J4_2018_Photoguide.pdf

NHTSA

FIELD

CRASH

INVESTIGATIONS

2018 Edition U.S. Department of Transportation National Highway Traffic Safety Administration National Center for Statistics and Analysis Washington, DC 20590

Digital Photography

For NHTSA Field Crash Investigation use only – distribution not authorized.

United States Department of Transportation National Highway Traffic Safety Administration National Center for Statistics and Analysis Washington, DC 20590

NHTSA Field Crash Investigations

Table of Contents

Introduction……………………………………………………… 4

Scene Photography General …………………………………………………… 5 Physical Evidence Present……………………………… 6 Rollover and Fixed Object………………………………. 8 Fixed Object and Guardrail……………………………… 9 Evidence Not Present……………………………………. 14

Vehicle Exterior Photography Frontal Impact……………………………………………. 15 Rear Impact………………………………………………. 18 Side Impact……………………………………………….. 21 Rollover……………………………………………………. 24 Fully Repaired……………………………………………. 28 Overhead………………………………………………….. 29 Tires………………………………………………………... 30 Fuel System……………………………………………….. 31

Vehicle Interior Photography

Occupant Compartment………………………………….. 32 Crash Avoidance…………………………………………… 37

EDR……………..…………………………………………… 37

Air Bags…………………………………………………….. 38 Child Restraints……………………………………………. 39

Appendix Guidelines for sanitization………………………………… 41 Guidelines for graphic images……………………………. 43

Guidelines for outside source images…………………… 43 String Line Measurement Photography………………….. 44

Introduction

The Digital Photography Guideline was developed to provide a reference for the NHTSA field Crash Technicians/Investigators taking digital images during scene and vehicle inspections. The images provided in the case are the only visual reference for the case reviewer, NHTSA and ultimately the data user. Consequently, the images must be complete, concise, and as uniform as possible.

The cameras selected for field investigations are equipped with an LCD monitor, allowing the opportunity to preview the images immediately. Use of the monitor is strongly recommended to ensure quality photographic documentation. There may be times when a photograph’s subject is best documented by rotating the camera; it is important to understand the framing and content of each required photo in order to obtain the best documentation possible. The important thing to remember is to rotate any images in the editing software before sanitizing them.

This document is designed to:

Assist in obtaining the minimum acceptable number of images to report crash data. Be aware that there are many unusual or special circumstances that will require additional images.

Detail a methodology to obtain all required views efficiently and effectively.

Section 1 “Scene Photography” contains general instructions regarding crash scene photography from the vehicle’s pre-impact travel path to the final rest position.

Instructions are provided for both the presence of physical evidence and the absence of physical evidence.

Section 2 “Vehicle Exterior Photography” and Section 3 “Vehicle Interior Photography” contain specific instructions regarding front, rear and side impacts, and rollovers, for both exterior and interior images. For vehicles that sustain multiple impacts, one or more of the specific instructions may apply.

Subject-specific close-up images will be necessary to document certain items. Prior to taking close-up images, images should be taken to show the perspective of the close-up and the location of the subject.

This guideline is formatted such that it can be easily revised as necessary to ensure it meets the needs of NHTSA. Comments regarding changes to this document should be forwarded to the Zone Center and/or NHTSA.

THE STANDARD SETTING FOR

DIGITAL IMAGES IS M2 (1600

X 1200). TO ENSURE BOTH

ADEQUATE DETAIL AND

MANAGEABLE FILE SIZE,

CAPTURE CASE IMAGES AS

CLOSE AS POSSIBLE TO THIS

SETTING.

WHEN TAKING CLOSE-UPS IN

THE MACRO SETTING, TURN

THE FLASH OFF.

General

Crash scene photography should depict each involved vehicle's pre-impact path of travel (prior to the critical event), point of impact and post-impact trajectory to final rest. In general, each pre-impact image should portray the driver's view. This may necessitate positioning ones stance and camera level to the approximate driver's view in the travel lane as demonstrated in Figure 1. Point of impact and final rest images should be taken from a standing position to better capture physical evidence.

For the pre-impact path of travel, photographs should capture five seconds of the precrash scene prior to the first harmful event. To determine the appropriate distance for the first precrash photo, estimate the vehicle travel speed from the police report or posted speed limit. Locate the speed on the chart shown in Figure 2. For example, on a 30 MPH roadway a vehicle travels roughly 44 feet per second. To capture five seconds of precrash travel, the images would start 220 feet from the first harmful event (5 seconds x 44 feet per second).

Images must also include all physical evidence and applicable traffic control devices. The procedures for photographing scenes with and without physical evidence follow.

FIGURE

1 Scope of vision

Section One

Scene

2 Feet per second

4 Point of impact

Evidence Present

When physical evidence is present, take a minimum of three approach images starting five seconds prior to the first harmful event for each vehicle. To determine the interval between the three approach images, divide the total distance by three. Using the example from Figure 2, divide the total distance of 220 feet by 3. The distance between the three approach shots should be approximately 73 feet (estimating between 70 to 75 feet is acceptable). The last of the approach images should cover the beginning of physical evidence. The images should enable the capture of the complete trafficway including:

Roadways, lane lines Roadsides, medians, curbs, shoulders Travel lanes, turn lanes, parking lanes Pertinent traffic control devices and regulatory signs

When physical evidence is present (e.g., skid marks), images are required showing its beginning, path and endpoint(s). These images should be obtained by standing in an upright position (Figure 3). Begin approximately 15 feet from the beginning of the evidence and continue forward at close intervals (generally 20-30 feet), following the vehicle’s estimated CG travel path. Greater intervals are acceptable for lengthy scenes where minimal variation in the evidence (i.e. slight yawing) is present. Closer intervals may be required for complex scenes.

Frame each image to ensure all possible evidence is visible and that the images overlap, allowing for a continuous sequence.

An image that captures the entire point(s) of impact for each vehicle should be taken in an upright position (Figure 4). This image should be taken approximately 10 feet prior to the point of impact and should be properly framed to ensure that all evidence is visible.

HIGHLIGHT SCENE EVIDENCE

WITH SPRAY CHALK BEFORE

TAKING SCENE PHOTOS.

Physical evidence;

beginning and travel path

5 Final rest

PHOTOGRAPHIC SCENE

DOCUMENTATION IS REQUIRED

FOR EACH VEHICLE INVOLVED IN

THE CRASH. CATEGORIZATION

CAN BE SIMPLIFIED BY TAKING

THE IMAGES IN THE ORDER

DESCRIBED ABOVE.

Include close-up views of noteworthy evidence (e.g., roadway gouges, scuffs, fluid spills) at the point of impact. Close-ups of objects contacted should be preceded by an overview of the impacted area with subsequent close-up images. Whenever possible, the overview image should include a visual reference (i.e., sign, pole, horizon) and should be taken from the same angle/direction as the close-up image.

Obtain sequential images following the vehicle's post-impact trajectory taken at intervals sufficient to capture the post impact path of travel. Note: close-up images are required for any subsequent objects struck between the initial point of impact and the final rest position.

An image that captures the final rest position showing all related physical evidence (e.g., tire prints, spills, scuff mark endings) should be taken approximately 10 feet from the final rest position as shown in Figure 5.

Obtain a look-back image from both the impact and final rest positions (Figure 6).

This view should be taken approximately 10 feet past the final rest position looking back at the vehicle's trajectory and should include the final rest position. If numerous objects are struck between the initial point of impact and the final rest position, look-backs from each struck object should be taken. Additional look-back views showing pre-impact travel lanes are required if they are not covered in the look-back from impact.

Rollover

I n cases where a vehicle rolls over on the road or departs the roadway and subsequently rolls over, the same scene protocols are applicable.

For on-road rollovers photographic coverage should include:

Path of travel Pre-roll trajectory Trip point or rollover initiation area Path to final rest Look-back from final rest Look-back from trip point

For rollovers off-road, in addition to the pre-impact trajectory, include

Path of travel Pre-roll trajectory Location of roadway departure Trip point or rollover initiation area Path to final rest Look-back from final rest Look-back from trip point

Include one image that captures both the trip point/roll initiation area and the final rest area. All relevant evidence - gouges, scrapes, furrows, and debris - should be highlighted. For some rollovers or roadside departures, it may be necessary to initiate the photographic documentation early enough in the pre-crash sequence to capture the approximate location of control loss or any characteristics of the physical plant that may have contributed to the crash.

Look-back final rest 6

IMAGES SHOULD BE

TAKEN ALONG THE

PATH OF THE

VEHICLE’S CENTER

OF GRAVITY

Fixed Object Impact

For impacts involving a roadside fixed object(s), the photographic coverage must include the pre-impact trajectory, the point of roadway departure, an overview of the impact area, and close-up images of object(s) impacted. Additional physical evidence and final rest positions should be photographed as outlined previously. Following the vehicle’s path of approach, obtain an overview image for each impact area, followed by close-up images for each roadside object struck. Close-up views are required and should be taken from the same angle as the overview image. If numerous objects were struck, look backs from each struck object should also be obtained. If the object struck is a small cluster of trees or other closely positioned objects, one look-back image is adequate.

First Fixed Object Impact

In addition to the images above, the first struck object requires additional images showing longitudinal and lateral views of the object depicted in Figure 7 and include:

The impacted object’s parallel relationship to the road The impacted object’s perpendicular relationship to the road

Image No. Description

1-3. Five seconds of precrash travel in intervals described in the General section.

4. Image at the location where the vehicle departed the road edge, taken in the path toward the struck object.

5. Image taken at the point of impact with the struck object.

6. Taken from a position opposite of image 5, capture a look-back image of the vehicle’s point of impact with the struck object

7. In the direction of the vehicle’s post impact trajectory, photograph the final rest location of the vehicle.

8. Taken from a position opposite of image 7, capture a look-back image of the vehicle’s final rest.

9. Photograph showing the perpendicular relationship of the struck object to the road. This image should capture from the edge of the road to the struck object.

10. Close-up view of the struck object taken in the same perpendicular-to-road alignment as image 9.

WHEN PHOTOGRAPHING A

STRUCK OBJECT, CLOSE-UP

VIEWS SHOULD INCLUDE A

VERTICAL REFERENCE ROD

11. Photograph showing the perpendicular relationship of the struck object to the road. Image is taken from a position opposite of image 9, capturing the struck object in a view toward the roadway.

12. Close-up view of the struck object taken in the same roadway-facing alignment as image 11.

13. Image showing the struck object’s parallel relationship to the road. Image is taken parallel to the road so that both the struck object and the road edge are visible. Note: the further the object is off the road, the further away the image will need to be taken to capture both the struck object and the road edge.

14. Lookback image showing the vehicle’s pre-event path of travel.

15. Lookback image showing the road edge, taken in the direction of the point of road departure. This image is captured 30 meters past the struck object.

First Fixed

Object Impact 7

Guardrail Impact Head Struck

Although a guardrail is a fixed object, it requires even further photographic coverage than other struck objects. These images are illustrated in Figure 8 and are required any time a guardrail terminal impact head is struck – it does not have to be the first object struck. These images must include:

Image of the terminal impact head Overhead views of all damaged and missing posts path toward the terminal impact head struck by the vehicle.

5. Image of the point of impact with the guardrail terminal impact head. The impact head is marked with black and yellow diagonal stripes.

vehicle’s point of impact with the terminal impact head.

Guardrail

End Impact 8

9. Photograph the terminal impact head in its damaged location; several images may be needed if the head sustained extensive damage. If the terminal impact head has already been repaired or replaced, take the image of the repaired head.

10. Lookback image of the terminal impact head taken opposite of image 9. Capture from the point where the rail attaches to the impact head structure to the back of the impact head.

11. View of the terminal impact head from the side that faced the road. If the head has been repaired or replaced, take an image of the side of the repaired head that faces the road.

12. View of the terminal impact head from the side that faced away from the road.

If the head has been repaired or replaced, take an image of the side of the repaired head that faces away from the road.

13. Obtain overview image(s) of the entire damaged area of the guardrail, taken from the road side of the guardrail. This image should cover from the terminal impact head to the first two undamaged posts – and may require several images.

14. Obtain overview image(s) of the entire damaged area of the guardrail, taken from the non-road side of the guardrail. This image should cover from the terminal impact head to the first two undamaged posts – and may require several images.

15. The location of this image is determined by finding the first two posts NOT damaged by the impact (indicated by the black squares in Figure 8). With the undamaged posts visible in the image, take a photograph along the guardrail looking back toward the point of impact.

16. Lookback image showing the vehicle’s pre-event path of travel.

17. Lookback image showing the road edge, taken in the direction of the point of road departure. This image is captured 30 meters past the end of the guardrail damage.

18. Overhead views of the damaged posts showing the numbers painted on the ground. Do not use the monopod; from a standing position, capture two posts in each image until all damaged posts are captured. If posts are missing, number and use the area where the post was located. If the posts have been repaired or replaced, photograph the new or repaired posts.

Guardrail Face Struck

Although a guardrail is a fixed object, it requires even further photographic coverage than other struck objects. These images illustrated in Figure 9 and are required any time a guardrail face is struck – it does not have to be the first object struck. These images must include:

Image(s) of the damage done to the guardrail face Overhead views of all damaged and missing posts path toward the guardrail face struck by the vehicle.

5. Image of the point of impact with the guardrail face.

vehicle’s point of impact with the guardrail face.

9. Obtain overview image(s) of the entire damaged area of the guardrail, taken from the road side of the guardrail. This image should cover from the first two undamaged posts to the last two undamaged posts – and may require several images.

FIGURE

Guardrail

Face Impact 9

10. Obtain overview image(s) of the entire damaged area of the guardrail, taken from the non-road side of the guardrail. This image should cover from the terminal impact head to the first two undamaged posts – and may require several images.

11. The location of this image is determined by finding the first two posts NOT damaged by the impact (indicated by the black squares in Figure 9). With the undamaged posts visible in the image, take a photograph along the guardrail looking back toward the point of impact.

12. Lookback image showing the vehicle’s pre-event path of travel.

13. Lookback image showing the road edge, taken in the direction of the point of road departure. This image is captured 30 meters past the end of the guardrail damage.

14. Overhead views of the damaged posts showing the numbers painted on the ground. Do not use the monopod; from a standing position, capture two posts in each image until all damaged posts are captured. If posts are missing, number and use the area where the post was located. If the posts have been repaired or replaced, photograph the new or repaired posts.

Evidence Not Present

When no physical evidence is present, a minimum of three approach images should be taken. Begin at five seconds from the first harmful event; take additional images at appropriate intervals. The images should enable the capture of the complete trafficway including: all roadways, travel lanes, lane lines, parking lanes, shoulders, curbs, along with any relevant sidewalks, traffic control devices, regulatory signs, and roadside items (including potential view obstructions). Also include the following:

An image of the point of impact area for each vehicle.

If post-impact travel exists, images at close intervals from impact to final rest.

Overview images of the final rest position including one taken from an angle perpendicular to the vehicle's travel path to final rest.

A look-back image from the final rest position including the vehicle’s final rest position.

A look-back image showing the vehicle's pre-impact travel - taken beyond the point of impact and should include the point of impact area.

Frontal Impact

Begin with a full frontal view; all subsequent views should be taken following a counterclockwise scheme as illustrated in Figure 10. All views should be taken at the damage level (beltline area) unless otherwise specified. The flash should be activated on all exterior images to help eliminate shadows, glare, etc. The reference rods and crush markers should be left in place for all images with the exception of the one damaged plane image required with no equipment in place. It is recommended to take one image of the damaged plane with no equipment in place, set all equipment and leave the equipment in place for all of the remaining images. A reference rod should be placed on the ground perpendicular to the center of the damaged end plane.

1. Two views of the entire frontal plane should be taken showing the direct and induced damage. One image should have no markers, scales, or equipment in place.

The other image should include a vertical reference rod against the damaged area, a reference rod on the ground perpendicular to the center point of the damaged end plane, and visual markers affixed to the damaged area. Ensure that the direct damage width is identified by green markers and that the evidence of direct damage is clearly visible in the views. Use close-up images as needed. If this vehicle's bumper overrode the vehicle or object that produced the damage, then, in addition to the standing image, take another view from a kneeling position so as to capture any damage below the bumper.

1a. Image taken parallel to the damage plane showing any crush marker positions visible from the driver's side across the frontal plane. This image should be taken from a standing position.

1b. Image taken parallel to the damage plane showing any crush marker positions visible from the passenger's side across the frontal plane. This image should be

If measurements are required at two damage levels (i.e., bumper and above bumper) the bumper level images (1, 1a, and 1b) should be followed by a similar set of above bumper images.

Section Two

Vehicle Exterior

OBTAIN AN OVERHEAD

IMAGE OF ALL IMPACTS

(SEE PAGE 28).

10 Frontal Impact

1c. View (from a standing position) down the passenger side of the vehicle aligned with the right side of the vehicle. Image shows the lateral movement (or lack thereof) of the end plane, which is helpful in determining PDOF.

1d. View (from a standing position) down the driver side of the vehicle aligned with the left side of the vehicle. Image shows the lateral movement (or lack thereof) of the end plane, which is helpful in determining PDOF.

2. Oblique (45 degree angle) photograph including entire front and driver side planes.

3. Photograph entire driver side. When there is direct damage to the driver's side, close-ups of direct damage will follow. When direct damage is not present to the driver's side, and only induced damage is present (i.e., glazing damage, pillar movement or integrity loss), close-up images of these should follow image 3.

4. Oblique (45 degree angle) photograph including entire driver side and rear planes.

4a. View (from a standing position) down the driver side of the vehicle aligned with the undamaged portion of the left side of the vehicle. Image shows the lateral movement (or lack thereof) of the end plane, which is helpful in determining PDOF.

4b. View (from a standing position) down the passenger side of the vehicle aligned with the undamaged portion of the right side of the vehicle. Image shows the lateral movement (or lack thereof) of the end plane, which is helpful in determining PDOF.

5. Oblique (45 degree angle) photograph including entire rear and passenger side

6. Photograph entire passenger side. If direct damage is present, follow the procedure used on the driver's side (see image 3).

7. Oblique (45 degree angle) photograph including the entire front and passenger side planes.

Additional images required for damaged planes and components may include:

integrity loss - include components such as doors, windows, etc.

o include scale only if “adult head” size is questionable pillar separation - include close-up images door latch/striker/hinge damage - include close-up images of damaged component(s) damaged sun roofs exterior intruding components - include close-up images images in support of field safety notifications damaged fuel tank - include close-up images of damage or integrity loss

The preceding procedure should be used whenever field conditions allow.

If vehicles are stored in close proximity to one another or are stored in a closed-in area, overlapping images of the specific plane may be required to fully document the vehicle.

Be sure to document possible ejection routes. Both partial and complete ejection may leave physical evidence on the exterior of the vehicle as well as the interior. Occupant contact near open or broken glazing may be an indication of ejection and should be carefully inspected.

ALL IMAGES ARE TO BE OBTAINED WITH

THE LICENSE PLATE(S) COVERED.

FOR EACH VEHICLE PHOTOGRAPHED, ONE

IMAGE OF ONE LICENSE PLATE AND ONE

IMAGE OF THE VIN ARE TO BE

DOCUMENTED.

IF THIS IS A CERTIFIED ALTERED

VEHICLE, OBTAIN AN IMAGE OF THE

CERTIFICATION LABEL.

HIGHLIGHT EJECTION EVIDENCE

WITH CONTACT TAPE AND OBTAIN

CLOSE UPS OF THE AREA.

Rear Impact

Begin with a 45 degree angle including entire front and driver side planes. All subsequent views should be taken following a counterclockwise scheme as illustrated in Figure 11. All views should be taken at the damage level (beltline area) unless otherwise specified. The flash should be activated on all exterior images to help eliminate shadows, glare, etc. The reference rods and crush markers should be left in place for all images with the exception of the one damaged plane image required with no equipment in place. It is recommended to take one image of the damaged plane with no equipment in place, set all equipment and leave the equipment in place for all of the remaining images. A reference rod should be placed on the ground perpendicular to the center of the damaged end plane.

1. Oblique (45 degree angle) photograph including the entire front and driver side planes.

2. Photograph entire driver side. When there is direct damage to the driver side, close-ups of the direct damage will follow. When direct damage is not present and only induced damage is noted (i.e., glazing damage, pillar movement or integrity loss), close-up images of these should follow image 2.

3. Oblique (45 degree angle) photograph including the entire driver side and rear

4. Two images of the entire rear plane should be taken showing the direct and induced damage. . One image should have no markers, scales, or equipment in place. The other image should include a vertical reference rod against the damaged area, a reference rod on the ground perpendicular to the center point of the damaged end plane, and visual markers affixed to the damaged area.

Ensure the direct damage width is identified with green markers. If this vehicle's bumper overrode the vehicle or object that produced the damage, then, in addition to the standing image, take another image from a kneeling position so as to capture any below bumper damage.

4a. Image taken parallel to the damage plane showing any crush marker positions visible from the driver's side across the back plane. This image should be taken from a standing position.

4b. Image taken parallel to the damage plane showing any crush marker positions visible from the passenger’s side across the back plane. This image should be

If measurements are required at two damage levels (i.e., bumper and above bumper) the bumper level images (4, 4a, and 4b) should be followed by a similar set of above bumper images.

4c. View (from a standing position) down the driver side of the vehicle aligned with the undamaged portion of the left side of the vehicle. This shows the lateral movement (or lack thereof) of the end plane which is helpful in

4d. View (from a standing position) down the passenger side of the vehicle aligned with the undamaged portion of the right side of the vehicle. This shows the lateral movement (or lack thereof) of the end plane which is helpful in

5. Oblique (45 degree angle) photograph including the rear and passenger side

6. Photograph entire passenger side. Follow the instructions for image 2 with respect to direct damage, induced damage (i.e., glazing, pillars, and integrity) and additional close-up images.

7. Oblique (45 degree angle) photograph including the front and passenger side

7a. View (from a standing position) down the passenger side of the vehicle the lateral movement (or lack thereof) of the end plane which is helpful in

7b. View (from a standing position) down the driver side of the vehicle aligned lateral movement (or lack thereof) of the end plane which is helpful in

OBTAIN AN

OVERHEAD

IMAGE OF ALL

IMPACTS (SEE

PAGE 28).

pillar separation - include close-up images door latch/striker/hinge damage - include close-up images of damaged component(s) damaged sun roofs exterior intruding components - include close-up images

The preceding procedure should be used whenever field conditions allow. If vehicles are stored in close proximity to one another or are stored in a closed-in area, overlapping images of the specific plane may be required to fully document the vehicle.

Be sure to document possible ejection routes. Both partial and complete ejection may leave physical evidence on the exterior of the vehicle as well as the interior.

Occupant contact near open or broken glazing may be an indication of ejection and should be carefully inspected.

FOR EACH VEHICLE PHOTOGRAPHED, ONE

IMAGE OF ONE LICENSE PLATE AND ONE

IMAGE OF THE VIN ARE TO BE

DOCUMENTED.

IF THIS IS A CERTIFIED ALTERED

VEHICLE, OBTAIN AN IMAGE OF THE

CERTIFICATION LABEL.

HIGHLIGHT EJECTION EVIDENCE

Side Impact

Begin with full front view of the vehicle. All subsequent views should be taken following a counterclockwise scheme as illustrated in Figure 12. All views should be taken at the damage level (beltline area) unless otherwise specified. The flash should be activated on all exterior images to help eliminate shadows, glare, etc. The reference rods and crush markers should be left in place for all images with the exception of the one damaged plane image required with no equipment in place. It is recommended to take one image of the damaged plane with no equipment in place, set all equipment and leave the equipment in place for all of the remaining images. A reference rod should be placed on the ground perpendicular to the center of the damaged wheel base.

1. Photograph entire front plane. When direct damage is present on the frontal plane (see Figure 10, views 1a and 1b), views 1a and 1b will follow image # 1. Close-up images of the direct damage will follow.

2. Oblique (45 degree angle) photograph including the front

3. Photograph entire driver side. In Figure 8, the damage is illustrated on the passenger side. For a driver side impact, views 8, 8a, and 8b should be obtained on the driver side of the vehicle and inserted following view number 3.

4. Oblique (45 degree angle) photograph including entire driver side and rear

5. Photograph the entire rear plane. When direct damage is present on the rear plane (see Figure 10 - views 4a and 4b), views 5a and 5b would follow view 5.

Close-up images of the direct damage would also be included.

6. Oblique (45 degree angle) photograph including entire rear and passenger side

7. Photograph the entire passenger side.

8. Two images of the entire side plane should be taken showing the direct and induced damage. . One image should have no markers, scales, or equipment in place. The other image should include a vertical reference rod against the damaged area, a reference rod on the ground perpendicular to the center point of the damaged wheel base, and visual markers affixed to the damaged area.

Ensure the direct damage width is identified with green markers. If the direct damage width is significantly different than the Field L, a separate image identifying the direct damage is required.

IMAGE OF ALL

12 Side Impact

8a. Image taken parallel to the damage plane showing any crush marker positions visible from the back of the vehicle looking forward. This image should be taken from a standing position. The point defined side extent zones must be visible in this image.

8b. Image taken parallel to the damage plane showing any crush marker positions visible from the front of the vehicle looking rearward. This image should be taken from a standing position.

The point defined side extent zones must be visible in this image.

If measurements are required at two damage levels (i.e., mid-door and sill), the mid-door level views 8, 8a, 8b and close-ups should be followed by similar sill level views.

9. Oblique (45 degree angle) photograph including the front and passenger side planes.

Additional images required for damaged planes and components may include:

integrity loss - include components such as doors, windows, etc.

o include scale only if “adult head” size is questionable pillar separation - include close-up images door latch/striker/hinge damage - include close-up images of damaged component(s) damaged sun roofs exterior intruding components - include close-up images

The preceding procedure should be used whenever field conditions allow. If vehicles are stored in close proximity to one another or are stored in a closed-in area, overlapping images of the specific plane may be required to fully document the vehicle.

ALL IMAGES ARE TO BE OBTAINED WITH THE

LICENSE PLATE(S) COVERED.

FOR EACH VEHICLE PHOTOGRAPHED, ONE

IMAGE OF ONE LICENSE PLATE AND ONE

IMAGE OF THE VIN ARE TO BE DOCUMENTED.

IF THIS IS A CERTIFIED ALTERED VEHICLE,

OBTAIN AN IMAGE OF THE CERTIFICATION

LABEL.

Be sure to document possible ejection routes. Both partial and complete ejection may leave physical evidence on the exterior of the vehicle as well as the interior. Occupant contact near open or broken glazing may be an indication of ejection and should be carefully inspected.

HIGHLIGHT EJECTION EVIDENCE

13 Rollover

Rollover

The documentation of rollovers does not require the conventional use of Field L and crush measurements. Images of the top plane, in addition to the end and side planes, are particularly relevant.

The first view should be a full front view of the vehicle. All subsequent views should be taken following a counterclockwise scheme as illustrated in Figure 13. All views should be taken at the damage level (beltline area) unless otherwise specified. The flash should be activated on all exterior images to help eliminate shadows, glare, etc.

1. Photograph the entire front plane. Ensure that all direct damage is included. Taken at beltline level, the images may be an important indicator of maximum crush.

2. Oblique (45 degree angle) photograph including entire front and driver side

3. Photograph the entire driver side. All direct damage along the side plane should be included.

4. Close-up image of the left front tire and wheel.

5. Close-up image of the left rear tire and wheel.

6. Oblique (45 degree angle) photograph including entire driver side and rear

7. Photograph entire rear plane. Include all direct damage.

INCLUDE DEVICE USED TO TAKE

THE MAX CRUSH MEASUREMENTS

IN IMAGES.

14 Rollover

8. Oblique (45 degree angle) photograph including entire rear and passenger side planes.

9. Photograph entire passenger side. All direct damage along the side plane should be included.

10. Close-up image of the right rear tire and wheel.

11. Close-up image of the right front tire and wheel.

12. Oblique (45 degree angle) photograph including the front and passenger side

Images 13 - 16 are to be taken from a standing position as illustrated in Figures 14 and 15. Greater elevation is achieved by making use of a monopod or similar equipment. When using a monopod, be cautious of overhead objects such as electrical wires or fixtures.

13. Frontal overhead view showing hood. Include the top plane of the vehicle, primarily with respect to direct damage. Multiple views are required if the damage cannot be included in a single view.

14. Driver side overhead (to whatever extent possible) image showing top surface of roof. Include the left two-thirds (as a minimum) of the top plane, extending from the base of the windshield to the base of the backlight. Multiple views may be required for station wagon or van type vehicles. Ensure that all direct damage is included in the view(s).

15. Rear overhead view showing top surface of trunk or hatch lid.

Include the top plane of the vehicle, primarily with respect to direct damage.

Multiple views are required if the damage cannot be included in a single view.

15 Rollover

16 Rollover

16. Passenger side overhead view showing top surface of roof. Include the right two-thirds (as a minimum) of the top plane, extending from the base of the windshield to the base of the backlight. Multiple views may be required for station wagon or van type vehicles. Ensure that all direct damage is included in the view(s).

Images 17-19 are to be taken with a reference device attached to the vehicle.

These images should be taken for BOTH the vertical and the lateral measurements as illustrated in Figure 16. Take close-up images as necessary.

17. View from the front of the vehicle showing the reference scale used to obtain the vertical and lateral maximum crush.

18. View from the back of the vehicle showing the reference scale used to obtain the vertical and lateral maximum crush.

19. View from the side of the vehicle showing the reference scale used to obtain the vertical and lateral maximum crush.

integrity loss - include components such as doors, windows, etc.

o include scale only if “adult head” size is questionable pillar separation -include close-up images door latch/striker/hinge damage - include close-up images of damaged component(s) damaged sun roofs exterior intruding components - include close-up images

The preceding procedure should be used whenever field conditions allow. If vehicles are stored in close proximity to one another or are stored in a closed-in area, overlapping images of the specific plane may be required to fully document

Be sure to document possible ejection routes. Both partial and complete ejection may leave physical evidence on the exterior of the vehicle as well as the interior. Occupant contact near open or broken glazing may be an indication of ejection and should be carefully inspected.

HIGHLIGHT EJECTION EVIDENCE

CLOSE UPS OF THE AREA.

ALL IMAGES ARE TO BE OBTAINED WITH

THE LICENSE PLATE(S) COVERED.

FOR EACH VEHICLE PHOTOGRAPHED, ONE

IMAGE OF ONE LICENSE PLATE AND ONE

IMAGE OF THE VIN ARE TO BE

DOCUMENTED.

IF THIS IS A CERTIFIED ALTERED

VEHICLE, OBTAIN AN IMAGE OF THE

CERTIFICATION LABEL.

Repaired

FOR EACH VEHICLE PHOTOGRAPHED, ONE

IMAGE OF ONE LICENSE PLATE AND ONE

IMAGE OF THE VIN ARE TO BE

DOCUMENTED.

IF THIS IS A CERTIFIED ALTERED

Fully Repaired

Images should be taken counterclockwise around the vehicle at the beltline level as illustrated in Figure 17. The flash should be activated on all exterior images to help eliminate shadows, glare, etc. Interior images are required, even if the vehicle is fully repaired.

1. Oblique (45 degree angle) photograph including the entire front and driver

2. Oblique (45 degree angle) photograph including the entire driver side and rear planes.

3. Oblique (45 degree angle) photograph including the entire rear and passenger including the entire passenger side and front planes.

Front Impact Overhead

This guideline is to be followed for all applicable vehicles. This image is designed to provide a vertical, overhead view of the damage. The picture should be taken using a monopod or similar device to ensure the view of the damaged area is straight down. If the vehicle sustained more than one impact, an overhead view should be taken for each of the impacted areas.

For frontal overhead images, ensure that the entire damaged area is visible. The image should include the hood and as much of the windshield as possible as illustrated in Figure 18. Do NOT rotate the camera to fit more of the vehicle in the image.

For rear overhead images, ensure that the entire damaged area is visible. The image should include the trunk and as much of the backlight as possible as illustrated in Figure 19. Do NOT rotate the camera to fit more of the vehicle in the image.

For side overhead images, ensure that the entire damaged area is visible. Depending on the impact location, the image should include the fender or door(s) and as much of the hood, roof or trunk as possible as illustrated in Figure 20. Do NOT rotate the camera to fit more of the vehicle in the image.

18 20 19

Tire Sidewall Information

Tires

This guideline is to be followed for all applicable vehicles to provide verification of the condition, size and air pressure recommendations of all tires on the vehicle. This image should be taken from a position level with the tire to ensure clarity.

1. Image of the whole tire.

This image should include as much of the tire data as possible including the TIN, manufacturer, model and size. Figure 21 illustrates the data commonly found on the sidewall of tires. If the data is not visible in a single image, individual close-ups should be obtained. Chalk should be used to highlight tire data when it is appropriate.

2. Any tire damage. Close-up views of all damage including:

puncture dry rot (cracks) belt exposure tread separation rim deformation

3. Image of the manufacturer’s tire placard. The tire placard displays the manufacturer’s recommended tire size and inflation pounds per square inch. Be aware that many manufacturers also include the VIN on this placard (see appendix A).

REFERENCE SCALE OR INCREMENTED

TAPE MUST BE INCLUDED IN IMAGES

WHEN THERE IS PUNCTURED OR

HOLED TYPE DAMAGE TO THE TIRE.

Fuel Cap and door

Fuel System

This guideline is to be followed ONLY for applicable flex fuel vehicles to capture the fuel types.

1. Image of fuel cap and door. Image should include the fuel cap and the inside of the fuel door, ensuring all labeling is captured as illustrated in Figure 22.

The following are to be followed for all applicable vehicles ONLY if there is damage or integrity loss to the fuel tank.

1. Images of fuel system damage. Damage includes, but is not limited to, dents, tears, holes, punctures or surface scraping. Close-up views are required of all damage. Reference scales are required in all views.

2. Any loss of integrity to the fuel system must be documented. A reference scale must be included.

Integrity loss includes any damage that allows for the leakage of fuels. Tears and/or punctures in the fuel tank skin, separation at the seams, and separation of the filler neck or sending unit are examples of fuel system integrity loss. Include close-up views of all integrity loss.

2. If a fire occurs subsequent to an impact, thoroughly document the suspected origin area(s) of the fire. These views should include both overviews and specific close-up views of the damaged areas with a reference scale. Views should be taken of the entire engine compartment with the hood raised when the engine is suspected as the ignition source. Close-ups are to be included of any damage to the engine that may have contributed to the initiation or severity of the fire. Consider the potential for fuel or oil leakage when identifying these areas. All fires require both a fuel and an ignition source.

Once identified, both of these sources are to be documented using general overview and specific close-up views. A reference scale is to be included.

A REFERENCE

SCALE MUST

BE INCLUDED

IN IMAGES OF

FUEL TANK

DAMAGE AND

INTEGRITY

LOSS.

Occupant Compartment

It is recommended that the interior images be obtained using the same sequencing as illustrated in Figures 23 and 24 to ensure complete and systematic documentation.

Wide and telephoto settings should be used when appropriate to obtain the necessary subject of each view. Images should not be taken through glazing unless there is no alternative. The following procedures are to be followed:

The interior images should represent the components of the vehicle as found upon your initial inspection. For example: seat positions, wheel position, seatbelt positions, and glazing should all be photographed at their location upon initial inspection. When components must be moved to complete the interior inspection, return the components to their post crash position prior to securing the images. When close-up images are required, it will be necessary to move components such as air bags and cover flaps to obtain the image.

All child safety seats present in the vehicle, at the time of the inspection, must be fully documented and thoroughly photographed (See page 39). If a child safety seat was used, but not present at the time of inspection, all reasonable follow-up attempts should be made to document the child safety seat.

Frame all suspected occupant contact areas with bright contrasting incremented tape.

Mid-range and close-up images of occupant contacts should follow an overall photograph. If there are numerous occupant contacts, they may be grouped provided all contacts are included in adequate detail. These images are used to verify injury sources.

Applicable mid-range and close-up views should follow an overall view.

Required close-up views include but are not limited to:

suspected occupant contact integrity loss in components such as doors, windows, etc.

o include scale only if “adult head” size is questionable glazing damage intruding components steering wheel rim deformation possible areas of occupant ejection

Section Three

Vehicle Interior

POSITION CONTACT TAPE

ADJACENT TO CONTACT

POINTS, NOT ON THEM.

Occupant Compartment

USE ADDITIONAL CLOSE-UP

IMAGES TO FULLY

DOCUMENT ACTIVE HEAD

RESTRAINTS AND NON-

DEPLOYED AIR BAG

LOCATIONS.

Images of door panel contacts should be taken from an overall view that identifies the quadrant in which the contact occurred. Scales or tape should NOT be used to distinguish the quadrants.

The flash should typically be activated on interior views to ensure proper illumination and to eliminate shadowing. It may be necessary to cover the vehicle glazing with a blanket to reduce outside glare and allow the flash to illuminate interior surfaces.

If debris (bumper cover, door, etc.) is present in the passenger compartment, take a few images as the vehicle is found. Remove the debris for the remaining

1. View through open driver door or glazing when door cannot be opened. This image should identify the type of head restraint, seat type, and belt restraint system.

Right door and glazing Head Restraint Restraint systems

Right B pillar Roof side rail Front seat

2. View through open driver door or glazing when door cannot be opened.

Windshield glazing Windshield header Complete instrument panel Sun visors Right A pillar

23 Occupant Compartment

3. Close-up of steering assembly from the driver's perspective.

3a. Lateral view from the left side of the steering assembly showing wheel/rim deformation, column compression, and special features.

3b. Lateral view from the right side of the steering assembly showing wheel/rim deformation, column compression and special features.

4. Vertical view of left one-third of the instrument panel from the windshield header to the base of the toe pan. If capturing the entire subject properly in one image is not possible, take two images – an upper half and a lower half.

Sun visor

Windshield glazing Left A pillar and side mirror Steering wheel Toe pan / floor area

5. Vertical view of center one-third of the instrument panel from the windshield header to the base of the toe pan. If capturing the entire subject properly in one image is not possible, take two images – an upper half and a lower half.

Windshield glazing Rear view mirror Console when present Toe pan / floor area

6. Vertical view of right one-third of the instrument panel from the windshield header to the base of the toe pan. If capturing the entire subject properly in one image is not possible, take two images – an upper half and a lower half.

Windshield glazing Right A pillar and side mirror Toe pan / floor area

ROTATING THE

CAMERA IS

RECOMMENDED

IMAGES 4-6.

WHEN AN AIR BAG SYSTEM IS DEPLOYED, TUCK THE AIR BAG BACK INTO THE

MODULE WHILE TAKING THE INTERIOR IMAGES. REFER TO THE AIR BAG SYSTEM

SECTION FOR AIR BAG DOCUMENTATION PROCEDURES.

USE ADDITIONAL CLOSE-UP

IMAGES TO FULLY

DOCUMENT ACTIVE HEAD

RESTRAINTS AND NON-

DEPLOYED SIDE AIR BAG

LOCATIONS.

7. View through open front passenger door or glazing when door cannot be opened.

Windshield glazing

Complete instrument panel Sun visors Left A pillar

8. View through the open front passenger door or glazing when the door cannot be opened. This image should identify the type of head restraint, seat type, and belt restraint system.

Left door and glazing Head Restraint Restraint systems Left B pillar Roof side rail Front seat

Images 9 through 12 are to be repeated for any additional seating areas such as third or fourth rows in vans or utility vehicles.

9. View through open left rear door or glazing when the door cannot be opened / is not present.

Right side glazing Right door if applicable Roof side rail Rear seat Right B pillar Right C pillar

10. View of the back side of the left front seat

Include seat back and head restraint (include center seat back if applicable)

11. View through open right rear door or glazing when the door cannot be opened / is not present.

Left side glazing Left door if applicable Roof side rail Rear seat Left B pillar Left C pillar

12. View of the back side of the right front seat

Include seat back and head restraint (include center seat back if applicable)

24 Occupant Compartment

Images 14 and 16 are to be repeated for any additional seating areas such as third or fourth rows in vans or utility vehicles. The images should overlap to include center seating positions and should capture:

13. View from the forward-most position possible, photograph the left front seating position.

14. View from between the head restraints or the seat backs (bucket seats), photograph the left rear seating position.

15. View from the forward-most position possible, photograph the right front seating position.

16. View from between the head restraints or the seat backs (bucket seats) photograph the right rear seating position.

Any evidence of contact or damage to the restraint systems should be highlighted and photographed. Include close-up images of damage or failure to the webbing, latch plate, buckle, upper anchorage adjustments, or mounting points. Also photograph evidence indicative of restraint usage such as web stretching, D-ring load marks, and actuated pretensioners.

Seat cushion Seat back Head restraint Restraint systems Upper anchor adjuster LATCH / anchors when present

EXAMINE THE BACK OF

SEAT BACK SUPPORTS AND

CONSOLES FOR CONTACTS

OR LOADING FROM REAR

SEAT OCCUPANTS

IF A VEHICLE SEAT HAS

BEEN REMOVED PRIOR TO

THE CRASH, NO IMAGES

OF THE RESTRAINT

SYSTEM ARE NEEDED.

Crash Avoidance Technologies

This section of the guideline is to be followed for all applicable vehicles equipped with crash avoidance systems. These images must verify the presence and location of the avoidance system components including cameras, sensors, warning lights, and on/off switches.

Vehicles with crash avoidance systems will be equipped with cameras and/or sensors.

Wide angle and close up views showing the location of the camera and sensors are required. When the camera is located near the rear view mirror, images from exterior and interior of the vehicle should be taken.

When the vehicle is equipped with avoidance equipment with an on/off switch,…