Annex 2 USAID South Sudan Gender Based Violence Prevention and Response Roadmap.pdf

USAID/SOUTH SUDAN

GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE

PREVENTION AND

RESPONSE ROADMAP

SEPTEMBER 2019

Contract No.: AID-OAA-TO-17-00018 September 26, 2019

This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development. It was prepared by Banyan Global.

Contract No.: AID-OAA-TO-17-00018

Submitted to: USAID/South Sudan

DISCLAIMER

The authors’ views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) or the United States Government.

Recommended Citation: Gardsbane, Diane and Aluel Atem. USAID/South Sudan Gender-Based Violence Prevention and Response Roadmap. Prepared by Banyan Global. 2019.

Cover photo credit: USAID Back Cover photo credit: USAID

USAID/SOUTH SUDAN GENDER-

BASED VIOLENCE PREVENTION

AND RESPONSE ROADMAP

SEPTEMBER 2019

Contract No.: AID-OAA-TO-17-00018

USAID/SOUTH SUDAN GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE PREVENTION AND RESPONSE ROADMAP4

USAID/SOUTH SUDAN GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE PREVENTION AND RESPONSE ROADMAP 5

1. INTRODUCTION 9

1.1 ROADMAP OBJECTIVE 9

1.2 STRUCTURE OF ROADMAP 9

2. INTEGRATING GBV IN THE USAID/SOUTH SUDAN

OPERATIONAL FRAMEWORK 11

2.1 THEORY OF CHANGE 11

2.2 INTEGRATING THE THEORY OF CHANGE INTO THE

USAID/SOUTH SUDAN OPERATIONAL FRAMEWORK 12

3. GBV PREVENTION AND RESPONSE ROADMAP PROGRAMMATIC

GUIDING PRINCIPLES 19

4. BRINGING IT ALL TOGETHER – GBV PREVENTION, MITIGATION

AND RESPONSE ROADMAP 27

5. GUIDELINES TO ADDRESS GBV IN MONITORING, EVALUATION

AND LEARNING 39

6. KEY RESOURCES 41

ANNEX A: GBV PREVENTION AND RESPONSE ROADMAP

LITERATURE REVIEW 57

ANNEX B: PROGRAM AND DONOR REPORT 73

ANNEX C: GBV LITERACY TRAINING 95

ANNEX D: LIST OF KEY DOCUMENTS CONSULTED 99

ANNEX E. LIST OF KEY STAKEHOLDERS 105

ENDNOTES 112

CONTENTS

USAID/SOUTH SUDAN GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE PREVENTION AND RESPONSE ROADMAP6

AOR Agreement Officer Representative

ARC American Refugee Committee

ARCSS The Resolution of Conflict in the Republic of South Sudan

AU African Union

AYA Active Youth Agency

CECs Civic Engagement Centers

CEFM Child, Early and Forced Marriage

CERF Central Emergency Response Fund

CLA Collaborating, Learning, and Adapting

CMR Clinical Management of Rape

COR Contracts Officer Representative

CRS Catholic Relief Services

CSOs Civil Society Organizations

D & G Democracy & Governance

DANIDA Danish International Development Agency

DFID The Department for International Development

DI Democracy International

EMAP Engaging Men in Accountable Practice

EU European Union

FAO Food and Agriculture Organization

GBV Gender-Based Violence

GESS Girls’ Education in South Sudan

HPF Health Pooled Fund

ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross

IEEES Integrated Essential Emergency Education Project

IMC International Medical Corps

INGO International Non-Governmental Organization

IOM International Organization for Migration

IPs Implementing Partners

IPV Intimate Partner Violence

IRC International Rescue Committee

I-PMP Interim Performance Management Plan i-STREAM Strengthening Free and Independent Media in South Sudan

JAM Joint Aid Management International

JHPIEGO John Hopkins Program for International Education in Gynecology and Obstetrics

KfW Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau

ACRONYMS

USAID/SOUTH SUDAN GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE PREVENTION AND RESPONSE ROADMAP 7

MBZ Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development

MEL Monitoring, Evaluation and Learning

MESP Monitoring and Evaluation Support Partner

MHPSS Mental Health and Psychosocial Support

MoGCSW Ministry of Gender, Child and Social Welfare

NGO Non-Governmental Organization

NORAD Norwegian Agency for International Cooperation

NP Non-Violent Peaceforce

OFDA Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance

PEPFAR The President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief

PHC Primary Health Center

PoC Protection of Citizen

PSEA Protection from Sexual Exploitation and Abuse

PSS Psychosocial support

SAFER Sustainable Agriculture for Economic Resiliency Program in South Sudan

SGBV Sexual and Gender-Based Violence

SIDA The Swedish International Development Cooperation

SIHA Strategic Network for the Horn of Africa

SpO Special Objective

SPPHC Strengthening the Provision of Primary Health Care

SRH Sexual and reproductive health

SSHF South Sudan Humanitarian Fund

SUCCESS Systems to Uphold the Credibility and Constitutionality of Elections in South Sudan

TOC Theory of Change

UMCOR United Methodist Community on Relief

UN United Nations

UNDP United Nations Development Programme

UNFPA United Nations Population Fund

UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

WASH Water, Sanitation and Hygiene

WFP World Food Programme

WGSS Women and Girls’ Safe Spaces

WMF Women’s Monthly Forum

USAID/SOUTH SUDAN GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE PREVENTION AND RESPONSE ROADMAP8

USAID/SOUTH SUDAN GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE PREVENTION AND RESPONSE ROADMAP 9

Gender-based violence (GBV) threatens the overall well-being of South Sudan’s population, particularly women and children. Though there are no reliable GBV national prevalence statistics for South Sudan, one recent study estimated that in some conflict-affected locations 65 percent of women and girls in South Sudan have experienced physical and/or sexual violence in their lifetime.1 The USAID/South Sudan Mission recognizes that GBV has not only negative consequences for those who experience violence, but also has a negative impact on efforts to promote peace, resilience, economic prosperity for women/girls and men/ boys, and for development in South Sudan across all sectors. As a result, the Mission hired Banyan Global to develop a GBV roadmap to identify measurable and trackable interventions to prevent and respond to GBV across the mission’s priority sectors.

1.1 ROADMAP OBJECTIVE

This roadmap aims to equip USAID/South Sudan staff with succinct guidance to design and implement effective strategies and interventions that integrate GBV prevention and response within the current USAID/South Sudan Operational Framework (2016-present) and Interim Performance Management Plan (I-PMP) (valid until 2021). It identifies GBV programming gaps and proposes next steps for the remaining two years of the current I-PMP to implement in coordination with other key stakeholders (government, civil society organizations, national and international NGOs, and other donors) carrying out programming on GBV prevention and response.

To support the implementation of next steps, the Roadmap also includes key resources and tools that are particularly applicable in the South Sudan context.

1.2 STRUCTURE OF ROADMAP

Recognizing the scale and scope of GBV in South Sudan, this two-year GBV Roadmap provides specific and measurable recommendations for the Mission to raise awareness and commitment and ultimately to mitigate and respond to GBV in targeted communities where USAID projects and activities are implemented. The GBV Roadmap has four core sections:

• Section 2: Integrating GBV in the USAID/South Sudan Operational Framework: This section provides a Theory of Change (TOC) and an overview of how to integrate GBV into the Mission’s current operational framework

• Section 3: GBV Roadmap Programmatic Guiding Principles: This section offers cross-sectoral guidance on approaches to GBV programming within the South Sudan context.

• Section 4: GBV Prevention and Response Roadmap: Key Pathways for Action: This section provides a strategic and programmatic roadmap for the Mission’s GBV prevention and response programming in alignment with the Mission’s operational framework. It focuses on key actions to

1. INTRODUCTION

USAID South Sudan Goal for Addressing GBV

USAID South Sudan’s goal is to make a measurable and trackable contributions to GBV prevention, mitigation, and response in South Sudan.

This contribution will be measured by the amount of USD invested per sector that is specifically for GBV prevention, mitigation, and response and by measuring sector-based results.

USAID/SOUTH SUDAN GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE PREVENTION AND RESPONSE ROADMAP10

make the TOC actionable, including how to enhance the mission staff’s GBV literacy and capacity, and how to implement programming in priority sectors including: health and water, sanitation and hygiene; education; economic growth; democracy and governance/peace and reconciliation; and humanitarian assistance. Within this context it draws linkages to the guiding principles in Section 3.

• Section 5: Guidelines to address GBV in Monitoring, Evaluation and Learning (MEL): This section includes proposed actions for USAID/South Sudan to enhance monitoring, evaluation, and learning on the GBV programming included in Section 4.

• Section 6: Key GBV Programming Resources: This section provides programming resources, including many that are linked directly the recommendations in Section 4.

Annex A presents the Literature Review that includes part of the evidence for the Roadmap; Annex B is the USAID Program and Donor Report that informed this Roadmap; Annex C includes details on the proposed GBV literacy training discussed in Section 4; Annex D provides a list of key documents consulted; and Annex E lists key stakeholders interviewed for this Roadmap.

USAID/SOUTH SUDAN GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE PREVENTION AND RESPONSE ROADMAP 11

2.1 THEORY OF CHANGE

In keeping with the USG Strategy to Prevent and Respond to GBV Globally (see text box) coupled with global best practice, this section proposes a GBV Theory of Change (TOC), which emphasizes an approach that is cross-sectoral;2 coordinated;3 and promotes monitoring, evaluation, adaptation, and learning.4 Furthermore, the TOC supports a socio-ecological approach to GBV, where programming considers change at the individual, family, community, and institutional levels. The latter point is consistent with a socio-ecological approach that reflects the multi-level drivers and consequences of GBV.5

The GBV TOC for USAID/South Sudan hypothesizes that

IF USAID/Implementing Partner (IP) staff and each USAID sector/office provide the required inputs (resources, staff training/capacity building, programming/ activities, and MEL framework) on GBV prevention and response;

AND

• Make progress toward the sector-specific special intermediate results proposed for inclusion in the mission’s PMP;

AND

• Integrate the GBV Prevention and Response Roadmap Guiding Principles in Section 3, (including a survivor-centered approach, trauma-informed healing, and social norm change) into programming in attributable ways;

AND

• Monitor, evaluate and adapt based on learning;

THEN

• USAID/South Sudan will make a measurable and trackable contribution to GBV prevention, mitigation, and response at the individual, family, community and institutional level.

2. INTEGRATING GBV IN THE USAID/

SOUTH SUDAN OPERATIONAL

FRAMEWORK

US Strategy to Prevent and Respond to Gender-Based Violence Globally

The United States Strategy to Prevent and Respond to Gender-based Violence Globally (2016 update) has the goal “to marshal the United States’ expertise and capacity to prevent and respond to gender-based violence globally.” It has four objectives: 1) increasing coordination of GBV prevention and response; 2) enhancing integration of GBV prevention and response into other USG work; 3) improving collection, analysis, and use of data and research; and, 4) enhancing or expanding USG programming that addresses GBV.6

USAID/SOUTH SUDAN GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE PREVENTION AND RESPONSE ROADMAP12

2.2 INTEGRATING THE THEORY OF CHANGE INTO THE USAID/SOUTH SUDAN

OPERATIONAL FRAMEWORK

USAID/South Sudan’s Operational Framework (OF) serves as an overall, flexible and broad framework for aligning USAID programs and activities. The OF has been extended three times, most recently in April 2018 and is valid until April 2020. The mission’s Interim Performance Management Plan (I-PMP), which is valid from January 2019 until 2021, supports the implementation of the OF. This I-PMP is a tool to track implementation of the OF and will be valid until the Mission designs a new strategy or OF, expected to take place by December 2020 (the Agency deadline for all missions to have an approved Country Development Cooperation Strategy). The graphic below from the I-PMP spells out the mission’s goal, transitional objectives (TO), and corresponding intermediate results.

Education D em oc rac y &

Governance

U

SA

ID

P artners

Increased capacity of targeted women-led NGOs to strengthen women’s rights & access to justice for GBV

USAID makes a measureable and trackable contribution to GBV prevention and response in South Sudan

Improved literacy & numeracy for women & girls in formal and informal learning spaces

Improved adolescent and women-friendly services that integrate GBV prevention & response Increased capacity of humanitarian actors to promote effective

GBV prevention

Improved safety and gender responsiveness in all aspects of learning

(spaces & materials)

Improved capacity of actors to support women/processes that hold GBV perpetrators accountable

Improved family economic security with attention to gender equity and

GBV prevention and risk mitigation

Improved levels of women’s empowerment that support engagement and improved gender equity in economic growth

Strengthened capacity of targeted actors to ensure increased numbers of GBV perpetrators are held accountable

Improved safe access to basic WASH services

Improved GBV literacy for all

USAID and IP staff

Improved integration and articulation of

GBV prevention and response into mission programming

SOCIAL NORM CHANGE

TRAUMA INFORMED PROGRAMMINGTRAUMA INFORMED PROGRAMMING

Ec on om ic

G ro w th

Humanita ria n Health & WASH

USAID/SOUTH SUDAN KEY GBV PREVENTION

AND RESPONSE ROADMAP BENCHMARKS (2019-2021)

USAID/SOUTH SUDAN GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE PREVENTION AND RESPONSE ROADMAP 13

To operationalize the theory of change proposed in Section 2.1, the Roadmap proposes the inclusion of a GBV special objective (SpO), SpO intermediate results (IRs), and sub-IRs in the mission’s OF and I-PMP. The SpO aims to ensure that the mission will make a measurable and trackable contribution to GBV prevention, mitigation, and response at the individual, family, community and institutional level. The table below provides a summary of the SpO and corresponding IRs, and sub-IRs, which are aligned where applicable with the existing IRs in the mission’s I-PMP.

The mission will measure progress on GBV prevention and response through indicators at the outcome/ sector level. Illustrative outcome indicators are provided in the matrix below. The value of resources budgeted for GBV prevention, mitigation, or response will also need to be measured within each sector.

As an alternative to developing a special objective, the mission may also decide simply to include the proposed sub-intermediate results within its existing intermediate results and drop the Special Objective Intermediate Results.

TABLE 1 USAID/SOUTH SUDAN OPERATIONAL FRAMEWORK – RESULTS FRAMEWORK

Goal : Build the foundation for a more stable and socially cohesive South Sudan

TO1

Promote recovery with resilience

TO2

Enable peace and reconciliation processes

IR1.1

Increased utilization of health and WASH services

IR1.1

Increased utilization of educational services that elevate learning and well-being

IR1.3

Increased and diversified economic opportunities

IR2.1

Increased inclusive civil society engagement in civil and political processes

IR2.2

Strengthened inter-and intra-communal relations and reconciliation

Learning Framework

Learning Objective: Enhanced understanding of how the mission can use mutually reinforcing activities to build resilience in a conflict environment

Theme 1 Mutually reinforcing activities to build resilience

Theme 2 Multi-stakeholder partnership and joint work-planning

Theme 3 Cross-cutting issues

Theme 4 Sector-specific evidence generation

USAID/SOUTH SUDAN GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE PREVENTION AND RESPONSE ROADMAP14

TABLE 2: OPERATIONAL FRAMEWORK AND SPECIAL OBJECTIVE RESULTS

Operational Framework Intermediate Result (IR)

Recommended Narrative for Special Objective Intermediate Results

Special Objective (SpO) Intermediate Results

Illustrative Outcome Indicator

Special Objective Sub- IRs

Not applicable

To strengthen the integration of GBV into USAID South Sudan’s portfolio (SpO IR 1.0), USAID will improve Mission and IP staff GBV literacy and competence including on the promotion of gender equality norms and biases, knowledge, attitudes and practices (SpO Sub-IR 1.0.1). USAID will also improve the integration and articulation of GBV prevention, mitigation, and response into mission programming (SpO Sub-IR 1.0.2). Capacity building of USAID and IP staff will include increasing knowledge of the Guiding Principles for the Roadmap, including addressing social norms; survivor-centered and participatory program approaches; trauma-informed programming; male engagement strategies; adolescent-focused programming;

and do no harm; as well as additional topics that might include specific forms of GBV, such as child marriage, intimate partner violence, and non-partner sexual violence. Capacity building should consist of a continuum of building knowledge, skills, and self-awareness relating to gender norms and biases that will inform the articulation of GBV programming, budgeting for GBV, and MEL across USAID’s development and humanitarian work.

SpO IR 1.0 Strengthened USAID and IP capacity for GBV programming.

Percentage of USAID and IP staff demonstrating increased self-awareness of gender norms and biases, as well as knowledge about GBV.

Percentage of USAID and IP staff demonstrating increased knowledge and skills in effectively articulating the integration of GBV prevention, mitigation, or response into programming.

SpO Sub-IR 1.0.1: Improved GBV literacy for all USAID & IP staff.

SpO Sub-IR 1.0.2: Improved integration and articulation of GBV prevention, mitigation, or response into mission programming.

1.1 Increased

utilization of health and WASH services

To support increased utilization of health and WASH services (IR 1.1), USAID will improve access to services for women, adolescents, and GBV survivors (SPO IR 1.1). To do so, USAID will improve adolescent and women-friendly services and integrate a focus on GBV prevention and response (SpO Sub-IR 1.1.1); and improve safe access to basic WASH services (SpO Sub-IR 1.1.2). Health services will include a focus on GBV prevention and response and promote non-judgmental, respectful, inclusive, confidential, comprehensive, effective and trauma-informed services that welcome women (including unmarried women) and adolescents for all services using guidelines from WHO, UNICEF, and UNFPA7,8 and other evidence-based programming.9 Improved access to WASH services will integrate mitigation strategies (including sufficient lighting and lockable, sex-segregated toilet facilities) to ensure safe access to clean water and hygienic, gender-informed sanitation facilities. Activities will promote trauma-informed programming, as well as structural and normative changes, where relevant, to ensure sustainable change.

SpO IR 1.1 Improved access to health and WASH services for women, adolescents, and GBV survivors.

Number of adolescents, women and GBV survivors reporting increased access to and satisfaction with GBV prevention and response health services.

Percentage of women reporting an increased sense of safety while accessing WASH services.

The number of reported sexual assaults associated with access to WASH services.

SpO Sub-IR 1.1.1: Improved adolescent and women-friendly services that integrate GBV prevention and response.

SpO Sub-IR 1.1.2: Improved safe access to basic WASH services.

USAID/SOUTH SUDAN GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE PREVENTION AND RESPONSE ROADMAP 15

Operational Framework Intermediate Result (IR) continued

Recommended Narrative for Special Objective Intermediate Results

Special Objective (SpO) Intermediate Results

Illustrative Outcome Indicator

Special Objective Sub- IRs

1.2 Increased

utilization of educational services that elevate learning and well-being

To achieve increased utilization of educational services that elevate learning and well-being (IR 1.2), including the ability of women and girls to prevent and/or mitigate incidents of GBV in their own lives, USAID will improve attention to women and girls’ needs to strengthen gender equity in education outcomes and to reduce school-related GBV (SpO IR 1.2). A higher level of education is overall considered a protective factor for GBV. USAID will promote improved literacy and numeracy for women and girls in formal and informal learning spaces (SpO Sub-IR 1.2.1) and improved safety and gender responsiveness in all aspects of learning (SpO Sub-IR 1.2.2). Efforts will be made to address adult women’s lack of education and training, including very low levels of literacy, as factors that constrain their ability to participate in social, economic, or political activities.10 USAID will address barriers for girls’ participation in education, including structural barriers, such as the lack of sanitation facilities; address school-related GBV (including baseline research to contextualize); and address normative barriers to gender equality, including learning materials that reproduce harmful social norms that justify power inequalities and GBV.

SpO IR 1.2 Improved attention to women’s and girls’ needs to strengthen gender equity in education outcomes and to reduce school-related GBV.

Percentage of women reporting increased participation in social, economic, or political activities (among those who have completed literacy or numeracy courses).

Percentage of schools that have reporting and tracking systems for school-related gender-based violence.

Percentage of boys and girls reporting improved perceptions of gendered roles, responsibilities, and opportunities.

SpO 1.2.1:

Improved literacy and numeracy for women and girls in formal and informal learning spaces.

SpO 1.2.2:

Improved safety and gender responsiveness in all aspects of learning (including learning spaces and materials).

continued next page

USAID/SOUTH SUDAN GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE PREVENTION AND RESPONSE ROADMAP16

Framework Intermediate Result (IR) continued

Recommended Narrative for Special Objective Intermediate Results

Special Objective (SpO) Intermediate Results

Illustrative Outcome Indicator

Special Objective Sub- IRs

1.3 Increased

and diversified economic opportunities

To support increased and diversified economic opportunities (IR 1.3) that benefit men, women, adolescents and children, USAID will strengthen attention to GBV prevention and response in economic growth programming (SpO IR 1.3).

To achieve this, USAID will improve livelihood options, access to markets, and agricultural systems that benefit families with explicit attention to GBV prevention and risk mitigation (SpO Sub-IR 1.3.1) and increase levels of women’s economic empowerment. Economic empowerment will support women’s active engagement in and improved gender equity in economic growth activities and outcomes (SpO Sub-IR 1.3.2). Programs will ensure gender equity so that women and girls benefit equally and are not disproportionately burdened by increased labor needs. Programming should include a prevention component including self-reflection on gender norms that affect roles, responsibilities and power between males and females. In addition, mitigation and response to potential GBV should be addressed through GBV referral networks and available services.

Opportunities include engaging faith-based organizations (FBOs), youth groups, and NGOs conducting male engagement programming.

SpO IR 1.3 Strengthened attention to GBV prevention & response in Economic Growth programming.

Percentage of women who report participation and benefits from community-based economic growth activities with no increase in GBV.

SpO 1.3.2:

Increased levels of women’s empowerment that support their active engagement in and improved gender equity in economic growth activities and outcomes.

continued next page

USAID/SOUTH SUDAN GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE PREVENTION AND RESPONSE ROADMAP 17

Framework Intermediate Result (IR) continued

Recommended Narrative for Special Objective Intermediate Results

Special Objective (SpO) Intermediate Results

Illustrative Outcome Indicator

Special Objective Sub- IRs

1.4 Increased

inclusive civil society engagement in civil and political processes

To support increased inclusive civil society engagement in civil and political processes (IR 1.4), USAID will strengthen the integration of GBV prevention and response in democracy & governance/peace and reconciliation programming (SpO IR 1.4). To achieve this USAID will increase the organizational and technical capacity of targeted women-led NGOs to advocate both independently, collectively, and in strategic partnerships with other NGOs, including those focused on male engagement and faith-based organizations (FBOs), on targeted issues to strengthen women’s rights and access to justice. (SpO Sub-IR 1.4.1). The focus on women-led organizations is intended to support the potential for a network of women’s groups that can act collectively and ultimately spark a women’s movement in South Sudan. Partnering with organizations focused on male and faith-based engagement on GBV is important to ensure that women’s voices are fully heard.

Technical capacity building should include a continuum of building knowledge, skills, and self-awareness relating to gender norms and biases that will inform the articulation of advocacy strategies. Trauma-informed healing, normative change, youth engagement, and women’s empowerment processes should be integral aspects of capacity building.

SpO IR 1.4 Strengthened integration of GBV prevention and response in Democracy & Governance/Peace and Reconciliation programming.

The number of women-led organizations that collaborate to effectively advocate for change on at least one specific women’s rights issue; GBV prevention or response issue(s), or peace and reconciliation issue(s).

The percentage of targeted women-led organizations that improve their organizational capacity sufficiently to meet requirements for funding from USAID, a United Nations agency, or another significant donor.

SpO 1.4.1:

Increased organizational and technical capacity of targeted women-led NGOs to enable them to advocate both independently, collectively, and in strategic partnerships with other NGOs, including faith-based organizations (FBOs) and NGOs focused on male engagement, on targeted issues to strengthen women’s rights and access to justice for GBV.

1.5 Strengthened inter- and intra-communal relations and reconciliation

To support strengthened inter-and intra-communal relations and reconciliation (IR 1.5), USAID will strengthen the integration of GBV prevention and response in Democracy & Governance/Peace and Reconciliation programming (SpO IR 1.5). To achieve this USAID will strengthen the capacity of targeted actors, including human rights defenders, transitional justice actors, traditional community leaders and religious leaders, as well as secondary/indirect targets such as customary courts, to ensure that increased numbers of GBV perpetrators are held accountable (SpO Sub-IR 1.5.1). USAID will strengthen awareness and knowledge about GBV, including self-awareness of gender biases and knowledge about drivers of specific forms of GBV, such as child marriage, intimate partner violence, and non-partner sexual violence to affect normative change.

SpO IR 1.5 Strengthened integration of GBV prevention and response in Democracy & Governance/Peace and Reconciliation programming.

The percentage of targeted actors, including human rights defenders, transitional justice actors, traditional community leaders and religious leaders, as well as secondary/indirect targets such as customary courts, that individually and/or collectively advocate for at least one significant change that supports improvements in women’s rights and/or access to justice for survivors of GBV.

SpO 1.5.1:

Strengthened capacity of targeted actors, including human rights defenders, transitional justice actors, traditional community leaders and religious leaders ensure that increased numbers of GBV perpetrators are held accountable.

USAID/SOUTH SUDAN GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE PREVENTION AND RESPONSE ROADMAP18

Framework Intermediate Result (IR) continued

Recommended Narrative for Special Objective Intermediate Results

Special Objective (SpO) Intermediate Results

Illustrative Outcome Indicator

Special Objective Sub- IRs

Humanitarian Assistance

To strengthen the integration of GBV prevention and response in Humanitarian Assistance programming (including OFDA, Food for Peace, and other mechanisms) (SpO IR 1.6) USAID will increase the capacity of humanitarian actors funded by the U.S. Government to promote effective GBV prevention (SpO Sub-IR 1.6.1) and improve the capacity of these actors to support women in processes that hold perpetrators accountable (SpO Sub-IR 1.6.2). To accomplish this, USAID will strengthen awareness and knowledge about GBV, including self-awareness of gender biases and knowledge about drivers of specific forms of GBV, such as child marriage, intimate partner violence, and non-partner sexual violence. USAID will also infuse an approach to trauma-informed healing into prevention and response work in humanitarian settings and target adolescent girls and boys as participants in programming (with separate activities that specifically meet the needs of adolescents).

SpO IR 1.6 Strengthened integration of GBV prevention and response in Humanitarian Assistance programming.

Percentage of humanitarian actors funded by the USG that demonstrate improved self-awareness about gender norms and forms of GBV; improved knowledge about GBV; and reflect positive changes in gender norms that support

GBV.

Percentage of humanitarian actors funded by the USG that demonstrate improved understanding of what is needed to promote access to justice for survivors of GBV and improved referral pathways to legal aid, police, and courts.

SpO Sub-IR 1.6.1: Increased capacity of humanitarian actors to promote effective GBV prevention.

SpO Sub-IR 1.6.2: Improved capacity of humanitarian actors to support women in processes that hold perpetrators accountable.

USAID/SOUTH SUDAN GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE PREVENTION AND RESPONSE ROADMAP 19

3. GBV PREVENTION AND RESPONSE

ROADMAP PROGRAMMATIC

GUIDING PRINCIPLES

There are advances, as well as challenges that impede efforts to effectively address GBV, particularly in the context of USAID sectoral programming in South Sudan. In the research team’s review of academic peer and practitioner literature, coupled with the key informant interviews and focus group discussions carried out, six GBV Roadmap Guiding Principles emerged as critical themes to be integrated into prevention and response efforts (see text box).

The GBV Roadmap Guiding Principles provide cross-sectoral guidance to GBV approaches and programming within the South Sudan context. They are meant to provide guidance across the USAID program cycle. This section offers USAID and IP staff guidance on what these principles mean and resources to support their application.

PRINCIPLE 1: SOCIAL NORM CHANGE

AS A CROSS-CUTTING OBJECTIVE IN

PREVENTION OF GBV

Social norms are important because they influence the behaviors and practices programming seeks to affect. They are often referred to as the unspoken “rules” that dictate what is acceptable and appropriate within societies. In contrast to individually held attitudes or beliefs, a social norm is defined by collective beliefs about a behavior or practice.11 In South Sudan, entrenched patriarchal social norms, embedded in all aspects of life – including kinship and social systems, religious, economic, political, legal and justice systems – are the key drivers of the inequality that cause and perpetuate GBV.12 Unequal gender norms also affect the ability of women to effectively participate in decision-making at family, community, and national levels. A study among internally displaced persons (IDPs) conducted by Oxfam indicated that women had little decision-making power at either the household or community level. Quantitative responses to questions indicated women had “no involvement” in decision-making and this view was shared by men, women, boys, and girls. The study noted that in addition to unequal gender norms, women’s lack of education and training further constrain their ability to participate in leadership and decision-making positions.13

GBV Roadmap Guiding Principles

1. Social norm change is a cross-cutting objective in GBV prevention programming in South Sudan.

2. All GBV programming uses survivor-centered and participatory program design and implementation.

3. Trauma-informed programming is a cross-cutting objective in strategies to address GBV.

4. Programming across sectors should have a strong focus on adolescents, in addition to women.

5. Male engagement is critical to address GBV; however, men must be engaged in a way that is accountable to women.

6. “Do no harm” underlies all programming.

USAID/SOUTH SUDAN GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE PREVENTION AND RESPONSE ROADMAP20

Harmful social norms that sustain GBV are typically based on the assumption that male authority is based in nature and non-negotiable, and can include norms about women’s sexual purity, protecting family honor over women’s safety, respect, identity, and the right of men to discipline women and children. The fact that these norms are embedded in all aspects of daily life means that there are opportunities across sectors to support programming that promotes positive social norms relating to women’s empowerment, effective participation, and improved women’s and girls’ rights to gender equality and equity, and masculinity.

However, as described in the textbox (to the right) about programming related to child early and forced marriage CEFM), the same practice (i.e. early marriage or girls dropping out of school) may have different causes in different contexts. In the case described, early marriage in some contexts is the combined result of social norms and practices that value girls primarily for the bride price that the family receives upon her marriage. In other contexts, young girls may instigate early marriage themselves, prioritizing access to material goods and perceived “freedom” that they believe that they will have as a married woman.

It is important to note that not all social norms are negative. Many are positive and the goal of social norm programming is to replace negative norms with positive ones. For example, while today early marriage may be an acceptable norm within many communities, in other communities this norm has already changed so that a parent who forced their daughter into early marriage may try to hide what they did, knowing that the community may think negatively of them for continuing a harmful practice.

Addressing social norms in planning of programs and activities requires formative research that includes on-the-ground discussions with intended participants to ensure that there is accurate and current data to steer this type of programming. The Learning Collaborative to Advance Normative Change developed the Social Norms Exploration Tool (SNET) to provide practical guidance and tools for such research and planning efforts to integrate social norms change into programming. The tool provides three “critical questions” that should be asked:14

• Who are the social reference groups that influence the behavior?15

• What are the social norms that influence the behaviors? And what are the consequences for not following a norm?

Child, Early and Forced Marriage – Different Drivers in Different Contexts

Child, early and forced marriage (CEFM) is a significant issue throughout South Sudan.

However, in programming to address CEFM it is important to understand the precise drivers in the community where programming is targeted. Women in a focus group conducted for the Roadmap talked about how daughters are leaving home to marry early, believing they can gain access to material resources they and their peer groups believe they can get through their husbands. In other communities, an increasing number of parents are arranging early marriages for daughters who bring value to the family in the form of bride price paid in cattle. Effective programming will target the specific social norms and other drivers found in each context.

“ It’s a beautiful feeling with a lot of fears. There is no freedom, all the household responsibilities are on women, the law always favors men – men are always right.”

Female focus group participant, Bor Response to the question what she was proud of as a woman

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• What social norms influence the behavior the most?

The SNET suggests the following steps in exploring social norms and the full tool supports each step:16

1. Plan & prepare: Reflect on what norms might be influencing behaviors or practices of interest.

2. Identify reference groups: Engage with stakeholders to conduct a rapid analysis approach to identify who the key influencers are for specific norms/behaviors.

3. Explore social norms: Engage with reference group members and proposed project participants to understand and “unpack” norms and their influence on behavior/practices.

4. Analyze findings: Use participatory analysis to develop a “findings brief”.

5. Apply findings: Develop the specific strategies needed to affect changes in norms.

PRINCIPLE 2: ALL GBV PROGRAMMING USES SURVIVOR-CENTERED AND

PARTICIPATORY PROGRAM DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION

Using survivor-centered and participatory program design and implementation approaches are basic principles of all GBV programming regardless of the setting or context. A technical brief focused on Guiding Principles for Working with Gender-Based Violence Survivors states the following:

“A Survivor-Centered Approach means recognizing and prioritizing the rights, needs, and wishes of the person who has experienced gender-based violence. A survivor-centered approach creates a supportive environment, ensures safety and dignity to promote a survivor’s recovery, and reinforces the survivor’s capacity to make decisions about possible interventions.”17

Integrating basic survivor-centered principles into all programming means doing the following:18

• Assume there are GBV survivors as participants in all activities and ensure program staff are trained on how to respond to individuals experiencing/re-experiencing trauma.

• Ensure that program participants know how to find safe services where they can gain confidential support and safety.

• Ensure that all participants feel safe, respected, listened to, and have control over choices of what they can/should do.

• With guidance from psychosocial support (PSS) experts, promote traditional and new healing and restorative activities that individuals, groups and communities can engage in.

Participatory design includes engaging diverse and representative members of communities, including GBV survivors, where interventions are being planned, and partnering with community groups who are working on similar issues. Engaging stakeholders to collaboratively design, implement, and engage in MEL activities is promoted by USAID policies as well as global communities of practice on GBV.

“�The�effect�of�violence,�conflict,�and� displacement is generational….it is unlike anywhere I have been.

It pervades everything.”

International staff surveyed during key interviews

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PRINCIPLE 3: TRAUMA-INFORMED PROGRAMMING AS A

CROSS-CUTTING OBJECTIVE

There is wide consensus that trauma-informed programming should be a priority for USAID/South Sudan.

Reflecting this, the Mission’s current Operational Framework calls for all programming to be: “… conflict-sensitive, trauma-informed, and effective in delivering more sustainable results to beneficiaries in conflict-affected communities.”19 The Mission will conduct a trauma needs assessment in 2019 to determine how it should be addressed across the Mission.

At the same time, an increasing understanding of the concepts of “trauma” and “trauma-informed care” has influenced the way in which advocates and service providers work with survivors of GBV globally. For South Sudan, while more data is needed to disentangle complex relationships between GBV and conflict, evidence is beginning to demonstrate that conflict increases rates of both non-partner and partner violence against women. Also, the risk for men and boys of experiencing sexual violence is higher in conflict settings.20 A consequence is that trauma begets trauma.

Literature reviewed for this roadmap details the experiences of sexual and other forms of violence experienced by a majority of women in locations studied. Additionally, in some locations 6-9 percent of men were survivors of sexual violence.21 During in-country research, stakeholder workshops and focus group discussions revealed deep familiarity with trauma and the experience of GBV.22 And, international staff (including those from nearby countries) are often struck by the pervasive presence of trauma among colleagues.23

Adopting a trauma-informed approach to GBV means attending to survivors’ emotional as well as physical safety, while also ensuring that survivors have access to services in environments that are inclusive, welcoming, destigmatizing, and non-retraumatizing. There are well-established guidelines for the provision of PSS to survivors of sexual violence in conflict and humanitarian contexts. In South Sudan, thinly placed, PSS services are available in many of these settings; however, there is little found in much of the rest of the country.24

To ensure programming is trauma-informed, the following considerations should be integrated into all GBV prevention and response programming:25

• Assume there are GBV survivors as participants in all activities and ensure that program staff are trained on how to respond to individuals experiencing/re-experiencing trauma.

• Ensure that program participants know how to find safe spaces where they can gain confidential support and safety.

• Use a “survivor-centered” approach in all activities, meaning participants feel safe, respected, listened to, and have control over choices of what they can/should do.

• Promote traditional and introduce new healing and restorative activities that individuals, groups and communities can engage in, but with guidance from PSS experts.

• Consider an approach to trauma-informed healing to integrate into programming (see Section 6:

Resources).

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PRINCIPLE 4: FOCUS ON ADOLESCENTS, IN ADDITION TO WOMEN

A 2017 study by Plan International in ten sites in South Sudan and Uganda focused on South Sudanese adolescent girls ages 10-19 years old includes the following findings.26

“Adolescent girls report that the fear of physical violence is their main source of insecurity.

In both FGDs and interviews, all adolescent girls acknowledged the persistent threat of violence in their daily lives…. In explaining the nature of this threat, adolescent girls describe the continuum of violence, which has become normalized in both the home and community. …they describe home lives that are permeated by physical and psychological violence, and public spaces that are hostile and insecure to them as a result of communal violence and the impact of conflict. This situation leaves adolescent girls with few safe spaces in which to retreat.”

Another study revealed that 21.9 percent of girls interviewed had experienced rape or attempted rape, and 26.5 percent had experienced some kind of sexual non-partner violence.27 Interviews, focus group discussions, and stakeholder meetings conducted for this Roadmap are punctuated with remarks about the need for services that are specific to adolescents, with most references to girls but some attention to boys.

An interview with a health service stakeholder indicated that the needs of adolescent girls is a top priority at high-level donor coordination meetings, based on reports of high rates of violence, early marriage and pregnancy, but delivering targeted services remains “challenging – at both the health facility and community levels.” As part of a Wau POC focus group, one of four issues raised by women was the lack of adolescent and women friendly health services outside of emergency services.

Focus group participants in Juba raised the issue of adolescent boys who are idle and spend time disrupting the community as a factor that exacerbates the risk of sexual assault against adolescent girls. The needs for adolescents noted during research include prevention of all forms of GBV including CEFM; adolescent-friendly sexual and reproductive health services; life skills; literacy; and vocational skills.

To ensure adolescent women are effectively reached, Plan International indicates that the following considerations should be integrated into all GBV prevention and response programming:

• “Allow adolescent girls to shape program design and implementation processes, including ensuring accountability mechanisms are accessible to adolescent girls.”

• “Ensure humanitarian interventions set clear targets and include specific indicators in program monitoring and evaluation frameworks that assess the outcome of the program for adolescent girls.”

• “Ensure that adolescent mothers and married adolescents are included in adolescent-targeted initiatives and general programming.”

• “Conduct gender analysis for all areas of programming that incorporates differentials for adolescent girls and listens to the voices and perspectives of adolescent girls.”

• “Ensure education interventions incorporate and address the barriers for girls’ participation. These include systemic barriers such as quality of education and the burden of household labor, as well as practical barriers such as a lack of appropriate sanitation facilities and the financial cost of school fees and materials.”28

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PRINCIPLE 5: MALE ENGAGEMENT THAT IS ACCOUNTABLE TO WOMEN

Male engagement is recognized as a critical component of shifting social norms relating to GBV and in addressing the specific needs within South Sudan’s context. The need for engaging men was raised at every stakeholder event; and central to discussions with women, as well as men. This is consistent with global best practices and an evidence base about what works to prevent and respond to GBV.29,30 The use of engaging men in accountable practice (EMAP) in South Sudan is providing a positive approach in targeted communities. More information is provided on this program, as well as other programs that might be effective in South Sudan in Section 6: Resources.

Programs that engage men and boys in prevention against GBV need to ensure that they are challenging the patriarchal norms that support GBV, rather than reinforcing them.

Ensuring this explicit focus requires that the men who are charged with acting as community mobilizers or facilitators have themselves gone through self-reflection processes so that they can recognize when activities have moved from promoting an end to GBV to one that is focused on men’s needs. A sign that male engagement groups are not accountable to women is that they tend to focus only on men’s needs. Other signs include male domination in mixed groups; a lack of connection between the work of men’s groups women and women’s groups; and men’s groups inability to articulate issues facing women and girls. It is critical that work with men and boys be structured to frame combatting GBV as an issue affecting men, boys, women and girls.

A recent Prevention Collaboration technical brief focused on improving practice relating to male engagement strategies provides an important reflection found in the textbox below and the following useful “core principles” for programming:31

• Promote human rights

• Remain accountable to and ally with women’s rights organizations

• Be responsive to survivors

• Promote positive visions of change by and for men

• Respond to men and boys’ own vulnerabilities

• Be inclusive of and responsive to diversities among men

Strengthening Prevention Work with Men and Boys in Community Settings

“A key challenge is to strike the right balance between making prevention work appealing and accessible to men at the same time as ensuring it addresses the harms caused by male power and privilege, from which men benefit. Depending on the needs of each context, it is important to find a way to BOTH challenge patriarchy, power, and violence and men’s responsibility to support women’s efforts to overcome them AND to demonstrate the benefits to men of being involved in ending violence against women and girls. A carefully sequenced intervention will avoid putting men off and making them defensive; yet proactively keep the focus on the enormous damage that violence and sexism does to the lives of women and girls.”

Alan Grieg, Strengthening Prevention Work with Men and Boys in Community Settings. The Prevention Collaborative, 2018

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PRINCIPLE 6: DO NO HARM

“Do no harm” is a basic principle of both humanitarian/conflict areas and GBV programming. Do no harm means ensuring that the unintended consequences of programming do not put program participants and community members at risk – physically or emotionally. Assessing the risk of harm must take place in collaboration with community members and GBV survivors. In addition, the fear of “do no harm” should not be used as a reason to not address GBV. Rather, it is important to talk to women and girls, as well as to men and boys, to ensure that programming that might threaten male power and status, potentially creating a backlash against women, can be done safely. Many of the male and couple’s engagement strategies can be implemented to compliment women’s empowerment and economic growth activities to accomplish this.

To ensure all programs that respond to GBV directly or as a cross-cutting theme have adopted the Do No Harm principle, staff should…