Attachment F - Conservation Approved Exhibit Materials.pdf

Smithsonian National Museum of the American Indian

Museum Assets and Operations Conservation Unit

NMAI CONSERVATION APPROVED EXHIBIT MATERIALS

Introduction This document includes information about materials currently approved by the NMAI Conservation Unit for exhibit case interiors. Many of the materials compiled here are excerpted from Hatchfield’s 2002 Pollutants in the Museum Environment and Raphael and Davis’ 1999 National Park Service Exhibit Conservation Guidelines.

NMAI has an active materials Oddy testing program and results are kept in Conservation Unit files. Most of the materials tested are not in this document, so please check with a conservator to determine whether a material has been tested.

Many of these materials are proprietary, manufacturers may change formulations without notification, and codes and restrictions which can impact construction materials and requirements may change.Therefore, some materials listed here may not be acceptable in the future and will be removed, and better products entering the market will be added to this list in the future.

At least three weeks off-site are required for case materials to off-gas before delivery to NMAI galleries for installation. Volatile organic compounds (VOC’s) will continue to off-gas for a long time but the initial three weeks are the most critical.

Note: any materials not listed in this document must be submitted to NMAI Conservation for testing at least six weeks in advance. To submit materials for testing, please see form and directions below.

NON-WOOD MATERIALS FOR CASE CONSTRUCTION

Inert materials such as aluminum (and others listed in Appendix II) are preferred over wood products because tests have shown that acid and formaldehyde emissions from wood products are harmful to sensitive objects, especially in a sealed environment. Wood and wood composite products are unsuitable for air tight case interiors, and particularly for cases housing artifacts sensitive to formaldehyde, and acetic and formic acids. Although wood products can be “sealed” with applied coatings, such sealants do not prevent all acid and formaldehyde emissions.

Sealants will also degrade over time, allowing acid emissions to affect artifacts. If it is not possible to use non-wood products, certain wood products with appropriate vapor barriers may be considered acceptable.

Product/Manufacturer Description and Comments Support Panels Small Corporation http://www.smallcorp.com

Aluminum honeycomb; aluminum honeycomb panels as thin as ¼” thick; also archival Coroplast® and corrugated boards;

also with .01 - .02” Lexan® skin.

Used for object supports, decks or case interiors.

Can be used as vapor barrier for wood products

Alucobond®, Dibond® Aluminum composite panels Alucobond Technologies, Inc.

http://www.alucobondusa.com/

Alucubond®: Low density polyethylene core encapsulated by two sheets of 0.020” aluminum; available in 3, 4 or 6 mm thickness; many surface finishes (paints, colors) available.

Dibond®: Same as Alucobond® but aluminum is 0.010” thick.

Used for decks, panels, and signage.

Can be drilled; extremely strong.

More affordable than honeycomb.

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Alpolic® Aluminum composite panels Mitsubishi Chemical America Composite Materials Division http://www.mitsubishichemical.c om/MCFPAmerica.html

Alpolic®: Low density polyethylene core encapsulated by two sheets of 0.020” aluminum; available in 2mm, 3mm, 4mm, and 6mm thickness. A variety of surface finishes available.

Similar to Dibond® but for similar price is produced with a variety of surface colors.

Alumalite™, Econolite™, D- Lite™ aluminum composite panels Laminators Inc.

www.signboards.com www.omegapanels.com aluminum composite panels with high-density corrugated plastic core encased in aluminum sheet painted surfaces varying thicknesses and strength to weight ratios can be routed and bent for corners and returns

Sintra Alcan Composites www.alcancompositesusa.com

Expanded PVC sheet Used for panels and signage.

Can be drilled More affordable than honeycomb

WOOD PRODUCT CASE CONSTRUCTION

As noted above, non-wood case construction is preferred. Conservation guidelines recommend soft-wood products with a low-formaldehyde (phenol formaldehyde) adhesive (Hatchfield 2002, Tétreault 1999). However, acids and formaldehyde are inherent to any wood product. Venting and monitoring case interiors constructed from any wood product are crucial, as is carefully sealing the wood product itself. Our tests show Appleply™, interior grade birch plywood, to be considerably less corrosive than Medex™ or Medite™ despite the fact that these wood products are advertised as no added formaldehyde.

If it is necessary to use wood, the following guidelines should be followed:

The wood should be covered with composite panels (see above); aluminum sign blank; an aluminum vapor barrier film; or an approved coating (see below.)

Case construction should allow for air exchange and should include compartments for pollutant scavengers within the case interior.

Wood products inside cases should not be treated with fire retardants as these chemicals pose an additional risk to the artifacts.

Product Description and Comments Appleply™ birch-faced plywood States Industries 800-626-1981 http://www.statesind.com

Tests indicate that this product is less corrosive than Medex® and Medite® and should be substituted for case interior construction if a wood product must be used.

Can be purchased in 4ft x 8ft and 4ft x 10ft sheets.

Must be used with a vapor barrier

Use the table below to choose wood products. All wood products should be well-seasoned and air dried before use.

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Less problematic woods Potentially highly damaging woods Mahogany Walnut Poplar Balsa Willow

Elm (ulmus sp. American, European, and Japanese) (not white ulmus americana)

Oak Sweet chestnut Douglas fir Yellow pine Red Mahogany (Khaya) Teak Western red cedar Cork

VAPOR BARRIER FILMS FOR WOOD PRODUCTS

If a wood product must be used on the interior of a case, a vapor barrier must be used to protect the artifacts. A film, rather than a coating, is much more effective. Not all films are listed below, for more extensive listing see Hatchfield’s Pollutants in the Museum Environment, Appendix III (attached.)

Product Description and Comments Aluminum sign blank Various distributors

Can be painted or have graphic applied.

Gaps between sheets should be sealed with aluminum tape or caulking.

Holes drilled for mount posts should be caulked.

Marvelseal® 360 Ludlow Coated Products Laminated Coating Division 318-927-9641

Nylon/polyethylene/aluminum foil/polyethylene.

Can be wrapped around wood and either ironed on, stapled to the exterior side of the board (there should be no pin holes in barrier on the interior of the case), or adhered with double sided acrylic adhesive tape.

Holes drilled for mount posts should be caulked.

Will need to be covered with fabric or other decorative finish. Cannot be painted

Foil-O-Rap 2175 Ludlow Coated Products 703-323-7316

Polypropylene/polyethylene/aluminum foil/polyethylene laminate.

Can be wrapped around wood and either stapled to the exterior side of the board (there should be no pin holes in barrier on the interior of the case), or adhered with double sided acrylic adhesive tape.

Holes drilled for mount posts should be caulked.

Will need to be covered with fabric or other decorative finish. Cannot be painted.

Sintra Alcan Composites 270-527-4200 http://www.alcancompositesusa.com

Expanded PVC sheet Can be used as vapor barrier for wood products Holes drilled for mount posts should be caulked.

Will need to be covered with fabric or other decorative finish.

VAPOR BARRIER COATINGS FOR WOOD PRODUCTS

Vapor barrier films such as those listed above are much preferred over liquid coatings. If a film cannot be used, a 2-part 100% solids epoxy or a waterborne polyurethane resin will provide some reduction of harmful emissions from the wood, and can be considered for short term exhibit materials or wood products that are easily removed from exhibit cases. Note that water based acrylic latex coatings, including paint, offer no protection.

All coatings should be applied out of the gallery off-site and allowed to off-gas three weeks before installation.

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Product Description and Comments Benjamin Moore M42 Epoxy, Platinum Gray http://www.benjaminmoore.com

Waterborne two component polyamide epoxy coating, forms cross-linked film Cleans up with water.

Slows but does not completely prevent volatile emissions from wood.

Better product sought.

Sancure 878 Noveon Inc.

www.noveoncoatings.com Polyglase 1-175 (same product as Sancure) Camger Chemicals www.camger.com

Waterborne polyurethane, 38% solids. No additives or leveling agents added.

Can have matting agents added to it.

Polyester based product and fairly hydrolysis resistant.

Tough film with a tensile strength of 3-5,000.

Slows but does not completely prevent volatile emissions from wood.

Better product sought.

BurkEpoxy Paint Burke 2039 888-287-5387 http://www.burkeindustrialcoatings.com/

Tested by Asian Art Museum in San Francisco and found acceptable.

Pigments can be added to this epoxy to achieve the painted finish layer.

Needs adequate fume extraction during application.

CASE GLAZING

If natural light or ultraviolet (UV) containing light is on the exterior of the case, a UV absorbing acrylic or glass must be used. Direct sunlight should not reach a case, however in the event that it does, a low emissivity coating to block the infrared light should be applied.

Product Description and Comments

UF-3

Autohaas America 800-217-3258

Removes 99.9% of UV light at 396nm and below. Partially blocks 396-400nm Can appear slightly yellow however company claims have worked on this and now as good as OP2

Acrylite® OP2 Cyro Industries 800-631-5384

Removes 99.9% of UV light at 390nm and below. Partially blocks 390nm-400nm

Butacite E.L. Du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc Architectural Products 800-635-3182

A laminated glass sheet with a PVB interlayer for UV protection.

Maintains color and clarity

Other companies also produce UF-3 products which will usually block a similar amount of UV light. However the products can be inferior visually if they are produced by an extrusion process instead of cell cast.

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GASKETS

Product Description and

Comments Gore-tex® Joint Sealant, barrier films W.L. Gore and Associates, Inc Industrial Products Division 301-392-4440 www.gore.com/en_xx/products/sealants/gaskets/gore_tex_joint_sealant.html

Expanded PFTE

Resource Conservation Technology 410-366-1146 http://www.conservationtechnology.com/

Silicone gasketing

CAULK SEALANTS

Caulking in cases should be a neutral curing, ammonia-free, low VOC two-part silicone or acrylic caulk. All of these should be given a three week off-site aeration period before object installation.

Product Description and Comments Dow Corning 3145 RTV and Dow Corning 748 Non-corrosive sealant Dow Corning Corporation Corporate Center 989-496-4400

Two part neutral curing silicone caulks based on (poly)dimethylsilicone

GE RTV 615 and GE SCS Silglaze II General Electric Silicones America 800-332-3390

Two part neutral curing silicone caulks based on (poly)dimethylsilicone

ADHESIVES

The following adhesive is acceptable for use in case interiors to mount photomurals, text panels etc. provided the object is not in direct contact with the adhesive. Other adhesives may be acceptable but will need to be tested. Generally, acrylic based adhesives without plasticizers are the least problematic.

Product Description and Comments Instabond C Quality Mounting and Laminating Systems, Inc.

800-552-9427 www.qmls.com

Permanent pressure adhesive used for mounting photographs, prints, etc., to substrates.

1 mil clear polyester carrier coated on both sides with 1.1 mils of an acrylic adhesive.

Roll sizes range from 13”x200’ up to 62” x 200’

Problematic adhesives include protein-based (animal) glues, rubber-based or plasticized, cellulose nitrate, polyvinyl acetates, and urea formaldehyde adhesives. It is also preferable that hot-melt adhesives not be used inside the cases as they frequently are based on an ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) resin which has the potential to break down and off-gas acetic acid. If it is necessary to use one, 3M 3797, Bostik Thermogrip 6330 and Evode Limited Evo-Stik 7702 are among the more stable.

GRAPHIC SUBSTRATES IN CASE INTERIORS

The following have been tested for other projects and found to be safe. Others may also be acceptable but will need to be tested.

Product Description and Comments Graphix Precision Lite Sentinel Imaging

Light weight paper, shiny on one side.

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Distributed by Charrette 800-367-3729 www.charrette.com Graphix Polycarbonate Sentinel Imaging Distributed by Charrette 800-367-3729 www.charrette.com

10 mil polycarbonate with matt finish

Graphix Design Lite Sentinel Imaging Distributed by Charrette 800-367-3729 www.charrette.com

Shiny on two sides.

TEXTILES

The most stable are undyed, unbleached cotton or linen fabrics, or polyester. Wool fabrics and fabrics containing sulfur-based dyes and/or finished with formaldehyde should not be used. The following fabrics have passed tests conducted by NMAI and vendors Testfabrics, Inc and Benchmark.

Product/Manufacturer Description and Comments

Benchmark 609-397-1131 www.benchmarkcatalog.com

Sueded polyethylene no.35-111 Camel Hair Sueded polyethylene no.35-111 brown Sueded polyethylene no.35-111 warm black Stockinette, white 10" no. 82-230 75-001 51% linen 49% cotton almond 75-002 100% linen black 75-003 100% linen oatmeal 75-004 58% linen 42% cotton oatmeal 75-005 100% linen oatmeal 75-006 100% linen oyster 75-007 100% linen natural wheat 80-110 78 square cotton muslin 80-120 200 square cotton muslin 81-110 4 oz. flannel 100% cotton 81-120 6 oz. double napped flannel 100% cotton 81-130 6 oz. single napped flannel 100% cotton

Creation Baumann USA Inc., 201-242-0086 www.creationbaumann.com available from Testfabrics www.testfabrics.com

Abrezzo III #304, 305, 307 100% polyester, plain weave, cream, Unilargo #17 Breno II #9 Indiania II #17 Rendezvous #30, 31 Ultra IV #112, 122, 337, 414 Umbria II #166 Unilargo #63 Unilargo II #21, #22, #23, #17 Unisono #7, # 223, #233 Universal #231 Usus #168 Umbria II flame retardant #117

Internal document, for distribution by NMAI Conservation staff only. Page 6 of 26 http://www.benchmarkcatalog.com/

Emerald Citi Textile, Inc.

888- 343-1220; 425-258-1500 www.ectextile.com

Khaki S/5758-0610, 6/10189 Cinder S/5758-0610, C/9903 Storm Grey S/5758-0610, C/9820 Black S/5758-0610, C937 Buff S/5758-0610, C1129 Deep Ivy S7614, C3469 Stainless Steel S7614, C9092 White S7458, C1008 Camel S7585, C7001 Midnight Navy Tweed S7447, C20G3 Microdenier single sided

G Street Fabrics www.gstreetfabrics.com

Cotton crinoline (like buckram) 60" white

Philips Boyne Corp.

516-755-1230 www.philipsboyne.com

100% Superba Egyptian cotton broadcloth khaki

SUP0000KHA

100% Corona Egyptian cotton piece-dyed broadcloth khaki COR0000KHA Corona black Superba black

Kravet Inc.

www.kravet.com

Pattern 23956, colors 3, 4,5,6 Ultrasuede 1123 (non-contact only) Ultrasuede 1161 (non-contact only) Ultrasuede 1416 (non-contact only) Ultrasuede 25586-3 (non-contact only)

Rose City Textiles 800-728-5668 503-224-5666 www.rosecitytextiles.co

Microfleece # 509-60431, dark ash color Expedition fleece # 510-58492, color Reed single sided microfleece # 513-52122 color sage Double sided white fleece Khaki/black fleece

Spandex House, Inc 212-354-6711 www.spandexhouse.com

Plain stretch velvet

Testfabrics, Inc.

570-603- 0432 www.testfabrics.com

400U cotton print cloth unbleached 428U army carded cotton sateen unbleached 464U lightweight cotton duck unbleached 493U cotton sheeting unbleached 601B silk crepe de chine dischargeable black 786 Crimson AC airplane cloth unbleached L51 linen suiting oyster L61 handkerchief linen Hampton series putty Tribeca series twill vat dyed cotton: champagne, copper, navy, sage, mocha

Toray Ultra suede (America), Inc.

212-382-1590 www.ultrasuede.com

Ultrasuede 401-6503 Oxford Ultrasuede 862-2330 Indigo Ultrasuede 862-2314 Aubergine Ultrasuede 862-250 Midnight

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Ulster Linen Company, Inc.

631-859-5244 www.ulsterlinen.com

Black linen 1000 Heavy weight linen 802 Celadon

VelvetFabric.com Black polyester drapery Black velveteen Silk velvet dark blue

Viaggio Inc.

800-451-5756 631-753-3600 www.viaggio.com

Dublin 88% cotton 12% linen Moss Dublin 88% cotton 12% linen Moss Erin 43% cotton 57% linen Jade Erin 43% cotton 57% linen Pear Erin 43% cotton 57% linen Spring Eton 100% cotton Apple Green Erin 43% cotton 57% linen Olive Eton 100% cotton Leaf

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OTHER FABRICS COMMONLY USED IN CONSERVATION

These fabrics, commonly used in conservation, are considered acceptable for use inside exhibit cases.

Product/Manufacturer Description and Comments

Northeastern Nonwovens, Inc.

315-738-9797 315-793-0957 www.nenonwovens.com

KapMat 4.5 oz/yd (needle punch felt) KapMat 9.0 oz/yd

Testfabrics, Inc.

570-603- 0432 www.testfabrics.com

BR 45 polyester batting without any resin 3/8” NP Felt cotton needle punch felt unbleached without any resin Poly 1-4 poly felt 1/4” without any resin Poly 1-8 poly felt 1/8” without any resin Quilted cover composite polyester batting sandwiched between cotton (400U) and non-woven polyester Tape #1-#8 natural cotton twill tapes 3/8” to 3” 460U cotton interlock knit unbleached 466U heavy sail cloth 10 oz. unbleached 466U army duck 10 oz. unbleached 609 Silk habutae

Benchmark 609-397-1131 www.benchmarkcatalog.com

02-100 Cotton twill tape 1/4” 02-200 Cotton twill tape 1/2” 02-300 Cotton twill tape 3/4” 02-400 Cotton twill tape 1”

Talas 212-219-0770 http://talasonline.com

Hollytex White, non-woven, 100% polyester, with no extraneous binders or resins. Highly calendered for a smooth surface Remay Spun bonded, white, non-woven polyester fabric Silk crepeline loosely woven, silk organdy Stabiltex (Terelene/Tetex), lightweight, open weave 100% polyester fabric.

Tyvek a spun bound, durable paper made from 100% high density polyethylene fibers

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PAINTS

A zero or low volatile organic components (VOC) acrylic latex paint or two-part epoxy resin is recommended for the interior of the cases. Oil or alkyd paints are not acceptable. See Appendix III for paints that have been found to be low VOC. Please note that all paints chosen must be tested.

Painted cases require 3 weeks off-site to off-gas before objects can be installed.

Direct contact of objects with the painted surface is not recommended due to possible transfer of components.

Paint does not provide an effective barrier coating for wood products and thus should be used in addition to vapor barrier coating or film when used on wood paneling inside cases. (See above vapor barrier coating and film sections)

Low VOC paint levels:

Non-flat paint: 0-150g/I or 0-1.25lbs/gal Flat paint: 0-50 g/l or 0.42 lbs/gal

Benjamin Moore Regal Wall-Satin Premium Interior Finishes – Flat Finish 215 #684, 1644, 1671, 685, 712, 042

Each color must be tested – pigments affect volatiles

Benjamin Moore Ecospec line Each color must be researched and/or tested – pigments affect volatiles

Benjamin Moore Fresh Start Benjamin Moore Pristine

FIRE RETARDANTS

Smithsonian Office of Safety, Health, and Environment Management (OSHEM) fire safety regulations are strictly enforced. For exhibit walls and platforms, Fire Retardant Pressure Impregnated (FRPI) wood is permitted, but metal construction is encouraged. The Smithsonian Office of Exhibits Central and many major museums in the U.S are moving away from wood construction in favor of metal construction for casework. If the exterior wood has been treated with a fire retardant, a layer of vapor barrier film (not a liquid sealant) must protect the interior of the case from this substance. Chemicals used in fire retardants are corrosive to metal objects and create a toxic environment for museum objects inside the cases. OSHEM has specified fire retardant (FR) coatings be used in case interiors where the area under the deck is over 100 cubic feet. However, OSHEM considers it acceptable to use a non-FR treated material for surfaces that are only exposed to the interior of the vitrine, as long as there are no sources of ignition within the vitrine, and the vitrine is completely enclosed. This material would have to be applied directly to a noncombustible material or FRPI wood backing. A sealant or membrane sandwiched between these two layers (with no air gap) would be acceptable.

CASE LIGHTING

For more information see Tétreault 2003 and AAM 1996.

If the light source is to be inside the case fiber optics should be used. Glass fibers are preferred over acrylic as recent testing indicates that acrylics, contrary to company advertising, will still most likely yellow in a few years and need to be replaced.

A UV filter and a condensing lens should be placed at the source regardless of the type of fibers used.

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The illuminator must be well vented and should be outside the case, preferably above rather than below.

REFERENCES

American Association of Museums. 1996. Museum and Art Gallery Lighting: A Recommended Practice.

Hatchfield, Pamela. 2002. Pollutants in the Museum Environment, Practical Strategies for Problem Solving in Design, Exhibition and Storage. Archetype Publications Ltd, London.

Raphael, Toby, and Nancy Davis. 1999. Exhibit Conservation Guidelines, Incorporating Conservation into Exhibit Planning, Design and Production. National Park Service Department of Conservation, Harpers Ferry.

Tétreault, Jean. 2003. Airborne Pollutants in Museums, Galleries, and Archives: Risk Assessment, Control Strategies, and Preservation Management. Canadian Conservation Institute. Ottawa, Canada.

Tétreault, Jean. 1999. Coatings for Display and Storage in Museums. Technical Bulletin No. 21.

Canadian Conservation Institute. Ottawa, Canada.

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ODDY TEST SAMPLE SUBMISSION

NMAI uses the Oddy test to evaluate materials. The Oddy Test Sample Submission Form is intended to provide information regarding each material submitted for testing, reason for testing the material, potential use of the material, and test results. A new form should be completed each time the product is tested. Contact Conservation Unit staff to obtain complete forms.

Sections I and II of the form are completed by the person submitting material to be tested. The submitter should also provide a sample of the material to be tested and an MSDS.

A material will not be recommended for exhibit and storage purposes (even if it has passed the Oddy test) unless exact, detailed information describing what the material is, who manufactured it and where it can be obtained is provided so that the same material that was tested can be ordered in the future.

Manufacturers may change the composition of a product without notice. All materials (even those that passed the test) should be retested periodically.

Interpretation of Oddy Test results is based on a comparison of the metal test coupons for each sample with the metal coupons used in the controls, and review of the MSDS and literature describing the composition of the material tested.

The terms pass and fail refer only to the performance of a material in a specific test.

The NMAI Conservation Department should be consulted regarding the appropriate use of a material for short-term or long-term display and storage.

I. Submission Information

Submitted By: Submission Date: / /

Material Prepared for Submission By: Prepare Date: / /

Exhibition/Project:

Proposed Use:

II. Product Information

Provide details including exact product name/numbers & contact information.

Product Name:

Product Number:

Manufacturer:

Distributor:

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APPENDIX I Product Stability excerpted from Hatchfield 2002 Pollutants in the Museum Environment. © 2002 Pamela Hatchfield Archetype Publications. 6 Fitzroy Square. London W1T 5HJ www.archetype.co.uk

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APPENDIX II Materials and Sources excerpted from Hatchfield 2002

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APPENDIX III Interior Paints for Exhibit Cases excerpted from Raphael and Davis 1999.

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APPENDIX I Product Stability excerpted from Hatchfield 2002

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