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FA4419-11-R-0104 CARPET IDIQ ATTACHMENT 5

BY ORDER OF THE

SECRETARY OF THE AIR FORCE

AIR FORCE OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND

HEALTH STANDARD 91-10

1 JULY 1998

Safety

CIVIL ENGINEERING

OPR: HQ AFSC/SEGS (Karen N. Kinkle) Certified by: HQ AFSC/SEG (Colonel Robert W. Scott)

Supersedes AFOSH Standard 127-10, 1 October 1988

Pages: 144 Distribution: F

The criteria in this standard are the Air Force’s minimum safety, fire prevention, and occupational requirements for all Air Force-specific civil engineering (CE) operations and maintenance act (chapters 3-13) except entomology, fire fighting, liquid fuels maintenance, and snow and ice remo control. (Refer to Air Force Instructions [AFI] 32-2001, The Fire Protection Operations and Fire Pre-vention Program, and 32-1045, Snow and Ice Control.) NOTE: Chapter 1 and Chapter 2 apply to all CE activities. Major commands (MAJCOM), direct reporting units (DRU), and field operating agen (FOA) may supplement this standard when additional or more stringent safety, fire prevention, and criteria are required. Refer to AFI 91-301, Air Force Occupational and Environmental Safety, Fire Pro-tection, and Health (AFOSH) Program, for instructions on processing supplements or variances. Re conflicts in guidance between this standard, federal standards, or other Air Force directives throug COM, DRU, or FOA ground safety offices to Headquarters Air Force Safety Center, Ground Safety sion, Safety Engineering and Standards Branch (HQ AFSC/SEGS) 9700 Avenue G, SE, Sui Kirtland AFB NM 87117-5670.

This standard applies to all United States (US) Air Force organizations, including all US Air F Reserve personnel and when Air National Guard personnel are on federal service. It is directed actual operations versus facility or equipment design requirements. Task and design requirement all-inclusive. Use current Air Force directives, AFOSH standards, military specifications (Mil Spec consensus standards. This standard addresses CE shop and maintenance practices and compara repair and maintenance activities conducted by other Air Force organizations.

No Technical Order (TO), AFOSH Standard, or Operating Instruction can possibly address every or potential hazard that may arise from a specific task or combination of tasks. Where situations e do not appear to be adequately covered by existing directives, use an Operational Risk Mana (ORM) process to assess risk associated with those situations and determine adequate safeguar cedures to manage the risk.

NOTE: The ORM process may not be used to violate directives or other regulatory guidance. N waiver or variance procedures must be followed in all cases (refer to the first paragraph on page 1

NOTICE: This publication is available digitally on the SAF/AAD WWW site at: http://afpubs.hq.af.m If you lack access, contact your Publishing Distribution Office (PDO).

2 AFOSHSTD91-10 1 JULY 1998

ferences

FA4419-11-R-0104 CARPET IDIQ ATTACHMENT 5

Most of the information in this standard is Air Force developed, derived from American National Stan-dards Institute (ANSI) standards, the National Safety Council (NSC) data sheets, and other nationally rec-ognized reference sources, plus Air Force CE directives. The standard implements pertinent portions of Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Standards 29 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 1910 and 1926. OSHA cross-references are included at the end of applicable paragraphs.

SUMMARY OF REVISIONS

Administrative changes have been made to update this standard to electronic format. Paragraphs have been renumbered and references updated. References to TO 36-1-58, General Requirements for Repair, Maintenance, and Testing of Lifting Devices, have been removed (paragraphs 2.10., 2.10.2.4., 2.10.4., 3.1.2.2.1., and 3.1.2.9.). Requirement for weight-testing of jacks and portable hoists every 12 months has been removed (paragraph 2.11.). AF Form 979, Danger Tag, replaced AF Form 267, Electrical Dan-ger—Men at Work, and AF Form 980, Caution Tag, replaced AF Form 268, Caution—Abnormal Conditions (paragraphs 10.4.3.1. and 10.4.3.2.). A glossary of references and supporting information is at Attachment 1. A bar (|) preceding a paragraph indicates changes from the previous edition. NOTE:

AFOSH 127-series standards are being converted to 91-series standards and 161-series to 48-series stan-dards. However, not all standards have been converted as of the effective date of this standard. To help you locate these documents, references to AFOSH standards are stated in the updated series and standard number, with the outgoing series and standard number stated as “formerly designated as” in the re section of Attachment 1.

Chapter 1—INTRODUCTION 7

1.1. Application

1.2. Hazards and Human Factors

Chapter 2—GENERAL SAFETY, FIRE PREVENTION, AND OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH

REQUIREMENTS 10

2.1. Supervisory Responsibilities

2.2. Nonsupervisory (Employee) Training

2.3. Occupational Health

2.4. Shop Layout:

2.5. Hand Tools

2.6. Portable Power Tools

2.7. Fire Prevention

2.8. Compressed Air:

2.9. Ladders and Scaffolds

2.10. Hoists and Cranes

2.11. Jacks and Portable Hoists

2.12. Material Storage

AFOSHSTD91-10 1 JULY 1998 3

FA4419-11-R-0104 CARPET IDIQ ATTACHMENT 5

2.13. Manual Material Handling

Figure 2.1. Proper Lifting Procedures

2.14. Shoring and Trenching

2.15. Barricades and Traffic Signs

2.16. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)—General

2.17. Restrictions

Chapter 3—EQUIPMENT OPERATIONS, PAVEMENT, AND LANDSCAPE AND GROUNDS

MAINTENANCE 38

3.1. Equipment Operations and Pavements

3.2. Landscape and Grounds Maintenance:

Chapter 4—CARPENTRY AND STRUCTURAL MAINTENANCE 54

4.1. Hazards and Human Factors

4.2. General Carpentry:

4.3. Ventilation Systems:

4.4. Storage and Handling of Lumber:

4.5. Installed Equipment

4.6. Powder-Actuated Fastening Tools

4.7. Roofing Operations:

4.8. Masonry:

Chapter 5—PROTECTIVE COATING MAINTENANCE 61

5.1. General Requirements

5.2. Occupational Health and Toxic Materials:

Chapter 6—PLUMBING MAINTENANCE 64

6.1. Hazards and Human Factors

6.2. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

6.3. General Safety, Fire Prevention, and Occupational Health Requirements

6.4. Hot Operations:

6.5. Industrial Waste Drains

6.6. Open Storm Drains

6.7. Gas Systems

6.8. Tunnels, Pits, and Sumps:

4 AFOSHSTD91-10 1 JULY 1998

FA4419-11-R-0104 CARPET IDIQ ATTACHMENT 5

6.9. Compressed Air

Chapter 7—METAL FABRICATION AND WELDING MAINTENANCE 68

7.1. Inert Gas Brazing and Welding

7.2. Electron Beam Welding

7.3. Plasma Arc Cutting

7.4. Air Carbon Arc Cutting

7.5. Induction (Spot) Welding and Brazing

7.6. Magnesium-Thorium Welding, Cutting, and Grinding

7.7. Welding and Cutting Tanks, Cylinders, or Containers

7.8. Portable Gas Units

7.9. Portable Electric Units:

7.10. Arc Welding:

7.11. Resistance Welding:

7.12. Welding in Confined Spaces

7.13. Hazards Associated with Fluxes, Coverings, Filler Metals, and Base Met

7.14. Sheet Metal:

Chapter 8—REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING MAINTENANCE 75

8.1. Hazards and Human Factors

8.2. General Requirements:

8.3. Storage and Handling

8.4. Fluorocarbons

Chapter 9—HEATING SYSTEMS AND CENTRAL HEATING PLANT MAINTENANCE 78

9.1. Boiler Operations:

9.2. Boiler Safety:

9.3. Cleaning and Maintenance Procedures:

9.4. Steam Piping and Valve Maintenance:

9.5. Vaults, Manholes, and Tanks:

9.6. Central Heating Plants:

Chapter 10—INTERIOR AND EXTERIOR ELECTRIC MAINTENANCE 86

10.1. Electric Motor Rewind Shops

10.2. Storage Batteries:

AFOSHSTD91-10 1 JULY 1998 5

10.3. Work on Energized Circuits:

10.4. Work Near Energized Equipment:

10.5. Exterior Electric

Chapter 11—ELECTRICAL POWER PRODUCTION 89

11.1. Plant Operations:

11.2. Plant Maintenance:

11.3. Plant Switchgear and Substation:

11.4. Batteries:

11.5. Vaults and Manholes

11.6. Air Compressors:

Chapter 12—WATER AND WASTEWATER TREATMENT 93

12.1. Hazards and Human Factors

12.2. Personal Sanitation and Protective Equipment:

12.3. Treatment Plant

12.4. Manholes

12.5. Laboratories

12.6. Sanitary Sewer Systems

Chapter 13—AIRCRAFT ARRESTING SYSTEMS (AAS) 103

13.1. Hazards and Human Factors

13.2. Requirements:

13.3. Runway Barriers:

Attachment 1—Glossary of References and Supporting Information 107

Attachment 2—Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Civil Engineering Operations 118

Attachment 3—Equipment Operations, Pavement, and Landscape and Grounds Maintenance Checklist 123

Attachment 4—Carpentry and Structural Maintenance Checklist 129

Attachment 5—Protective Coating Maintenance Checklist 131

Attachment 6—Plumbing Maintenance Checklist 132

Attachment 7—Metal Fabrication and Welding Maintenance Checklist 134

6 AFOSHSTD91-10 1 JULY 1998

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Attachment 8—Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Maintenance Checklist 136

Attachment 9—Heating Systems and Central Heating Plant Maintenance Checklist 13

Attachment 10—Interior and Exterior Electric Maintenance Checklist 139

Attachment 11—Electrical Power Production Checklist 140

Attachment 12—Water and Wastewater Treatment Checklist 141

Attachment 13—Aircraft Arresting Systems (AAS) Checklist 143

AFOSHSTD91-10 1 JULY 1998 7

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1. Application. Civil engineering normally has one of the largest work forces on an Air Force installa-tion. This work force is involved in numerous planning, maintenance, and fire prevention activities that have the potential to significantly contribute to the reduction of Air Force mishaps experienced by the installation. Civil engineering support is one of the most important keys to the overall safety, fire preven-tion, and occupational health protection of the entire installation. Safe management of its work force, inclusion of safe features (most economical during the identification, planning or design phases), and the correction of facility and grounds hazards, are instrumental to the success of the US Air Force Mishap Prevention Program.

1.2. Hazards and Human Factors. Civil engineering craftworkers are exposed to a large variety of haz-ardous situations, machinery, equipment, and chemicals. This section addresses general hazards. If there are specific hazards or factors for a specific work center that have not previously been addressed, they will be discussed in the pertinent chapter.

1.2.1. Use of soaps and solvents can cause surfaces to become slippery and create the potential for slips and falls. Certain cleaning solvents may ignite if applied to hot surfaces or when heated, causing fires and (or) injuries to workers. Pressure cleaners and steam cleaners operate at pressures in excess of 100 pounds per square inch (psi) and temperatures near 200 degrees Fahrenheit (F). Improper use can result in severe personal injury. Soaps and solvents can also cause health problems such as der-matitis, eye irritation, and other medical problems especially if the solvents become inhaled.

1.2.2. Interruption of services, injury to workers, and (or) equipment damages all result when electri-cal, gas, and steam lines are broken during digging operations.

1.2.3. The use of flammable and combustible liquids can result in explosions, burns from fire and chemicals, asphyxiation, inhalation of vapors, absorption through the skin, skin irritation, and eye damage from direct contact or exposure. The volatility of flammable or combustible liquids is increased by heating and, when heated to temperatures higher than their flashpoints, they present addi-tional hazards.

1.2.4. Portable power tools receive power from electricity, air pressure, explosive charges, or a rotat-ing flexible cable. While the portable tool increases mobility and convenience, it is frequently more hazardous to use than its stationary counterpart. The reason for this is that portable tools are, of neces-sity, small, making safety guarding more difficult. Typical injuries resulting from the use of portable power tools include electrical shock, burns, cuts, eye injuries from flying particles, and muscle strains.

The most common injuries which occur when using portable circular saws are the result of contact with the blade, electric shock or burns, tripping over cords or saws, losing balance while using the saw, dropping the saw on self or another person, and kickbacks from pinching blades in the cut.

Severe eye injuries result from flying sawdust or small particles.

1.2.5. Electrical installations and equipment present the potential for shock or electrocution from con-tact with energized systems. Electrical equipment can also cause property damage because of its potential as an ignition source for fire or explosion. Fire can be caused by short circuits, over-heated equipment, or failure of current limiters, thermal sensors, and other devices. Explosions may occur

8 AFOSHSTD91-10 1 JULY 1998

shaps, ing, or such as . Also,

es. Skin without onfined t atmo-main-vaults, often zards ipes or ent.

uipment porary

FA4419-11-R-0104 CARPET IDIQ ATTACHMENT 5

when flammable liquids, gases, or dusts are exposed to ignition sources generated by electrical equip-ment.

1.2.5.1. Cord abuse is probably the most often single cause for electric shock to workers in the field.

1.2.5.2. Excessive scraping, kinking, stretching, and exposure to grease and oils will damage power cables and cause premature failure and possible shock or burns.

1.2.5.3. Because electric power hand tools are portable, the operator may allow the power cable to run below the material being worked or sawed and cut the cord.

1.2.6. Hernias, back strains, crushed hands and feet, broken bones, and severe lacerations can result from poor manual handling practices. The injury problem associated with manual handling has increased in recent years because of the greater size and quantities of equipment and materials being used throughout the Air Force. Many injuries to civil engineering personnel are due to improper lift-ing procedures and (or) failure to use mechanical lifting devices for handling heavy loads.

1.2.7. There are many hazards associated with limitations (e.g., fatigue) and adverse conditions:

1.2.7.1. Mental lapses and inability to concentrate on job tasks that could result in trips, falls, inability to carry heavy articles, and exposure to vehicles and other moving objects.

1.2.7.2. Extreme or adverse weather conditions (heat, cold, and extreme humidity) affect each individual worker’s physical output differently.

1.2.8. Use of the wrong tool for the work or job and the lack of inspection of tools causes mi such as cuts, eye damage, and broken bones.

1.2.9. Unsafe work practices when performing hot-work operations, such as burning, solder brazing may result in serious burns.

1.2.10. Working with or around hazardous substances places workers in hazardous situations, working with or around battery acids, paints, chemicals, sewage, or other cleaning operations the mercury and phosphor contained in fluorescent lamps are dangerous in open cuts or in ey problems or dermatitis are the result of handling epoxy cements, caustics, oils, and solvents protection.

1.2.11. Inadequate ventilation or unacceptable respirator programs for certain operations in c spaces can cause asphyxiation resulting in death. This hazard exists in any oxygen-deficien sphere. Personnel working with electricity, plumbing, water and wastewater treatment, heating tenance, power production, and other allied trades are exposed to this situation in tanks, manholes, and other above- or below-ground level environments.

1.2.12. Work requiring removal of earth and (or) rock is essentially simple, yet dangerous. Too the result of cave-ins is death by suffocation or injury or death by crushing. Additionally, ha may also be encountered when excavating around utilities as a result of contact with buried p lines.

1.2.13. Hazards are present when working in areas where flying or falling objects may be pres

1.2.14. Exposure to hazardous noise either in the shops or in other work areas such as eq rooms, generator rooms, and the flight line without proper hearing protection can result in tem or permanent loss of hearing.

AFOSHSTD91-10 1 JULY 1998 9

may be

FA4419-11-R-0104 CARPET IDIQ ATTACHMENT 5

1.2.15. Attics, crawl spaces, tanks, vaults, and similar areas are frequently lacking in illumination that may contribute to other hazards resulting in falls, burns, cuts, or electrical shock.

1.2.16. Injuries resulting from working on or near moving machinery range from minor cuts and bruises to a severed limb. This hazard exists where shop machinery is being operated and may exist at all job sites where vehicles, equipment, or machinery are in use.

1.2.17. Mechanical lifting devices include a large variety of cranes, hoists, slings, jacks, and forklifts.

Their use is subject to certain hazards that cannot be controlled by mechanical means, but only through the use of intelligence, care, and common sense. Hazards include overloading, dropping, or slipping of the load, obstructing the free passage of the load, moving a vehicle with an unsecured load, not using outriggers, and other misuse of the lifting devices.

1.2.18. Motor vehicle operations result in many needless mishaps. Many are caused by improper backing of the vehicle. Others occur when the vehicle is moving slightly, (e.g., injuries sustained when a person gets on or off the vehicle or a vehicle is left in neutral with no brake on). Most are operator errors caused by failure to adjust for weather conditions, speeding, and inattention to the driving task. The use of propane, diesel, or gasoline-powered equipment (e.g., forklifts and materials handling carts) produces carbon monoxide. The employee’s exposure to carbon monoxide excessive if such operations are conducted in low ceiling or confined areas.

10 AFOSHSTD91-10 1 JULY 1998

Chapter 2

GENERAL SAFETY, FIRE PREVENTION, AND OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH

REQUIREMENTS

2.1. Supervisory Responsibilities. Supervisors must recognize those factors in the workplace with mis-hap potential. Supervisors shall not require their personnel to work in environments or conditions that are hazardous to their safety or health without first providing adequate engineering and administrative con-trols or personal protective equipment (PPE). The supervisor shall provide frequent inspections of job sites, work methods and materials, and equipment used. Any unsafe equipment or material shall be tagged and rendered inoperative or physically removed from its place of operation. The supervisor shall permit only qualified personnel to operate equipment and machinery according to safe work practices.

2.1.1. Supervisors will:

2.1.1.1. Ensure safe working conditions.

2.1.1.2. Ensure all interior and exterior electrical and power production personnel are trained in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) procedures.

2.1.1.3. Provide necessary protective equipment.

2.1.1.4. Ensure required guards and protective equipment are provided, used, and properly main-tained.

2.1.1.5. Ensure tools and equipment are properly maintained and used.

2.1.1.6. Plan the workload and assign employees to jobs they are qualified to perform.

2.1.1.7. Ensure the employees understand the work to be done, the hazards that may be encoun-tered, and the proper procedure for doing the work safely.

2.1.1.8. Take immediate action to correct any violation of safety rules observed or reported to them.

2.1.1.9. Ensure workers exposed or potentially exposed to hazardous chemicals or materials are trained on the hazards of those chemicals and materials per AFOSH Standard 48-21, Hazard Com-munication. Information may be retrieved from the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for the chemical or material.

2.1.1.10. Conduct job safety analysis (JSA) of job tasks whenever required to ensure a safe work environment. NOTE: A JSA shall be accomplished when new equipment is installed, equipment is relocated, or new procedures are implemented in critical or hazardous operations. AFI 91-202, The US Air Force Mishap Prevention Program, will be consulted.

2.1.2. The following guides will aid each supervisor in briefing employees:

2.1.2.1. Check the work area for hazards.

2.1.2.2. Check the work request or sketch with employees.

2.1.2.3. Explain why the job is being done.

2.1.2.4. Point out existing and potential hazards and the action required to control them.

2.1.2.5. Explain the work methods to be used.

AFOSHSTD91-10 1 JULY 1998 11

n, e exist-

FA4419-11-R-0104 CARPET IDIQ ATTACHMENT 5

2.1.2.6. Assign the work clearly and definitely.

2.1.2.7. Ask for questions and suggestions. Let employees know they may come to you or the safety representative with safety, fire prevention, or occupational health problems.

2.1.2.8. Ensure all employees fully understand their work assignments and safety responsibilities.

2.2. Nonsupervisory (Employee) Training. Supervisors shall provide specialized job safety, fire pre-vention, and occupational health training to all employees (see AFI 91-301 for guidance). Employees shall be thoroughly trained in the use of protective equipment, guards, and safeguards for chemicals (AFOSH Standard 91-68, Chemical Safety) and safe operation of equipment, machines, and tools they use or operate. Only employees who have been trained and those undergoing supervised on-the-job training (OJT) will be allowed to use shop equipment, machines, and tools. Certification and licensing are required for some tools and equipment, (e.g., powder-actuated tools and electrical generators). The super-visor will ensure these special qualifications are complete before allowing or requiring the employee to use the tools. Recurring safety meetings (monthly is suggested) are an excellent way for the supervisor to stress the importance of employee safety, both on- and off-the-job. The meetings may allow for employee feedback and discussion and include one or more of the following as applicable to the job.

2.2.1. Lifting and handling techniques.

2.2.2. Hazards associated with various jobs in progress.

2.2.3. Unsafe practices.

2.2.4. Recent mishaps.

2.2.5. Protective equipment. (Refer to Attachment 2 for a list of PPE that may be required when specific tasks are performed.)

2.2.6. Portable electric tools.

2.2.7. Hand tools.

2.2.8. Chemicals and health hazards.

2.2.9. Use of MSDS.

2.2.10. Safe housekeeping practices.

2.2.11. Working on or near machinery.

2.2.12. Use of ladders.

2.2.13. Work on elevated platforms or positions.

2.2.14. Falls from elevated positions.

2.2.15. Lifting and hoisting equipment.

2.2.16. Fire hazards and fire prevention.

2.2.17. First aid and CPR training.

2.2.18. Falls—same levels.

2.2.19. Pertinent safe practices. NOTE: Any valid employee identification of safety, fire preventio or occupational health hazards that cannot be corrected by the supervisor will be handled by th

12 AFOSHSTD91-10 1 JULY 1998

one of dequate te for all y stan-s from tection ment ing or ancer of site. If e, safe borne asbes- Mate-ojects f work entry.

eeded to

FA4419-11-R-0104 CARPET IDIQ ATTACHMENT 5

ing documentation system (e.g., hazard report, self-inspection report, or internal employee complaint channels).

2.3. Occupational Health. Health hazards that affect civil engineering workers also affect occupants of buildings in which the work is being done and (or) people passing by work in progress. Adequate controls shall be used whenever an operation possesses a potential health hazard to any or all of these personnel.

2.3.1. AFOSH Standard 48-19, Hazardous Noise Program, addresses program responsibilities, des-ignation of hazardous noise-producing equipment and hazardous noise areas, required PPE, and required medical examinations for personnel exposed to hazardous noise. The installation Bioenvi-ronmental Engineer (BEE) will be contacted for consultation in this area.

2.3.2. Respirators will be provided and used when exposure to workers exceeds permissible levels and engineering controls are not feasible or have not been installed. The installation BEE determines when respirators are needed and selects the type based on the material of concern.

2.3.3. Internal combustion engines will not be operated inside buildings unless an exhaust system approved by the installation BEE is installed and used. When equipment is operated adjacent to build-ings, the exhaust will be directed away from the buildings. Substitution of electric forklifts, modifica-tion of existing equipment, or appropriate ventilation may be necessary to lower the carbon monoxide concentrations to allowable levels. Where high concentrations of carbon monoxide accumulate (e.g., in warehousing areas where there are a large number of forklifts in use), the installation BEE should be contacted to survey and identify requirements to make the work area safe. See Air Force Manual (AFMAN) 24-306, Manual for the Wheeled Vehicle Driver, for requirements and information on safe vehicle operation.

2.3.4. Dermatitis is one of the leading occupational diseases in today’s workplace and also is the easiest to prevent. Protection in the form of gloves or barrier creams can easily provide a protection. Caution is advised in the selection process as not all gloves or creams are adequa cleaning solvents or applications. The installation BEE will be contacted for assistance.

2.3.5. AFOSH Standard 91-31, Personal Protective Equipment, and other specific job safet dards outline requirements for protective equipment, barriers, and procedures to prevent injurie flying or falling objects (e.g., face shield, hard hats, or construction barriers). Proper eye pro equipment will be provided when needed, and its use will be strictly enforced. This require includes workers not actually involved but who are within the area and may be affected by fly falling objects.

2.3.6. Asbestos fibers, which are capable of causing the lung disease asbestosis as well as c the lung and mesothelioma, are among the most dangerous substances present on the job asbestos is used (normally not, except in some military-unique operations) or already in plac handling procedures will be followed. Employees will not be exposed to unsafe levels of air asbestos. Occupants or passersby will be provided protection or kept out of the facility during tos clean-up and removal (refer to AFOSH Standard 48-8, Controlling Exposure to Hazardous rials, for further guidance). The installation BEE will be consulted on all planned asbestos pr and will be immediately notified upon discovery of asbestos during a project or suspension o due to asbestos.

2.3.7. Working in confined spaces can pose serious health hazards to workers involved in Supervisors and workers alike must be aware of these potential hazards and the precautions n

AFOSHSTD91-10 1 JULY 1998 13

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Suffi-from or es not ainte-ines is ufficient pe and zones eces-s with struc-ment of ndent of provide

FA4419-11-R-0104 CARPET IDIQ ATTACHMENT 5

avert a potential serious consequence. AFOSH Standard 91-25, Confined Spaces, addresses specific responsibilities, requirements, and procedures concerning entry into confined spaces.

2.3.8. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 491M, Manual of Hazardous Chemical Reac-tions, will be consulted for guidance on chemical reactions that have the potential to create toxic gases or explosion and fire.

2.3.9. Supervisors will watch for signs of fatigue and prevent workers from overextending them-selves. Physical limitations will be considered when assigning job tasks. Other mental limitations that should be considered when assigning job tasks are mental preoccupation resulting from personal problems that could have an impact upon worker and co-worker safety.

2.3.10. Shop supervisors should be aware of each employee’s limitations under different w conditions and on-site job conditions and select personnel for job assignments accordingly.

2.3.11. Supervisors and workers will perform pre-job planning. Supervisors will ensure operat competent, careful, physically and mentally fit, and thoroughly trained by the shop supervisor safe operation of lifting devices.

2.4. Shop Layout:

2.4.1. Layout. Proper layout, spacing, and arrangement of equipment, machinery, passagew aisles are essential to orderly operations. Good layout can best be achieved in the design sta recommendations from the installation ground safety, fire prevention, bioenvironmental engin (BE), and engineering officials. Regardless whether a facility is in the design stage, being rem or if new or existing equipment and machinery are repositioned, basic layout consideratio important factors in planning a facility for safe operations. When barricaded work areas a worked each day, the shop supervisor will ensure the area is checked each day to ensure b and signs are in place and operating as required. AFOSH Standards 91-22, Walking Surfaces, Guard-ing Floor and Wall Openings and Holes, Fixed Industrial Stairs, and Portable and Fixed Ladders, and 91-12, Machinery, and OSHA Standard 29 CFR 1910.212, General Requirements for A Machines, will be consulted for guidance on proper layout, spacing, and arrangement.

2.4.1.1. Equipment and machinery will be arranged to permit an even flow of materials.

cient space should be provided to handle the material with the least possible interference to workers or other work being performed. Machines should be placed so the operator do stand in a passageway or aisle. Additionally, machine positioning should allow for easy m nance, cleaning, and removal of scrap. After the initial positioning of equipment and mach decided, clear zones (work spaces) shall be established. These clear zones should be of s dimensions to accommodate typical work. If material exceeds established clear zones, ro stanchions may be used to temporarily extend the workspace. Marking of machine clear may be yellow or yellow and black hash-marked lines, 2 to 3 inches wide when marking is n sary (optional). Machines designed for fixed locations will be securely anchored. Machine shock-mounting pads will be securely anchored and installed according to manufacturer’s in tions.

2.4.1.2. Passageways and (or) aisles shall be provided and marked to permit the free move employees bringing and removing material from the shop. These passageways are indepe clear zones and storage spaces. They will be clearly recognizable. Floor markings should

14 AFOSHSTD91-10 1 JULY 1998

a contrast to the floor color, such as yellow lines 2- to 3-inches wide on a gray floor (29 CFR 1910.22, Walking-Working Surfaces General Requirements).

2.4.1.3. Where powered materials handling equipment is used, facility layout shall provide enough clearance in aisles, on loading docks, and through doorways to permit safe turns. Aisles shall be at least 2 feet wider than the widest vehicle used or most common material being trans-ported.

2.4.1.4. At least 18 inches will be provided for passageways through or between obstructions.

2.4.2. Electrical Installations and Equipment:

2.4.2.1. Supervisors will ensure work areas are inspected for possible electrical hazards. Suffi-cient workspace shall be provided and maintained around electric equipment to permit safe opera-tion and maintenance of such equipment. Only qualified operators designated in writing by the supervisor will be allowed to operate the equipment. This listing of personnel certified to operate the equipment will be maintained in the work area.

2.4.2.2. Frames of all electrical equipment, regardless of voltage, will be grounded.

2.4.2.3. Exposed noncurrent-carrying metal parts of electrical equipment that may become ener-gized under abnormal conditions will be grounded according to NFPA 70, National Electrical Code (NEC).

2.4.2.4. Exposed noncurrent-carrying metal parts of the following plug-connected equipment that may become energized will be grounded or double insulated and distinctly marked:

2.4.2.4.1. Portable, hand-held, motor-operated tools.

2.4.2.4.2. Appliances.

2.4.2.4.3. Any equipment operated in excess of 150 volts to ground.

2.4.2.5. Wires will be covered wherever they are joined (e.g., outlets, switches, and junction boxes).

2.4.2.6. Parts of electrical equipment which in ordinary operation produce arcs, sparks, etc., will not be operated or used in explosive atmospheres or in close proximity to combustible materials.

2.4.2.7. Flexible extension cords may not be:

2.4.2.7.1. Used as a substitute for fixed wiring.

2.4.2.7.2. Run through holes in walls, ceilings, or floors.

2.4.2.7.3. Attached to building surfaces.

2.4.2.7.4. Spliced, stapled, tacked, or placed where they create a hazard or are subjected to damage.

2.4.2.8. Flexible extension cords will be:

2.4.2.8.1. Continuous lengths without splices or taps.

2.4.2.8.2. Fastened so there is no pull on joints or screws of the plug or sockets.

2.4.2.8.3. Replaced when frayed or insulation has deteriorated.

AFOSHSTD91-10 1 JULY 1998 15

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FA4419-11-R-0104 CARPET IDIQ ATTACHMENT 5

2.4.2.8.4. Of proper size and temperature rating to withstand the electrical load and approved by a recognized testing agency.

2.4.2.8.5. Three-prong, dead-front plug type.

2.4.2.9. Equipment connected by flexible extension cords will be grounded either by a three-wire cord or by a separate ground wire (except double-insulated equipment).

2.4.2.10. Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters (GFCI) will be used on all 120-volt, single-phase, 15-and 20-ampere receptacle outlets at job sites when the receptacles are not a part of the permanent wiring of the building or structure. Receptacles on a two-wire, single-phase portable or vehi-cle-mounted generator rated not more than 5 kilowatts (kW), where the circuit conductors of the generator are insulated from the generator frame and all other grounded surfaces, need not be pro-tected with GFCIs.

2.4.2.11. In locations requiring the use of special tools (e.g., non-sparking), only tools certified for use in those areas will be used.

2.4.3. Illumination. Adequate illumination will be provided to ensure safe working conditions. Illu-mination for night work will also be supplied for warning as well as work visibility. Essential regula-tory information is listed below. (OSHA Standards 29 CFR 1926.26, Illumination, and 1926.56, Illumination.)

2.4.3.1. Portable lamps will have Underwriter’s Laboratory (UL)-approved plugs, handles, ets, guards, and cords for normal working conditions. For submersion, such lamps, w equipped with a waterproof housing. In flammable gaseous atmospheres approved sion-proof lights will be used.

2.4.3.2. For work in boilers, condensers, tanks, turbines, or other grounded locations that or may cause excessive perspiration, a low-voltage lighting system should be used, either battery system or low-voltage lighting unit. In situations where these lighting systems a available, a vapor-proof 110-volt lighting system shall be used.

2.4.3.3. Flashlights for use near energized electrical equipment and circuitry will have ins cases.

2.4.3.4. At least 50 foot-candles of illumination will be provided at all work stations. Howe fine work may require 100 foot-candles or more. This can be obtained with a combination o eral lighting plus supplemental lighting. If fluorescent lighting is installed, it will be installe eliminate any stroboscopic effect with moving machinery. Slotted fluorescent fixtures will b ted with tube-retainer devices to prevent tubes from falling out.

2.4.4. Ventilation:

2.4.4.1. Only essential safety, fire prevention, and occupational health items are include more details, including information on flow-rate requirements, refer to AFOSH Standard 1, Industrial Ventilation. Ventilation and exhaust systems will be according to NFPA Standard Standard for Blower and Exhaust Systems for Dust, Stock, and Vapor Removal, and will also con-form to the provisions of this standard.

2.4.4.2. Machines that generate dust, vapors, mists, etc., will be connected to an effective trial-exhaust ventilation system. In shops where small numbers of installed machines are n tinuously in operation, portable collection systems may be used. Hoods and exhaust syste

16 AFOSHSTD91-10 1 JULY 1998

be constructed and installed to meet requirements in AFOSH Standard 161-2. Also, AFOSH Standard 91-12 will be consulted.

2.4.4.3. In areas where welding, soldering, brazing, and burning hot-work operations are per-formed, fumes from operations contain the metals being welded together (e.g., cadmium, zinc, lead, iron, or copper). The filler material, flux, and the coating on the welding rods used during such operations may also generate other gases (e.g., carbon monoxide, arsine, or ozone) at concen-trations that may be hazardous to the health of workers. When extensive hot-work operations, par-ticularly in confined areas, are done there could be an excessive fume over-exposure to these materials. Ventilation or respiratory protection may be required for these operations based on measured or calculated concentrations. When welding, soldering, brazing, and burning hot-work operations must be performed in a space screened in on all sides, the screens will be arranged so they do not seriously restrict ventilation.

2.4.4.4. Boiler and furnace rooms shall have ventilation to permit clean, safe combustion and to minimize soot formation. An unobstructed air opening shall be provided, sized on the basis of 1 square inch (645 square millimeter [sq mm]) free area per 2,000 British Thermal Units (BTU) maximum fuel input of the combined burners located in a boiler room. Air supply openings will be kept clear at all times and regularly inspected. American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Boiler Codes may be consulted for more detailed information on boiler ventilation and combus-tion air requirements.

2.4.5. Walking-Working Surfaces and Fall Protection. Civil engineering workers are frequently vic-tims of falls at work sites outside the shop, and supervisors will ensure adequate fall protection is pro-vided and worn. Work on flat roofs, where a fall would be to the same level, does not require fall protection (e.g., work on an air conditioner in the center of a flat roof). Work on sloping roofs or roof edges may require fall protection where the use of other work devices is impractical. Fall protection will be required where the potential of a fall from a height of 10 feet or more exists.

2.4.5.1. Fixed ladders and requirements for guarding and training workers are addressed in AFOSH Standard 91-22 and OSHA 29 CFR 1910.27, Fixed Ladders. Any fixed ladder of 20 feet or more continuous length requires the use of fall protection.

2.4.5.2. When working over or near water:

2.4.5.2.1. Where the danger of drowning exists, workers shall be provided with US Coast Guard-approved life jackets or buoyant work vests. This includes, but is not limited to, water-treatment ponds, storage tanks, and Air Force-operated Morale, Welfare, and Recre-ation (MWR) recreational lakes or large ponds.

2.4.5.2.2. Prior to and after each use, the buoyant work vests or life preservers shall be inspected for defects that would alter their strength or buoyancy. Defective units shall not be used.

2.4.5.2.3. Ring buoys with at least 90 feet of line shall be provided and be readily available for emergency rescue operations. Distance between ring buoys shall not exceed 200 feet.

2.4.5.2.4. At least one lifesaving skiff shall be immediately available at locations where employees are working over or adjacent to water.

2.4.5.3. Personal fall arrest systems are often necessary to safely accomplish tasks in elevated areas. The following specifics apply:

AFOSHSTD91-10 1 JULY 1998 17

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FA4419-11-R-0104 CARPET IDIQ ATTACHMENT 5

2.4.5.3.1. Lifelines, safety harnesses, and lanyards shall be used only for employee safeguard-ing. Any lifeline, safety harnesses, or lanyard actually subjected to in-service loading, as dis-tinguished from static load testing, shall be immediately removed from service for disposal and shall not be used again for employee safeguarding.

2.4.5.3.2. Lifelines shall be secured above the point of operation to an anchorage or structural member.

2.4.5.3.3. Lanyards shall be a minimum of one-half-inch nylon, or equivalent, with a maxi-mum length to provide for a fall of no greater than 6 feet.

2.4.5.3.4. Hardware shall be drop forged or pressed steel, cadmium plated. The surface shall be smooth and free of sharp edges.

2.4.5.3.5. Safety harnesses and lanyards will be inspected as required by AFOSH Standard 91-31.

2.4.5.4. Safety nets are sometimes necessary to accomplish tasks in elevated areas.

2.4.5.4.1. Safety nets shall be provided when work places are more than 25 feet above the ground, water surfaces, or other surfaces where the use of ladders, scaffolds, catch platforms, temporary floors, lifelines, or safety harnesses is impractical.

2.4.5.4.2. Where safety net protection is required by this chapter, operations shall not be undertaken until the net is in place and has been tested. Testing consists of dropping a 400-pound bag of sand not more than 30 inches (± 2 inches) in diameter from a height of 2 above the net into the center of the net.

2.4.5.4.3. Nets shall extend 8 feet beyond the edge of the work surface where employ exposed and shall be installed as close under the work surface as practical, but in no ca than 25 feet below such work surface. Nets shall be hung with sufficient clearance to p user’s contact with the surfaces or structures below. Such clearances shall be determ impact load testing.

2.4.5.4.4. Only one level of nets is required for bridge work. NOTE: The mesh size of nets shall not exceed 6 by 6 inches. All new nets shall meet accepted performance stand 17,500 foot-pounds minimum impact resistance as determined and certified by the ma turer, and shall bear a label of proof test. Edge ropes shall provide a minimum bre strength of 5,000 pounds.

2.4.5.4.5. Forged steel safety hooks or shackles shall be used to fasten the net to its su

2.4.5.4.6. Connections between net panels shall develop the full strength of the net.

2.4.6. Exits and Exit Markings. Essential regulatory OSHA information is included below. (OSH 29 CFR 1910.37, Means of Egress, General.)

2.4.6.1. Every exit will have “EXIT” in plain legible letters not less than 6-inches high with strokes of the letters not less than three-quarters of an inch wide.

2.4.6.2. Doors, passageways, or stairways that are neither exits nor ways to an exit (but mistaken for an exit) will be clearly marked “NOT AN EXIT” or by a sign indicating their act use; for example: “STORAGE ROOM” or “BASEMENT.”

18 AFOSHSTD91-10 1 JULY 1998

2.4.6.3. When the direction to the nearest exit may not be apparent to an occupant, an exit sign with an arrow indicating direction will be used.

2.4.6.4. Exit access will be arranged so it is unnecessary to travel toward any area of high hazard potential in order to reach the nearest exit (unless the path of travel is effectively shielded by suit-able partitions or other physical barriers).

2.4.6.5. Exit signs will be clearly visible from all directions of egress and will not be obstructed at any time. If occupancy is permitted at night, or if normal lighting levels are reduced at times dur-ing working hours, exit signs will be suitably illuminated by a reliable light source (self-illuminat-ing, auxiliary lighting, etc.). Use of radioluminescent signs and markers is discouraged and shall be approved by the installation BEE prior to installation, to ensure compliance with AFI 40-201, Managing Radioactive Materials in the USAF.

2.4.6.6. A door from a room to an exit or to a way-of-exit access will be the side-hinged swinging type. It will swing out in the direction of travel if 50 or more persons occupy the room or the exit is from an area of high hazard potential.

2.4.6.7. Areas around exit doors and passageways shall be free of obstructions. The exit route shall lead to a public way. No lock fastening will be used to prevent escape from inside the build-ing.

2.4.6.8. Where occupants may be endangered by the blocking of any single exit due to fire or smoke, there will be at least two means of exit remote from each other.

2.4.6.9. Exits, exterior steps, and ramps will be adequately lighted to prevent mishaps. Separate lighting will not be required if street or other permanent lighting gives at least one foot-candle of illumination on the exit, steps, and ramp.

2.4.7. Housekeeping. Good housekeeping will be maintained in all shops, yards, buildings, and mobile equipment. Supervisors are responsible for good housekeeping in or around the work they are supervising. As a minimum, the following requirements will be adhered to:

2.4.7.1. Material will not be placed where anyone might stumble over it, where it might fall on someone, or on or against any support unless the support can withstand the additional weight.

2.4.7.2. Aisles and passageways will be kept clear of tripping hazards.

2.4.7.3. Nails will be removed from loose lumber or the points turned down.

2.4.7.4. Snow and ice will be removed from all walkways and work areas where they may create a hazard or interfere with work to be done. If ice cannot be removed readily, sand or other approved materials will be applied. Snow and icicles above walkways and work areas will be removed.

2.4.7.5. Trash and other waste materials will be kept in approved receptacles. Trash will not be allowed to accumulate and will be removed and disposed of as soon as practicable, at least once per shift (or more often if needed).

2.4.7.6. Surplus and waste materials will not be allowed to accumulate in any mobile equipment.

Tools and supplies will be properly stored.

2.4.7.7. Disconnect switches, distribution panels, and alarm supply boxes will not be blocked by any obstruction that may prevent ready access.

AFOSHSTD91-10 1 JULY 1998 19

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FA4419-11-R-0104 CARPET IDIQ ATTACHMENT 5

2.4.7.8. Wire reels will be stacked with strips of wood between reels.

2.4.7.9. Flammable materials will be stored in approved containers in approved areas. These are the minimum requirements. For further information refer to AFOSH Standard 91-43, Flammable and Combustible Liquids.

2.4.7.10. Combustible materials will be placed in covered self-closing metal containers.

2.4.7.11. Noncombustible materials, for preventive or organized maintenance, will be neatly kept in designated cabinets (plainly marked with their contents) where possible.

2.4.7.12. Clothing lockers will be maintained in a clean, orderly condition. Apparel not needed to perform official duties will be stored in lockers. Objects will not be stored on or under clothing lockers, and no flammable liquids will be stored in lockers. Separate lockers will be provided for each employee, as required by the nature of their job (e.g., plumbing, water or wastewater treat-ment, or paint).

2.4.7.13. Machinery and equipment will be kept clean of excess grease and oil and (operating conditions permitting) free of excessive dust. Pressure gauges and visual displays will be kept clean, visible, and serviceable at all times. Drip pans and wheeled or stationary containers will be cleaned and emptied at the end of each shift.

2.4.7.14. To protect skin and clothing from cleaning compounds, workers will wear (as required) safety glasses, face shields, aprons, wet suits, and gloves.

2.4.8. Machinery, Shop Equipment, Machine Guarding, and Power Transmission. All aspects of shop machinery are covered in detail in AFOSH Standard 91-12. The information will not be dupli-cated here.

2.5. Hand Tools. Information (including proper use) on the hand tools most frequently used by civil engineering craftsworkers has been included in this standard. Normally, hand tools will be properly used so the working force is away from a person’s body in case the tool slips. See Technical Orde 32-1-101, Use and Care of Hand Tools and Measuring Tools, for additional guidance.

2.5.1. Mishaps at the job site involving hand tools are usually the result of misuse. Hand to precision tools capable of performing many jobs when used properly. Prevention of mishaps ing hand tools on the job site becomes a matter of good instruction, adequate training, and pro

2.5.1.1. Hand tool safety requires the tools be of good quality and adequate for the job. A will be kept in good repair and maintained by qualified personnel.

2.5.1.2. Racks, shelves, or tool boxes will be provided for storing tools that are not in use.

2.5.1.3. When workers use hand tools while they are working on ladders, scaffolds, platfor work stands, they will use carrying bags for tools that are not in use. Workers will not drop

2.5.2. Supervisors will frequently inspect all hand tools used in the operation under their super Defective tools will be immediately removed from service. Some common tool defects are:

2.5.2.1. Handles. When handles of hammers, axes, picks, or sledges become cracked, s ken, or splintered, they will be immediately replaced. Tool handles will be well fitted securely fastened by wedges or other acceptable means. Wedges, always used in pairs

20 AFOSHSTD91-10 1 JULY 1998

driven into the handle when repairing a sledge hammer or maul, to prevent the head from acciden-tally flying off if the handle shrinks.

2.5.2.2. Tangs. Files, wood chisels, and other tools with tangs will be fitted and used with suit-able handles covering the end of the tang. Ends of the handles will not be used for pounding or tapping.

2.5.2.3. Mushroom Heads. Cold chisels, punches, hammers, drift pins, and other similar tools have a tendency to mushroom from repeated soundings. They will be dressed down when they begin to crack and curl.

2.5.2.3.1. When dressing tools, a slight bevel of about three-sixteenths of an inch will be ground around the head. This will help prevent the heads from mushrooming.

2.5.2.3.2. When tool heads mushroom, the material is highly crystallized and, with each blow of the hammer, fragments are likely to break off.

2.5.3. Information on the proper usage of specific…