A06_Chemical_Pest_Control.doc

H-9011-1 - CHEMICAL PEST CONTROL

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H-9011-1 - CHEMICAL PEST CONTROL

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Table of Contents

Page Introduction i

CHAPTER 1 - CONDUCTING PEST CONTROL PROGRAMS

I.

Guidelines for Conducting Pest Control Programs I-1

A.

Review and Coordination I-1

1.

Office of Environmental Project Review (OEPR) I-1

2.

The Division of Forestry (Washington Office)

B. Planning

1. Identifying Objectives and Analyzing Impacts

2. Coordinating With Other Agencies

3. Seeking Public Involvement I-2

4. Employing Protective Measures

5. Training and Certification

C. Program Submission and Implementation I-3

1. Submission

2. Implementation

3. Reporting Requirements

D. Pesticide Use Standards I-4

1. Highly Toxic Pesticides

2. Experimental Uses

3. Protection and Transportation of Pesticides

4. Safety

5. Pesticide Spills

6. Environmental Precautions

E. Chemical Residue Monitoring I-5

F. Safety Plan - Pesticide Applications I-5

G. Threatened and Endangered Species I-5

Table of Contents

CHAPTER 2 - GUIDELINES AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SAFE APPLICATION,

MONITORING, AND DISPOSAL

I. Planning the Use of Pesticides

II-1

A. Development of Safety Plan

B. General Pesticide Safety Precautions and Information

1. Toxicity of Pesticides

2. Storage and Handling

II-3

3. Safe Applications

II-6

C. Emergency Action

II-10

1. Spill Contingency Plan - Preplanning

II-10

2. Spill Emergency Action

II-11

3. Fire

II-11

4. First Aid

II-12

5. Vehicle/Aircraft Accidents

II-14

6. Decontamination

II-16

7. Emergency Monitoring

II-18

II. Application Guidance

II-19

A. Environmental Consideration

II-19

B. Calibration of Equipment

II-22

1. Ground Application - Boom Sprayer

II-22

2. Ground Application - Hand Sprayer

II-24

III. Treatment Survey Procedure

II-27

A. Pretreatment Survey Procedures

II-27

IV. Treatment Evaluation Processes

II-28

A. Post-Treatment Evaluation Procedures

II-28

B. Water Monitoring

II-28

1. Water Sampling Procedures

II-29

2. Alternative Sampling Procedures

II-32

3. Impact Assessment

II-33

V. Economic Benefit

II-34

A. Economic Analysis of Pest Control Benefits

II-34

VI. Chemical Classification and Behavior in the Environment

II-35

CHAPTER 2 - GUIDELINES AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SAFE APPLICATION,

MONITORING, AND DISPOSAL

VII. Plans

II-43

A. Operational Plan

1. Project Specifications

2. Key Personnel Responsibilities

II-36

3. Communication Procedures

4. Public Contact Procedures

5. Safety

6. Accidental Spill Response

7. Emergency Telephone Numbers

Glossary of Terms Illustrations

1. Pesticide Use Proposal

2. Vegetation Management Survey

Bibliography Appendix

1. Plan for Training and Certification of Pesticide Applicators

2.

Memorandum from Office of the Secretary establishing pesticide-use proposal criteria for the Office of Environmental Project Review.

Introduction This Handbook was prepared by Dr. R. W. Straub, Visiting Professor (Cornell University), Mr. Larry Larson, BLM Medford OR District, and Mr. Mac Wileman, BLM Roswell NM District. This document has been produced through collaboration with personnel from BLM and other government agencies, States, and universities. Portions of specific sections are based on information from Pesticide Application Training Manual, Chemical - Pesticide Program, Cornell University. Contributions from the aforementioned sources are gratefully acknowledged.

Mention of proprietary products does not infer endorsement or recommendation for use by BLM or the parent agencies. References to such products are presented as examples only.

CHAPTER 1 - CONDUCTING PEST CONTROL PROGRAMS

I.

Guidelines for Conducting Pest Control Programs If the Bureau consents to pest control on public lands at the request of individuals or organizations, and the control work is accomplished by another Federal agency, that agency must receive the approval of the Chief, Division of Forestry. (See BLM Manual Section 7261.7). All other pest control programs, including those done under BLM proposals, cooperative projects, on rights-of way, or by lessees and concessionaires, and other activities and authorizations issued pursuant to a permit, must be submitted for review and approval on Pesticide Use Proposal (PUP) (see Illustration 1) in conformance with the procedures below. Those agencies, lessees, cooperators, and other authorized land users may be subject to trespass proceedings by failure to submit such proposals.

A. Review and Coordination

1. The Division of Forestry (Washington Office). The Chief of the Division of Forestry is responsible for coordinating the review and approval of all pesticide-use-proposals not approved by delegated officials. Pesticide-use proposals requiring final approval by the Office of Environmental Review (OEPR) are reviewed by the Chief of the Division of Forestry prior to being forwarded to OEPR (see appendix 2).

2. Office of Environmental Project Review (OEPR). OEPR reviews and approves pesticide-use proposal from all bureaus and agencies within the Department of the Interior. OEPR insures compliance with Departmental policy in addition to ensuring the technical adequacy of pesticide-use proposals.

B. Planning. The Bureau, in addition to conforming with policy, prepares an environmental analysis (EA) for each proposal. If this EA indicates an environmental impact statement (EIS) is necessary, that document must also be prepared.

1. Identifying Objectives and Analyzing Impacts.

a. Weigh the benefits of control against the negative environmental, economic, and social ramifications that may incur.

b. Determine scope of the project and integrate with measures for protecting wildlife and other values.

c. Determine for each target pest the possible courses of action and evaluate relative merits for controlling the pest with the least adverse effect on the environment. This integrated pest management approach must be followed prior to the use of any pesticide.

2. Coordinating with Other Agencies.

a. Specialists of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, the United Stated Department of Agriculture, the United States Department of the Interior (Fish and Wildlife Service), and the Environmental Protection Agency provide consultation and assistance on problems of medical, agricultural, and environmental importance (i.e., disease and pest control, quarantine control, fish and wildlife protection) upon request. Personnel in State Chapter 1

Offices coordinate and request consultation and assistance as needed from local agency representatives. For further guidance in Animal Damage Control, see BLM Manual Section 6831.

3. Seeking Public Involvement. If an action is controversial, or potentially so, review proposed program with user groups and the general public.

4. Employing Protective Measures. Establish definite boundaries for the treatment area and provide buffer strip along streams, near residences, and other sensitive areas. Width depends on pesticide used, method of application (aircraft, ground, etc.), climatic conditions (wind speed, etc.) And formulation applied (invert emulsion, solution, bait, etc.). Adhere to protective measures described on the label of the pesticide planned for use.

5. Training and Certification.

a. The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act of 1972, Public Law 92-51 (as amended), requires that all personnel applying restricted-use pesticides be certified in the use of these pesticide or under the direct supervision of certified applicators. Additionally, it will be the policy of the BLM that all nonrestricted pesticides shall be applied by certified applicators or under the direct supervision of a certified applicator. (Appendix I, Plan for Training and Certification of Pesticide Applicators). All personnel involved in planning, reviewing, supervising, or applying pesticides must be adequately trained to handle pesticide and equipment properly. This ensures that control measures are applied with maximum safety, efficiency, and economy. Continued training, periodic examinations, and appropriate certification of personnel are required to safeguard against misuse, prevent contamination of the environment, and protect public lands.

b. Comprehensive training and certification is the responsibility of the Washington Office. The Assistant Director, Renewable Resources has the responsibility for all pesticides used within BLM.

c. Prior to participation in pest control operations, each lead pesticide individual in the District must attend a Pesticide Certification Training School sponsored by the Bureau, except as provided in d.7 and 8.

d. All Federal agencies must closely scrutinize pest control programs to ensure the utilization of new techniques to reduce potential adverse environmental effects of pesticide treatments. The procedure for qualifying and certifying pest control personnel provides a sound method for meeting the training requirements on a regular basis. State Office officials ensure selection of personnel who can be adequately trained to receive pest control certification. Sound candidate evaluation minimizes the high costs of training and personnel turnover. The certification of supervisory and lead operational pest control personnel is accomplished as follows:

(1) Applicant prepares for certification by attending pesticide training.

(2) Applicant successfully completes a comprehensive, written, certification examination.

(3) Upon completion of the above requirements, Washington Office (WO-230) officials recommend certification of the applicant to the Assistant Director, Renewable Resources.

(4) A certificate of competency valid for a period not exceeding 3 years is awarded.

(5) Recertification requires reexamination and retraining. Retraining may be accomplished by attending EPA approved training programs. The District Manager administers a prepared, written certification examination and forwards test to WO (230) for evaluation.

(6) Certification is issued by Washington Office (230) and a roster of certified pesticide applicator personnel is maintained in the Washington Office. State certification is acceptable only where the State has an EPA approved program, and is valid only in the State issued.

(7) Where more than one certified applicator per District is needed, State certification is acceptable for additional applicators.

(8) For non-Bureau employees, valid State certification is required from the State in which the work is to take place, unless formal reciprocity has been granted by the State.

C. Program Submission and Implementation. Any program involving pesticide use on lands administered by the Bureau is submitted as a pesticide proposal (PUP) for review on a fiscal year basis. To allow time for review and approval for inclusion in the AWP, other submissions may be made on an emergency basis.

1. Submission. All PUP’s are submitted on the designated forms.

a. Complete each item in sufficient detail to be clearly understandable to any reviewer.

b. Use the Project Numbering System. Mark all proposals submitted for approval with the fiscal year when application will actually be done, the State abbreviation, District code, and job number. Example 79-OR-03-0001.

c. Attach a current pesticide label for the formulation specified. Only Federal registered pesticides may be used on public lands except as authorized by Public Law 92-516 pertaining to the issuance of State labels. Any pesticide proposal planned under a State registration must include a copy of the State Label.

2. Implementation. Upon compliance with preceding policy and guidelines and final approval of the PUP, the project may be included in the AWP. Approval of the PUPs may be delegated from WO 230 to State and District Offices where trained and certified applicators are designated for such review. In implementing each approved project, the District Manager must assure compliance with directions on the pesticide label, any special provisions for the planned project, and all necessary safety precautions.

3. Reporting Requirements. The Bureau of Land Management Agency Plan for Pesticide Certification requires reporting of all pesticide use.

Washington Office officials must submit to EOPA an annual report describing the acres, amount, usage, location and use strength for each chemical. Each State Director must submit to WO 230 a report at the end of the FY summarizing the EPA requested data for projects accomplished in their State. Project records must be maintained in each State for 3 years.

D. Pesticide Use Standards. This Manual Section establishes broad principles for the selection and use of controversial materials.

1. Highly Toxic Pesticides. Pesticides vary substantially in toxicity to humans, wildlife and plants. Effects may be immediate or chronic. Even different formulations of the same pesticide vary in degree of hazard. To ensure that pesticides may be safely handled by pest control personnel, and that the environmental impact has been given due consideration, pesticide proposals must be reviewed and approved by the Washington Office, Division of Forestry, prior to application except for State that have been delegated approval authority for certain types of projects.

2. Experimental Uses. Experimental applications of pesticide are permissible if the proposed use has been sanctioned by the appropriate Bureau, Department, or agency. Limit the area of treatment and conduct post-treatment evaluation. Forward an analysis covering effectiveness and adverse side effects, if any, to the Washington Office, Division of Forestry.

3. Protection and Transportation of Pesticides. Mix pesticide in an adequately ventilated area. Label containers properly as to toxic content. Keep pesticide containers in locked storage when not in use. Vehicles suitable for the safe transportation of pesticides, personnel, and supplies are assigned for control operations. These vehicles are provided with lockable pesticide storage to prevent access by unauthorized personnel. Do not transport pesticides in cabs of vehicles. Pesticides stored in the field during operations may require a watchperson.

4. Safety. Take maximum safety measures when handling pesticides. The BLM local office provides protective devices (mask, respirators, gloves, and a daily change of clothing), as specifically required by label. Current recommendation for the use of additional protective devices are furnished by the Washington Office. Clothing worn while doing pesticide work must not be home laundered. Ample shower stalls for personnel must be located in the immediate vicinity of the shop where pesticides are stored and mixed. District resources personnel and/or safety officers inspect stored pesticides at appropriate intervals.

5. Pesticide Spills. Accidental damage to pesticide containers or container deterioration may result in pesticide spills and warehouse contamination. Deactivation of the pesticide and decontamination of the area are required in such cases. Report all pesticide spills to the Safety Officer and District Manager. (See Chapter 2, Spill Contingency Plan).

6. Environmental Precautions. Environmental precautions and recommendations for application of pesticide (i.e. Refer to the label for additional precautions):

a. Ensure that pesticide use is required for the situation.

b. Select a chemical which will provide the desired results, but additionally offers the least hazard to the operator and the environment. Avoid materials with long residual periods that may accumulate in the soil or food chain organisms.

c. Treat only the minimum necessary area.

d. Use the minimum amount of chemical to achieve desired results.

e. Treat when the possibility of environmental pollution is least likely while considering the timing for optimum biological effectiveness.

f. Do not spray when wind speed exceeds 6 mph for aerial applications, or as specified on the label.

g. Do not spray when wind is likely to cause excessive contamination to bodies of water or other sensitive areas.

h. Avoid areas where pesticide run-off is likely, such as steep compacted surfaces.

E. Chemical Residue Monitoring. Monitoring is the periodic measurement of chemicals which have been introduced into various facets measurement of chemicals which have been introduced into various facets of the environment. Within this framework, monitoring priorities must be established. It is impossible and unnecessary to measure all chemicals in all parts of the environment. What is measured and how it is measure is dictated by the particular reason for monitoring. Monitoring should measure the impact of chemical application on the quality of the environment and the effectiveness of the control measure. The need for and type of monitoring are dictated by the nature of the critical components of the environment in the treatment area. Thus, a toxic chemical proposed for use in a sensitive area, such as near a residential area, or domestic water supply must be monitored intensively. Chemical residues in air, vegetation, soil, and water may need to be determined. A less toxic chemical used on other areas may require only limited stream monitoring to ensure that significant quantities of the chemical do not enter the stream. An innocuous chemical used on a small remote area may require no monitoring. Unfortunately, there are no standard prescriptions. Each chemical project must be considered on its own.

F. Safety Plan - Pesticide Applications. This plan doe not itemize all safety rules applicable to pesticide applications. Project personnel and safety officers must be constantly alert to detect any unsafe practices and immediately take necessary corrective action to remedy the problem. The officer in charge of the project and the District base radio operator keep copies of the safety plan. The designated Contracting Officer’s authorized representative, inspector, or project officer in charge, and safety officer enforce the safety rules outlined. Chapter 2 provides information and certain precautions that should be observed when handling chemical toxicants.

G. Threatened and Endangered Species. Before a treatment program may be initiated in a given area, a survey of threatened or endangered species must be made. The BLM Manual Section 6840 encompasses the Bureau’s policy for all endangered species.

Chapter 2 - GUIDELINES AND RECOMMENDATION FOR

SAFE APPLICATION, MONITORING, AND DISPOSAL

I. Planning the Use of Pesticides.

The material contained in this Handbook is presented as guidance and reference material for those individuals involved in planning projects which include the use of chemical pesticides. Most of the material has been abstracted from other sources. For the most recent information, contact EPA, universities, and other research institutions.

A. Development of Safety Plan. This Chapter is intended to provide the general guidance in preparation of safety and implementation plans for pesticide application projects. Proper preplanning can significantly increase the safety and effectiveness of project performance.

B. General Pesticide Safety Precautions and Information.

1. Toxicity of Pesticides. Pesticides used to control pests are, by their nature and intent, toxic. Some are very toxic and if improperly used may injure nontarget species including humans. Others are relatively safe, causing only irritation. In any case, it is extremely important that a pesticide user be familiar with the pesticides that are being used and understand the hazards of each.

Pesticides can enter an organism three different ways, i.e., through the mouth (orally), through the skin (dermal) or through the respiratory system (inhalation). An individual can be poisoned by any of the above routes; however, the dermal or inhalation routes have been involved in most accidental poisonings. Inhalation is the primary route of poisoning in fish.

Toxicity refers to how poisonous a substance is to a particular organism. However, toxicity should not be confused with hazard, which is toxicity plus level of exposure.

Toxicity is primarily determined by measuring the effect of a single dose given to an organism (such as rats or fish). The effect of a single dose measured in mortality to the organism is known as acute toxicity. Acute toxicity is the common basis for comparing the relative toxicities of chemicals. Acute oral toxicity and acute dermal toxicity are measured by LD50. LD50 (LD - lethal dose) represent the amount of pesticide that resulted in the death of 50 percent of the test animals (see Glossary for detailed description). Therefore, the lower the LD50, the more toxic the pesticide. Acute inhalation is measured by LC 50 (LC- lethal concentration), but the relative value can be interpreted as LD50, i.e., the lower the LC50, the more toxic the substance.

Chapter 2

To facilitate the relative comparison of acute toxicities and to formalize their relative danger, pesticides have been classified into three categories.

Categories of Acute Toxicity Signal Word Oral Dermal Inhalation Probable Oral Required on LD 50 LD 50 LD 50 Lethal Dose For

Categories The Label (mg/kg) (mg/kg) (mg/l) 150 lbs. human I DANGER - 0 – 50 0 – 200 0 – 0.2 A few drops to a

(Highly Skull and teaspoon

Toxic) Crossbones

POISON

II WARNING From 50 From 200 From 0.2 Over one (Moderately to 500 to 2000 to 2.0 teaspoonful to

Toxic) one ounce.

III

CAUTION From 500 From 2000 From 2.0 Over one ounce to

(Slightly to 5000 to 20,000 to 20 one pint or one

Toxic) pound.

The general degree of toxicity for each pesticide can be found by comparing the above rating category with the signal word (Danger, Warning, or Caution) found on the label. The label reflects the highest acute toxicity for that pesticide. For example, if the pesticide has an acute oral toxicity in the slightly toxic category and an inhalation toxicity in the high toxic category, the pesticide label will reflect the highly toxic rating. For more specific acute toxicity ratings, refer to the technical specifications data sheet which can be obtained from the pesticide manufacturer.

Although acute toxicity is the most common measurement of toxicities, it is necessary to consider the effects of repeated small doses over a period of time. The effect of repeated doses on an organism is referred to as chronic toxicity. Chronic toxicity is important when exposure to sublethal doses results in cumulative deposits in an organism which cause long-term problems in a vital body function. Chronic toxicity is difficult to measure, particularly so in humans.

Environmental Effects - To assess the hazard of a pesticide to the environment, one must consider the actual exposure and dose that an organism receives. The acute toxicity of a pesticide is not a good indicator of the hazard it may present. For example, a pesticide that has a relatively low acute toxicity, if used at a high rate, can be much more hazardous than a highly toxic pesticide used at a considerably lower rate. Therefore, the use of relative acute toxicity data to assess environmental hazard is requires knowledge of both the exposure and dose received by the organism.

To establish acceptable levels of environmental contamination, scientists determine the maximum level of toxic exposure that an organism can tolerate without an observable effect. The “no effect” level is usually based on the most sensitive critical function of an organism such as reproduction or birth defects. The “no effect” toxic exposure levels are not the same for all organisms and in the process of developing data, similar organisms have been grouped and the most sensitive organisms used as the base. In any case, the “no effect levels” are levels at which no observable effect has been found in a test organism.

These “no effect levels” form the base for establishing standards for the maximum acceptable level of contamination in the environment. A safety factor of 100 to 200 is applied to the no effect levels depending on the size of stream or physical conditions present. These are the standards to be used by land managers to assess the impact of an action. These standards have been established for water quality and the pesticide project planner should refer to the current State and Federal EPA regulations to determine the acceptable limits.

2. Storage and Handling.

a. General Safety Guidelines. The following guidelines should be considered in all cases involving the storage and handling of pesticides. The precautions are designed to minimize spills and accidental contamination and allow better response in the case of fire.

(1) Store all pesticides in a secure storage room which is kept locked at all times except when in use. Storage in the field during operations may require a full-time watchperson.

(2) Use locked storage on all vehicles used in pest control operations and transportation of toxic materials.

(3) Label all materials in such a manner that the contents of all containers are plainly visible.

(4) Keep chemicals separated by type to prevent cross-contamination.

(5) Do not use obsolete or unsatisfactory materials and equipment.

(6) Permit no smoking or eating in the storage area and post area with signs to that effect.

(7) Identify pesticide storage areas with prominent waterproof signs over each entrance (including windows) on all side of building. Post a list of chemicals (organophosphates, carbamates, chlorinated hydrocarbons, flammable solvents, etc.) on the outside of building, along with storage plan.

(8) Inform police, fire department, and medical officials in writing of the location and layout of the storage area, types of materials stored, and hazards involved. Provide fire chief with telephone numbers of those personnel responsible for storage. Fire companies should map the locations of pesticide chemical storage in their respective areas. “Pesticide Fires: Prevention, Control and Cleanup” is available for AFPMB, Washington, D.C.

(9) Inform nearest physician and hospital of potential hazards, and ensure that medical personnel know how to treat for pesticide exposure. Ensure the “Clinical Handbook on Economic Poisons” available for HHS, Communicable Disease Center, Office of Pesticides, Atlanta, Georgia 30333. Antidotes should include an adequate supply of atropine sulfate and 2-PAM ( protopam chloride).

(10) Obtain desirable fire fighting equipment (extinguishers) and have all employees familiarize themselves with its operation. Be sure the equipment works.

(11) Keep pesticide containers, particularly glass, away from windows and sunlight so they will not be subject to heat and ignition.

(12) Keep combustibles away from steam lines and heat. Read label for information on flammability and store accordingly.

(13) Dispose of unlabeled pesticides. Treat them as highly toxic.

(14) Keep a quantity of hydrated lime on hand for detoxification.

(15) In the event of container leakage, immediately make drip pans available until repackaging is completed.

(16) Never use milk or beverage bottles, or any types of food containers, for storage of toxic chemicals.

(17) Clean up spilled chemicals immediately.

b. Handling of Pesticides - (Mixing/Loading) - It is extremely important to follow label requirements pertaining to the use of safety equipment and clothing. Each job should be assess for hazard - there may be occasions when common sense requires additional precautions to be taken even though not required by law.

Pesticide poisoning of applicators or those associated with the application usually occurs from absorption through the skin. To avoid pesticides coming into contact with the skin, it is recommended that the following minimum requirements apply to all pesticide use, regardless of the hazard category (label specifications may require more stringent methods).

(1) Coveralls - Coverall that cover the entire body from wrist to ankles will be worn at all times during handling or application operation. Individuals involved in contract administration of aerial spray operations should also wear coveralls if close to the application and handling process. It is mandatory that these clothes be laundered often and they should be removed prior to going home. Note: Pant legs and sleeves should be worn outside of boots or gloves. Disposable or reusable coveralls are acceptable. Disposable coveralls are usually lightweight and more comfortable. If the operation will result in contact with heavy spray or mist, a waterproof suit should be worn. If liquid-proof clothing is required, it should be made of a tear-resistant plastic.

(2) Gloves - Rubber gloves must be worn anytime pesticides are handled either during the mixing or loading operation or during hand application. Unlined flexible plastic or neoprene gloves are the most desirable. Rubber gloves are also satisfactory unless prohibited by the label. Check the gloves for leaks prior to use, by filling with water and squeezing the glove. Do not use gloves that have cloth lining or wristband, or are made of leather.

(3) Boots - Unlined rubber boots which cover the ankles should be worn when hand applying pesticides. Coverall legs should be worn outside of the boots. Boots should be washed often. Do not use leather or fabric boots.

(4) Goggles/Face Shield - Goggles must be worn when pouring or mixing concentrates. Goggles should be the type that are non-fogging. Face shields should be made of clear plastic and be attached to the hat so they can be raised and lowered. Do not use eye protection with a headband that can absorb the pesticide.

(5) Hats - A liquid-proof washable plastic hard hat shall be worn by applicators during pesticide application and mixing operations. Hats with leather sweatbands should not be worn

Summary (Minimum Requirements) Aerial Contract

Admin. Loading Mixing Application

Coveralls X X X X

Gloves X X X

Goggles X X

Boots X X

Hat X X

If respiratory devices or aprons are necessary, the following should be considered:

Aprons- Aprons must be made of rubber or a synthetic liquid-proof material that will resist solvents. They should be long enough to cover the body from chest to boots.

Respiratory device - The respirator must properly fit the face, so that air leakage does not occur - the user must be clean shaven. Use only equipment that is approved by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health or the Mining Enforcement and Safety Administration. The user must be adequately instructed in its use.

All equipment can be obtained from G.S.A. or other approved sources. Designs range widely and it is important to avoid the undesirable traits of some equipment. The wrong equipment can result in increase exposure over that of using no protective equipment.

(6) The following additional rules should be followed when handling pesticides:

(a) Handle full barrels of chemicals or diesel oil with care to avoid personal injury - use barrel rolls if applicable.

(b) To minimize inhalation, handle all pesticides in well ventilated areas only.

(c) Immediately wash any contamination off the skin, with detergent and water. Frequent washing of the skin during and after pesticide application is as important as protective clothing.

(d) The following actions are recommended for respirator use:

(i) Change cartridge after each 8-hour exposure, or more often if needed.

(e) Change filters every other day, or more often if needed.

(f) Thoroughly wash at each day’s end.

(g) When handling fumigants, wear gas masks specifically approved for fumigant materials.

c. Transporting Pesticides. When transporting pesticides, the following precautions should be taken.

(1) Carry the pesticides in the cargo compartment of the vehicle, not in the passenger compartment.

(2) Take all possible steps to ensure that no container leaks develop, that no container is punctured or ruptured, that no lids or caps are loosened and paper container are kept dry.

(3) Special precautions must be taken while loading and stacking pesticide containers on a vehicle. Containers should be tied down, so that none can fall or roll about due to vehicle movement.

(4) Containers must never be transported while open. Partially used containers must be securely resealed before movement.

(5) After transportation, all herbicide containers should be inspected for damage and leaks, and the vehicle should be carefully examined for contamination.

(6) Generally, trucks with wooden platforms should not be used, since decontamination would probably require replacement of the planking.

(7) The vehicle should carry pesticides only - never a mixed load. Trucks used to transport pesticide must never be used to transport food, clothing, beverages, household goods, animal feeds or similar commodities without prior decontamination.

(8) Travel adjacent to streams with loaded pesticide tankers should be minimal, and accomplished by careful planning of routes and necessary spray volumes.

(9) All valves capable of emptying tank trucks must be lockable.

3. Safe Application. The following guidelines pertain to safety precautions to be taken during the actual application. It is important that sufficient planning precedes the application so that contract specification or instructions to the applicators reflect these concerns.

a. Precautions -

(1) Do not allow leaks in the spray distribution system or in the chemical mixing equipment. Keep equipment in good mechanical condition. Properly calibrate equipment prior to project initiation.

(2) Wear appropriate clothing as required for the type of chemical being used. Wash work clothing daily and change to clean clothing when not on duty. Cleanup is mandatory after each day’s work. Coveralls should be furnished to those employees directly involved with spraying operations.

(3) Read the label on the chemical container and follow recommended safety practices. Do not use any chemical in a manner inconsistent with its label.

(4) Wash hands with soap and water immediately after contact with chemicals, and before smoking or handling food. Do not eat, drink or smoke while using chemicals. Chemicals are absorbed through the skin more readily in the areas of the neck, wrist and genitals. Some pesticide classes, i.e. pyrethroid insecticides, are strong skin irritants and should be handled with appropriate caution.

(5) Select sites for loading, cleaning equipment and storage which will prevent contamination of streams, ponds, cisterns, food stocks, or crops adjacent to work area.

(6) Safely dispose of empty chemical containers immediately after use (see p. 31).

(7) Do not work in direct spray drift.

(8) When working in high weeds, always go to the farthest point and work away from the area you are treating.

(9) Do not blow out clogged nozzles, hose, or lines with mouth.

(10) Avoid standing over the tank opening or downwind of materials when filling machines or mixing chemicals. When mixing concentrated liquids, use face shield.

(11) Never leave contaminated equipment or chemicals unattended. Use properly calibrated equipment (see p. 36)

b. Aerial Application - The following guidelines should be considered for all aerial applications:

(1) Arrange airborne spraying schedules so that poor visibility before and shortly after sunrise and sunset will not seriously affect the safety of the pilot.

(2) Allow spraying from a higher altitude if steep canyon heads, snags, or standing timber in the spray area make it too hazardous to spray at the specified contract heights. Stop spraying when conditions are too hazardous. Maintain the maximum flight height for acceptable results over vegetative cover and obstacles.

(3) Ascertain that all reconnaissance flights are performed in aircraft approved for BLM personnel, with spray tanks empty, and at an altitude of now less than 500 feet above vegetative ground cover. Any BLM employee must have authorization to be a passenger or crew member.

(4) Caution pilots to recognize dangers such as tall snags and trees, and probable location of downdrafts. Review map with each pilot, paying particular attention to heliports, areas being sprayed, and approaches to and from those areas.

(5) Caution pilots as to the location of telephone lines near any heliport which will be used.

(6) Pilots must wear crash helmets and double shoulder harnesses. It is advisable not to wear clothes made of synthetic fibers other than Nomex.

(7) Pilots should not fly in fog, heavy rain, before daylight or after dark.

(8) Pilots must not exceed the continuous flying limitations as outlined below:

(a) Unless further restricted by the using agency, flight hours must not exceed 8 hours during any 14-hours duty period.

(b) Pilot duty hours must not exceed 14 consecutive hours during any 24-hour period.

(c) At least 10 consecutive hours of rest are required prior to 24-hour period above.

(d) Pilots must have two 24-hour periods of rest (off duty) during any 14 day period during the performance of this contract. Off-duty periods must be designated by the Government unless a relief pilot is required. The contract must submit a schedule of relief pilot duty days to the COAR at the start of the contract period.

(e) Pilots must not exceed 36 hours flight time during any consecutive 6-day period. This flight time limitation may be temporarily exceeded during emergency conditions (life saving) or for unscheduled in route delay due to weather conditions. When a pilot acquired 36 hours flight time in any consecutive 6-day period, he must be given at least the following 24-hour period off duty after which a new 6-day cycle will begin.

In combined operations, the sending area should notify the receiving area of the daily accumulated flying time for each pilot in any 6-day period when between-area moves are made.

(9) Place a wind indicator of plastic ribbon or similar material near each heliport, heliport or air strip being used.

(10) The pilot in command must be responsible for the safety of the aircraft, its occupants, and cargo. He has complete authority to postpone, change, or cancel any flight when he believes existing or impending conditions make it unsafe.

(11) Have the pilot complete BLM Form 9400-9 (Helicopter Load Calculation) daily or often as needed.

(a) If the project officer is not in radio contact with the main office, the pilot must adhere to check-in schedules as required in Department Manual 350.

c. Guidance to Personnel Working Around Aircraft.

(1) Wear logger-type shoes with non-skid soles and snag-resistant shirts and trousers. If wearing a hat, use chin strap or carry in hand.

(2) Carry first aid kits in your vehicle.

(3) Stay away from aircraft when the propeller or rotor blades are in motion, unless authorized by the pilot or other authority. This means stay at least 50 feet away from small helicopters and 100 feet away from large helicopters.

(4) When nearer than 50 feet to the helicopter, approach or leave from front or from side near front, where the pilot can always see you. Do not approach fixed wing aircraft from front.

(5) When a passenger, do not approach or leave the aircraft until authorized by the pilot. Never approach or leave ship from any side where ground is higher than ground where ship is standing. When leaving the ship, duck down and walk immediately away, to the side until you are at least 50 feet from the rotors.

(6) Wear seat belts and helmets with chin strap under chin, and shoulder harness while in flight. Keep safety belt fastened until instructed by pilot to leave the aircraft. Passengers and crew must not carry “strike anywhere” matches on aircraft flights. Any person who will be a passenger in a helicopter must wear Nomex fire resistant shirt and pants or coveralls, Nomex gloves, and a protective helmet.

(7) Unless equipped with safety goggles or glasses, do not watch landings, takeoffs, or hovering, within 100 feet of the helicopter. Ear protection must be worn.

(8) Stay away from tail rotor at all times and see that others do likewise. “THE TAIL ROTOR IS A KILLER!”

(9) When working in the vicinity of the aircraft, wear headgear that will not blow off and foul helicopter or other equipment.

(10) Keep aircraft clear of debris and equipment which may be dislodged by the wind created by the rotor blade.

(11) Report overdue aircraft, malfunctioning equipment or aircraft to the COAR or Project Inspector immediately. Keep the base station informed as to the location of the aircraft.

(12) Place caution signs on approaches to active heliports and land strips located on or near a road. Visitors must be kept in a safe area by the BLM project supervisor. Vehicles must be parked in a designated area. Visitors must be asked to leave the project area if they refuse to comply with applicable safety rules as outlined in this safety plan.

(13) Monitor pre-flight inspections as performed by the pilot each day. This includes oil and gas check. Check visually for such items as oil leaks, loose nuts or bolts, loose or dripping nozzles, worn control hinges, and bad tires or skids. Check reserve gasoline supply.

(14) Insure that a suitable electrical ground is provided when the aircraft is being refueled. A ground (between the fuel truck and the aircraft) must be completed prior to refueling. It is good practice to prevent aircraft refueling which the engine is running.

(15) The responsible individual must issue a “suspend-work order” for aircraft which are considered unsafe or otherwise unsatisfactory for performance of ferry, reconnaissance, or application flights.

(16) Reconnaissance aircraft must be approved for such use by the Office of Aircraft Services (OAS).

d. Container Disposal. Pesticide containers retain a small amount of pesticide even after being rinsed. Therefore, the disposal of all pesticide containers must comply with Federal, State and local laws. County extension agents or State regulatory officials should be familiar with the local regulations. Federal regulations are administered by EPA.

(1) Account for every used container and never allow unrestricted use by individuals.

(2) All liquid containers must be rinsed at least three times prior to disposal. The rinse water should be sprayed onto the treatment area.

(3) Disposal of containers can be accomplished by burning or burial. The exact method used depends on the Federal, State and local laws. Always consult with local regulatory officials prior to disposal.

C. Emergency Action. It is extremely important that pesticide project plans include a carefully thought-out course of action which addresses emergency situations. Without prior planning, necessary delays and additional damage or injury could occur as a result of a spill or fire. Everyone involved in the project should be aware of the procedures and their responsibilities for implementation.

1. Spill Contingency Plan - Preplanning. Each project leader should prepare spill contingency plans in advance of the actual pesticide application.

A contingency plan prepares individuals for proper action, should an accidental spill occur. The plan, to be prepared for each area, must consider each tract that is to be treated.

Prior to treatment initiation, any critical points such as mixing location or water courses should be identified on a map, which is made available to project inspectors and water samplers during the implementation of the project.

a. Locate downstream points that are critical and estimate approximate stream travel times from the unit to these points. This is necessary so that if an uncontained spill occurs, downstream water users can be notified.

Telephone numbers should be identified , although, in most instances, people would need to be contacted in person.

b. Identify and mark on the map, possible points of containment downstream from the unit. If spills occur on a road, roadside ditch outlets into streams should be monitored.

c. Identify points where water samples should be taken, such as intakes to fish hatcheries, intake to domestic water sources and major fish bearing streams at locations where the stream enters a larger body of water. Samplers should be dispatched to these points.

d. Identify the location of earth moving equipment that could be used in the containment or cleanup of the spill.

e. Identify possible routes for application equipment transport and identify critical areas along those routes which may warrant special consideration.

2. Spill Emergency Action.

a. Immediate action should be taken to minimize spill contamination, pending the arrival of containment personnel and equipment.

b. If possible, immediately plug leaks at the source container.

c. Immediately confine spill to holding area.

d. If necessary, secure available equipment and personnel to construct ponding areas to prevent the spill from reaching waterways.

e. After taking the necessary emergency procedures for containment, begin cleanup and disposal operations (see p. 30).

NOTE: The degree of urgency for environmental monitoring is directly related to the amount of pesticide spilled, the toxicity to specific organisms and spill location.

f. Notify the necessary local, State, and Federal personnel.

3. Fire. Note: “Pesticide Fires: Prevention, Control and Cleanup” is available from AFPMB, Washington, D.C. If a fire should occur in a pesticide storage facility, the following action should be taken:

a. Call the Fire Department.

b. Have fire inspector or facilities engineer notify a qualified physician to remain on stand-by.

c. Inform fire fight personnel of the following:

(1) Type of chemicals contained in the facility.

(2) Safety equipment that is required and possible poisoning if exposed to fumes or smoke without adequate protection.

(3) Soft streams of water (such as a fog) should be used to prevent tearing paper containers or breaking jars.

(4) Foam should be used when large volumes of flammable liquid solvents area released from ruptured containers.

(5) Drums containing inflammable solvents should be cooled with water spray.

(6) Maintain a safe distance in the event of explosion.

(7) Large volumes of water should be avoided, to minimize toxic run-off. If necessary, a dike should be constructed to prevent run-off contamination and to contain overflow of burning liquid.

(8) Rope off contaminated area and maintain it under continuous supervision until cleanup is completed.

d. Avoid smoking, drinking or eating while fire fighting, to avoid ingestion of toxic substances.

e. Protect employees and nearby residents by recommending evacuation of residents downwind of the fire, and requiring a medical check for those that may have been exposed.

4. First Aid. First aid involving chemical exposure should be incorporated into the District’s first aid training courses.

a. Emergency action steps to be taken in case of accidental poisoning:

(1) Move the individual away from the pesticide and remove contaminated clothing. Wash the pesticide off skin.

(2) If the individual is not breathing, or breathing is weak, initiate first aid (refer to label instructions).

(3) Notify a physician of the pesticide involved. Administer antidote if advised by physician. Keep patient warm, quiet, and calm.

If appropriate, take the individual to hospital. Have a copy of the pesticide label.

Personnel involved in the project should be aware of the name, address, and telephone number of the physician and hospital where treatment and information can be obtained. This same information should be posted on any facilities where pesticides are stored.

b. General first aid procedures for various types of exposure:

(1) Pesticides on skin - Immediately remove contaminated clothing and thoroughly wash affected area with soap and water.

(2) Pesticides taken orally - Read label and follow instructions. Consult physician as soon as possible.

(3) Pesticides in the eyes - Hold the eye(s) open and flush with a gentle stream of water for 15 minutes.

(4) Pesticide burns - Remove contaminated clothing, wash skin with large quantities of water, and cover with a loose cloth. Treat for shock (see c. below). Do not treat with ointment or greases.

(5) Pesticides inhaled - Move individual to fresh air, loosen clothing, and administer artificial respiration if breathing has stopped. Treat for shock as described below. If individual is in an enclosed space, do not enter the area without respiratory equipment.

c. Shock Symptoms/Treatments:

Sometimes poisoning victims go into shock. If untreated or ignored the victim can die from shock even if the poisoning injuries would not be fatal. The skin will be pale, moist, cold and clammy. The eyes are vacant and lackluster with dilated pupils. The breathing will be shallow and irregular. The pulse is very weak, rapid, and irregular. The victim may be unconscious or in a faint. The following treatment should be administered:

(1) Unless he is vomiting, keep the victim flat on his back with his legs up 1 to 1-1/2 feet above his head.

(2) Keep the victim warm enough to prevent shivering. Do not overheat.

(3) If the victim is conscious and has not swallowed any poison, give small amounts of water or a dilute salt solution (½ teaspoon of table salt to 1 quart of water). Give as often as the victim will accept it.

(4) Keep the victim quiet and reassure him often.

(5) Never try to give anything by mouth to an unconscious victim.

(6) In an emergency use any source of fairly clean water such as irrigation canals, lakes, ponds, watering troughs, etc. Don’t let the victim die while you worry about how dirty the water is.

d. General Poisoning Symptoms/Antidotes:

(1) Carbamates - the symptoms occur within 12 hours and are: reduced coordination, restricted pupils, headache, dizziness, nausea, excessive salivation and weakness.

The antidote is: Atropine (must be administered by a physician) DO NOT USE 2-PAM.

(2) Chlorinated Hydrocarbons - The symptoms are: twitching, apprehension, excitability, and convulsions.

The antidote is: Atropine (must be administered by a physician).

(3) Organophosphates - the symptoms are: loss of

Chapter 2 coordination, reduced pupil size, nausea, diarrhea, slowed heartbeat, sweating, headache, weakness, and stomach cramps.

The antidote is: Atropine and protopam chloride (2-PAM) (must be administered by a physician).

(4) Chlorophenoxys - the symptoms are: irritation, burning sensation on skin, in nose, eyes, throat, uncoordination, and dizziness.

The antidote is: None. Induce vomiting (see e.).

(5) Dipyridyls - the symptoms…