OC PARKS

INVASIVE PLANT

CONTROL GUIDELINES

JUNE 2023

Attachment G

Acknowledgments Project Team OC Parks Matt Major Danny Hirchag Jennifer Naegele Erin Hayes Alisa Flint

On Point Land Management Mark Heath Pete Frye

A special thanks to our stakeholders who participated in the planning process:

Audubon Starr Ranch Sandy DeSimone

Bolsa Chica Conservancy Jesse Potter

California Department of Fish and Wildlife Amanda Swanson

California Invasive Plant Council Jutta Burger

California State Parks Ken Kietzer Lana Nguyen

Center for Natural Lands Management Hailey Laskey

Dendra, Inc.

Jason Giessow

Dudek Environmental Scott McMillan

Glenn Lukos Associates Sheri Asgari

Independent Subject Matter Experts Bill Neil Dave Pryor Dave Wilson Henry DiRocco Joan Miller

Inland Empire Resource Conservation District Aaron Echols

Irvine Ranch Conservancy Collin Raff Erin Andreatta Isaac Ostmann Matt Garrambone Robert Freese

Laguna Canyon Foundation Alan Kaufman Hallie Jones

Land IQ Travis Brooks

Los Angeles County Agricultural Commissioner/ Weights and Measures Jim Hartman

Nakae and Associates Kevin Kirchner

Natural Communities Coalition Danny Fry

Nature’s Image Daniel Slinger

Newport Bay Conservancy Alys Arenas

Orange County Public Works Bob Mackie Brian Glenn Ryan Hays

Orange County Transportation Authority Lesley Hill

Orange County Waste and Recycling Aimee Halligan

Rancho Mission Viejo Land Trust Laura Coley Eisenberg

Riverside-Corona Resource Conservation District Shani McCullough

The Nature Conservancy Zach Principe

Transportation Corridor Agencies Doug Feremenga

United States Forest Service Lance Criley

University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources Chris McDonald

University of California, Irvine Julie Coffey Megan Lulow

University of California, Riverside Loralee Larios

Table of Contents Introduction Table — Guidelines for Invasive Plant Control in Wildlands of Orange County, CA

Index of Priority Weeds by Scientific Name — Table A1

Index of Priority Weeds by Common Name — Table A2

Key to Treatments by Invasive Plant Species and Life Form — Table B

Key to Treatments by Select Invasive Plant Species and Life Stage — Table C1–C25

Treatment Calendar by Species — Table D

Landscape-scale Vegetation Community Establishment and Management — Tables E1–E7

Herbicide Quick Reference Chart — Table F

Appendices Appendix 1 — OC Parks Integrated Pest Management Plan 2021

Appendix 2 — Programmatic Pest Control Advisor Recommended Treatments

Appendix 3 — BMPs for Preventing the Spread of Invasive Plants and Protecting Native Plant Areas

Appendix 4 — Notes on Upcoming and Needed Research

Appendix 5 — Table of References by Species’ Scientific Name

Guidelines

Guidelines for Invasive Plant Control in Wildlands of Orange County, CA 1

GUIDELINES FOR INVASIVE PLANT CONTROL IN

WILDLANDS OF ORANGE COUNTY

INTRODUCTION

This set of tables organize and summarize all current known invasive plant control methods for approximately 80 priority non-native plant species currently found the Natural Community Conservation Plan (NCCP) for Central Coastal Reserves in Orange County, California. The primary goal of the NCCP is to protect and manage priority habitat supporting a broad range of indigenous plant and wildlife species while allowing managed development in Orange County. Non-native plant species are one of the top environmental stressors of critical habitats for Southern California native plant and animal species. Managing populations of priority invasive plant species is critical for all stages of conservation, from restoring highly degraded lands to maintaining existing high-quality habitat.

Since many existing written methods exist for restoration and weed management, we have opted for a simplified graphical format of tables that summarize, guide and cross-references many different attributes of invasive plant control. These tables are designed to be printed and used in the field by restoration and land management practitioners. This should aid in accessibility for all parties working on Southern California natural lands management and restoration. This set of cross-referencing tables organize invasive plant control activities by plant species and lifeform; calendar month; integrated cultural, mechanical and chemical methods and herbicide mode of action. Control methods are vetted by more than 50 local Southern California land managers, reviews of current global literature sources and the evaluation of comparative attributes of similar species by experts.

These tables may not prescribe a specific method for your particular site, but they will provide you with a firm basis to begin designing your specific project and guide you to the most effective current methods from the start.

These charts are not a substitute for working with professional wildlife and plant biologists, pest control applicators and advisors, and land use planners for your specific weed control projects.

Color Keys to Tables

MECHANICAL - Moderate/Low – Demonstrated methods for partial control or full control when limited by scale or other site conditions MECHANICAL - High – Demonstrated methods for controlling >80% of the population CHEMICAL - Moderate/Low – Demonstrated partial or incomplete control with herbicides CHEMICAL - High – Demonstrated control of with specific herbicides Grazing - Moderate/Low - Demonstrated partial or incomplete control with grazing or full control when limited by scale or other site conditions Grazing – High - Demonstrated control of >80% of the population with grazing Fire- Moderate/Low - Demonstrated partial or incomplete control with prescribed fire or full control when limited by scale or other site conditions Fire – High - Demonstrated control of >80% of the population with prescribed fire Experimental - Control method not demonstrated with references but likely to control the species based on attributes with similar plants Survey Period – Moderate/Low potential to identify plant Survey Period – High potential to identify plant

Symbol key to References

Control methods are listed for all species based on interviews with weed control practitioners (ǂ); published scientific studies or trials (⁂); articles, fact sheets or other control references from reputable sources (*); or through comparative knowledge/references from similar plant species (◊).

Symbol Key to References

Guidelines for Invasive Plant Control in Wildlands of Orange County, CA2

Guidelines for Invasive Plant Control in Wildlands of Orange County, CA 3

1 Eradicate reserve-wide 2 Eradicate in certain watersheds 3 Control opportunistically

Species Common Name Rank Plant Family Assigned Life Form in Table B Table C Detailed Info

Acacia cyclops/redolens Acacia 3 Fabaceae Woody Tree ‐ Vigorous Stump Resprouter

Aegilops triuncialis barbed goatgrass 1 Poaceae Grasses ‐ Annual Table C1

Agave americana sisal, century plant 3 Agavaceae Other Monocots

Ageratina adenophora sticky eupatorium; Crofton weed 1 Asteraceae Herbaceaous and Woody Perennials and Vines

Ailanthus altissima tree‐of‐heaven 2 Simaroubaceae Woody Tree ‐ Vigorous Stump Resprouter Table C2

Albizia lophan stink bean 3 Fabaceae Woody Tree ‐ Vigorous Stump Resprouter

Araujia sericifera bladderflower 2 Apocynaceae Herbaceaous and Woody Perennials and Vines

Arundo donax giant reed 2 Poaceae Grasses ‐ Perennial Table C3

Asparagus aethiopicus/ asparagoides asparagus fern/bridal creeper 2 Asparagaceae Herbaceaous and Woody Perennials and Vines

Asphodelus fistulosus onionweed 2 Liliaceae Other Monocots

Atriplex semibaccata Australian saltbush 3 Chenopodiaceae Herbaceaous and Woody Perennials and Vines

Brachypodium distachyon purple false brome 3 Poaceae Grasses ‐ Annual

Brassica tournefortii Sahara mustard 2 Brassicaceae Annual ‐ Biennial Broadleaves (Dicots) Table C4

Carduus pycnocephalus Italian thistle 3 Asteraceae Annual ‐ Biennial Broadleaves (Dicots) ‐ Asters

Carpobrotus edulis hottentot fig/iceplant 3 Aizoaceae Herbaceaous and Woody Perennials and Vines

Cenchrus echinatus/longispinus sandbur 1 Poaceae Grasses ‐ Perennial

Centaurea diluta North African knapweed 1 Asteraceae Annual ‐ Biennial Broadleaves (Dicots) ‐ Asters Table C5

Centaurea solstitialis yellow starthistle 1 Asteraceae Annual ‐ Biennial Broadleaves (Dicots) ‐ Asters Table C6

Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp.

Monilifera bitou bush/boneseed 1 Asteraceae Herbaceaous and Woody Perennials and Vines

Cirsium vulgare bull thistle 2 Asteraceae Annual ‐ Biennial Broadleaves (Dicots) ‐ Asters

Conium maculatum poison hemlock 3 Apiaceae Annual ‐ Biennial Broadleaves (Dicots)

Cortaderia selloana/jubata Pampas grass/jubata grass 2 Poaceae Grasses ‐ Perennial Table C7

Cynara cardunculus artichoke thistle 2 Asteraceae Herbaceaous and Woody Perennials and Vines Table C8

Priority Rankings based on the 2020-2021 Natural Communities Coalition Priority Species list and in future iterations will be set by the Santa Ana River - Orange County Weed Management Area.

Priority Rankings

TABLE A1 - INDEX OF PRIORITY WEEDS BY

SCIENTIFIC NAME

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1 Eradicate reserve-wide 2 Eradicate in certain watersheds 3 Control opportunistically

Species Common Name Rank Plant Family Assigned Life Form in Table B Table C Detailed Info

Priority Rankings based on the 2020-2021 Natural Communities Coalition Priority Species list and in future iterations will be set by the Santa Ana River - Orange County Weed Management Area.

Priority Rankings

TABLE A1 - INDEX OF PRIORITY WEEDS BY

SCIENTIFIC NAME

Delairea odorata Cape ivy 1 Asteraceae Herbaceaous and Woody Perennials and Vines Table C9

Dittrichia graveolens stinkwort 1 Asteraceae Annual ‐ Biennial Broadleaves (Dicots) ‐ Asters Table C10

Echium candicans pride of Madeira 2 Boraginaceae Herbaceaous and Woody Perennials and Vines

Ehrharta calycina/longiflora perennial/long‐flowered veldt grass 1 Poaceae Grasses ‐ Perennial Table C11

Emex spinosa spiny emex 2 Polygonaceae Annual ‐ Biennial Broadleaves (Dicots) Table C12

Erodium malacoides Mediterranean filaree 3 Geraniaceae Annual ‐ Biennial Broadleaves (Dicots)

Eucalyptus sp. Eucalyptus/gum tree 3 Myrtaceae Woody Tree ‐ Vigorous Stump Resprouter

Ficus carica common fig 2 Moraceae Woody Tree ‐ Stump Resprouter

Foeniculum vulgare fennel 3 Apiaceae Herbaceaous and Woody Perennials and Vines

Galenia pubescens coastal galenia 1 Aizoaceae Herbaceaous and Woody Perennials and Vines

Gazania linearis gazania 2 Asteraceae Herbaceaous and Woody Perennials and Vines

Glebionis coronaria (Chrysanthemum coronarium) garland chrysanthemum; crown daisy 2 Asteraceae Annual ‐ Biennial Broadleaves (Dicots) ‐ Asters

Hypericum canariense Canary Island St. Johnswort 1 Hypericaceae Herbaceaous and Woody Perennials and Vines

Iris pseudacorus yellow flag iris 1 Iridaceae Other Monocots

Lepium latifolium/draba/appelianum pepperweed/whitetop 2 Brassicaceae Herbaceaous and Woody Perennials and Vines Table C13

Leucanthemum vulgare ox‐eye daisy 2 Asteraceae Herbaceaous and Woody Perennials and Vines

Limonium ramosissimum/duriusculum Algerian/European sea lavendar 1 Plumbaginaceae Herbaceaous and Woody Perennials and Vines Table C14

Limonium sinuatum/perezii statice 3 Plumbaginaceae Herbaceaous and Woody Perennials and Vines Table C14

Lonicera japonica Japanese honeysuckle 3 Caprifoliaceae Herbaceaous and Woody Perennials and Vines

Malephora crocea coppery mesembryanthemum 3 Aizoaceae Herbaceaous and Woody Perennials and Vines

Marrubium vulgare horehound 3 Lamiaceae Herbaceaous and Woody Perennials and Vines

Melia azedarach Chinaberry tree 3 Meliaceae Woody Tree ‐ Vigorous Stump Resprouter

Melinis repens natalgrass 1 Poaceae Grasses ‐ Annual

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Guidelines for Invasive Plant Control in Wildlands of Orange County, CA4

2 Eradicate in certain watersheds 3 Control opportunistically

Species Common Name Rank Plant Family Assigned Life Form in Table B Table C Detailed Info

Priority Rankings based on the 2020-2021 Natural Communities Coalition Priority Species list and in future iterations will be set by the Santa Ana River - Orange County Weed Management Area.

Priority Rankings

TABLE A1 - INDEX OF PRIORITY WEEDS BY

SCIENTIFIC NAME

Myoporum laetum lollypop tree; mirror plant 3 Scrophulariaceae Woody Tree ‐ Stump Resprouter

Nassella tenuissima Mexican feather grass/ fountain grass 2 Poaceae Grasses ‐ Perennial Table C15

Nerium oleander oleander 3 Apocynaceae Herbaceaous and Woody Perennials and Vines

Nicotiana glauca tree tobacco 3 Solanaceae Herbaceaous and Woody Perennials and Vines Table C16

Olea europaea common olive 3 Oleaceae Woody Tree ‐ Stump Resprouter

Oncosiphon piluliferum stinknet/ globe chamomile 1 Asteraceae Annual ‐ Biennial Broadleaves (Dicots) ‐ Asters Table C17

Parkinsonia aculeata Jerusalem thorn 2 Fabaceae Herbaceaous and Woody Perennials and Vines

Parthenium hysterophorus Santa Maria feverfew 1 Asteraceae Annual ‐ Biennial Broadleaves (Dicots) ‐ Asters

Parthenocissus quinquefolia Virginia creeper 3 Vitaceae Herbaceaous and Woody Perennials and Vines

Pennisetum setaceum fountain grass 2 Poaceae Grasses ‐ Perennial Table C18

Phalaris aquatica Harding grass 2 Poaceae Grasses ‐ Perennial

Phoenix canariensis Canary Island date palm 3 Arecaceae Other Monocots

Plantago arenaria Indian plantain 2 Plantaginaceae Annual ‐ Biennial Broadleaves (Dicots)

Ricinus communis castor bean 2 Euphorbiaceae Herbaceaous and Woody Perennials and Vines Table C19

Robinia pseudoacacia black locust; pseudoacacia 2 Fabaceae Woody Tree ‐ Vigorous Stump Resprouter

Rubus armeniacus Armenian/Himalayan blackberry 1 Rosaceae Herbaceaous and Woody Perennials and Vines Table C20

Salpichroa origanifolia lily‐of‐the‐valley vine 2 Solanaceae Herbaceaous and Woody Perennials and Vines

Schinus molle/terebinthifolius Peruvian/Brazilian pepper tree 3 Anacardiaceae Woody Tree ‐ Stump Resprouter Table C21

Senecio angustifolius/ linearifolius feathery groundsel; fireweed groundsel 1 Asteraceae Herbaceaous and Woody Perennials and Vines

Silybum marianum milk thistle 3 Asteraceae Annual ‐ Biennial Broadleaves (Dicots) ‐ Asters

Spartium junceum Spanish broom 2 Fabaceae Herbaceaous and Woody Perennials and Vines Table C22

Tamarix ramosissima/aphylla tamarisk 2 Tamaricaceae Woody Tree ‐ Stump Resprouter Table C23

Tragopogon porrifolius purple salsify 3 Asteraceae Herbaceaous and Woody Perennials and Vines

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1 Eradicate reserve-wide 2 Eradicate in certain watersheds 3 Control opportunistically

Species Common Name Rank Plant Family Assigned Life Form in Table B Table C Detailed Info

Priority Rankings based on the 2020-2021 Natural Communities Coalition Priority Species list and in future iterations will be set by the Santa Ana River - Orange County Weed Management Area.

Priority Rankings

TABLE A1 - INDEX OF PRIORITY WEEDS BY

SCIENTIFIC NAME

Tribulus terrestris puncturevine 3 Zygophyllaceae Herbaceaous and Woody Perennials and Vines Table C24

Tropaeolum majus garden nasturtium 3 Tropaeolaceae Herbaceaous and Woody Perennials and Vines

Ulmus parvifolia Chinese elm 2 Ulmaceae Woody Tree ‐ Vigorous Stump Resprouter

Verbesina encelioides golden crownbeard 1 Asteraceae Annual ‐ Biennial Broadleaves (Dicots)

Vinca major periwinkle 3 Apocynaceae Herbaceaous and Woody Perennials and Vines

Volutaria tubuliflora Moroccan/Egyptian knapweed 1 Asteraceae Annual ‐ Biennial Broadleaves (Dicots) Table C25

Washingtonia filifera/robusta fan palms 3 Arecaceae Other Monocots

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Guidelines for Invasive Plant Control in Wildlands of Orange County, CA 5

2 Eradicate in certain watersheds 3 Control opportunistically

Common Name Species Rank Plant Family Assigned Life Form in Table B Table C Detailed Info

Acacia Acacia cyclops/redolens 3 Fabaceae Woody Tree ‐ Vigorous Stump Resprouter

Algerian/European sea lavendar Limonium ramosissimum/duriusculum 1 Plumbaginaceae Herbaceaous and Woody Perennials and Vines Table C14

Armenian/Himalayan blackberry Rubus armeniacus 1 Rosaceae Herbaceaous and Woody Perennials and Vines Table C20 artichoke thistle Cynara cardunculus 2 Asteraceae Herbaceaous and Woody Perennials and Vines Table C8 asparagus fern/bridal creeper Asparagus aethiopicus/asparagoides 2 Asparagaceae Herbaceaous and Woody Perennials and Vines

Australian saltbush Atriplex semibaccata 3 Chenopodiaceae Herbaceaous and Woody Perennials and Vines barbed goatgrass Aegilops triuncialis 1 Poaceae Grasses ‐ Annual Table C1 bitou bush/boneseed Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp.

Monilifera 1 Asteraceae Herbaceaous and Woody Perennials and Vines black locust; pseudoacacia Robinia pseudoacacia 2 Fabaceae Woody Tree ‐ Vigorous Stump Resprouter bladderflower Araujia sericifera 2 Apocynaceae Herbaceaous and Woody Perennials and Vines bull thistle Cirsium vulgare 2 Asteraceae Annual ‐ Biennial Broadleaves (Dicots) ‐ Asters

Canary Island date palm Phoenix canariensis 3 Arecaceae Other Monocots

Canary Island St. Johnswort Hypericum canariense 1 Hypericaceae Herbaceaous and Woody Perennials and Vines

Cape ivy Delairea odorata 1 Asteraceae Herbaceaous and Woody Perennials and Vines Table C9 castor bean Ricinus communis 2 Euphorbiaceae Herbaceaous and Woody Perennials and Vines Table C19

Chinaberry tree Melia azedarach 3 Meliaceae Woody Tree ‐ Vigorous Stump Resprouter

Chinese elm Ulmus parvifolia 2 Ulmaceae Woody Tree ‐ Vigorous Stump Resprouter coastal galenia Galenia pubescens 1 Aizoaceae Herbaceaous and Woody Perennials and Vines common fig Ficus carica 2 Moraceae Woody Tree ‐ Stump Resprouter common olive Olea europaea 3 Oleaceae Woody Tree ‐ Stump Resprouter coppery mesembryanthemum Malephora crocea 3 Aizoaceae Herbaceaous and Woody Perennials and Vines

Eucalyptus/gum tree Eucalyptus sp. 3 Myrtaceae Woody Tree ‐ Vigorous Stump Resprouter fan palms Washingtonia filifera/robusta 3 Arecaceae Other Monocots

Priority Rankings Priority Rankings based on the 2020-2021 Natural Communities Coalition Priority Species list and in future iterations will be set by the Santa Ana River - Orange County Weed Management Area.

TABLE A2 - INDEX OF PRIORITY WEEDS BY

COMMON NAME

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1 Eradicate reserve-wide 2 Eradicate in certain watersheds 3 Control opportunistically

Common Name Species Rank Plant Family Assigned Life Form in Table B Table C Detailed Info

Priority Rankings Priority Rankings based on the 2020-2021 Natural Communities Coalition Priority Species list and in future iterations will be set by the Santa Ana River - Orange County Weed Management Area.

TABLE A2 - INDEX OF PRIORITY WEEDS BY

COMMON NAME

feathery groundsel; fireweed groundsel Senecio angustifolius/ linearifolius 1 Asteraceae Herbaceaous and Woody Perennials and Vines fennel Foeniculum vulgare 3 Apiaceae Herbaceaous and Woody Perennials and Vines fountain grass Pennisetum setaceum 2 Poaceae Grasses ‐ Perennial Table C18 garden nasturtium Tropaeolum majus 3 Tropaeolaceae Herbaceaous and Woody Perennials and Vines garland chrysanthemum; crown daisy

Glebionis coronaria (Chrysanthemum coronarium) 2 Asteraceae Annual ‐ Biennial Broadleaves (Dicots) ‐ Asters gazania Gazania linearis 2 Asteraceae Herbaceaous and Woody Perennials and Vines giant reed Arundo donax 2 Poaceae Grasses ‐ Perennial Table C3 golden crownbeard Verbesina encelioides 1 Asteraceae Annual ‐ Biennial Broadleaves (Dicots)

Harding grass Phalaris aquatica 2 Poaceae Grasses ‐ Perennial horehound Marrubium vulgare 3 Lamiaceae Herbaceaous and Woody Perennials and Vines hottentot fig/iceplant Carpobrotus edulis 3 Aizoaceae Herbaceaous and Woody Perennials and Vines

Indian plantain Plantago arenaria 2 Plantaginaceae Annual ‐ Biennial Broadleaves (Dicots)

Italian thistle Carduus pycnocephalus 3 Asteraceae Annual ‐ Biennial Broadleaves (Dicots) ‐ Asters

Japanese honeysuckle Lonicera japonica 3 Caprifoliaceae Herbaceaous and Woody Perennials and Vines

Jerusalem thorn Parkinsonia aculeata 2 Fabaceae Herbaceaous and Woody Perennials and Vines lily‐of‐the‐valley vine Salpichroa origanifolia 2 Solanaceae Herbaceaous and Woody Perennials and Vines lollypop tree; mirror plant Myoporum laetum 3 Scrophulariaceae Woody Tree ‐ Stump Resprouter

Mediterranean filaree Erodium malacoides 3 Geraniaceae Annual ‐ Biennial Broadleaves (Dicots)

Mexican feather grass/ fountain grass Nassella tenuissima 2 Poaceae Grasses ‐ Perennial Table C15 milk thistle Silybum marianum 3 Asteraceae Annual ‐ Biennial Broadleaves (Dicots) ‐ Asters

Moroccan/Egyptian knapweed Volutaria tubuliflora 1 Asteraceae Annual ‐ Biennial Broadleaves (Dicots) Table C25 natalgrass Melinis repens 1 Poaceae Grasses ‐ Annual

North African knapweed Centaurea diluta 1 Asteraceae Annual ‐ Biennial Broadleaves (Dicots) ‐ Asters Table C5

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Guidelines for Invasive Plant Control in Wildlands of Orange County, CA6

2 Eradicate in certain watersheds 3 Control opportunistically

Common Name Species Rank Plant Family Assigned Life Form in Table B Table C Detailed Info

Priority Rankings Priority Rankings based on the 2020-2021 Natural Communities Coalition Priority Species list and in future iterations will be set by the Santa Ana River - Orange County Weed Management Area.

TABLE A2 - INDEX OF PRIORITY WEEDS BY

COMMON NAME

oleander Nerium oleander 3 Apocynaceae Herbaceaous and Woody Perennials and Vines onionweed Asphodelus fistulosus 2 Liliaceae Other Monocots ox‐eye daisy Leucanthemum vulgare 2 Asteraceae Herbaceaous and Woody Perennials and Vines

Pampas grass/jubata grass Cortaderia selloana/jubata 2 Poaceae Grasses ‐ Perennial Table C7 pepperweed/whitetop Lepium latifolium/draba/appelianum 2 Brassicaceae Herbaceaous and Woody Perennials and Vines Table C13 perennial/long‐flowered veldt grass Ehrharta calycina/longiflora 1 Poaceae Grasses ‐ Perennial Table C11 periwinkle Vinca major 3 Apocynaceae Herbaceaous and Woody Perennials and Vines

Peruvian/Brazilian pepper tree Schinus molle/terebinthifolius 3 Anacardiaceae Woody Tree ‐ Stump Resprouter Table C21 poison hemlock Conium maculatum 3 Apiaceae Annual ‐ Biennial Broadleaves (Dicots) pride of Madeira Echium candicans 2 Boraginaceae Herbaceaous and Woody Perennials and Vines puncturevine Tribulus terrestris 3 Zygophyllaceae Herbaceaous and Woody Perennials and Vines Table C24 purple false brome Brachypodium distachyon 3 Poaceae Grasses ‐ Annual purple salsify Tragopogon porrifolius 3 Asteraceae Herbaceaous and Woody Perennials and Vines

Sahara mustard Brassica tournefortii 2 Brassicaceae Annual ‐ Biennial Broadleaves (Dicots) Table C4 sandbur Cenchrus echinatus/longispinus 1 Poaceae Grasses ‐ Perennial

Santa Maria feverfew Parthenium hysterophorus 1 Asteraceae Annual ‐ Biennial Broadleaves (Dicots) ‐ Asters sisal, century plant Agave americana 3 Agavaceae Other Monocots

Spanish broom Spartium junceum 2 Fabaceae Herbaceaous and Woody Perennials and Vines Table C22 spiny emex Emex spinosa 2 Polygonaceae Annual ‐ Biennial Broadleaves (Dicots) Table C12 statice Limonium sinuatum/perezii 3 Plumbaginaceae Herbaceaous and Woody Perennials and Vines Table C14 sticky eupatorium; Crofton weed Ageratina adenophora 1 Asteraceae Herbaceaous and Woody Perennials and Vines stink bean Albizia lophan 3 Fabaceae Woody Tree ‐ Vigorous Stump Resprouter stinknet/ globe chamomile Oncosiphon piluliferum 1 Asteraceae Annual ‐ Biennial Broadleaves (Dicots) ‐ Asters Table C17

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1 Eradicate reserve-wide 2 Eradicate in certain watersheds 3 Control opportunistically

Common Name Species Rank Plant Family Assigned Life Form in Table B Table C Detailed Info

Priority Rankings Priority Rankings based on the 2020-2021 Natural Communities Coalition Priority Species list and in future iterations will be set by the Santa Ana River - Orange County Weed Management Area.

TABLE A2 - INDEX OF PRIORITY WEEDS BY

COMMON NAME

stinkwort Dittrichia graveolens 1 Asteraceae Annual ‐ Biennial Broadleaves (Dicots) ‐ Asters Table C10 tamarisk Tamarix ramosissima/aphylla 2 Tamaricaceae Woody Tree ‐ Stump Resprouter Table C23 tree tobacco Nicotiana glauca 3 Solanaceae Herbaceaous and Woody Perennials and Vines Table C16 tree‐of‐heaven Ailanthus altissima 2 Simaroubaceae Woody Tree ‐ Vigorous Stump Resprouter Table C2

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia 3 Vitaceae Herbaceaous and Woody Perennials and Vines yellow flag iris Iris pseudacorus 1 Iridaceae Other Monocots yellow starthistle Centaurea solstitialis 1 Asteraceae Annual ‐ Biennial Broadleaves (Dicots) ‐ Asters Table C6

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Guidelines for Invasive Plant Control in Wildlands of Orange County, CA 7

GUIDE TO USING TREATMENT CHART

This Quick Reference Table contains over 80 species of the highest priority (rank 1‐3) invasive weed species found in the Natural Community Conservation Plan (NCCP) for Central Coastal Reserves in Orange County. The species list may be adjusted/expanded in future updates to include other priority species from areas outside the NCCP, such as the Southern Subregion Habitat Conservation Plan (HCP) of the Santa Ana River ‐ Orange County Weed Management.

The species list includes both common species that are managed in routine land management and restoration activities in addition to uncommon species (early detection – rapid response targets) that have limited occurrences. Plants are organized by lifeform, scientific name, common name and family. Each major plant lifeform section has a summary of common control approaches and challenges. This chart is meant to be a quick reference guide to common control approaches for each species. Before selecting a control, please review site‐specific conditions, timing, and population scale before selecting a method for control. No detailed biological and ecological information on seed bank longevity, seed dispersal, common routes of establishment are provided. You will need to understand these details more fully before controlling the plants in your projects. Often, multiple methods will be necessary for effective control of weed species while also minimizing potential impacts. This chart is not a substitute for working with professional pest control applicators and advisors for your specific weed control projects.

Key to Control Method Treatment Rank

The top control methods are listed for all species based on interviews with weed control practitioners (ǂ); published scientific studies or trials (⁂); articles, fact sheets or other control references from reputable sources (*); or through comparative knowledge/references from similar plant species (◊).

MECHANICAL ‐ Moderate/Low – Demonstrated methods for partial control or full control when limited by scale or other site conditions MECHANICAL ‐ High – Demonstrated methods for controlling >80% of the population CHEMICAL ‐ Moderate/Low – Demonstrated partial or incomplete control with herbicides CHEMICAL High – Demonstrated control of >80% of the population with herbicides Experimental – Control method not demonstrated with references but likely to control the species based on attributes with similar plants

KEY TO TREATMENTS BY

INVASIVE PLANT SPECIES

AND LIFE FORM – TABLE B1

Guidelines for Invasive Plant Control in Wildlands of Orange County, CA8

Citations ‡ interviews based in field experience; ◊ based on knowledge of similar plants; ⁂ scientific study; * articles, documents from reputable sources

Methods

Species Common Name Plant Family Treatment Rank Currently Known Effective Methodologies Cite Key Management Considerations

Do Effective Hand, Mechanical, Cultural Methods Exist for Control?

Do Effective Organic Herbicides Exist for Control?

Do Effective Synthetic Herbicide Methods Exist for Control?

Reason Non- Synthetic Herbicide Methods are Ineffective

Decision Point to move to Synthetic Herbicide Control

High Prescribed fire after seed set ‡⁂ Moderate Hand pulling, propane flaming and mowing all provide only partial control ‡* High Foliar spray of fluazifop-p-butyl or clethodim in early growth stages with night temperatures over 50F ‡⁂ High Foliar spray of aminocyclopyrachlor split over two applications ‡⁂ Moderate Glyphosate spot spray effective on small populations with sparse vegetation or pre-treated with mowing or grazing ‡⁂ Moderate Mowing with string trimmers, removal with scuffle hoe and hand pulling ⁂ High Early season foliar sprays of fluazifop-p-butyl or clethodim before flowering ⁂

High Season long control with glyphosate foliar sprays ⁂

High Digging out all roots can be effective at limited scale where erosion is not a concern * ‡

High Foliar sprays of glyphosate AND/OR imazapyr BEFORE cutting any stems. A combination is best when retreating. ⁂ ‡

Moderate Cut stump application of glyphosate AND/OR imazapyr ⁂ ‡

Moderate Stem injection or cut/stem treatments with glyphosate OR imazapyr ‡ Experimental Foliar sprays of glyphosate on actively growing plants through flowering ◊ Experimental Hand pulling or digging small patches ◊ High Digging of plants with hand or mechanical tools. All roots must be removed to prevent resprouting. ‡ High Foliar sprays of glyphosate on actively growing plants ⁂ ‡ Moderate Foliar sprays of glyphosate OR imazapyr after plants are flowering ⁂ ‡ Moderate Digging of plants with hand or mechanical tools. ‡ High Foliar sprays of glyphosate on actively growing plants from boot stage through flowering period. ⁂ ‡ Moderate Foliar sprays of clethodim or fluazifop-p-butyl early in the growing season up to boot stage. ⁂ ‡ Moderate Hand removal of small plants is effective ⁂ High Foliar sprays of glyphosate provides good control when actively growing ⁂ Moderate Foliar sprays of imazapyr, imazamox and fluazifop-p-butyl provide marginal control but stop flowering ⁂ Experimental Foliar sprays of glyphosate PLUS imazapyr OR imazamox may provide more effective control ◊ Moderate Digging of plants with hand or mechanical tools. All roots must be removed to prevent resprouting. * ◊ High Foliar sprays of glyphosate or imazapyr on actively growing plants through flowering * ◊ Moderate Foliar sprays of clethodim or fluazifop-p-butyl from seedling to bolting when selectivity is necessary. ◊

Moderate Digging of plants with hand or mechanical tools. All roots must be removed to prevent resprouting. ‡ ◊ High Foliar sprays of glyphosate or imazapyr on actively growing plants through flowering; mowing first may aid in treatment selectivity ‡ Moderate Foliar sprays of clethodim or fluazifop-p-butyl from seedling to bolting when selectivity is necessary. ‡ ◊ Moderate Digging of plants with hand or mechanical tools. All roots must be removed to prevent resprouting. * High Foliar sprays of glyphosate or imazapyr on actively growing plants through flowering * Moderate Foliar sprays of clethodim or fluazifop-p-butyl from seedling to bolting when selectivity is necessary. ‡ ◊

High Mechanical digging of plants is highly effective. Use tractors or prep plants so they are safe to handle before treatments * High Spraying fluroxypyr as a foliar or cut-stem application method * Moderate Glyphosate, imazapyr and triclopyr may be effective as cut-stem treatments * ⁂ Moderate Hand dig out individual plants for small populations ⁂ High Foliar sprays of chlorsulfuron on actively growing plants ⁂

Moderate Hand/mechanical digging of rhizomes for small populations *

High Direct foliar sprays with glyphosate or imazapyr for control of mature plants during the bloom period * High Cutting the crownshaft (base of main trunk) will kill young and mature palms * High Low volume applications of triclopyr, glyphosate or imazapyr as a foliar spray * High Cutting the crownshaft (base of main trunk) will kill young and mature palms * High Low volume applications of triclopyr, glyphosate or imazapyr as a stem injection ‡ *

Perennial grasses grow year-round or seasonally but live year round. They reproduce with seeds, stolons and rhizomes. Some are mat forming versus others that are bunch forming. Control of perennial grasses requires eliminating the parent plants plus stopping the reproduction cycle. Plants can be controlled with mechanical removal or herbicides. Most weedy species of perennial grasses are highly adapted to grazing, mowing, and fire so these methods typically do not offer control alone. Grass-specific synthetic herbicides can be used selectively to control perennial grasses while sparing dicots from damage. Most current non-synthetic herbicides provide little control of perennial grasses.

Non-grass monocots come in many forms from succulents to palm trees. Plants can be annual, biennial or perennial. Some can be extremely long-lived biennial such as Agaves that may live many decades before blooming and then die after the bloom period. Non-grass monocots have a wide diversity of life history strategies, from seed to bulbs to tubers so control methods cannot be generalized. Specific knowledge of the individual plant life histories below is required for effective control.

Cortaderia selloana/jubata Pampas grass/jubata grass Poaceae For herbicide control, all plant foliage must be treated.

Plants produce seed throughout the year. Treatments must occur often throughout the growing season to stop seed production.

N Y Perennial Lifeform; Scale

G R

AS

SE

S

Fountain grass Poaceae

Ehrharta calycina/longiflora perennial/long-flowered veldt grass Poaceae

Melinis repens natalgrass Poaceae

Nassella tenuissima Mexican feather grass/ Fountain grass Poaceae

Phalaris aquatica Harding grass Poaceae

Aegilops triuncialis barbed goatgrass Poaceae

N N Y Perennial Lifeform Population > 100

sq. ft.

? N ?

Spreads vegetatively only. Treated cut stems can resprout into new plants in any moisture conditions. Disturbance triggers vigorous root sprouting. Treating with herbicide and letting it kill the plant BEFORE cutting is ideal. Established sites take 10+ years of follow-up.

Cenchrus echinatus/longispinus sandbur Poaceae

Arundo donax giant reed Poaceae

Removal of entire root crown is very difficult when hand digging

Herbicide methods effective though plants may take up to 2 years for complete mortality.

Plant very difficult to control

Pennisetum setaceum

O

TH

ER

M

O N

O C

O TS Agave americana

Asphodelus fistulosus onionweed

Perennial Lifeform; Scale

Population > 100

sq. ft.

Y N Y Perennial Lifeform; Scale

Population > 100

sq. ft.

>50 plants

Y N Y Perennial Lifeform; Scale

Population > 100

sq. ft.

Y N Y Perennial Lifeform; Scale

Population > 100

sq. ft.

Y Y Scale; Inability to perform selective treatments

Population > 100

sq. ft.N

Y

Perennial Lifeform; Scale;

Safety >50 plants

N Y Scale Population > 100

sq. ft.

Y N Y Scale Population > 100

sq. ft.

Perennial Lifeform; Scale

Population > 100

sq. ft.

Y N Y Perennial Lifeform; Scale

Population > 100

sq. ft.

Y

Y yellow flag iris Iridaceae

Phoenix canariensis Canary Island date palm Arecaceae

Agavaceae

Y N

Y N Y

Liliaceae

Iris pseudacorus

Washingtonia filifera/robusta fan palms Arecaceae

Population > 100

sq. ft.

TABLE B1 KEY TO TREATMENTS BY INVASIVE PLANT SPECIES AND LIFE FORM

Scale; Inability to perform selective treatments

Population > 100

sq. ft.

Lifeform

Using mechanical site preparation to eliminate past year's grass thatch layer may be necessary for herbicide control

AN

N

U

AL

S

2 years of seed produced each year, one seed delayed.

Prescribed burns effective when timed appropriately in summer for 2 consecutive years.

Y N Y

Annual grasses grow rapidly during a short growing season, living from year to year from seed only. Control of annual grasses requires breaking the reproductive cycle and preventing seed set each growing season. Seed production can be limited by mowing, grazing, fire, mechanical removal and herbicides.

Often, a combination of methods is necessary to prevent the next seed generation. Some synthetic herbicides can be used selectively for annual grasses based on their mode of action and rate of application, sparing all dicots and perennial grasses from damage. Most current non-synthetic herbicides provide little control of annual grasses.

Y Npurple false brome PoaceaeBrachypodium distachyon Y Scale; Inability to perform selective treatments

PE

R

EN

N

IA

LS

Y N

Y sisal, century plant

Demonstrated control with mechanical tools Demonstrated partial control or when full control is limited by scale & site conditions Demonstrated control with specific herbicidesHigh HighModerate/Low

Demonstrated partial control with herbicides Assumed control with any method based on experience with similar plantsModerate/Low Experimental

Page 1 of 5 On Point Land Management Inc 2022

Guidelines for Invasive Plant Control in Wildlands of Orange County, CA 9

Citations ‡ interviews based in field experience; ◊ based on knowledge of similar plants; ⁂ scientific study; * articles, documents from reputable sources

Methods

Species Common Name Plant Family Treatment Rank Currently Known Effective Methodologies Cite Key Management Considerations

Do Effective Hand, Mechanical, Cultural Methods Exist for Control?

Do Effective Organic Herbicides Exist for Control?

Do Effective Synthetic Herbicide Methods Exist for Control?

Reason Non- Synthetic Herbicide Methods are Ineffective

Decision Point to move to Synthetic Herbicide Control

TABLE B1 KEY TO TREATMENTS BY INVASIVE PLANT SPECIES AND LIFE FORM

Lifeform

Demonstrated control with mechanical tools Demonstrated partial control or when full control is limited by scale & site conditions Demonstrated control with specific herbicidesHigh HighModerate/Low

Demonstrated partial control with herbicides Assumed control with any method based on experience with similar plantsModerate/Low Experimental

High Shovel or hand dig out taproots is effective for low density populations and small patches * ‡ Moderate Mow after bolting with 2 -3 visits ‡ High Broadcast or direct foliar sprays with aminopyralid/clopyralid for best control of mature plants and seedlings * ‡ High Spot foliar sprays with glyphosate or triclopyr alone can control mature plants; use aquatic formulations of either for wetland/riparian areas * ‡ High Hand pulling taproots, may require multiple visits ‡ Experimental Broadcast sprays with aminopyralid expected to be effective as in C.solstitialis ◊

High Hand pulling for small patches. Repeated, weekly hand pulling events required for good control. ‡ * Moderate Mowing during the late flowering/bud stages provides control over multiple years. ‡ ⁂ * High Broadcast sprays with aminopyralid for best control of mature plants and seedlings. Aminopyralid can be used as pre-emergent. ‡ ⁂ Moderate Spot foliar sprays with glyphosate alone can control mature plants ⁂ * Moderate Shovel or hand dig out taproots is effective for low density populations and small patches ‡ High Broadcast or direct foliar sprays with aminopyralid for best control of mature plants and seedlings * ‡ High Spot foliar sprays with glyphosate or triclopyr alone can control mature plants; use aquatic formulations of either for wetland/riparian areas ‡ Moderate Hand dig out taproots of small populations. * High Broadcast sprays with triclopyr + aminopyralid for best control of basal rosettes and seedlings. Omit triclopyr for pre-emergent application * ⁂ Moderate Glyphosate applications for partial control and reduced seed set ‡ Moderate Hand removal for small plant infestations ◊ Unknown Direct or broadcast sprays of clopyralid or aminopyralid ◊ Unknown Spot foliar sprays of triclopyr or glyphosate for mature plants. Use aquatic formulations for riparian/wetland areas ◊

Moderate Hand pull when single plants found. *

High Direct foliar sprays with aminopyralid or clopyralid for control of mature plants and seedlings. Broadcast sprays for use as pre-emergents. ⁂ Moderate Direct foliar sprays with clopyralid or glyphosate as a post-emergent. ⁂ * Moderate Shovel or hand dig out taproots is effective for low density populations and small patches ◊ High Broadcast or direct foliar sprays with aminopyralid or clopyralid from seedling to rosette stage ⁂ Moderate Spot foliar sprays with glyphosate from rosette to mature life stages ⁂ High Shovel or hand dig out taproots is effective for low density populations and small patches * Moderate Mow/cut at pre-flower/bolting ‡ High Broadcast or direct foliar sprays with aminopyralid for best control of mature plants and seedlings * High Spot foliar sprays with glyphosate or triclopyr alone can control mature plants; use aquatic formulations of either for wetland/riparian areas * High Shovel or hand dig out plants for small patches * High Spraying glyphosate OR triclopyr as foliar sprays * Experimental Clopyralid OR aminopyralid likely will effectively control golden crownbeard ◊ High Shovel or hand dig out taproots is effective for low density populations and small patches ‡ Experimental Broadcast or direct foliar sprays with aminopyralid or clopyralid at rosette stage ◊ Experimental Spot foliar sprays with glyphosate at bolt stage ◊

High Hand pull or shovel sheer of individual tap roots can be effective for small populations * ‡

High Foliar sprays of chlorsulfuron on actively growing plants *

Moderate Foliar sprays of glyphosate OR triclopyr through basal rosette stage *

High Hand pulling taproots when soil is moist is effective. Multiple visits during the growing season is required for full control *

High Direct foliar sprays with glyphosate or triclopyr from rosette to bolting stages. Use aquatic formulations for riparian/wetland sites. ‡ * Moderate Hand dig out plants for very small populations * High Foliar sprays of glyphosate on actively growing plants. * High Foliar sprays of fluroxypyr on actively growing plants. * Moderate Foliar glufosinate on early season small plants offers good control * Experimental Organic burndown herbicides may offer similar control to glufosinate in early season treatments ◊ Moderate Hand dig out plants for very small populations * High Foliar sprays of glyphosate imazapyr or triclopyr on actively growing plants. * ⁂ Moderate Organic burndown herbicides provide partial control ⁂ Moderate Shovel or hand dig out taproots is effective for low density populations and small patches * Experimental Triclopyr and glyphosate are likely best options for plantain control ◊

Annual/biennial asters are dicots that grow rapidly during a short 1-2 year growing season, living from season to season from seed only. Control of annual/biennial asters requires breaking the reproductive cycle and preventing seed set each growing season. Plants can be controlled with grazing, fire, mowing, mechanical removal or herbicides though integrated methods with multiple methods are typically required for complete control. Annual/biennial asters represent a class of weeds that has been problematic for rangeland and grazing agriculture for many years. For this reason, many synthetic herbicides have been developed to be both dicot and family specific with many of these products having high efficacy on asters specifically. Some non-synthetic herbicides can be used for control during the early life stages of annual/biennial asters.

Other annual/biennial weeds are dicots that grow rapidly during a short 1-2 year growing season, living from season to season from seed only. Control of other annual/biennials requires breaking the reproductive cycle and preventing seed set each growing season. Plants can be controlled with grazing, fire, mowing, mechanical removal or herbicides though integrated methods with multiple methods are typically required for complete control. Some non-synthetic herbicides can be used for control during the early life stages of other annual/biennials.

Verbesina encelioides golden crownbeard Asteraceae spiny Emex Polygonaceae

Conium maculatum poison hemlock Apiaceae

Emex spinosa seed production continues in pulled/cut plants that are fertilized

YY ?

Population > 100

sq. ft.

Y

Scale Population > 100

sq. ft.

Scale Population > 100

sq. ft.

Scale Population > 100

sq. ft.

Y ? Y Scale

Y Y Y

Scale Population > 100

sq. ft.

Y ? Y Scale Population > 100

sq. ft.

Y ? Y Scale Population > 100

sq. ft.

Y ? Y Scale Population > 100

sq. ft.

Scale Population > 100

sq. ft.

Y N Y

? Y seed production continues in pulled/cut plants that are fertilized

Y

Y ?

Y ?

AsteraceaeSilybum marianum milk thistle

Geraniums difficult to control.

No information available for this species

Hand pulling must be thorough over multiple visits, do not leave flowering plants on site. YST typically has seedling emergence over several months resulting in multiple lifestages present during the growing season.

Hand pulling often results in lots of soil disturbance which triggers additional germination of poison hemlock later in the growing season.

Control in early life stages critical. Mature plants difficult to reasonably control.

Some genotypes glyphosate resistant seed production continues in pulled/cut plants that are fertilized

Staggered germination results in multiple lifestages present throughout the growing season. Plants establish and spread extremely quickly. Though little is known about the plant, quick responses are critical

AN

N

U

AL

BI

EN

N

IA

L

BR

O

AD

LE

AV

ES

(D

IC

TO

S)

O

TH

ER

A

N N

U

AL

BI

EN

N

IA

LS

North African knapweed Asteraceae

Oncosiphon piluliferum stinknet/ globe chamomile Asteraceae

Volutaria tubuliflora Moroccan/Egyptian knapweed

Erodium malacoides Mediterranean filaree Geraniaceae

Plantago arenaria Indian plantain Plantaginaceae

Y ? Y Scale Population > 100

sq. ft.

Santa Maria feverfew Asteraceae

Glebionis coronaria (Chrysanthemum coronarium)

Garland chrysanthemum; crown daisy

Y ? Y

Asteraceae

Parthenium hysterophorus

Italian thistle Asteraceae stinkwort Asteraceae

Cirsium vulgare bull thistle Asteraceae

Dittrichia graveolens

Centaurea solstitialis yellow starthistle Asteraceae

Centaurea diluta

Carduus pycnocephalus

Scale Population > 100

sq. ft.

Y ?

Y ?

Scale Population > 100

sq. ft.

Scale Population > 100

sq. ft.

Scale Population > 100

sq. ft.

Scale Population > 100

sq. ft.

Perennial Lifeform; Scale

Population > 100

sq. ft.

Y

Y

Y ? Y

Y ?

Brassicaceae

Quick growing, can complete lifecycle in a few months.

Spreads by seed only. Seed viable for more than 3 years.

Multiple flushes in a season, so all treatments should be followed up on during growing season.

AS

TE

R S

Y

Little information available in CA since plant is considered native throughout the American Southwest

Asteraceae

Brassica tournefortii Sahara mustard

Page 2 of 5 On Point Land Management Inc 2022

Guidelines for Invasive Plant Control in Wildlands of Orange County, CA10

Citations ‡ interviews based in field experience; ◊ based on knowledge of similar plants; ⁂ scientific study; * articles, documents from reputable sources

Methods

Species Common Name Plant Family Treatment Rank Currently Known Effective Methodologies Cite Key Management Considerations

Do Effective Hand, Mechanical, Cultural Methods Exist for Control?

Do Effective Organic Herbicides Exist for Control?

Do Effective Synthetic Herbicide Methods Exist for Control?

Reason Non- Synthetic Herbicide Methods are Ineffective

Decision Point to move to Synthetic Herbicide Control

TABLE B1 KEY TO TREATMENTS BY INVASIVE PLANT SPECIES AND LIFE FORM

Lifeform

Demonstrated control with mechanical tools Demonstrated partial control or when full control is limited by scale & site conditions Demonstrated control with specific herbicidesHigh HighModerate/Low

Demonstrated partial control with herbicides Assumed control with any method based on experience with similar plantsModerate/Low Experimental

Moderate Hand pulling mature plants for small patches. ‡

High Spraying glyphosate or triclopyr + aminopyralid for best control of mature plants and seedlings ⁂

Moderate Spraying glyphosate or triclopyr alone can control mature plants; use aquatic formulations of either for wetland/riparian areas ⁂ ‡ High Seedlings can be dug out by hand. As plant matures, deep roots difficult to dig. * High Foliar spray of fluroxypyr labelled for control in Australia * Experimental Glyphosate or triclopyr foliar or cut stump applications may work ◊ Moderate Hand dig out plants/rhizomes/tubers for very small populations *

High Foliar sprays of glyphosate on actively growing plants. *

High Small populations can be dug out by hand ◊

Experimental Glyphosate or triclopyr foliar applications may work. ◊

High Hand pull/mechanical removal is very effective. ‡

High Direct foliar sprays with glyphosate for mature plants. * ‡ Moderate Hand pulling for small plants. * ◊ High Triclopyr or glyphosate foliar sprays/cut stem methods for best control of mature plants and seedlings. Site prep with fire may reduce seedbank. * ⁂ Experimental Aminopyralid and imazapyr would also likely work well. ◊

High Repeated brush-cutting every 3 weeks for the first growing season, followed by repeated hoe removal of survivors following years. ‡

Moderate Hand dig out taproots of small populations. ‡

High Broadcast sprays with triclopyr + aminopyralid or clopyralid for best control of basal rosettes and seedlings. ‡ Moderate Mechanical removal of all vegetation + Cape ivy with follow-up hand grubbing can provide control in small/manageable sites. ‡ High Foliar sprays with clopyralid (or aminopyralid) for control during the active winter growing period. * ‡

Moderate Spot foliar sprays with glyphosate or triclopyr during the flowering period can provide fair control. Use aquatic formulations for riparian areas. ‡

High Hand dig out plants for small populations ‡

Experimental Spraying glyphosate likely will control plants. ‡

Moderate Hand pulling seedlings when very small. *

High Direct foliar sprays with glyphosate or triclopyr from rosette to bolting stages. Use aquatic formulations for riparian/wetland sites. * High Complete hand digging of all roots and rhizomes is possible in dunes and other soft soils ‡ High Foliar sprays with aminopyralid PLUS triclopyr for best control of mature plants ⁂ Moderate Glyphosate foliar sprays only provide partial control. ⁂ Moderate Hand removal for small plant infestations ‡ * High Spot foliar sprays with glyphosate can control mature plants; use aquatic formulations of either for wetland/riparian areas * Experimental Broadcast or direct foliar sprays with aminopyralid is likely optimum for mature plants and seedlings ‡ ◊ High Hand/mechanical digging of root crowns is effective for small populations * ‡ High Direct foliar sprays with glyphosate for best control of mature plants.