Attachment 2.pdf

PART III – LIST OF DOCUMENTS, EXHIBITS, AND OTHER ATTACHMENTS

SECTION J – LIST OF ATTACHMENTS

Listed below are all the documents attached to and forming a part of this contract.

Appendix A: Herbicides, plant species, application period (season or times of application)

Appendix A

Information on Herbicides Proposed for Use

Herbicides are a type of pesticide used to control plants. Herbicides affect biochemical pathways that are specific to plants, making herbicides the least toxic form of pesticides. One measure of toxicity is lethal dose 50 (LD50), which means the amount of chemical it takes to kill 50 percent of a population.

For example, imazapyr has an LD50 above 5000 mg/kg, making it practically non-toxic. The reason for this is that imazapyr works on amino acid pathways that are specific to plants and not found in animals (McKnapp 1997).

Herbicide Applications Related to Vegetation Treatments

Herbicide applications are proposed for: noncommercial spruce restoration treatments; noncommercial timber and wildlife stand improvement - hardwood emphasis; commercial spruce restoration treatments; commercial timber harvest and thinning - hardwood emphasis; and herbicide work related to nonnative invasive species. To avoid repetition in each of those sections, information on herbicide applications is given below.

Table Herb-1. Chemical Hazard Ratings for some common chemicals and herbicides proposed for use

Category Signal Word

Required on Label Acute Toxicity Oral LD50 mg/kg

Common Chemicals and Herbicides

Highly toxic Danger 0-50 Laundry Beach Kerosene

Moderately toxic

Warning 50-500 Rubber cement Nicotine Gasoline Caffeine

DDT

Slightly toxic Caution 500-5000 Alcohol

Aspirin

Table salt

Triclopyr

Relatively nontoxic

Caution >5000 Glyphosate

Sulfometuron methyl

Imazapyr

Baby lotion

Imazapyr

Trade Name: Arsenal AC

Formulations: 54% soluble liquid

Mode of Action: Inhibits the synthesis of specific amino acids

Selectivity: Generally non-selective, conifers show good resistance

Volatility: Negligible

Photodecomposition: Can be significant 1-2 days

Soil Activity: Yes

Mobility in soil: Generally adsorbed by soil, remains in the top few inches.

Half- life: 25-142 days

Toxicity: LD50- >5000 mg/kg

LC50- 100 ppm

NOEL-25 mg/kg/d

Imazapyr is the active ingredient used in Arsenal AC. Imazapyr is a non-selective herbicide, meaning it controls both broadleaf and grass species. Imazapyr is labeled for control of maple species, beech, and grass. Imazapyr is more effective controlling these species than other herbicides like glyphosate and sulfometuron methyl (Horlsey 1988 and Horlsey 2004). Imazapyr is often added to tank mixtures of glyphosate and sulfometuron methyl to provide increased control of striped maple and grass in the understories of northern hardwood stands (Horsley 2004).

Sulfometuron methyl

Trade Name: Oust

Formulation: water-dispersible granule 75% a.i.

Mode of action: Inhibits branched-chain amino acids

Selectively: Conifers and other woody perennials resistant. Highly effective at controlling herbaceous weeds.

Volatility: Negligible

Photodecomposition: Negligible

Soil Activity: Yes

Mobility in Soil: Generally greater at higher soil pH and low organic matter content

Half-life: 20-28 days

Toxicity: LD50- >5000mg/kg

LC50- 125 ppm

NOEL- 300mg/kg/d

Sulfometuron methyl is the active ingredient in Oust. Sulfometuron methyl is in the sulfonyl urea family of herbicides and used for the control of herbaceous weeds. Sulfometuron methyl has been shown to be effective at controlling grass and fern in Allegheny hardwood stands (Horlsey 2004). When sulfometuron methyl was applied to the understories of Allegheny hardwood stands, fern was completely controlled. Sedges and grass were not completely controlled by sulfometuron methyl, but it did reduce the emergence of sedge and grass from the seed bank by 2/3 to 3/4 (Horsley 2004).

Sulfometuron methyl does not control striped maple and beech (Horlsey 1988).

Triclopyr

Trade Name: Garlon 4

Formulation- Ester formulation uses oil as carrier 4 a.i.

Mode of Action: Not completely understood, but interferes with cell division within plants

Selectivity: Most grasses resistant

Volatility: Can be a problem with ester formulations, but not when applied

As basal spray

Photodecomposition: Rapidly degraded

Soil Activity: No

Mobility in Soil: Not readily leached

Half-life: 30 days

Toxicity: LD50- 713 mg/kg

LC50- 117 ppm

NOEL- 3 mg/kg/d

Triclopyr is the active ingredient in Garlon 4. Garlon 4 is an ester formulation of triclopyr, meaning that it is mixed with oil to form a solution. Hygrade EC would be used as the carrier. This formulation of triclopyr is widely used as a basal bark spray, spraying the lower 15 inches of the stem to control woody stems. Basal spraying has been proven an effective means of controlling beech stems less than 6 inches in diameter (Kochenderfer 2004 et al.).

Glyphosate

Trade Name: Accord or Roundup

Formulation: Soluble liquid 53% active ingredient (5.4 a.i. lbs./gal)

Mode of Action: Amino- acid inhibitor, inhibits EPSP synthase

Selectivity: Non-selective

Volatility: Negligible

Photodecomposition: Negligible

Soil Activity: No

Mobility in soil: None

Half-life: 47 days

Toxicity: LD50- 5600 mg/kg

LC50- 86 ppm

NOEL- 30 mg/kg/d

Glyphosate is a commonly used nonselective herbicide and the active ingredient in several amine formulas such as Glypro, Glypro Plus, Accord, Roundup, and others. Glyphosate has been used extensively in Allegheny hardwood forests. Several studies have shown that glyphosate effectively controls beech using cut-surface treatment (Kochenderfer et al. 2001). When injecting a 50 percent solution of glyphosate with water, nearly 100 percent of beech stems one inch dbh and larger were controlled (Kochenderfer et al. 2004).

Cutting beech trees without herbicide application would result in a 50 percent increase in the number of beech root suckers (Kochenderfer 2004 ). Foliar sprays of glyphosate have also been effective in controlling beech, fern, and grass (Horsley 1982). But glyphosate has no effect on ungerminated seed, which leads to the reappearance of grass and fern shortly after spraying (Horlsey 1981). Red maple and striped maple are also hard to control with glyphosate. Poor crown control or top-kill with prolific basal sprouting are typical results of treatment (Horlsey 2004).

Clopyralid

Trade Name: Transline

Formulation: Soluble liquid 40.9% active ingredient (3 a.i. lbs./gal)

Mode of Action: Growth regular, inhibits cell wall plasticity and nuckeicacid metabolism

Selectivity: Selective

Photodecomposition: Negligible

Soil Activity: Yes

Mobility in soil: Moderate leaching

Half-life: 47 days

Toxicity: LD50- 2000 mg/kg

LC50- 104 ppm

NOEL- 150 mg/kg/d

Clopyralid is growth regulator type herbicide that selectively controls broadleaf weeds in grass crops or pastures. Clopyralid is widely used for selective control of broadleaf weeds in agricultural crops such as sugar beets, field corn, and small grains. Clopyralid also is used in noncrop areas, such as pastures and Christmas trees plantations to control broadleaf weeds and woody brush.

Imazapic

Trade Name: Plateau

Formulation: Soluble liquid 23.6% active ingredient (2 a.i. lbs./gal)

Mode of Action: Inhibits enzyme acetolactate synthase (ALS)

Selectivity: Selective-controls broadleaf weed

Volatility: Negligible

Photodecomposition: Negligible

Soil Activity: Yes

Half-life: 120 days

Toxicity: LD50- >2000 mg/kg

LC50- 100 ppm

NOEL- 160 mg/kg/d

Imazapic controls many annual broadleaf weeds, and is used in agriculture. Imazapic is also used to establish native grasses.

Sethoxydim

Trade Name: Poast

Formulation: Soluble liquid 18% active ingredient (1.5 a.i. lbs./gal)

Mode of Action: Inhibits the lipid biosynthesis in plants

Selectivity: Selective-controls annual and perennial grasses

Photodecomposition: Negligible

Soil Activity: No

Half-life: 4 days

Toxicity: LD50- >5000 mg/kg

LC50- 32 mg/L

NOEL- 320 mg/kg/d

Sethoxydim is used in field crops, forage crops, vegetable crops, tree fruits, and noncrop areas, to control grasses.

Metsulfuron

Trade Name: Escort

Formulation: Wet granular 60% active ingredient

Mode of Action: Inhibits acetolactate synthase (ALS)

Selectivity: Non-Selective

Volatility: Negligible

Photodecomposition: Negligible

Soil Activity: Yes

Mobility in soil: Yes

Half-life: 30 days

Toxicity: LD50- >2000 mg/kg

LC50- >150 mg/L

NOEL- 500 mg/kg/d

Metsulfuron is used for pre-emergence and post-emergence control of annual and perennial broadleaf weeds and woody brush in conifer plantations and noncrop areas (Anderson 1996).

Inert Ingredients

Inert ingredients are chemicals used with the active ingredient in preparing herbicide formulations.

They act as a carrier for the active ingredient to facilitate the effective application of the herbicide. Inert ingredients are not intended to increase the efficacy or toxicity of herbicide formulations. The EPA classifies inert ingredients into four lists based on their toxicity:

List 1 - Inerts that have been shown to be carcinogens, developmental toxicants, neurotoxins, or potential ecological hazards, and that merit the highest priority for regulatory action.

List 2 - Inerts with high priority for testing because toxicity data are suggestive, but not conclusive, of possible chronic health effects or because they have structures similar to chemicals on List 1.

List 3 - Inerts with lower priority because no evidence from toxicity data or from a review of their chemical structure would now support a concern for toxicity or risk.

List 4 - Inerts that are generally recognized as safe.

Because the EPA classifies inert ingredients as “confidential Business Information”, the actual chemicals are not shown. The table below shows the inert listing for the herbicides proposed for use.

Table Herb-2. Percent of inert ingredients and EPA listing of herbicides proposed in the UGN project

Herbicide Percent Inert Ingredient EPA listing

Glyphosate 59 4

Triclopyr 38.4 3 and 4

Sulfometuron methyl 25 4

Imazapyr 46.9 4

Metsulfuron 25 4

Sethoxydim 82 4

Imazapic 76.4 4

Clopyralid 59.1 4

Surfactant

A nonionic surfactant would be used to increase penetration of the herbicides into the plants for the foliar spray treatment. The surfactant would be added to the tank mixture at the rate of 2 to 3 ounces per acre.