Appendix E (JEGS).pdf

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE

JAPAN ENVIRONMENTAL

GOVERNING STANDARDS

April 2022

ISSUED BY

HEADQUARTERS, U.S. FORCES, JAPAN

Japan Environmental Governing Standards 2022 JEGS

HEADQUARTERS

UNITED STATES FORCES, JAPAN

APO AREA PACIFIC 96328-5068

MEMORANDUM FOR DISTRIBUTION

FROM: COMUSFJ

SUBJECT: 2022 Japan Environmental Governing Standards

1. Attached is the revised 2022 Japan Environmental Governing Standards (JEGS). All substantive changes from the previous edition are summarized in the attached USFJ information paper. Components are directed to implement the 2022 JEGS upon receipt.

2. As environmental law continues to evolve, the JEGS may be amended in the future. The HQ USFJ point of contact concerning the JEGS is COL Don Nestor, USFJ Command Engineer, at DSN 225-3618, or e-mail at don.a.nestor.mil@mail.mil.

RICKY N. RUPP

Lieutenant General, USAF Commander

2 Attachments:

1. The 2022 JEGS

2. USFJ 2022 JEGS Information Paper cc:

USFJ/J03/J06/J09/J021/J5

DISTRIBUTION:

INDOPACOM/J44

USARJ

CNRJ

5 AF

MCIPAC

USAEDJ

DLA-DS-Sagami

AMEMB/POLMIL

RUPP.RICKY.N

.1147741860

Digitally signed by

RUPP.RICKY.N.1147741860

Date: 2022.06.22 12:49:32 +09'00'

2022 JEGS Japan Environmental Governing Standards

Executive Summary i

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics (USD(AT&L)) has appointed Commander, U.S. Forces, Japan (COMUSFJ) as the DoD Lead Environmental Component (LEC) in Japan. One responsibility of the DoD LEC is to develop and maintain the Final Governing Standards (FGS) for their Area of Responsibility.

The FGS for Japan are known as the Japan Environmental Governing Standards (JEGS). The JEGS were developed in accordance with DoD Instruction 4715.05, Environmental Compliance at Installations Outside the United States (Incorporating Change 2, August 31, 2018), the Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA), and other applicable international agreements. The JEGS are based upon the format and standards of DoD Manual 4715.05, Overseas Environmental Baseline Guidance Document (OEBGD, June 29, 2020). DoD Service Components will need to develop instructions for their own management practices.

The completion of the JEGS was the result of teamwork of USFJ, DoD Service Components, installations, and other pertinent organizations within USFJ’s Area of Responsibility. The JEGS is the primary source for environmental guidance and standards for U.S. Forces in Japan.

The 2022 JEGS are an update of the 2020 JEGS that were published in December 2020. The changes were made based on the OEBGD and applicable Japanese criteria. These Japanese criteria were those adequately defined and generally in effect and enforced against host government and private sector activities, and that provided greater protection to the environment than described in the OEBGD.

The JEGS does not address environmental contamination or remediation standards, as these issues are fully covered under DoD Instruction 4715.08, Remediation of Environmental Contamination Outside the United States (Incorporating Change 2, August 31, 2018). DoD Service Components must consult the USFJ Command Engineer, on behalf of the DoD LEC, on matters regarding determinations of substantial impact to human health and safety.

Other than as provided in Chapter 17, Medical Waste, the JEGS do not address management or disposal of radioactive waste. These matters are addressed in DoD Instruction 4715.27, DoD Low-Level Radioactive Waste (LLRW) Disposal Program (Change 2, Effective April 12, 2019) and DoD Service Component directives.

ii List of Updates/Revalidations

LIST OF UPDATES/REVISIONS

CHANGE NUMBER DATE POSTED BY

First Issue 31 Jan 1995 Sunny Sea

Second Issue 31 May 1996 Sunny Sea

Third Issue 31 Jan 1997 Sunny Sea

Fourth Issue 31 Oct 2001 Robert Starks

Version 1.1 14 Jun 2002 Martin Westman

Fifth Issue 26 Jul 2004 Justin Lancaster

Sixth Issue 7 Sep 2006 Justin Lancaster

Seventh Issue 11 Sep 2008 Hector Jamilli

Eighth Issue 30 Nov 2010 Joseph Cook

Ninth Issue 17 Dec 2012 Sean Barron

Tenth Issue 21 Apr 2016 Sean Barron

Eleventh Issue 6 Apr 2018 Sean Barron

Version 1.1 17 Dec 2018 Sean Barron

Twelfth Issue 15 Dec 2020 Nick Carlton

Thirteenth Issue 15 Apr 2022 Nick Carlton

Table of Contents iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Executive Summary ......................................................................................................................... i

List of Updates/Revisions ............................................................................................................... ii

Chapter 1 – Overview

VOLUME I: CONSERVATION

Chapter 2 – Historical and Cultural Resources

Chapter 3 – Natural Resources and Endangered Species

VOLUME II: AIR AND TOXICS

Chapter 4 – Air Emissions

Appendix 4A – Japanese Air Emission Standards

Chapter 5 – Asbestos

Chapter 6 – Lead-Based Paint (LBP)

Chapter 7 – Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)

VOLUME III: WATER

Chapter 8 – Drinking Water

Appendix 8A – Drinking Water Disinfection Tables

Chapter 9 – Wastewater and Stormwater

Appendix 9A – Japanese Wastewater Standards

VOLUME IV: HAZARDOUS MATERIALS, STORAGE TANKS, SPILLS,

AND PESTICIDES

Chapter 10 – Hazardous Materials

Chapter 11 – Petroleum, Oil and Lubricants (POL)

Chapter 12 – Underground Storage Tanks (USTs)

Chapter 13 – Spill Prevention and Response

Appendix 13A – Determination of WCD Planning Volume

Chapter 14 – Pesticides iv Table of Contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS, Continued

VOLUME V: WASTE

Chapter 15 – Solid Waste

Chapter 16 – Hazardous Waste

Appendix 16A – Characteristics of Hazardous Wastes and Lists of Hazardous Wastes and Hazardous Substances

Appendix 16B – Hazardous Waste Labeling

Chapter 17 – Medical Waste

Chapter 1, Overview 1

CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW

1.1 PURPOSE

1.1.1 The primary purpose of the Japan Environmental Governing Standards (JEGS) is to provide environmental compliance criteria and management practices to be used by United States (U.S.) Department of Defense (DoD) installations in Japan. This document implements DoD Instruction (DoDI) 4715.05, Environmental Compliance at Installations Outside the United States (Incorporating Change 2, dated August 31, 2018), and is based upon DoD Manual (DoDM) 4715.05, Overseas Environmental Baseline Guidance Document (OEBGD, Volumes 1

– 5, Incorporating Change 2, June 29, 2020).

1.1.2 The JEGS were developed by comparing and adopting the more protective criteria of the OEBGD, applicable Government of Japan (GOJ) laws and regulations, and applicable international agreements. GOJ laws of general applicability include those specifically delegated to prefectural or local governments for implementation by the national government and that are generally applied to the Japan Self Defense Force (JSDF). The JEGS are consistent with the applicable provisions of Article IV of the “Agreement under Article VI of the Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States of America and Japan, Regarding Facilities and Areas and the Status of United States Armed Forces in Japan,” also known as the “Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA) between the United States and Japan.”

1.2 APPLICABILITY

1.2.1 The JEGS apply to the actions of the DoD Service Components at all facilities and areas granted to the United States under Article II.1.(a) of the SOFA (referred to as “exclusive use facilities and areas”). In the JEGS, “installation” means exclusive use facilities and areas when referring to a geographical area. Facilities and areas remain under Article II.1.(a) even if an Article II.4.(a) joint-use agreement is granted to a public or private Japanese entity. DoD Service Components must use the JEGS as standards for environmental compliance rather than the individual source documents that have been reconciled by the DoD Lead Environmental Component in the creation of the JEGS.

1.2.2 Contractors performing work on behalf of the DoD within an exclusive use facility or area must comply with the JEGS. Contracts must reflect the JEGS to the extent that such requirements are relevant and practicable.

1.2.3 DoD Service Components may issue supplementary criteria more protective of the environment than required by the JEGS, provided they first obtain written concurrence from the DoD Lead Environmental Component. Requests for more protective criteria must be evaluated based on their potential impact upon other activities and installations, and upon their relationship with GOJ authorities. DoD activities and installations must clearly identify variances from the JEGS in all requests for resources.

2 Chapter 1, Overview

1.2.4 DoD Service Components must not enter into agreements with GOJ authorities at any level that establishes a criterion for compliance different than provided in the JEGS without the prior written approval of the DoD Lead Environmental Component.

1.3 EXEMPTIONS

The JEGS do not apply to the following:

1.3.1 U.S. military vessels, ships, aircraft, or space vehicles. The JEGS, however, apply to support functions for U.S. military vessels, ships, aircraft, or space vehicles provided by the DoD Service Components, including the management and disposal of off-loaded waste or hazardous materials.

1.3.2 Off-installation training.

1.3.3 Contingency locations and associated operations and deployments, including cases of hostilities, contingency operations in hazardous areas, peacekeeping missions, or relief operations. These include U.S. Forces operating as part of a multinational force not under full U.S. control.

1.3.4 Facilities and activities associated with the Naval Nuclear Propulsion Program, in accordance with Executive Order (E.O.) 12344, and conducted pursuant to section 7158 of Title 42, United States Code (U.S.C.).

1.3.5 Actions to remediate environmental contamination, which are addressed in DoDI 4715.08, Remediation of Environmental Contamination Outside the United States (Incorporating Change 2, August 31, 2018).

1.3.6 Environmental analyses conducted in accordance with E.O. 12114, Environmental Effects Abroad of Major Federal Actions.

1.3.7 DoD installations that do not have the potential to affect the natural environment (e.g., activities that are primarily administrative) or where, in consultation with the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Energy, Installations, and Environment (ASD(EI&E)), the geographic Combatant Commander concerned has determined that no significant force health protection or environmental threats exist.

1.3.8 Activities, systems, operations and areas on DoD installations for which DoD has no authority or responsibility including Cooperative Security Locations.

1.3.9 Host nation contractors whose activities are funded by the GOJ within U.S. facilities and areas. While the more protective of GOJ and USG requirements apply to host nation funded construction (HNFC) within U.S. facilities and areas, neither the GOJ nor their contractors are familiar with or have a legal obligation to comply with the JEGS. Installations should propose incorporation of specific requirements of the JEGS during the design phase of construction through the applicable project authorization document to ensure application of the environmental standard more protective of human health and the environment.

Chapter 1, Overview 3

1.4 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

1.4.1 The DoD Service Components must establish and implement an environmental audit program to ensure that DoD installations in Japan assess compliance with the JEGS at least once every 3 years at all major installations.

1.4.2 Laboratory analyses necessary to implement the JEGS will normally be conducted in a laboratory that has been certified by a U.S. or GOJ regulatory authority, or accredited through the DoD Environmental Laboratory Accreditation Program (ELAP), for the applicable test method and follows required quality assurance and quality control protocol. In the absence of a certified laboratory, analyses may also be conducted at a laboratory that has an established reliable record of quality assurance compliance with standards for the applicable test method that are generally recognized by appropriate industry or scientific organizations.

1.4.3 The JEGS do not create any rights or obligations enforceable against the U.S., the DoD, or any of its Service Components, nor does it create any standard of care or practice for individuals. Although the JEGS refer to other DoD Directives (DoDDs), DoDIs, and DoDMs, it is intended only to coordinate the requirements of those issuances as required to implement the policies found in DoDI 4715.05. The JEGS do not change other DoDDs, DoDIs, or DoDMs or alter DoD policies. Conflicts, issues, or concerns related to the JEGS should be presented to the DoD Lead Environmental Component.

1.4.4 When the JEGS were developed, DoD activities and installations were located in the following prefectures or special administrative areas: Aomori, Tokyo, Kanagawa, Saitama, Kyoto, Hiroshima, Shizuoka, Nagasaki, Yamaguchi, and Okinawa. If DoD activities are, or are expected to be, located in any other prefecture, the DoD Lead Environmental Component must be contacted to determine if any changes in the JEGS are warranted for that prefecture.

1.5 PERMITS AND LICENSES

1.5.1 In accordance with the SOFA, permits, licenses, or other forms of official approvals are not required by DoD activities and installations. Permits, licenses, or other forms of official approvals may, however, be required under GOJ law for certain contracted activities specified herein. When required, all such permits, licenses and other forms of official approval must be obtained by the contractor from the appropriate governmental authority. DoD Service Components will assist contractors when they are applying for a required permit, license or other form of official approval by providing necessary information only.

1.5.2 If the conditions of any permit, license or other form of official approval provides for a less protective standard than prescribed in the JEGS, the JEGS must remain the compliance standard unless an exception is obtained in writing from the DoD Lead Environmental Component.

4 Chapter 1, Overview

1.6 LEAD ENVIRONMENTAL COMPONENT

In accordance with DoDI 4715.05, the DoD Lead Environmental Component for the JEGS is the Commander, U.S. Forces, Japan (COMUSFJ). DoD Service Components must consult the USFJ Command Engineer, on behalf of the DoD Lead Environmental Component, on matters regarding interpretation or exceptions to the JEGS. Exceptions to the JEGS require written approval from the DoD Lead Environmental Component. Send any questions or comments pertaining to the JEGS to:

Commander, U.S. Forces, Japan Unit 5068, Attn: USFJ/J9, Command Engineer

APO, AP 96328-5068

Volume I, Conservation: Definitions 5

VOLUME I: CONSERVATION

DEFINITIONS

These terms and their definitions are for the purposes of this volume.

Adverse effect. Changes that diminish the integrity or significance of natural, historic and cultural resources.

Archeological resource. As a subset of historic and cultural resources, these may include any material remains of prehistoric or historic human life or activities. Such resources may include pottery, basketry, bottles, weapons, weapon projectiles, tools, structures or portions of structures, pit houses, rock paintings, rock carvings, intaglios, graves, human skeletal remains, or any portion of these items.

Biosecurity. Managing relevant risks to human, animal, and plant life and health, and associated risks to the environment from the introduction of disease, invasive or alien species, and pests.

Conservation. Planned management, use, and protection; continued benefit for present and future generations; and prevention of exploitation, destruction, and neglect.

Cultural property. Cultural property in Japan consists of the following:

(1) Tangible cultural property. Buildings, pictures, sculptures, applied crafts, calligraphic works, classical books, ancient documents, and other tangible cultural products that are of significant historical or artistic value to Japan (including lands and other objects which are combined with these objects to create such value); archaeological and other historical resources of significant scientific value.

(2) Intangible cultural property. Drama, music, applied art, and other intangible cultural products that are of a significant historical or artistic value to Japan.

(3) Folk cultural property. Manners and customs related to food, clothing and housing, to occupations, to religious faiths, and to annual festivals, etc.; folk performing arts; folk skills;

clothes, utensils, houses and other objects, which are indispensable to the understanding of changes in the mode of life of Japan.

(4) Monuments. Shell mounds, tumuli, sites of fortified capitals, sites of forts, sites of castles, monument houses and other sites, which are of significant historical or scientific value to Japan; gardens, bridges, gorges, sea-shores, mountains, and other places of scenic beauty, which are of significant artistic or aesthetic value to Japan; animals (including their habitats, breeding areas and trails), plants (including their self-seeded areas), and geological features and minerals (including the areas where peculiar natural phenomena are recognizable), which are of significant scientific value to Japan.

(5) Cultural landscapes. Landscapes that have been created by people's lives or occupations in their community as well as by the climate prevailing in such community, and which are indispensable to the understanding of the mode of life or occupation of Japan.

6 Volume I, Conservation: Defintions

(6) Groups of traditional buildings. Groups of traditional buildings of a high value, which form a certain historic configuration in combination with their environments.

(7) Objects of important cultural property. Includes national treasures.

(8) Historic sites, places of scenic beauty and natural monuments. Includes special historic sites, places of scenic beauty and natural monuments.

Ecosystem-based management. A goal-driven approach to managing natural resources that supports present and future mission requirements; preserves ecosystem integrity; is at a scale compatible with natural processes; is cognizant of nature’s timeframes; recognizes social and economic viability within functioning ecosystems; is adaptable to complex and changing requirements; and is realized through effective partnerships. It is a process that considers the environment as a complex system functioning as a whole, not as a collection of parts, and recognizes that people and their social and economic needs are a part of the whole.

Endangered species. Any species of flora or fauna listed or designated by the GOJ because continued existence of the species is, or is likely to be, endangered, and is therefore subject to special protection from destruction or adverse modification of associated habitat. With regard to any species of wild fauna and flora, the number of individuals of the species is notably small, the number of individuals of the species is decreasing notably, the major habitat of the individuals of the species is disappearing, the environment where the individuals of the species live or grow is deteriorating notably, to a level that would be detrimental to the survival of the species, or there are any other circumstances that would be detrimental to the survival of the species.

Historic and cultural resources. A prehistoric or historic district, site, building, structure, or object significant in world, national, or local history, architecture, archeology, engineering, or culture. This includes artifacts, archeological resources, records, and material remains that are related to such a district, site, building, structure, or object, and also includes natural resources (plants, animals, landscape features, etc.) that may be considered important as a part of a country’s traditional culture and history. A property listed on the World Heritage List or lists of cultural property in Japan is considered a historic and cultural resource.

Historic and cultural resources program. A program for identification, evaluation, documentation, curation, acquisition, protection, rehabilitation, restoration, management, stabilization, maintenance, recording, and reconstruction of historic and cultural resources.

Includes safeguarding cultural property against the foreseeable effects of an armed conflict in compliance with the 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict.

Historic building. A building over 50 years old that contributes to the historical scenery of the area and is not easy to reproduce. Historic buildings are classified as tangible cultural properties in Japan.

Installation. Defined in DoDI 4715.05.

Volume I, Conservation: Definitions 7

Invasive alien species. Living individuals (including eggs, seeds, and their organs) designated by the GOJ as existing outside their original habitats as a result of introduction from overseas into Japan and must be eradicated, and that are recognized to cause or likely to cause adverse effects on ecosystems, human safety, agriculture, forestry, and/or fisheries because of their differences with native Japanese organisms. Includes subspecies or variant species.

Inventory. The act of determining the location of historic and cultural resources that may have world, national, or local significance, or the record of such determinations.

Material remains. Physical evidence—whether above ground, below ground, or underwater—of human habitation, occupation, use, or activity, including the site, loci, or context in which such evidence is situated. Such evidence may include structures; artifact concentrations or scatters;

whole or fragmentary tools, implements, containers, weapons, clothing, and ornaments; by-products, waste products, or debris resulting from manufacture or use; organic waste; human remains; rock carvings, rock paintings, and intaglios; rock shelters and caves; and all their portions or wreckage.

Mitigation. Specific steps designed to lessen or offset the adverse effects of a DoD action on a historic or cultural resource.

Natural resources. Living and inanimate materials, but not artifacts, existing in nature that are of aesthetic, ecological, educational, historical, recreational, scientific, or other value.

Natural resources management. Actions taken that combine science, economics, and policy to study, preserve, manage, and restore natural resources to strike a balance with the needs of people and the ability of the ecosystem to sustain and support the natural environment.

Natural resources management plan. An integrated plan focused, to the maximum extent practicable, on ecosystem-based management. It shows the interrelationships of individual components of natural resources management (e.g., fish and wildlife, forestry, land management, outdoor recreation) to mission requirements and other land use activities affecting an installation’s natural resources.

Preservation. The act or process of applying measures to sustain the existing form, integrity, and material of a building, structure, or other historic or cultural resource, and the existing form and vegetative cover of a site. It may include initial stabilization work where necessary, as well as ongoing maintenance of the historic building materials.

Protection. In the context of historic and cultural resource protection in JEGS Chapter 2, the act or process of applying measures designed to affect the physical condition of a property by safeguarding it from deterioration, loss, attack, or alteration, or to cover or shield the property from danger or injury. In the case of buildings and structures, such treatment is generally temporary and anticipates future historic preservation treatment; in the case of archaeological sites, the protective measure may be temporary or permanent.

8 Volume I, Conservation: Defintions

Species at risk (SAR). Includes species on the United States Fish and Wildlife Service/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries Service Foreign Species List or GOJ list designated as threatened, endangered, country-specific protected species, or a species that is a candidate for listing. SAR may also include species whose potential designation as threatened, endangered, or country-specific protected species could require conservation efforts that may substantially affect a military mission.

Significant natural resources. Natural resources identified as having special importance to an installation or its ecosystem. Natural resources may be significant on a local, regional, national, or international scale. Threatened or endangered species and SAR and their habitats are significant natural resources.

Standards. Substantive elements of U.S. laws and Federal regulations applicable to DoD installations, facilities, and actions in the United States or that have extraterritorial application or are determined necessary to protect human health and the environment on installations outside the United States.

United States. Defined in DoDI 4715.05.

Volume I, Conservation: Acronyms 9

VOLUME I: CONSERVATION

ACRONYMS

GOJ Government of Japan

LEC lead environmental component

SAR species at risk

U.S.C. United States Code

10 Volume I, Conservation: Acronyms

Volume I: Chapter 2, Historic and Cultural Resources 11

CHAPTER 2: HISTORIC AND CULTURAL RESOURCES

2.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter contains standards on the preservation and management of historic and cultural resources.

2.2 GENERAL

In consideration of the World Heritage List and cultural property entered in the Cultural Property Registry in accordance with the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties, under U.S. Federal law installations must take into account the effect of any action on a cultural property for the purpose of avoiding or mitigating any adverse effects.

2.3. PERSONNEL QUALIFICATIONS

Installations must ensure that:

2.3.1 Personnel performing historic or cultural resource functions have the necessary expertise in world, national, and local history and culture.

2.3.2 Personnel directing historic and cultural resource functions are trained and qualified to the level of their responsibilities in the management of historic or cultural resources.

2.4 CULTURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT PLAN

Installations must:

2.4.1 After consultation with the appropriate local governmental authorities:

2.4.1.1 Develop and maintain an inventory of historic and cultural resources in areas under DoD control using records searches and visual surveys. Installations should use geospatial referencing to document locations of historic properties, when possible.

2.4.1.2 Establish appropriate measures to protect and preserve known historic or cultural resources, including measures to prevent DoD personnel from disturbing or removing historic or cultural resources without permission of the appropriate local governmental authorities.

2.4.2 If cultural resources are identified in areas under DoD control, prepare, maintain, and implement a historic and cultural resources management plan that includes the information needed to:

2.4.2.1 Make appropriate decisions about historic and cultural resources identified on the installation inventory.

2.4.2.2 Mitigate any adverse effects, as necessary.

12 Volume I: Chapter 2, Historic and Cultural Resources

2.5 AVOIDANCE AND MITIGATION OF ADVERSE EFFECTS

Installations must ensure that the possible adverse effects of DoD actions on historic and cultural resources are avoided or mitigated, to the extent practicable.

2.5.1 Before proceeding with any major construction, major repair work, or ground-disturbing activity, evaluate the proposed project site, in consultation with the appropriate local governmental authorities, and consider all practicable means to appropriately avoid, minimize, and mitigate any adverse effects on historic and cultural resources. Unless a prior analysis has cleared the site, the analysis must include at a minimum:

2.5.1.1 Preparing a site plan illustrating the limit of construction and work.

Modifications to the project boundaries after approval require re-evaluation of the project.

2.5.1.2 Determining the presence or absence of historic and cultural resources that may be affected by the project.

2.5.1.3 Assessing the effect or potential effect of the proposed project on historic or cultural resources.

2.5.1.4 Identifying any appropriate mitigation for potential adverse effects and specifying limitations, restrictions, or provisions. Mitigation may include, but is not limited to:

2.5.1.4.1 Limiting the magnitude of the action.

2.5.1.4.2 Relocating the action in whole or in part.

2.5.1.4.3 Repairing, rehabilitating, or restoring the affected resources or property.

2.5.1.4.4 Recovering and recording data from cultural properties that may be destroyed or substantially altered.

2.5.2 Maintain records of processed actions.

2.5.3 If potential historic or cultural resources not previously inventoried are discovered in the course of a DoD action:

2.5.3.1 Preserve and protect the newly discovered items pending consultation with appropriate local governmental authorities.

2.5.3.2 Consult with appropriate local governmental authorities prior to determining the appropriate treatment of the historic or cultural resource. The installation commander will make the decision on final disposition after coordination with the appropriate local governmental authorities. A general system for the treatment of human remains is shown in Table 2.1.

2.5.4 Installations must properly manage historic buildings to avoid adverse effects. During expansion, renovation, or repair of the building, maintain the building’s original characteristics, such as location, scale, figure, design, and color.

Volume I: Chapter 2, Historic and Cultural Resources 13

Table 2.1: General System for Treatment of Human Remains in Japan

RECENT BURIAL

(POST-WWII)

HISTORIC BURIAL

(WWII OR BEFORE) UNKNOWN

Remains exhumed, forensic studies performed

Remains documented, recorded & left in situ

Remains documented, recorded & left in situ; installation may consider requests for further investigations (such as universities, anthropologists or cultural resources organization) to determine era of origin of human remains

Remains recorded, exhumed to determine ethnicity, age, sex, & number of individuals

Remains claimed by owner

14 Volume I: Chapter 2, Historic and Cultural Resources

Volume I: Chapter 3, Natural Resources and Endangered Species 15

CHAPTER 3: NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENDANGERED SPECIES

3.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter establishes standards on the conservation of natural resources. Conservation measures may include protection of significant natural resources, including any species of flora or fauna or considered species at risk (SAR), by either U.S. or Japanese governments. Such measures may include protection of the habitats of those species.

3.2 GENERAL

Installations must evaluate natural resources for significance.

3.2.1 Installations must determine the presence of SAR, all of which are considered significant natural resources, through surveys or other methods.

3.2.2 Installations that actively manage fish and wildlife, forestry, vegetation and erosion control, agricultural activities, grazing activities, or wetlands protection normally have significant resources, but must consider the following items when determining significance:

3.2.2.1 The degree of active management needed.

3.2.2.2 Special natural features.

3.2.2.3 Aesthetics.

3.2.2.4 Outdoor recreational opportunities.

3.2.2.5 The ecological context of the installation.

3.3 PERSONNEL QUALIFICATIONS

Installations must ensure that personnel who:

3.3.1 Perform natural resources functions have the requisite expertise or training in their discipline (e.g., SAR, wetlands, soil stabilization, habitats, ecosystems, and other ecological systems of concerns).

3.3.2 Direct natural resources functions are trained in natural resources management.

3.4 NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT PLAN

Installations with significant natural resources must prepare a natural resources management plan.

3.4.1 Natural Resources Management Plans must:

3.4.1.1 Incorporate the principles of ecosystem-based management.

3.4.1.2 Contain information needed to make appropriate decisions about natural resources management.

16 Volume I: Chapter 3, Natural Resources and Endangered Species

3.4.1.3 Maintain a relevant and updated baseline list of plant and animal species located at each installation for all pertinent taxonomic and regionally important groups.

3.4.1.4 Ensure that biologically or geographically significant or sensitive natural resources, such as the Japanese endangered species listed in Table 3.1, are monitored and managed for their protection and long-term sustainability.

3.4.1.5 Address natural resource management in support of biosecurity requirements.

3.4.1.6 Ensure no net loss of installation capabilities and capacity to train, test, or perform other mission-essential functions. Enhance installation capabilities and capacity to the maximum extent practicable.

3.4.2 Natural Resources Management Plans should be coordinated, after consulting the LEC, with the appropriate local governmental authorities.

3.5 NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT PLAN IMPLEMENTATION

Installations with significant natural resources must take steps to protect and enhance those resources.

3.5.1 Maintain, or have access to, the current list of species established by Chapter 35 of Title 16, U.S.C., also known as the “Endangered Species Act,” to ensure installations follow the same obligations the GOJ has in respecting and protecting U.S. endangered species that are migratory and appear in Japan.

3.5.2 Through surveys or other methods, determine the presence of any SAR and their habitats.

3.5.3 Notify, after the LEC has been consulted, the appropriate local governmental authorities of the discovery of any SAR not previously known to be present on the installation.

3.5.4 Emphasize the maintenance and protection of habitats favorable to the reproduction and survival of indigenous flora and fauna, as appropriate.

3.5.5 Maintain grounds to support designated mission uses, and use native vegetation to maintain the natural landscape, wherever practical.

3.5.6 Ensure land and vegetative management activities are consistent with current conservation and land use principles (e.g., ecosystem protection, biodiversity conservation, mission-integrated land use, wildfire prevention, and invasive species control), as appropriate.

3.5.7 Use protective vegetative cover or other standard soil erosion and sediment control practices to control dust, stabilize sites, and avoid silting of streams, as appropriate.

Volume I: Chapter 3, Natural Resources and Endangered Species 17

3.6 INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES

Installations must take the following actions in the event an invasive alien species listed in Table

3.2 is discovered:

3.6.1 Notify the LEC, Service Component Commander, and the appropriate local governmental authorities, and implement actions to eradicate the species. Provide subsequent notifications when the installation finds a new discovery of the same species on the installation, and determines the new discovery is not associated with the initial discovery.

3.6.2 Coordinate and cooperate with the appropriate local governmental authorities in efforts to eradicate invasive alien species present on the installation.

3.7 RECORDKEEPING

Installations must maintain records of natural resources management plan development and implementation, and other records associated with management of natural resources and SAR.

18 Volume I: Chapter 3, Natural Resources and Endangered Species

Table 3.1: Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora in Japan

JAPANESE NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME ENGLISH NAME

BIRDS

Hahajima meguro Apalopteron familiare hahasima Bonin islands honeyeater Inuwashi Aquila chrysaetos japonica Japanese golden eagle Katashirowashi Aquila heliaca Eastern imperial eagle Shijyukaragan Branta hutchinsii leucopareia Aleutian cackling goose Washimimizuku Bubo bubo borissowi Eurasian eagle owl Ogasawara nosuri Buteo buteo toyoshimai Ogasawara buzzard Kin(n)bato Chalcophaps indica yamashinai Emerald dove Ogasawara kawarahiwa Chloris sinica kittlitzi Ogasawara oriental greenfinch Kounotori Ciconia boyciana Oriental white stork Chuhi Circus spilonotus Eastern marsh harrier Akagashirakarasubato Columba janthina nitens Japanese wood pigeon Yonaguni karasubato Columba janthina stejnegeri Stejneger's wood pigeon Shimakuina Coturnicops exquisitus Swinhoe’s rail Ohsutonooakagera Dendrocopos leucotos owstoni White-backed woodpecker Shimaaoji Emberiza aureola ornata Yellow-breasted bunting Akahige Erithacus komadori komadori Ryukyu robin Hontouakahige Erithacus komadori namiyei Stejneger's ryukyu robin Herashigi Eurynorhynchus pygmeus Spoon-billed sandpiper Hayabusa Falco peregrinus japonensis Peregrine falcon Hokkyokuhayabusa Falco peregrinus tundrius1 Arctic peregrine falcon Etopirika Fratercula cirrhata Tufted puffin Hawaiban Gallinula chloropus sandvicensis1 Hawaiian gallinule Yanbaru kuina Gallirallus okinawae Okinawa rail Mishishippii kanadazuru Grus canadensis pulla1 Mississippi sandhill crane Tancho Grus japonensis Japanese red-crowned crane Sodegurotsuru Grus leucogeranus Siberian crane Nabe-zuru Grus monacha Hooded crane Ojirowashi Haliaeetus albicilla albicilla White-tailed sea eagle Oowashi Haliaeetus pelagicus Steller's sea eagle Shimafukurou Ketupa blakistoni blakistoni Blakiston's fish owl Raicho Lagopus muta japonica Japanese rock ptarmigan Akamozu Lanius cristatus superciliosus Brown shrike Oosekka Locustella pryeri pryeri Japanese marsh (swamp) warbler Kouraiaisa Mergus squamatus Scaly-sided merganser Toki Nipponia nippon Japanese crested ibis Kumataka Nisaetus nipalensis orientalis Hodgson's hawk eagle Kosyakushigi Numinous minutus Little curlew Shiroharacyushakushigi Numenius tenuirostris Slender-billed curlew Kurokoshijiiroumitsubame Oceanodroma castro Madeiran storm-petrel Chishimaugarasu Phalacrocorax urile Red-faced cormorant Ahōdori Phoebastria albatrus Short-tailed albatross Kurotsuraherasagi Platalea minor Black-faced spoonbill Miyubigera Picoides tridactylus inouyei Inouye's three-toed woodpecker Yairochou Pitta nympha Fairy pitta Hawaishiroharamizunagidori Pterodroma phaeopygia sandwichensis Hawaiian dark-rumped petrel Ogasawarahimemizunagidori Puffinus bryani Bryans’ shearwater Seguromizunagidori Puffinus lherminieri bannermani Bannerman’s shearwater Noguchigera Sapheopipo noguchi Pryer's woodpecker

Volume I: Chapter 3, Natural Resources and Endangered Species 19

Table 3.1: Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora in Japan, Continued

BIRDS (continued)

Amami yamashigi Scolopax mira Amami woodcock Kanmuriwashi Spilornis cheela perplexus Crested serpent eagle Koajisashi Sterna albifrons Little tern Sterna albifrons browni1 California least tern Kanmuritsukushigamo Tadorna cristata Crested shelduck Kurafuto aoashishigi Tringa guttifer Nordmann’s greenshank Akakokko Turdus celaenops Izu islands thrush Umigarasu Uria aalge inornata Common guillemot Ooyoshidoi Uxibrychus eurhythmus Schrenck’s bittern Ootoratsugumi Zoothera dauma major Amami thrush

MAMMALS

Iwashi kujira Balaenoptera borealis Sei whale Shiro nagasu kujira Balaenoptera musculus Blue whale Nagasu kujira Balaenoptera physalus Finback whale Kenaga nezumi Diplothrix legata Ryukyu long-furred rat Jugon Dugong dugon Dugong Koku kujira Eschrichtius robustus Gray whale Semi kujira Eubalaena japonica North Pacific right whale Zato kujira Megaptera novaeangliae Humpback whale Ryukyu yubinaga koumori Miniopterus fuscus Southeast Asia long-fingered bat Ryukyu tenngu koumori Murina ryukyuana Ryukyu tube-nosed bat Yambaru hoohige koumori Myotis yanbarensis Yanbaru whiskered bat Amamino kurousagi Pentalagus furnessi Ryukyu rabbit Makko kujira Physeter macrocephalus Sperm whale Tsushima yamaneko Prionailurus bengalensis euptilurus Tsushima leopard cat Iriomote yamaneko Prionailurus bengalensis iriomotensis Iriomote cat Daito ookoumori Pteropus dasymallus daitoensis Daito flying fox Erabu ookoumori Pteropus dasymallus dasymallus Erabu flying fox Okinawa ookoumori Pteropus loochoensis Okinawa flying fox Ogasawara ookoumori Pteropus pselaphon Bonin flying fox Oriikokikugashira koumori Rhinolophus cornutus orii Little Japanese horseshoe bat Okinawa kokikugashira koumori Rhinolophus pumilus pumilus Okinawa horseshoe bat

Okinawa togenezumi Tokudaia muenninki Okinawa spiny rat Amami togenezumi Tokudaia osimensis Amami spiny rat Tokunoshima togenezumi Tokudaia tokunoshimensis Tokunoshima spiny rat Higuma Ursus arctos Brown bear Azia kurokuma Ursus thibetanus Moon bear (Asian black bear)

REPTILES

Akaumigame Caretta caretta Loggerhead sea turtle Aoumigame Chelonia mydas Green sea turtle Osagame Dermochelys coriacea Leatherback sea turtle Taimai Eretmochelys imbricata Hawksbill sea turtle Ryukyu yamagame Geoemyda japonica Japanese black-breasted leaf turtle Kuroiwa tokagemodoki Goniurosaurus kuroiwae kuroiwae Kuroiwa's ground gecko Madara tokagemodoki Goniurosaurus kuroiwae orientalis Spotted ground gecko Kerama tokagemodoki Goniurosaurus kuroiwae sengokui Kerama ground gecko

20 Volume I: Chapter 3, Natural Resources and Endangered Species

REPTILES (continued)

Iheya tokagemodoki Goniurosaurus kuroiwae toyamai Toyama's ground gecko Kume tokagemodoki Goniurosaurus kuroiwae yamashinae Yamashina's ground gecko Obi tokagemodoki Goniurosaurus splendens Banded ground gecko Miyako hiba Hebius concelarus Miyako keelback snake Himeumigame Lepidochelys olivacea Olive (Pacific) ridley sea turtle Kikuzato sawahebi Opisthotropis kikuzatoi Kikuzato's stream snake Sakishima kanahebi Takydromus dorsalis Sakishima grass lizard Miyako kanahebi Takydromus toyamai Miyako grass lizard

AMPHIBIANS

Oosanshouuo Andrias japonicus Japanese giant salamander Horusuto gaeru Babina holsti Holst's frog Otton gaeru Babina subaspera Otton frog Iboimori Echinotriton andersoni Anderson's crocodile newt Abesanshouuo Hynobius abei Abe's salamander Abu sanshouuo Hynobius abuensis Abu salamander Aki sanshouuo Hynobius akiensis Aki salamander Amakusa sanshouo Hynobius amakusaensis Amakusa salamander Yamaguchi sanshouuo Hynobius bakan Yamaguchi salamander Odaigahara sanshouuo Hynobius boulengeri Odaigahara salamander Oita sanshouuo Hynobius dunni Oita salamander Higashihida sanshouuo Hynobius fossigenus Higashihida salamander Mahoroba sanshouuo Hynobius guttatus Mahoroba salamander Hakuba sanshouuo Hynobius hidamontanus Hakuba salamander Bekko sanshouuo Hynobius ikioi Amber-colored salamander Iwami sanshouuo Hynobius iwami Iwami salamander Akaishi sanshouuo Hynobius katoi Akaishi salamander Iyoshima sanshouuo Hynobius kuishiensis Iyoshima salamander Izumo sanshouuo Hynobius kunibiki Izumo salamander Buchi sanshouuo Hynobius naevius Buchi salamander Kasumi sanshouuo Hynobius nebulosus Kasumi salamander Oki sanshouuo Hynobius okiensis Oki salamander Osumi sanshouo Hynobius osumiensis Osumi salamander Chikushibuchi sanshouo Hynobius oyamai Chikushibuchi salamander Chugokubuchi sanshouo Hynobius sematonotos Chugokubuchi salamander Sanin sanshouo Hynobius setoi Sanin salamander Setouchi sanshouo Hynobius setouchi Setouchi salamander Sobo sanshouo Hynobius shinichisatoi Sobo salamander Kogatabuchi sanshouo Hynobius stejnegeri Kogatabuchi salamander Tokyo sanshouo Hynobius tokyoensis Tokyo salamander Tosashimizu sanshouo Hynobius tosashimizuensis Tosashimizu salamander Tsurugi sanshouo Hynobius tsurugiensis Tsurugi salamander Hiba sanshouo Hynobius utsunomiyaorum Hiba salamander Yamato sanshouo Hynobius vandenburghi Yamato salamander Namie gaeru Limnonectes namiyei Namiye's frog Okinawa ishikawa gaeru Odorrana ishikawae Ishikawa's frog Amami ishikawa gaeru Odorrana splendida Amami ooshima frog Kogata hanasaki gaeru Odorrana utsunomiyaorum Utsunomiya’s frog

Volume I: Chapter 3, Natural Resources and Endangered Species 21

AMPHIBIANS (continued)

Shikoku hakone sanshouo Onychodactylus kinneburi Shikoku hakone salamander Tsukuba hakone sanshouo Onychodactylus tsukubaensis Tsukuba clawed salamander Kita sanshouo Salamandrella keyserlingii Kita salamander

FISH

Itasenpara Acheilognathus longipinnis Deepbody bitterling Seboshitabira Acheilognathus tabira nakamurae Ray-finned fish Hakata sujishima dojyou Cobitis striata hakataensis Japanese striped loach Tango sujishima dojyou Cobitis takenoi Takeno striped loach Koshinohaze Gymnogobius nakamurae Koshino goby Kawabatamoroko Hemigrammocypris neglectus Golden venus fish Anake himeshirauo Neosalanx reganius Ariakehime icefish Ayumodoki Parabotia curtus Kissing loach Suigenzenitanago Rhodeus atremius suigensis Suwon rosy bitterling Miyakotanago Tanakia tanago Tokyo bitterling

CHILOPODA

Ryuuzin oomaukade Scolopendra alcyona Okinawa Ryuuzin centipede

INSECTS

Yasya gengoro Acilius kishii Yasya diving beetle Fusahige rurikamikiri Agapanthia japonica Fusahige longhorn beetle Ogasawara nagatamamushi Agrilus boninensis Ogasawara jewel beetle Shirafu ogasawara nagatamamushi Agrilus suzukii Shirafu jewel beetle

Ogasawara tobiirokamikiri Allotraeus boninensis Ogasawara gray longhorn beetle Gama ashinaga ari Aphaenogaster gamagumayaa Spine waisted ant Takane kimadara seseri (subspecies of Akaishi Mountains)

Carterocephalus palaemon akaishianus Akaishi chequered skipper

Ogasawara shijimi Celastrina ogasawaraensis Ogasawara hedge blue butterfly Akahane batta Celes akitanus Red-winged grasshopper Yanbaru tenagakogane Cheirotonus jambar Yanbaru long-armed scarab beetle Ogasawara torakamikiri Chlorophorus boninensis Ogasawara longhorn beetle Ogasawara kiirotorakamikiri Chlorophorus kobayashii Ogasawara yellow longhorn beetle Ogasawara mutsuboshi tamamushi (subspecies of Chichi-jima Island Group)

Chrysobothris boninensis boninensis Chichi-jima jewel beetle

Ogasawara mutsuboshi tamamushi (subspecies of Hahajima Island Group)

Chrysobothris boninensis suzukii Hahajima jewel beetle

Marukogatanogengorou Cybister lewisianus Marukogata diving beetle Fuchitorigengorou Cybister limbatus Fuchitori diving beetle Ogasawara hanmyou Cylindera bonina Ogasawara tiger beetle Sharp gengoroumodoki Dytiscus sharpi Sharp diving beetle Usobi rurigokiburi Eucorydia donanensis Yonaguni azure cockroach Benieri rurigokiburi Eucorydia miyakoensis Miyako azure cockroach Ryukyu himemizusumashi Gyrinus ryukyuensis Ryukyu whirlgig beetle Ogasawara tombo Hemicordulia ogasawarensis Ogasawara dragonfly Kusui kiboshihananomi Hoshihananomia kusuii Kusui tumbling flower beetle

22 Volume I: Chapter 3, Natural Resources and Endangered Species

INSECTS (continued)

Kimune kiboshihananomi Hoshihananomia ochrothorax Kimune tumbling flower beetle Ogasawara kiboshihananomi Hoshihananomia trichopalpis Ogasawara tumbling flower beetle Madara shimagengoro Hydaticus thermonectoides Patch striped diving beetle Ogasawara aoitotombo Indolestes boninensis Ogasawara damselfly Kashiwaakashijimi (subspecies of Kanmuri Plateau)

Japonica onoi mizobei Northern orange hairstreak

Tagame Kirkaldyia deyrollei Giant water bug Tsuyahime marutamamushi Kurosawaia yanoi Gloss jewel beetle Taiwan taikouchi Laccotrephes grossus Taiwan water scorpion Bekkotombo Libellula angelina Bekko skimmer Kumejima botaru Luciola owadai Kume-jima firefly Usuiro hyomonmodoki Melitaea protomedia False heath fritillary Hyoumonmodoki Melitaea scotosia Scotosia fritillary Ogasawara momobuto kobanekamikiri Merionoeda tosawai Ogasawara spring longhorn beetle

Yonaguni marubane kuwagata Neolucanus insulicola donan Yonaguni stag beetle

Okinawa marubanekuwagata Neolucanus okinawanus Okinawa stag beetle Ukejima marubanekuwagata Neolucanus protogenetivus hamaii Ukejima stag beetle Ogasawara tobiirokamikiri Nysina boninensis Ogasawara gray longhorn beetle Takane hikage (subspecies of Mount Yasugatake) Oeneis norma sugitanii Asamana arctic butterfly

Hisamatsu sai kabuto Oryctes hisamatsui Coconut rhinoceros beetle Ogasawara seseri Parnara ogasawarensis Ogasawara straight swift Goma shijimi (subspecies of Kanto and Chubu region) Phengaris teleius kazamoto Goma large blue butterfly

Tsushima uraboshi shijimi Pithecops fulgens tsushimanus Tsushima silver-studded butterfly Ishigakiniinii Platypleura albivannata Ishigaki cicada Asama shijimi (subspecies of Hokkaido) Plebejus subsolanus iburiensis Asama silver-studded butterfly

Futamon ameirokamikiri (subspecies of Chichijima Island Group)

Pseudiphra bicolor Chichijima longhorn beetle

Hime chamadara seseri Pyrgus malvae unomasahiroi Grizzled skipper Hanadaka tombo Rhinocypha ogasawarensis Hanadaka damselfly Hanenaga tyou tombo Rhyothemis severini Long wing flutterer dragonfly Goishitsubame Shijimi Shijimia moorei Moore's cupid butterfly Tsumabenitamamushi (subspecies of Chichi-jima Island Group and Haha-jima Island Group)

Tamamushia virida Tsumabe jewel beetle

Ogasawara monhananomi Tomoxia relicta Ogasawara tumbling flower beetle Ogasawara ikarimon torakamikiri Xylotrechus ogasawarensis Ogasawara longhorn beetle

BIVALVIA

Kawashinzyugai Margaritifera laevis River pearl shell Kogatakawashinsyugai Margaritifera togakushiensis Small pearl shell

Volume I: Chapter 3, Natural Resources and Endangered Species 23

MOLLUSKS

Omoigakena maimai Aegista inexpectata Omoigakena land snail Heritori kemaimai Aegista marginata Heritori land snail Hahajima kiserumodoki Boninena callistoderma Hahajima mussel Chichijima kiserumodoki Boninena hiraseana chichijimana Chichijima mussel Hirase kiserumodoki Boninena hiraseana hiraseana Hirase mussel Ogasawara kiserumodoki Boninena ogasawarae Ogasawara mussel Ogasawara okamono monoaragai Boninosuccinea ogasawarae Ogasawara land snail

Tensuji okamono aragai Boninosuccinea punctulispira Hahajima land snail Murayama maimai Euhadra murayamai Murayama land snail Nachi maimai Euhadra nachicola Nachi land snail Sado maimai Euhadra sadoensis Sado land snail Nishiki kiserumodoki Luchuena eucharistus Okinawa nishiki land snail Anijima katamaimai Mandarina anijimana Anijima land snail Kogane katamaimai Mandarina aureola Kogane land snail Chichi-jima katamaimai Mandarina chichijimana Chichi-jima land snail Hishi katamaimai Mandarina exoptata Hishi land snail Hime katamaimai Mandarina…