A04_SOW_(Attachment_1).doc

SCOPE OF WORK

HISTORIC RESOURCE STUDY

PEA RIDGE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK

ARKANSAS

PMIS: 241655A

SCOPE OF WORK

I. Introduction

The National Park Service, through the Midwest Regional Office which oversees National Park System units in Interior Regions 3,4,5, requires the performance of research and writing of a Historic Resource Study for Pea Ridge National Military Park in Benton County, Arkansas. The study will help complete basic historical documentation of the park’s story and resources. The information contained in the Historic Resource Study is essential for present and future interpretation and resource management.

This Historic Resource Study is a comprehensive synthesis of primary and secondary source material that is pertinent specifically to Pea Ridge National Military Park. It represents the first Historic Resource Study prepared for this unit of the National Park System. The study shall conform to professional standards regarding methodology of historical research and writing. Stylistic, bibliographical, and report production standards shall conform to the current edition of the Chicago Manual of Style.

The Historic Resource Study, including enumerated appendices, maps, graphics, and index, shall be completed within twenty-four (24) months from the date of contract award.

II. DESCRIPTION OF THE RESOURCES (adapted from the park’s brochure) The Battle of Pea Ridge was a land battle of the American Civil War fought on March 6–8, 1862, in northwest Arkansas at Pea Ridge near Garfield. Union forces led by Brig. Gen. Samuel R. Curtis moved south from central Missouri, driving Confederate forces into northwestern Arkansas. Maj. Gen. Earl Van Dorn reorganized the Confederate army and launched a counter-offensive in hopes that a victory would enable the Confederates to recapture northern Arkansas and Missouri. In a two–day battle, Curtis held off the Confederate attack on the first day and drove Van Dorn's force off the battlefield on the second day. The outcome of the battle essentially won Union control of Missouri and northern Arkansas. The battle was one of the few during the war in which a Confederate army outnumbered its Union opponent.

The first Pea Ridge reunion involving Union and Confederate veterans came in 1887, twenty-five years after the battle. This reunion and subsequent ones engendered remembrance and healing the bitterness of March 1862 and resulted in monuments to the dead on the battlefield. The reunions did not, as Historian David W. Blight opines in his 2001 book Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory, evoke sympathy or even acknowledgment of the necessity to curtail racial prejudice and discrimination in late 19th and early 20th century American society.

Because this Historic Resource Study is funded through a special funding allotment known as the Civil Rights Commemorative Initiative, in addition to focusing on park cultural resources, a larger scope involving the immediate Benton County area must be included.

Pea Ridge NMP HRS will investigate the socio-economic environment of Pea Ridge, Benton County, Arkansas, where many small farms benefitted from an enslaved workforce. Area property owners will be identified as would the number of people they enslaved. All of the enslaved captured by the Union Army were treated as contraband of war. Formerly enslaved people were put to work to further the cause of their new-found freedom by building fortifications, performing manual labor in Union camps, and performing other duties that permitted northern commanders to send their men back to the fighting.

Even before the opposing armies approached in 1862, many families in the sparsely populated area elected to leave and to head north into Missouri or to northeast Arkansas. Larger slave owners fled with their slaves further south, many going to Texas which would remain a stronghold of slavery throughout the war. While his wife, seven children, and most of those he enslaved remained at Pea Ridge, Elkhorn Tavern owner Jesse Cox moved his cattle, horses, and other valuable property to land he owned in Kansas. The Cox family, their neighbors, and the enslaved workers and their families will all be identified and their lives described both before and after the battle.

The Union victory at Pea Ridge caused economic havoc on the civilian population of Pea Ridge and Benton County. Farmers found themselves suffering the loss of enslaved manpower that under normal conditions would have been available to plant the fields or to repair machinery. Merchants who relied on enslaved laborers also experienced manpower shortages. The loss of this labor force signaled the loss of profits, and in some cases, the complete failure of a business.

General Van Dorn’s defeat at Pea Ridge also disrupted the socio-economic foundations of northwest Arkansas. After the battle, General Samuel Curtis issued Special Order 1251 which freed from bondage those who entered his lines and offered them assistance in traveling to the north and eastern Arkansas. Union officers provided each of the formerly enslaved with a certificate indicating that since their former enslavers had used them to aid the Confederate cause, they were considered contraband and released immediately of all bonds of servitude. Curtis consolidated the newly freed men into a sprawling camp located at Helena, Arkansas, in May 1862, where they received food, clothing, and shelter. Curtis’ emancipation certificates pre-dated President Abraham Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation which went into effect in January, 1863. By granting freedom to a portion of the population that had been enslaved, General Curtis personified the cause of the Civil War.

By May, 1862, just two months after the Battle of Pea Ridge, the number of freed Blacks in northern Arkansas increased as the Union army moved across the state’s northern region. Beginning at Pea Ridge, by the summer of 1862, more than 2,000 former slaves trailed behind Union forces as Curtis fought his way east across Arkansas. With so many men away from their homes fighting for either the Confederacy or the Union, food production declined and the possibility of starvation spread over the population. By the first anniversary of the battle, dozens of northern Arkansas and southern Missouri counties experienced significant decreases in population as thousands of refugees abandoned their homes and farms.

The HRS will examine who stayed, left, or returned, both white and black. It will look at the gains in civil rights and consequences of Reconstruction, its aftermath, and the dark era following with Jim Crow laws and segregation. It will focus on the significant resources remaining inside park boundaries, and how Pea Ridge has progressed from a Civil War battlefield to a modern and racially integrated area with an NPS unit focused on a past that ranges from slavery to emancipation to 21st century American life.

Congress authorized Pea Ridge National Military Park on July 20, 1956, when it accepted the transfer of land from the State of Arkansas. Acquisition included the use of eminent domain on numerous farms and the moving of structures into nearby communities. The remainder were demolished except for the historic Elkhorn Tavern. Formal establishment of the park came in 1963 with a dedication ceremony one hundred one years after the Battle of Pea Ridge. Currently within the park authorized boundary, 4,278.75 acres are in Federal ownership and 21.60 acres are in public ownership (total is 4,300.35 acres). It is one of the best preserved Civil War battlefields. Along with a visitor center/museum and a tour road, the restored battlefield features hiking trails, a segment of Old Telegraph/Wire Road, 2.5 miles of the Trail of Tears, and the restored Elkhorn Tavern which played a role in course of the battle.

The Historic Resource Study will synthesize current scholarship on the Battle of Pea Ridge, placing it in context with the progression of the American Civil War. It will summarize events leading up to, during, and after the battle utilizing both Union and Confederate sources.

National Park Service has conducted several studies pertinent to the park which is already listed in the National Register of Historic Places (1984). Other key documents include:

"The Battle Raged...With Terrible Fury:" Battlefield Archeology of Pea Ridge National Military Park NPS Midwest Archeological Center Technical Report No. 112 (Carl G. Carlson-Drexler, Douglas D. Scott and Harold Roeker, 2008)

Cultural Landscape Report and Environmental Assessment, Pea Ridge National Military Park (September 2014)

The Battle of Pea Ridge 1862 Pea Ridge Military Park Centennial Committee, 1963)

An Administrative History: Pea Ridge National Military Park (Christopher J. Huggard, c1997)

To investigate events and people who lived in the immediate area, required archival source material will include full access/subscription to the following: Ancestry.com, FamilySearch.com, newspapers.com, newspaperarchive.com, fold3.com.

Other sources will include:

U.S. Census and slave inventories Works Progress Administration Slave Narratives (conducted from 1936 through 1938 by the Federal Writers’ Project).

Pertinent articles available through The Arkansas Historical Quarterly, including the following: Howard, Rebecca A. “No Country for Old Men: Patriarchs, Slaves, and Guerilla War in Northwest Arkansas.” Vol. LXXV, No. 4, Winter 2016 – discusses claims made in the Southern Claim Court Records (accessed through fold3.com).

Area newspapers for information on people, events, and commemoration/anniversaries of battle (see Exhibit B). Northwest Arkansas Times (Fayetteville) “100 Years Ago Great Battle Fought at Pea Ridge” March 9, 1962).

Research accomplished for the Van Winkle Mill and Cemetery, including a dissertation which provides context for slavery in northwest Arkansas (see Exhibit C); Jamie Chad Brandon, Van Winkle’s Mill: Cultural Memory and Historical Archaeology in the Arkansas Ozarks, dissertation, University of Texas at Austin, 2004.) and (see Exhibit D): Brandon, Jamie C., and Hilliard, Jerry E. (1998) “The Van Winkle Mill and the Anderson Slave Cemetery: African-American Related Sites in Northwest Arkansas,” African Diaspora Archaeology Newsletter: Vol.: Iss. 3, Article 1.

Southern Claims Commission Records are available through Fold 3. A search there reveals a record for Lewis Pratt (Claim 9649) of Benton County. See http://www.fold3.com/browse.php#34|h-knXjBbf4i23fSkhhRJQxaYsg4eMkRcTeNGd_MOX Pratt, Lewis. 20 Oct 1871. [Archabold Bransett, John Pratt, Thomas R. Marshall, Andrew McClelland, Standwix Magfield] For more information about those who were formerly enslaved, Freedman's Bureau records will also be consulted. Official wills (last testaments) and land deeds shall also be investigated. Many area white families came to Arkansas from Tennessee and an investigation of records there is required.

Benton County Pioneer, a publication of the Benton County Historical Society that began in the 1950s, provides historical information of the area. It can be accessed online through a free account at FamilySearch.com and searching the publication via the books tab. Specifically pertaining to the enslaved is the following:

Vol 3. No. 1. Nov., 1957: Aunt Ann Gilbert, Last Living Benton County Slave, (Obituary,) 1957), p. 20 Vol 3. No. 2 , Jan. 1958: A Slave is Freed - A Slave is Sold, by Alvin Seamster, p. 24 Vol. 3, No. 4 May, 1958: Sale of Slave, Phinehas & Rachel Holmes to James N. Wallace...1837, p. 24. Sale of Slave, Barnett Forsyth to Gideon G. Pace...1838, p. 25.

Benton County Slaves in 1859, by Erwin Funk, p. 26 Vol. 3, No. 5 July 1958: First Records, provided by Alvin Seamster, pp 21-22.

Transfer of slave Ezekial Dickson to James M. Dickson, 26 May, 1837 Contractor shall utilize the following organizations to conduct research for this project:

Benton County Historical Society and Benton County Historic Preservation Commission, 306 NW 2nd Street, Bentonville, AR 72712 Benton County Recorder’s Office/Circuit Clerk’s Office/County Clerk’s Office, 215 E. Central Ave., Bentonville, AR 72712 Glade Community Historical Society, Garfield, AR

National Park Service, Pea Ridge National Military Park, 15930 East, US 62, Garfield, AR 72732

Northwest Arkansas Genealogical Society, 405 S. Main Street, Bentonville, AR 72712

Pea Ridge Historical Society, Pea Ridge, AR University of Arkansas, David W. Mullins Library, 365 N. McIlroy Ave, Fayetteville, AR 72701

III. Research Project

The National Park Service is seeking to increase its understanding of the history and full extent of cultural resources of Pea Ridge National Military Park. To accomplish this, a Historic Resource Study (HRS) must be compiled. The HRS synthesizes cultural resource information from all cultural resource disciplines in a narrative designed to serve managers, planners, interpreters, cultural resource specialists, and the interested public as a reference for the history of the region and the resources within the park. Entailing both documentary research in primary and secondary sources, and field observations to determine and describe the integrity, authenticity, associative values, and significance of the resources, the HRS supplies data for resource management and interpretation.

The HRS will provide a historical overview of the park that identifies and evaluates the park’s cultural resources within historic contexts. The study shall use current scholarship and other available cultural resources information to develop a synthesis for placing the history of Pea Ridge National Military Park within a broader local, regional, national, and international context. The HRS will provide a Cultural Resources Base Map(s) depicting all known historic sites and structures, cultural landscapes, and trails and roads. Lidar documentation is already available for subsurface resources. A separate map depicting known archeological and ethnographic resources will be prepared but will not be included in the final published HRS. All available cultural resources data will be synthesized in a narrative report. The study will involve documentary and non-archeological field investigations to determine and describe the integrity, authenticity, associative values, and significance of the park’s historic resources, including but not limited to structures, sites, objects, districts, cultural landscapes, complexes, and historic functions. The recommendation section will identify future needs for special history studies, cultural landscape reports, and other detailed cultural resource studies, as well as making recommendations for resource management and interpretation.

Therefore, the HRS shall include all of the following elements:

A. A comprehensive literature review and outline to produce a study and synthesis of relevant historical data;

B. An evaluation of cultural resources in the context of the relevant time frames, the surrounding region, and all applicable historic themes;

C. An evaluation of the level of existing knowledge of the resources measured against accepted professional standards;

D. Discussion of European American settlement in the Benton County, Arkansas area and how it manifested on the agrarian landscape;

E. Solicit and include historical contributions from the park’s Affiliated Tribes;

F. Discussion of the Pea Ridge/Benton County, Arkansas, area’s freed Black and enslaved labor force from the pre-bellum, Civil War, and post-bellum periods, through Reconstruction, and into the Jim Crow periods of 19th and 20th century, including the civil rights movement, and contemporary American life;

G. A cultural resources base map showing areas inventoried for historic resources and architectural or landscape features, drawn to scale with as many sheets as necessary. Contractor is to utilize the GIS mapping produced by NPS reflecting historic structures and landscapes and will evaluate MISSION 66 era development for inclusion on the cultural resources base map. SHPO determination of eligibility is available for MISSION 66 resources. A separate map(s) depicting archeological sites will be prepared, but not included in the final published HRS;

H. A representative sampling of historic and contemporary photographs of the area and its cultural resources;

I. A bibliography of Pea Ridge-related source material literature, including all previous research, surveys, and reports;

J. Pertinent appendix materials, including recommendations for future cultural resource-related studies. (Identification of continuing deficiencies in the inventory, study, evaluation, and treatment of the resources, and recommendations for correcting them);

K. Following final approval of the HRS by the National Park Service, an “Index” will be prepared which incorporates all names, places, structures, sites, objects, districts, cultural landscapes, complexes, historic functions, and themes referenced in the document. Used in conjunction with the “Table of Contents,” the index will assist readers in finding particular topics of interest with ease.

Although not to exclude other topics, historical research must, at minimum, be based on current scholarship, and focus in the following areas:

A. Geological history, in context with how it affected cultural history.

B. An overview of the area’s prehistory, and a discussion of pre-contact American Indian cultures.

C. Discussion of known archeological resources without specific location data (does not involve any new fieldwork or ground disturbance).

D. American Indian history relevant to Northwest Arkansas (includes specific Affiliated Tribal participation in Euro-American settlement and conflicts).

E. Euro-American contact/exploration; Euro-American/American Indian relationships and rivalries; treaties/land cessions; and United States control, military presence, and related federal policies, including American Indian removal. Freed Blacks and enslaved labor in the area as described elsewhere in this Scope of Work.

F. Comprehensive history of the Battle of Pea Ridge utilizing existing sources and describe how it contributed to the progression of the American Civil War, and discussion of associated battles, trails, roads, waterways, and landmarks.

G. Post-war history of land speculation, settlement, and immigration; an analysis of railroad land acquisition and development of transportation systems.

H. Area agricultural and other natural resource-use history, including development of industries in and around Benton County, Arkansas.

I. History of the development and use of all land areas included in Pea Ridge National Military Park, emphasizing discovery and preservation of significant cultural resources. This includes summarizing results of archeological investigations and development of park infrastructure.

It must be emphasized that all known extant cultural resources be correlated both to the narrative history and identified on cultural resource base maps already produced for historic structures and landscapes utilizing GIS. In cases where identification of significant archeological resources might place those sites in jeopardy, site-specific identifications will be decided on a case-by-case basis during internal review of the HRS by the NPS Midwest Archeological Center in Lincoln, Nebraska. Review by affiliated tribes, including the Osage and Cherokee, will also be coordinated by the contractor to ensure sacred sites that tribes do not wish to be publicized or placed on base maps are respected.

Contractor will utilize existing National Park Service cultural resources databases in developing cultural resources base maps and summarize those resources in the study narrative. These include the List of Classified Structures (LCS), Cultural Landscape Inventory (CLI), and Archeological Sites Management Information System (ASMIS). All of these databases have recently been consolidated into a single Cultural Resources Information System (CRIS).

In addition to the historical research, the contractor must consult with the State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO) of Arkansas and affiliated tribes. SHPOs are charged by the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended, to identify, evaluate, register, and protect cultural resources important to local, state, and national history. As such, SHPOs have developed historic contexts and cultural resource plans for their states as well as amassed cultural resource database files. The contractor shall work with the Arkansas SHPO to uncover previous cultural resource survey efforts and incorporate pertinent data in the HRS.

Similarly, the contractor will work with all Affiliated Tribes in researching and developing the HRS, including affording Tribes an opportunity to review and comment. Because Tribes are sovereign nations and contacts are to be conducted on a government to government level, such contacts will be coordinated with the Pea Ridge National Military Park Superintendent and the tribal contact and review will be an element discussed at the contract post-award meeting.

The contractor shall make recommendations in an appendix for further cultural resources research at the park such as special history studies, updated park administrative history, ethnographic studies, additional cultural landscape reports, etc. This will also include whether or not there is a need to amend existing National Register documentation as well as if there should be additional National Register nominations prepared. Those changes are to be fully described and enumerated.

IV. Additional Contract Requirements

A. General provisions

Prospective contractors should note that the research design submitted by the contractor becomes a binding element of the contract. The research performed and reported must meet the minimal requirements.

B. Report standards/format and submission schedule

The final report will be in Microsoft Word (latest version) and include the information required in the specifications listed in Section II, above. It must be on 8-1/2 by 11-inch white paper. All pages must be numbered. All final published copies shall use archival bond. Copies of photographs (screened for reproduction clarity), maps, drawings, and text must be clean, clear, and legible. The format must comply with the current edition of the Chicago Manual of Style. The final report must be Section 508 compliant. In addition, all reports must contain the following:

1. Title page listing the name of the Principal Investigator. If the report is authored by someone other than the PI, the title page must identify the author(s) and bear the inscription, “Prepared under the supervision of (name), Principal Investigator.”

The title page shall also include signature and date lines for three approving officials in the following order: Recommended/Superintendent, Pea Ridge National Military Park /Date; Concurred, Associate Regional Director, Cultural Resources/Date; and Approved/Regional Director/Date.

2. Five (5) copies of the draft report will be submitted by the date agreed upon by the contractor and NPS. The draft will be typed, double-spaced, with each line of text numbered on the left margin of each page of text, and shall include all maps, graphics, footnotes, and appendices (including cultural resource base maps) to be included in the final report. The draft report will not be reviewed unless all of these materials are submitted. The contractor shall have the draft material proofread by a professional editor prior to submitting it to the National Park Service for review. Should a substantial number (i.e., more than 50) of editorial errors be found so as to detract reviewers from concentrating on content concerns, the review document shall be returned as non-responsive to the contractor for correction prior to re-submittal—at no additional expense to the National Park Service. The draft will be reviewed by the National Park Service for contract sufficiency and professional quality. Within 45 days of receipt by NPS, the draft will be reviewed and the contractor will be notified when review comments will be transmitted. During the period of revision of the draft, the contractor will consult with NPS to ensure the satisfactory resolution of review comments.

3. Five (5) copies of the final draft report addressing and incorporating NPS review comments shall be submitted prior to printing the final document. It will conform to the same standards as the draft material except the line-numbering of text in the left margins shall be removed. The final text may also be single-spaced and formatted in final pre-publication format. The contractor will design appropriate title/approval page and cover art/graphics for the camera-ready final document including the official National Park Service arrowhead logo and devise a descriptive title, leaving “Historic Resource Study, Pea Ridge National Military Park, Arkansas” as its subtitle. Printing on the document’s spine will include the title, author(s), National Park Service, and year of publication. Graphic standards shall conform to the National Park Service’s Graphic Guidelines available online at http://www.graphics.nps.gov . Within 60 days of NPS acceptance of the final draft (indicated by the three required signatures specified above), the contractor will prepare and incorporate an Index into the HRS and furnish 100 separately bound copies of the report as well as a CD-ROM containing the final document in WORD (latest format). The CD-ROM will be used to upload the Historic Resource Study to the National Park Service’s website. The camera-ready final document used for publication will also be submitted at the same time to NPS. Estimated length of the final document is 250 to 350 pages, including appendices, and shall consist of at least eight chapters. All press photographic and plate material used to reproduce the final document is the property of the National Park Service and may be used to produce additional copies in the future.

C. Schedule

From the date of contract award, the submission schedule shall be as follows:

Contract award shall occur prior to September 30, 2022. Preliminary historical research begins and the Principal Investigator shall contact the Contracting Officer to schedule a post-award meeting within 30 days of contract award.

Historic Resource Study outline and bibliography are submitted for National Park Service review and comment by seven months after contract award. The outline shall feature descriptions of each chapter containing sufficient detail to demonstrate the complete range of topics and themes to be discussed as well as chronological periods and events. The National Park Service will provide review comments on these products to the PI within 45 days. The PI shall make necessary revisions and re-submit the final chapter outline to the National Park Service within 30 days. A longer review period may be required for review and comment by Affiliated Tribes and require adjustment of the contract performance schedule.

By eighteen months after contract award, historical research and writing is completed; the completed Historic Resource Study (including appendices) is submitted for 45-day National Park Service review and comment.

Principal Investigator resubmits completed Historic Resource Study in final form, completed with cover graphics and an Index. Historic Resource Study is approved by Regional Director (with all required signatures), and 100 copies are off-set printed and perfect-bound and delivered to the Contracting Officer’s Representative by twenty-four months after contract award.

Standards for the published final product are as follows: The cover stock shall be Hammermill CopyPlus (67 lb.), with a pH of 6.8 or higher or its equivalent. Bound copies shall be on PermaDur Bond (20 lb., long grain) archival bond with a pH of 8.5. The Historic Resource Study shall be perfect-bound with required printing on the spine. Plastic-comb binding is not permitted. All costs related to report production, duplication, binding, office supplies, word processing, disk copies, and related production expenses are the Contractor’s responsibility.

V. Additional Contract Requirements

A. The PI shall be responsible for taking minutes of all meetings held with the Contracting Officer and his/her representative(s) in regard to substantive contract issues. Minutes of such meetings shall be circulated within 10 days to the Contracting Officer and his/her representative(s) for review and approval.

B. The PI shall be responsible for determining specific submission deadlines outlined above for all specified components. These calendar deadlines will be determined at a required post-award conference.

C. Disposition of data: All data uncovered during the course of this study are the property of the United States Government. At the conclusion of research and prior to final payment, all notes, records, maps, drawings, photographs, negatives, slides, and other data acquired during the course of this study shall be submitted to the Contracting Officer’s Representative.

D. Submission of quarterly progress reports: Quarterly progress reports shall be submitted to the Contracting Officer which demonstrate work accomplished. Quarterly reports shall be a briefing sent by email and shall include, at minimum, a narrative discussion of repositories visited; source materials gathered; identification of deficiencies in data; the status on completion of chapters and appendix materials; and an assessment of how work performed meets the negotiated work schedule; the percent of HRS completion; and a detailed discussion of any anticipated problems which may hinder completion of future work. Failure to meet the agreed upon work schedule without satisfactory reasons may result in termination of the contract.

When appropriate, completed sections of the draft work shall be submitted in support of the progress achieved to date. Review and final products will be submitted to the National Park Service, Midwest Regional Office, 601 Riverfront Drive, Omaha, Nebraska 68102; Attention: Contracting Officer’s Representative.

E. Payment

The PI will be reimbursed as actual travel costs are incurred. Payment shall be made in increments of 25% of overall contract award. As 25% of work is performed and approved, payment shall be made (prorated to reflect deduction of travel reimbursements). The final 25% payment will be made when all products and research materials are submitted in final form to the National Park Service.

� Cultural resource disciplines include: History, Archeology, Ethnography, Historic Architecture, Historic Landscape Architecture, and Museum programs.