt these lasers from portions or the entirety of Title 21, Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Parts 1010 and/or 1040 IAW with FDA Exemption No. 76EL-01. Hereafter, FDA Exemption No. 76EL-01will be referred to as simply FDA Exemption. This exemption applies only to the laser procurement process but not to laser safety. (T-0)

1.1.3. FDA compliant lasers and laser systems are fully compliant with Title 21, CFR, Parts

1010 and/or 1040 and do not fall under any category defined as military specific lasers.

Examples include medical, industrial, laboratory, and communication lasers and laser

6 AFI48-139 30 SEPTEMBER 2014

systems. FDA Compliant Lasers must have a FDA accession number issued to the manufacturer by the FDA or at least have compliance paperwork on file with the FDA for verification.

1.1.4. For other optical radiation hazards, this instruction is based on the current Threshold

Limit Values (TLVs®) for Physical Agents (Non-ionizing Radiation and Fields - Light and

Near-Infrared Radiation and Ultraviolet Radiation) published by the American Conference of

Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH®). Optical radiation hazards and controls for welding, cutting, and brazing are delineated in AFI 91-203, Air Force Consolidated

Occupational Safety Instruction.

1.1.5. Optical radiation includes incoherent, multi-wavelength (non-laser) sources of radiation in ultraviolet (UV) (180-400 nm), visible (400-700 nm), and infrared (700 nm-1000 µm) wavelength regions. Examples of potentially hazardous broadband optical radiation sources include: intense radiant flashes and thermal energy from pyrotechnics or explosives, arcs, gas and vapor discharges, unshielded fluorescent or incandescent light sources, and UV exposures. Measurement equipment to assess these hazards, generally, is not available at base level; risk assessment and associated controls are typically based on manufacturer discussions and consultation with the USAF School of Aerospace Medicine (USAFSAM)

Environmental, Safety, Occupational Health (ESOH) Service Center. To contact the ESOH

Service Center, call (toll free) 1-888-232-ESOH (3764), 937-938-3764 or DSN 798-3764, or send emails to esoh.service.center@us.af.mil.

1.1.6. This instruction prescribes the use of an AF approved Occupational and

Environmental Health - Management Information System (OEH-MIS) to standardize and enhance data entry, management, and reporting. The Defense Occupational and

Environmental Health Readiness System-Industrial Hygiene (DOEHRS-IH) is a DoD software program designed to provide a web-based information management system that will store and manage personal OEH exposure information and monitoring data, personal protective equipment (PPE) usage data, and employee health hazard education data.

1.2. Purpose. The purpose of the laser and optical radiation protection program is to protect health and prevent injury that could have a debilitating effect on human performance. The program is designed to define and mitigate laser related risks. This program is a key component of the AF ESOH management system as directed in Air Force Policy Directive (AFPD) 90-8, Environment, Safety, and Occupational Health. Effective identification and control of laser and other optical radiation hazards is a force multiplier. Supervisors and commanders must: (T-0)

1.2.1. Implement controls to mitigate risks for identified laser and other optical radiation hazards to an acceptable level;

1.2.2. Ensure risk mitigation will be effected through engineering controls first. If research efforts show that engineering controls are not feasible then administrative controls can be considered, with SQ/CC, or higher, approval;

1.2.3. Individual Protective Equipment (IPE) or PPE shall be considered a last resort for controlling a hazard. If engineering or administrative controls are not feasible, then the appropriate IPE/PPE must be made available and used to:

1.2.3.1. Enhance workforce and mission capability;

mailto:esoh.service.center@us.af.mil.

AFI48-139 30 SEPTEMBER 2014 7

1.2.3.2. Reduce harmful laser and other optical radiation impacts from AF operations.

8 AFI48-139 30 SEPTEMBER 2014

Chapter 2

ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES

2.1. Assistant Secretary of the Air Force for Installations & Environment (SAF/IE).

2.1.1. Delegates the responsibility to implement DoDI 6055.15 to USAFSAM to establish, administer, and maintain the Tri-Service Laser Injury Hotline (1-800-473-3549) to provide a reporting function for laser and optical radiation accidents and incidents, as well as coordinate immediate expert medical advice in the event of an injury or suspected injury to

DoD personnel from lasers.

2.2. Assistant Secretary of the Air Force for Acquisition (SAF/AQ).

2.2.2.1. Ensures Program Managers (PMs) and Program Execution Officers (PEOs) address laser and other optical radiation health and safety early in development and throughout Integrated Life Cycle Management (ILCM). Further responsibilities of

System Program Offices (SPOs), PMs and PEOs are outlined in paragraph 2.14

2.2.2.2. Ensures AF acquisition programs incorporate requirements of federal regulations and this instruction into all stages of system procurement IAW Department of Defense

Instruction (DoDI) 5000.1, Operation of the Defense Acquisition System (Supplemented by USD(AT&L) Safety Memo (21 Nov 06), Reducing Preventable Accidents). For military specific lasers, when full compliance with 21 CFR 1040.10 and 1040.11 is not operationally feasible, ensure manufacturers request DoD exemption notifications IAW

FDA Exemption and DoDI 6055.15.

2.3. Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Air Force, Environment, Safety, and Occupational

Health (SAF/IEE). Approves and provides policy guidance to the AF Surgeon General’s ESOH protection policy and guidance for lasers and optical radiation.

2.4. The Office of the Air Force Surgeon General (AF/SG).

2.4.1. Formulates, publishes, reviews, and executes plans, policies, programs, and budgets for medical support of the occupational and environmental health program.

2.4.2. Establishes AF policy for control of laser and other optical radiation health hazards.

2.4.3. Designates AF Medical Service voting members to the DoD Laser Systems Safety

Working Group (LSSWG). The AF-represented voting members are currently AF/SG, 711

HPW and AFSEC.

2.4.4. Designates a voting member to the AF LSSRB from AFMSA/SG3PB to evaluate control measures and risks from military specific lasers seeking AF LSSRB approval for purchase/employment and/or DoD exemption notifications from 21 CFR 1040.10 and

1040.11.

2.5. Air Force Medical Support Agency, Bioenvironmental Engineering Division

(AFMSA/SG3PB). Proposes and interprets guidance and policy to ensure the effective implementation of the AF OEH protection program for lasers and other optical radiation systems and sources.

2.6. Headquarters Air Force Safety Center (HQ AFSEC).

AFI48-139 30 SEPTEMBER 2014 9

2.6.1. Develops guidance for the AF Directed Energy Weapons safety program.

2.6.2. Implements safety standards for programs associated with potentially hazardous exposures related to lasers, laser systems, and other optical sources.

2.6.3. AFSEC Weapons Safety Division (HQ AFSEC/SEW).

2.6.3.1. Designates a voting member to the DoD LSSWG.

2.6.3.2. Chairs the AF LSSRB.

2.6.3.3. With coordination with the AF LSSRB, approves/disapproves new or modified military specific lasers reviewed by the AF LSSRB.

2.6.3.4. Issues DoD exemption notifications to manufacturers of military specific lasers that cannot meet the federal laser specification requirements in 21 CFR 1040.10 and

1040.11. Ensures DoD exemption notification requests are reviewed by the Air Force

Legal Operations Agency (AFLOA/JACE).

2.6.3.5. Maintains a repository of all military specific lasers approved/disapproved for acquisition/fielding through the AF LSSRB.

2.6.3.6. Identifies and prioritizes systems requiring independent laser hazard evaluations and review by the AF LSSRB prior to acquisition/fielding.

2.7. HQ Air Force Inspection Agency (HQ AFIA). Supplements MAJCOM medical inspectors with required specialties to MAJCOM IGs to support Unit Effectiveness Inspections

(UEI) as needed.

2.8. HQ Air Force International and Operations Law Directorate (HQ AF/JAO). Reviews submissions for LSSRB approval for the limited purpose of determining whether the proposed laser in question requires a weapon legal review in accordance with AFI 51-402, Legal Reviews of Weapons and Cyber Capabilities, to ensure compliance with the law of armed conflict.

2.9. Air Force Legal Operations Agency (AFLOA/JACE). Reviews requests for DoD exemption notifications and provides recommendations to HQ AFSEC/SEW.

2.10. Air Force Civil Engineer Center, Fire Emergency Services

(AFCEC/CXF). Establishes criteria for fire protection and life safety in laser facilities and laser system support facilities.

2.11. MAJCOM, FOA and DRU.

2.11.1. Conducts inspection of lasers and other optical radiation systems as part of the

Occupational Health Programs portion of the UEI. Coordinate with AFIA/SG, if necessary, to obtain required medical inspector specialties.

2.11.2. Ensures safety and health assessments are accomplished as necessary in support of the AF LSSRB. Implements programs to monitor laser safety compliance with this instruction and applicable federal regulations concerning the safe use of lasers and other optical radiation systems. (T-0)

2.11.3. Through coordination with acquisition personnel and HQ AFSEC/SEW, ensures military specific lasers have a written AF LSSRB approval prior to fielding. (T-0)

10 AFI48-139 30 SEPTEMBER 2014

2.12. Air Combat Command (ACC). Through coordination with 77 AESG System Program

Office (SPO), issues overall Safe-to-Fly approval of Laser Eye Protection (LEP) for aircrew.

2.13. Air Force Materiel Command (AFMC).

2.13.1. Plans, programs, and budgets for RDT&E related to AF lasers and laser systems, to include laser protective devices, laser technologies, and laser control measures based on priorities provided by AFMSA/SG3PB and HQ AFSEC/SEW.

2.13.2. Ensures a system safety program consistent with MIL-STD-882E, Standard Practice for System Safety, and AFI 91-202, The US Air Force Mishap Prevention Program, Chapter

9, System Safety, is established to support development or modification of systems including lasers and laser systems or other optical radiation sources. Initiates the system safety program as early as possible to ensure effective total life cycle risk. In consultation with HQ

AFSEC/SEW, ensures contracts for operation, modification, and repair of laser systems incorporate safety controls IAW the ANSI Z136 Series and MIL-STD-1425A.

2.13.2.1. Establishes life-cycle controls on military specific lasers to comply with accountability and disposal requirements IAW FDA Laser Notice No. 52 and

DoDI4160.21- M, Defense Material Disposition Manual. Ensures controls and warnings are in place to prevent sale, surplusing, or distribution of military specific lasers outside of DoD. Military specific lasers must be disposed of IAW DoDI 4160.21-M.

2.13.3. 711th Human Performance Wing.

2.13.3.1. Provides operational consultation services.

2.13.3.2. Designates a voting member to the DoD Laser Systems Safety Working Group

(LSSWG).

2.13.3.3. 711 th

Human Performance Wing, Human Effectiveness Directorate, Directed

Energy Bioeffects Division, Optical Radiation Branch (711 HPW/RHDO).

2.13.3.3.1. Conducts research on biological effects of lasers, broadband, and other forms optical radiation. Provides subject matter expertise for national and international standards-setting bodies such as ANSI, Institute of Electrical and

Electronics Engineers (IEEE), International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation

Protection (ICNIRP), and Standardization Agreement (STANAG). (T-1)

2.13.3.3.2. Evaluates and recommends LEP technologies for use against threats and hazardous lasers. Coordinates development and approval of LEP for transition to AF operational use, and provides guidance during Safe-to-Fly evaluation processes for aircrew LEP. (T-1)

2.13.3.3.3. Designates a voting member to the AF LSSRB to evaluate control measures and risks from military specific lasers seeking AF LSSRB approval for acquisition/fielding and/or DoD exemption notifications from 21 CFR 1040.10 and

1040.11. (T-0)

2.13.3.3.4. Maintains the capability to conduct independent laser hazard evaluations of laser and laser systems seeking AF LSSRB approval for acquisition/fielding and/or

DoD exemption notifications from 21 CFR 1040.10 and 1040.11. Maintains a repository of hazard evaluations conducted for AF LSSRB approved/disapproved

AFI48-139 30 SEPTEMBER 2014 11

lasers and laser systems. Provides evaluation information to USAFSAM

Occupational/Environmental Health Division (USAFSAM/OE) for health risk assessment and accident/incident investigations and for distribution to laser safety officers. (T-1)

2.13.3.4. USAFSAM Occupational/Environmental Health Division (USAFSAM/OE).

2.13.3.4.1. Provides AF-wide consultation services on the adequacy of laser and other optical radiation protection devices, materials, hazard assessments, exposure control, medical surveillance, and control measures. (T-1)

2.13.3.4.2. Serves as AF/SG technical center for all issues concerning laser and other optical radiation health and safety. Coordinates with other services and agencies to evaluate, assess, and resolve laser safety issues. Publishes the Bioenvironmental

Engineers Guide for Lasers and Optical Radiation. (T-2)

2.13.3.4.3. Designates a voting member to the AF LSSRB to evaluate control measures and risks from lasers and laser systems seeking AF LSSRB approval for acquisition/fielding and/or DoD exemption notifications from 21 CFR 1040.10 and

1040.11. (T-0)

2.13.3.4.4. Maintains the Tri-Service Laser Injury Hotline (1-800-473-3549) to coordinate investigating/reporting/documenting DoD accidents/incidents involving laser or laser systems with the DoD Laser Accident/Incident Response Group, as necessary, IAW DoDI 6055.15. (T-0)

2.13.3.4.5. Maintains the capability to perform exposure re-creations to evaluate suspected overexposures from lasers and other optical radiation sources. Forwards exposure investigation reports to the Army Institute of Public Health, Tri-Service

Vision Conservation and Readiness Program (TVCRP) for addition to the DoD official repository. (T-0)

2.13.3.4.6. Maintains a repository on the hazard characteristics of military specific lasers, FDA-Compliant Lasers, laser radiation protective devices, and optical radiation sources used within the AF and makes this repository available to installation personnel. (T-0)

2.13.3.4.7. Develops formal training for AF personnel on laser and optical radiation safety through the USAFSAM Department of Bioenvironmental Engineering

(USAFSAM/OED). (T-0)

2.13.3.5. USAFSAM, Aeromedical Consultation Service, Aerospace Medicine

Consultation Division (USAFSAM/FEC).

2.13.3.5.1. Provides consultative examinations in ophthalmology and dermatology for AF personnel. All other consultations must have approval from the 711

HPW/CC. (T-1)

2.13.3.5.2. Develops methods to evaluate injuries or suspected overexposures associated with lasers and optical radiation. (T-0)

2.13.3.5.3. Recommends medical surveillance requirements for active aircrew members, in addition to those stipulated in this AFI or the ANSI Z136 Series. (T-1)

12 AFI48-139 30 SEPTEMBER 2014

2.13.4. 77th Aeronautical Systems Group (77 AESG/CC).

2.13.4.1. Conducts acquisition and sustainment of aircrew LEP. (T-1)

2.13.4.2. Assists 711 HPW/RHDO, test organizations, and MAJCOMs with assessments of LEP and other protective technologies/devices under development for aircrew. (T-1)

2.13.4.3. Manages the Safe-to-Fly health and safety approval processes for aircrew LEP throughout acquisition and fielding process. Safe-to-Fly recommendations are used by the MAJCOM, CCMD, ANG, FOA, or equivalent, to authorize fielding of aircrew LEP or developmental LEP used by aircrew. (T-1)

2.14. SPOs, PMs, and PEOs.

2.14.1. Coordinate projected laser and other optical radiation system acquisitions, performance specifications, and measurements with HQ AFSEC/SEW as early as practical in the procurement process. Notify HQ AFSEC/SEW if the system has a potential to be used by other services so measurements and evaluations can be jointly coordinated. Note: Most military specific lasers are likely to be used jointly.

2.14.2. Initiate the system safety program as early as possible in the development or modification cycle to ensure effective total life cycle risk and cost management.

2.14.3. Evaluate and recommend LEP and other protective technologies for complex lasers/laser systems technologies, i.e. for non-military or threatening lasers. Evaluations shall occur early within development of new systems to ensure safe operations of the systems.

2.14.4. Where full compliance with 21 CFR 1040.10 and 1040.11 conflicts with operational requirements, ensure manufacturers request DoD exemption notifications from the AF

LSSRB IAW FDA Exemption No. 76EL-01 and DoDI 6055.15.

2.14.4.1. Coordinate through HQ AFSEC/SEW to have an independent evaluation conducted of any laser or optical radiation system seeking approval for acquisition/fielding from the AF LSSRB once the system is in final configuration and ready for fielding.

2.14.5. Include health and safety information, cautions, and warnings in Standard Operating

Procedures (SOPs), Technical Orders (TOs), or equivalent.

2.15. Installation Commander.

2.15.1. Establishes policies, procedures, and/or instructions to implement this instruction at the installation level. (T-0)

2.15.2. Establishes an installation laser and optical radiation protection program that conforms to this instruction. (T-1)

2.15.3. Designates, in writing, a qualified Bioenvironmental Engineer (AF Specialty Code

(AFSC): 43E3X) or equivalent civilian to serve as the Installation Laser Safety Officer

(ILSO). If a qualified 43E3X or equivalent civilian is not assigned, a 7-level or higher

Bioenvironmental Engineering Technician (AFSC: 4B0X1) may be designated to serve as the ILSO with approval from the Command Bioenvironmental Engineer. If the base wing is located on a non-AF led joint base, overall ILSO responsibilities would fall to the host unit

AFI48-139 30 SEPTEMBER 2014 13

per the host service's guidelines. If the host does not assign an ILSO, the AF Wing commander must designate a Wing LSO to execute ILSO responsibilities for Wing-owned personnel and operations. If the host assigns one, designation of an AF Wing LSO is optional. (T-2)

2.15.3.1. Delegates authority to the ILSO to suspend installation operations involving the operation of laser or other optical radiation sources that pose a significant health risk to personnel, are in clear violation of regulations or requirements, or can negatively impact

AF operations, materiel, or real estate. (T-1)

2.16. Installation Staff Judge Advocate. The Base Staff Judge Advocate in collaboration with the ILSO and in consultation with AF/JAO and AFLOA/JACE, reviews all investigations conducted for legal sufficiency.

2.17. Installation Laser Safety Officer (ILSO).

2.17.1. Adheres to the LSO duties and responsibilities IAW ANSI Z136.1, those detailed below, and those specified in Chapter 3. (T-0)

2.17.2. Develops and manages an installation laser and optical radiation safety program. (T-

0)

2.17.3. Assists the installation commander in developing and maintaining policies, procedures, and instructions to meet this instruction’s requirements. (T-2)

2.17.4. Incorporates laser and optical radiation hazard evaluations into the special surveillance processes described in AFI 48-145, Occupational Health Program. (T-2)

2.17.5. Establishes a Laser Safety Committee (LSC) at installations with three or more units using Class 3B and/or Class 4 FDA-Compliant Lasers or military specific lasers, if deemed necessary based on a hazard assessment. Suggested LSC composition can include pertinent unit LSOs, Installation Safety, Flight Medicine, and Public Health. Potential discussion items include best safe practices, hazard assessments and controls, etc. The ILSO has the option to include this topic/meeting in conjunction with already existing ESOH structure. (T-

3)

2.17.6. Coordinates suspected laser accidents/incidents. Refer to paragraph 3.6 of this guide and the Bioenvironmental Engineers Guide for Lasers and Optical Radiation. (T-0)

2.17.7. Ensures the outdoor use of lasers adheres to federal, military, state, and local regulations. (See Chapter 3.) (T-0)

2.17.8. Ensures each unit employing military specific lasers maintains a copy of the AF

LSSRB approval letter and hazard evaluation or safety summary for each system type. (T-3)

2.17.9. Either provides or ensures the Unit LSO (ULSO) training is IAW this instruction.

Assists ULSOs in creating SOPs and any review of controlling documents prior to startup of new laser operations. (T-0)

2.17.10. Exercises authority granted by the installation commander to suspend installation operations according to paragraph 2.15.3. Reports deviations from this instruction to the unit commander and, AFMSA/SG3PB, as appropriate. (T-2)

14 AFI48-139 30 SEPTEMBER 2014

2.17.11. Maintains evaluations of hazardous laser and optical radiation equipment. Depending on the equipment, a list of evaluated hazardous Class 3B and 4 lasers could include nomenclature, classification, wavelength, unit of assignment, or other hazard descriptors. Obtains a consolidated list of potentially hazardous lasers consisting of evaluated Class 3B and 4 of un-embedded/unenclosed lasers and laser systems. This consolidated list may come from lists provided by ULSOs or unit safety representatives.

Enters information on laser hazards and exposures in DOEHRS for all activities as part of routine occupational and environmental health threat surveillance. Provides a consolidated listing or listings provided by ULSOs to the MAJCOM/FOA/DRU upon request. (T-1)

2.17.12. Accomplishes and documents completion of required training. (T-0)

2.17.13. Consults with USAFSAM/OE or the ESOH Service Center, as needed, on issues such as hazard evaluations, controls, investigations and/or FDA exemptions. (T-2)

2.18. Medical Treatment Facility (MTF) Commander or Equivalent.

2.18.1. Develops procedures, and/or instructions to implement safety and occupational health aspects of this instruction. (T-2)

2.18.1.1. Establishes Installation Occupational & Environmental Health Working Group

(IOEHWG) that reviews and approves recommended medical surveillance examination

(MSE) requirements IAW AFI 48-145 and AFMAN 48-146, Occupational and

Environmental Health Program Management, and the ANSI Z136 Series. (T-0)

2.18.2. Aerospace Medicine.

2.18.2.1. Ensures aircrew only use LEP certified Safe-to-Fly by the applicable

MAJCOM, CCMD, ANG, or equivalent IAW AFI 11-301 Volume 4 “Aircrew Laser Eye

Protection (ALEP).” (T-1)

2.18.2.2. Ensures examinations and care are provided immediately for all suspected overexposures involving lasers or other optical radiation sources. Ensures coordination with MTF Optometrist for further investigation of any abnormal findings. (T-0)

2.18.2.3. Assists the ILSO with investigations of all suspected overexposures involving lasers or other optical radiation sources. (T-2)

2.18.2.4. Ensures medical follow-up examinations are conducted for persons identified as having been potentially overexposed to lasers or other optical radiation. Further guidance is provided in AFI 10-203, Duty Limiting Conditions, paragraph 2.10.2, the

USAFSAM Laser Injury Guidebook and the Bioenvironmental Engineers Guide for

Lasers and Optical Radiation. (T-3)

2.18.3. Public Health (PH).

2.18.3.1. Initiates and completes, with ILSO/Bioenvironmental Engineering (BE) and

Installation Occupational and Environmental Medicine Consultant (IOEMC), an occupational illness investigation in the AF Safety Automated System for persons identified as having been potentially overexposed to lasers or other optical radiation. (T-

0)

AFI48-139 30 SEPTEMBER 2014 15

2.18.3.2. Administratively supports the IOEMC to ensure MSEs are conducted according to the approved IOEHWG recommendations and IAW AFI 48-123, Medical Examination and Standards. (T-3)

2.19. Installation Safety (SEG).

2.19.1. Reviews and recommends policies and procedures to prevent mishaps from ancillary safety hazards such as electrocution, fire hazards, etc. Periodically evaluates procedures and inspects facilities to ensure compliance with federal, military, state, and local safety requirements. (T-1)

2.19.2. Investigates accidents/incidents related to exposures causing operational impacts, causing damage to systems and/or sensors, or ancillary safety hazards associated with a laser or any optical radiation system IAW AFI 91-204, Investigation and Reporting US Air Force

Mishaps. (T-0)

2.19.3. Reports known laser accidents/incidents involving aircrew to the local MTF/MDG to ensure medical screening and exposure documentation, as appropriate. Report the illumination of military aircraft from lasers or high intensity lights as specified in paragraph

3.7.2.3. (T-1)

2.20. Installation Civil Engineer Fire Emergency Services.

2.20.1. Evaluates procedures and facilities IAW National Fire Protection Association

(NFPA) 115, Standard for Laser Fire Protection. (T-3)

2.20.2. Develops emergency response plans, procedures and training lesson plans for firefighting operations involving facilities and systems utilizing Class 3B or Class 4 lasers which have the potential to be a fire hazard (e.g., laboratory/research lasers, EOD, or tactical lasers). (T-3)

2.20.3. Firefighters assigned to locations with lasers or any optical radiation systems having the potential to be a fire hazard should receive initial and annual training on emergency response to accidents/incidents involving those systems. In addition to fire hazard training, this training should include laser safety training developed by USAFSAM/OED, as noted in paragraph 2.13.3.4.7. (T-2)

2.21. Installation Contracting Office.

2.21.1. Ensures government contractors implement this instruction pursuant to the terms of their governing contract for any purchase of Class 1M, 2M, 3R, 3B, or 4 FDA-Compliant

Lasers or military specific lasers that impact AF property or personnel. (T-0)

2.21.2. Informs contractors to notify the ILSO, at least 30 days in advance of a contractor performing operations using military specific lasers, or Class 3B or 4 FDA-Compliant Laser systems that impact AF property or personnel. Notifies ILSO prior to a contractor bringing

Class 3B or 4 lasers on the installation, and provides laser hazard and control information to the ILSO and/or ULSO for authorization prior to use. (T-2)

2.21.3. All solicitations for goods or services that use or contain Class 1M, 2M, 3R, 3B, or 4

FDA-Compliant lasers or military-specific lasers to include commercial-off-the-shelf

(COTS) lasers must be approved by the ILSO prior to award and procurement. (T-2)

2.22. Unit Commander.

16 AFI48-139 30 SEPTEMBER 2014

2.22.1. For those units that operate or maintain lasers: develops and maintains policies, procedures, and/or instructions to implement this instruction at the unit level. (T-2)

2.22.2. Designates a qualified ULSO. Consult the ILSO for guidance on ULSO qualifications. The ILSO could fulfill this role if agreed upon between the Unit Commander and the ILSO’s Squadron Commander. (T-0)

2.22.3. Implement controls to mitigate risks for identified laser and other optical radiation hazards to an acceptable level. (T-0)

2.23. Unit Laser Safety Officer (ULSO).

2.23.1. Adheres to the LSO duties and responsibilities detailed below and those specified in

Chapter 3. (T-2)

2.23.2. Is knowledgeable on the skill sets required to perform specific duties as an Aircrew

LSO, Industrial LSO, Medical LSO, Range LSO, Research LSO, or Tactical LSO, as applicable. Confer with ILSO and/or Bioenvironmental Engineers Guide for Lasers and

Optical Radiation for delineation of skill sets. (T-0)

2.23.3. Develops and manages a unit laser and optical radiation safety program. (T-0)

2.23.4. Assists the unit commander in developing policies, procedures and/or instructions to meet this instruction. (T-3)

2.23.5. Coordinates suspected laser accidents/incidents with the ILSO/BE, SEG, etc. (T-0)

2.23.6. Acts as a POC for the unit on laser and other optical radiation safety matters and maintains lines of communication with the ILSO, BE, SEG, and PH personnel. (T-3)

2.23.7. Ensures supervisors and workers are aware of and follow laser and other optical radiation safety procedures in this instruction, Concepts of Operations/Employment

(CONOPS/CONEMPS), Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures (TTPs), SOPs, TOs, manuals, unit instructions and other applicable guidance documents. (T-3)

2.23.8. Coordinates laser and other optical radiation evaluation activities with unit command, supervisory personnel, and the ILSO. (T-2)

2.23.9. In coordination with unit commander, suspends unit operations involving the operation of laser or any optical radiation sources that pose a significant health risk to personnel, are in clear violation of regulations or requirements, or can negatively impact AF operations, materiel, or real estate. Coordinates with the ILSO as needed to maintain safe operation and to create SOPs and any review of controlling documents prior to startup of new laser operations. (T-2)

2.23.10. Ensures the outdoor use of unit lasers adheres to federal, military, state, and local regulations. (See Chapter 3) (T-0)

2.23.11. Maintains a copy of the AF LSSRB approval letter and hazard evaluation for each type of military specific laser acquired by the unit (if applicable). (T-0)

2.23.12. Prior to any COTS laser purchases such as laser etchers, coordinates with workplace supervisor and ILSO to determine any safety requirements and to ensure compliance with 21 CFR 1040. (T-0)

AFI48-139 30 SEPTEMBER 2014 17

2.23.13. Maintains accountability in coordination with the unit’s equipment and logistics sections for all Class 3B and 4 lasers and laser systems and all military specific lasers, regardless of class, possessed by the unit. (T-0)

2.23.14. Ensures that no military specific laser is released outside of the AF unless it is transferred to another DoD Service that has approved the use of the system, has been brought into full compliance with 21 CFR 1040.10 & 1040.11, and has the compliance paperwork filed with the FDA; or has been destroyed IAW DODI 4160.21-M. (T-0)

2.24. Workplace Supervisor.

2.24.1. Adheres to the laser supervisor duties and responsibilities detailed below and those specified in Chapter 3.

2.24.2. Assists the ULSO in implementing this instruction by developing unit procedures and provides training for workers and visitors, as applicable, for any laser or optical radiation system. (T-2)

2.24.3. Ensures lasers and optical radiation systems are either FDA compliant, or in the case of military specific lasers, have been approved by the AF LSSRB prior to acquisition/fielding. When necessary, requests approval from the AF LSSRB through HQ

AFSEC/SEW for military specific lasers. (T-0)

2.24.4. Prior to using laser or optical radiation emitters to include COTS systems, implements controls specified by ILSO to mitigate risks for identified laser and other optical radiation hazards to an acceptable level. (T-0)

2.24.5. Ensures risk mitigation will be effected through engineering controls first. If research efforts show that engineering controls are not feasible then administrative controls can be considered, with SQ/CC, or higher, approval. (T-0)

2.24.6. Individual Protective Equipment (IPE) or PPE shall be considered a last resort for controlling a hazard. If engineering or administrative controls are not feasible, then the appropriate IPE/PPE must be made available and used to: (T-0)

2.24.6.1. Enhance workforce and mission capability;

2.24.6.2. Address laser and other optical radiation impacts from AF operations.

2.24.7. In the event of a suspected laser accident/incident, ensures medical treatment is sought immediately. (T-1)

2.24.8. Ensures the unit commander, ILSO, ULSO, BE, SEG and PH are notified immediately of suspected overexposures and investigations are appropriately coordinated.

(T-0)

2.24.9. Immediately reports to the ULSO any suspected laser or optical radiation overexposure, unsafe conditions, and/or change in usage that could change the hazard assessment. (T-2)

2.24.10. Ensures users of any Class 1M, 2M, 3R, 3B or 4 FDA-Compliant Laser, military specific laser, or optical radiation sources are trained upon initial assignment to the unit and annually thereafter. This extends to those individuals that conduct routine maintenance on any Class 3B or Class 4 embedded lasers. (T-0)

18 AFI48-139 30 SEPTEMBER 2014

2.24.11. Ensures incidental personnel (e.g., personnel, such as housekeepers, who are not allowed to work around the laser when it is “on”) are adequately trained in procedures and policies in areas with active lasers or other optical radiation systems. As a minimum, personnel shall be trained on safe work practices and descriptions of warning signs and hazard zones. (T-2)

2.24.12. Ensures visitors receive training, PPE such as LEP or skin protection (when required), and permission to enter a laser controlled area. As a minimum, visitors shall be trained on safe work practices, specific hazards, and procedures to follow in the event of a suspected overexposure to laser or other optical radiation. (T-2)

2.24.13. Documents training regarding safe use and hazards from lasers and optical radiation sources, e.g. Form 55 or electronic equivalent. Verifies the individual user’s annual safety training IAW paragraph 2.24.2 of this instruction. (T-2)

2.24.14. Ensures the outdoor use of lasers and optical radiation systems adheres to federal, military, state, and local regulations. (See Chapter 3) (T-0)

2.25. Individual.

2.25.1. Controls laser and optical radiation hazards by following procedures in this instruction, CONOPs, TTPs, SOPs, TOs, manuals, and unit instructions. (T-2)

2.25.2. Ensures warning signs, safety devices, and PPE are functional and in place before operating lasers or optical radiation systems. (T-2)

2.25.3. Immediately reports to the workplace supervisor and the ULSO any suspected laser or optical radiation overexposure, unsafe conditions, and/or change in usage that could change the hazard assessment. (T-2)

2.25.4. Ensures the outdoor use of lasers adheres to applicable federal, military, state, and local regulations. (See Chapter 3) (T-0)

AFI48-139 30 SEPTEMBER 2014 19

Chapter 3

INSTALLATION PROGRAM

3.1. General Guidelines.

3.1.1. The program elements of this instruction augment those of the ANSI Z136 Series and are shared among workplace supervisors and other functional areas such as BE, PH, SEG, and healthcare providers. However, the ILSO has overall responsibility to the installation commander for the installation laser safety program, and as such shall be designated in writing, by the installation commander, as the final authority on all laser operations conducted within the installation’s areas of responsibility. (T-3)

3.1.2. The fundamental aspects of a laser and optical radiation protection program shall include training, evaluation and control of direct and ancillary laser hazards, medical surveillance/examinations, and accident/incident investigation. (T-0)

3.1.3. Personnel will not be intentionally exposed to laser radiation in excess of the maximum permissible exposure (MPE) levels (IAW ANSI Z136.1) and unnecessary exposures to laser radiation below the MPE will be avoided. This does not apply to patients receiving medical or dental treatment. (T-2)

3.1.4. If an organization uses Class 3B or Class 4 lasers, the LSO at each level (ILSO and

ULSO) shall be appointed by the commander at the appropriate level. (T-3)

3.1.5. In addition to the ILSO, specialized ULSOs will be appointed based on the primary mission of the unit. ULSOs will consist of aircrew, industrial, medical, range, research, or tactical LSOs. (T-3)

3.2. LSO and User Training Criteria.

3.2.1. Laser safety training shall be provided initially and annually to users of any Class 3B or 4 FDA-Compliant Lasers or military specific lasers, IAW with the training requirements/topics listed in the ANSI Z136 Series, military directives and requirements, and training specific to the laser(s) and laser system(s) used by the unit. Consult with

USAFSAM for training requirements/topics. (T-0)

3.2.2. AF LSO training requirements are based upon the primary mission of the unit to which the LSO is assigned and require varying levels of knowledge and training for each area. In consultation with the ILSO, the ULSO shall determine what, if any, training is commensurate with the laser hazards accessible at the unit level. Further definitions and the recommended training requirements for each type of LSO are provided in Bioenvironmental

Engineers Guide for Lasers and Optical Radiation. (T-0)

3.3. Hazard Evaluations.

3.3.1. The ILSO will conduct a hazard evaluation and establish controls prior to use or maintenance of all Class 3B or 4 FDA-Compliant Lasers or military specific lasers. This requirement shall include embedded Class 3B and Class 4 lasers if the use or maintenance could potentially expose personnel. Additionally, this requirement applies for the equivalent lasers and laser systems classified under prior ANSI, International Electrotechnical

Commission (IEC), or FDA classification schemes. (T-0)

20 AFI48-139 30 SEPTEMBER 2014

3.3.2. The most recent versions of the ANSI Z136 Series shall be adopted to determine classification of military specific lasers, calculate/identify beam and non-beam hazards, calculate nominal ocular hazard distances (NOHD), nominal skin hazard distance (NSHD), nominal hazard zones (NHZ), optical density (OD) and determine controls. The MPE values from ANSI Z136.1 shall not be exceeded unless part of an approved human-use protocol or medical procedure. (T-0)

3.3.3. If an ILSO or ULSO suspects and validates that re-classification of a laser may result in a lower hazard class, then the classification and labeling should be updated IAW ANSI

Z136 Series. (T-2)

3.3.4. For safe use of lasers in health care facilities, consult with USAFSAM to conduct a hazard evaluation IAW ANSI Z136.3. (T-0)

3.3.5. For visible lasers used in an outdoor environment, the hazard evaluation should include determining ranges associated with visual interference levels IAW MIL-HDBK-

828A, MIL-HDBK-828B, and ANSI Z136.6. (T-0)

3.3.6. For the safe use of lasers in research environments, consult with USAFSAM to conduct a hazard evaluation IAW ANSI Z136.8. (T-0)

3.3.7. For broadband optical radiation hazards, TLV®s as listed in the ACGIH® TLV® guidebook shall not be exceeded. (T-2)

3.3.8. For directed energy weapons (DEWs), refer to AFI 91-401. (T-1)

3.3.9. Additional information concerning hazards evaluations may be obtained by contacting the ILSO, BE, or the ESOH Hotline. To contact the ESOH Service Center, call (toll free) at

1-888-232-ESOH (3764), DSN 798-3764, or send emails to esoh.service.center@us.af.mil.

3.4. Laser Hazard Controls. The purpose of controls is to reduce the risk of exposure to the skin and eyes even with the presence of PPE, and to prevent exposure to visible laser radiation at levels that interfere with critical tasks. For purposes of this instruction, exposure is defined as

“unprotected exposure,” i.e. exposure without PPE. PPE shall be considered a tertiary control, to be used in the event primary engineering or administrative controls fail or cannot be implemented due to a negative mission impact. (T-0)

3.5. Medical Surveillance for Laser Users and Some Broadband Optical Sources.

3.5.1. General. Any medical examination requirements are limited to personnel who routinely work in a laser environment with potential exposure to Class 3B or Class 4 lasers as either defined within the job description or on a greater than once a month basis. Users include operators, technicians, engineers, and maintenance/service personnel, etc., working with or around these lasers. Specific personnel working in a laser-operating environment, who may be exposed to laser emissions, include, but are not limited to, laboratory, aircrew, combat control teams, special operations forces and laser range personnel. Personnel who work with lasers that are embedded or encased limiting the potential exposure hazard to that of a lower class laser are not subject to a higher level of medical surveillance. Personnel who do not routinely operate in a laser environment may be considered incidental personnel not requiring examination.

3.5.2. Medical Examination Requirements and Frequency for Lasers and Laser Systems.

Refer to DOD 6055.05M,…