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2023.SD.LAN.002 Lake Andes National Wildlife Refuge Trail and Levee Repair Project

APE

US Fish and Wildlife Service, ND/SD Zone Archaeologist, Bismarck, ND December 2022

Township 96 North, Range 64 West, Section 5 & 6, Fifth Principal Meridian Charles Mix County, South Dakota

7.5' USGS Quadrangle: Ravinia 1:24,000

Islands (man-made)

Picnic Pavilion

Dugouts

Gravel Parking Lot

Owen's Bay Levee

Prairie Ponds Levees

Observation Deck

Diversion Ditch (off NWR)

Diversion Ditch

Stream

Shoreline

Mowed Hiking Trail

Sidewalk

Gravel Hiking Trail

Gravel Road

Elevation Line

2-Track Vehicle Trail

Loop Road

WCS, CMP & Spillway

Well

Toilet

Kiosk

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Site Form Photographs

Photos from facilities (SAMMS) database (2017):

Owen’s Bay Levee with culvert Picnic Pavilion with sidewalk

Loop Road Unpaved trail in the Day Use Area

Kiosk and Hiking Trail with gravel pad Kiosk

Photos from internal archives (before and after flooding):

2006 – Observation Deck 2006 - Kiosk

2006 - Picnic Pavilion, sidewalk and pit toilet from Loop Road Picnic Pavilion - undated

2019 - Observation Deck on Owen’s Bay Trail

2019 – Damage to Observation Deck 2019 – Damage to Observation Deck

2019 – Kiosk 2019 – Owen’s Bay Levee

2019 – Trail Damage 2019 – Prairie Ponds Levee damage

2019 – Prairie Ponds Levee – erosion due to flooding 2019 – Loop Road with Picnic Pavilion at upper left

Photos from USFWS Refuge Narratives

Picnic Pavilion construction from 1972 Annual Report

Completed Picnic Pavilion from 1972 Annual Report

Construction of toilet near pavilion from 1972 Annual Report

Completed toilet from 1972 Annual Report

Completed signage at Day Use Area from 1972 Annual Report

Completed Picnic Pavilion from 1972 Annual Report

Artesian Well at Owens Bay from 1977 Annual Report

Owens Bay Nature Trail boardwalk and newly constructed fence from 1977 Annual Report

Owen’s Bay Trail – view to lake from 1979 Annual Report

Prairie Ponds Rehabilitation from 1979 Annual Report

Prairie Ponds WCS and pond from 1979 Annual Report

Photos from USFWS internal cultural resources form by Mick Hanan, Lake Andes NWR (recent and undated):

Vault Pit‐Toilet with sidewalk (2nd version). Pavilion with sidewalk.

Kiosk and sidewalk. Note picture is older. Observation deck.

Sidewalk to pavilion. Toilet is not original. Owen’s bay levee. Note picture is older.

Notes from Dissertation

“An Environmental Biography of Bde Ihanke‐Lake Andes: History, Science, and Sovereignty with Tribal, State, and Federal Power on the Yankton Sioux Reservaiton in South Dakota, 1858‐1959”

By David Nesheim, University of Nebraska – Lincoln, 2009 (Department of History)

Website: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/historydiss/22/. Accessed on 11/29/2022 by KLS.

Notes regarding Owens Bay Unit

The first portion of the Owens Bay Unit is bought as fee title Federal land, closed to hunting and fishing, and used as fish rearing pond in association with state fish hatchery to south in 1935 – Page 202 (Also see

BLM GLO document in Files Search document)

Diversion ditch built by CCC in 1935 and soil from ditch used to create islands in lake (Owens Bay) – Page o The ditch was lined with riprap o Three islands initially built for bird habitat initially – Page 202

A total of six islands in the bay were built in clusters using hand tools and heavy equipment – Page 204 o The diversion ditch from the state fish hatchery to the south flowed into the west end of the bay

– Page 202

Owens Bay Levee built in 1935‐1936 to enhance natural levee separating bay from main body of lake – o Used dirt from excavation of the diversion ditch to build levee (Discrepancy between facilities documentation and dissertation – built in 1941?) – Page 203 o Constructed by CCC Company 2743 men from Nebraska. Begun 6 days after beginning construction of diversion ditch (Discrepancy between refuge staff information and dissertation – built by local men who were not WPA nor CCC) – Page 202

Owens Bay water level is manipulated based on function – fish rearing, waterfowl production, etc.

o Although lake levels naturally fluctuate, artesian wells helped increase bay water levels – Page o Artesian well dug by CCC – Page 202 o At Owens Bay, this lake level manipulation was approved in 1939 though an agreement between

Bureau of Biological Survey and SD State – Page 211 o West Diversion Canal built to divert runoff into Owens Bay – built by CCC – Page 205

All dike construction completed on Lake Andes by 1942 (North, South and Owens Bay)

Lake Andes NWR managed by Fort Niobrara NWR for several years – Page 212

In 1942, the Owens Bay artesian well caved in leaving a sink hole – Page 213

In 1947, the Owens Bay artesian well failed – Page 215

SD State paid for 2 new wells in 1948 (one at state fish hatchery and one at Owens Bay) – Page 217

Flood damage was noted to dikes over many years due to lake level fluctuations, issues with riprap

(including removal by public, funding and lack of employees on site) – particularly noted in the 1950s –

Increased in unwanted fish species noted in 1950s, as well as decreases in fishermen – Page 222

An artesian well was installed at Owens Bay in 1956 ‐ Page 222

Various meetings were held with public over the years – many rejecting Federal involvement – Page 227

Notes from USFWS Refuge Narrative Reports

Website: www.ecos.fws.gov/ServCat. Accessed on 11/29/2022 by KLS.

• WPA working on dikes (North and South) and ditch (West) [Not at Owens Bay Unit]

• 100 lbs. of wild rice planted at east end of Rest Pond (aka Owens Bay), but low survival rate

• New refuge signs posted

• Weed growth mowed at Rest Pond (Owens Bay)

• Unwanted vegetation removed at artesian well channel

• Rest Pond (Owens Bay) dike repaired due to rodent activity

• Weeds noted in Acquisition Area o Agreement made for future mowing at Owens Bay Unit

• Later in year, acquisition area mowed & weeds removed

• Young tree growth problem noted on all dikes

• Later in year, Artesian Well flow increasing water levels in Owens Bay

• Old well at Owens Bay Unit dispensed much sand, then collapsed on Dec 27 leaving hole 20’ across and

35’ deep which filled with water and continued to allow flow to bay

• SD Game Dept. interested in keeping water levels maintained in Owens Bay for fish rearing. USFWS requested that SD install wells on Owens Bay land

• Fences repaired at Owens Bay

1948 May to August – Owens Bay Unit

• Maintenance includes fence repair around the bay and diversion ditch.

• The hatchery overflow flows to Owens Bay.

• Water washed out the road to the south of Owens Bay Levee. It was repaired including adding riprap on the banks to prevent future washouts.

• Needs: to fix the diversion ditch (silted in), spray weeds, increase water levels by adding another artesian well or by pumping from Fort Randall

1949 – May to August – Owens Bay Unit

• Owens Bay Levee has slight seep, but little change from previous

• Levee was cleaned of debris

• Fences were repaired and a new entrance gate put in

• Diversion ditch crossing at hatchery was replaced after washout

• Rodent holes in levee were filled

1949 - Annual Report – Owens Bay Unit

• Loads of rocks were placed at the artesian well to prevent erosion

• The portion of the diversion ditch on private land is not being maintained and is not functioning.

Alternatives discussed.

1951 – May to August – Owens Bay Unit http://www.ecos.fws.gov/ServCat

• The artesian well is going bad

1951 – September to December

• Based on assessment, the Owens Bay Unit is ok, but the well is going bad

1972 –Annual Report – Owens Bay Unit

• Pavilion on 16’ x 16’ concrete pad. Pavilion constructed with 6” x 6” timbers and ¼ plywood roof under cedar shingles o Built by SD National Guard

• An informational sign was placed at the Public Use Area

• The Public Use Area was officially opened on 1/30/1972

• Riprap was placed along 75’ of shoreline due to bank erosion at the artesian well which flows to Owens

Bay

1977 – Annual Report – Owens Bay Unit

• 2310’ of fence installed around the Public Use Area

• The Owens Bay Nature Trail opened on 4/1/1977

• Minor repairs were made to the trail boardwalk, toilet and picnic tables at the Public Use Area

• The levees and WCSs were cleaned up

• Includes history of Lake Andes NWR o History notes:

1895 – Request for artesian wells for livestock water through BIA for Native American producers at south end of lake Resort developments and charter trains for Bass Fishing at Lake Andes in the 1920’s Legal issues with producers regarding water levels noted In 1936, Owens Bay was bought as the first portion of the refuge Owens Bay is operated by the refuge as administratively separate from the lake Artesian wells functional dates

• 1936-1940’s

• 1948-1950’s

• 1957, repaired in 1973, operational as of 1977

• Others on NWR land? References are sometimes vague in refuge narratives

Using lake water for irrigation was initiated, but short-lived and then halted.

• Irrigation was not an important function of the refuge or more specifically, the

Owen’s Bay Unit

1979 – Annual Report – Owens Bay Unit, including Prairie Ponds Complex

• Last year (1978) the Prairie Ponds Complex was renovated o Islands were constructed and the levee was rehabilitated o Walkways to WCSs built o Steel safety grates made and installed to cover stop log structures o The Prairie Ponds Levee was raised with dirt and gravel due to high water and access concerns (a vehicle trail runs over the levee) o The service road from the shop to the artesian well was repaired and enhanced o New screw gates were added at the artesian well o A portion of the nature trail flooded and was raised 6” o The Owens Bay Levee WCS is in need of repair or replacement

1987 – Annual Report – Owens Bay Unit

• Nature Trail constructed in the 1970’s was half flooded including the boardwalk. An alternative route was developed for the trail

• 4 WCSs on Prairie Ponds system had screw gates added

1995 - Annual Report – Owens Bay Unit

• New Prefabricated Toilet purchased and installed at Public Use Area. The previous one was razed.

• Public Use Area progressing toward being accessible o Concrete walkway from shelter to parking area completed with additional pad at toilet

A Couple Sources pertaining to eligibility of earthen levees/dams

Depression Era in South Dakota

Dedicated to a Duck: Depression-era Public Work Projects of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Mountain-Prairie Region

• Development of Fish and Wildlife Service and Depression Era Programs o Page 15

The first CCC camp in Region 6 was Fort Niobrara in Oct 1933

• Contexts for Individual Stations with Depression Era Structures o Page 274 Valentine NWR and Fort Niobrara - In 1935 – BF-2 CCC Camp - “Part of Camp was detached to work at Lake Andes NWR, SD” from Refuge Narrative

• Methodology/Evaluation of Depression Era Structures – Evaluation Criteria o Page 303 Property must retain identity for which it is significant Materials, design and workmanship less crucial for eligibility under Criterion A, than C o Page 304 Must retain representative physical characteristics – character-defining features

• Depression Era Architecture – Resource and Property Type Descriptions and Eligibility/Integrity Requirements o Page 319

Engineering Refuge Development (1933-1943)

• Eligibility Criteria o Must have direct or supporting role in contributing to development, day-to-day operations and greater structure of NWR o Must have direct relationship to fulfilling Depression Era mission o May be eligible under Crit A or C or other o Crit A

Must retain integrity to convey historical association with works program establishment, function and operation under Depression Era mission of agency

• Essential aspects: location, setting, design, feeling, association o Crit C Must represent unique characteristics of Depression Era work program engineering and/or design strategies underscored by functional purpose

Essential aspects: location, design, workmanship, materials Alterations must be minor and in association with maintenance and repair and partial replacement in kind o Crit D o Page 320 Unlikely, but may be eligible if principal source of important information about Depression Era engineering, design or construction methods or how these were adapted to the local environment, labor, materials, etc.

Essential aspects: location, design, materials and perhaps workmanship.

• Includes:

o Dams (dikes, levees) (Miscellaneous Earthen)

(KLS Note – imp to Owens Bay for control and management of water flow)

Variety installed at many refuges for bird and wildlife conservation o Ditches/channels Man-made watercourses to divert flow (KLS Note: At Owens Bay for conservation and fish rearing) o Page 321 o Spillways (Miscellaneous)

Secondary dam infrastructure to release water during peak flow to avoid stress on dams and potential flooding (dikes/levees).

o Water control structures Variety of forms Purpose to monitor, adjust and direct water flow across infrastructure (such as dams, culverts and ditches) Manage water flow to manage habitat, including water levels o Page 323 Filling in the Details – Infrastructure Properties o May have indirect or supporting role in contributing to day-to-day operations of NWR (Do not directly fulfill agency mission)

Must retain integrity to convey historical association with works program establishment, function and operation under Depression Era mission of agency

• Essential aspects: location, setting, feeling, association (design may be needed)

• Must retain sense of original function program principals of style and construction and/or engineering and design strategies underscored by functional purpose o Page 324 Essential aspects: location, design, workmanship, materials o Page 325

• Infrastructure Properties include:

o Fences

Under Crit A, must include workmanship (KLS note: imp at Owens Bay as boundary marker) o Roads and trails (KLS note: Imp at Owens Bay for operations and recreation access) o Page 326 o Wells/Pumps

(KLS note: Imp at Owens Bay for bay water level management) Filling in the Details – Wildlife Properties o Must be related to primary objectives of NWR and exist singularly to promote advancement of agency mission

Must have been constructed by works program for wildlife management

• Essential aspects: location, setting, feeling, association (design and workmanship may be needed)

• Must retain sense of original function program principals of style and construction and/or engineering and design strategies underscored by functional purpose

Essential aspects: design, workmanship, materials o Page 327

• Wildlife Properties include:

o Islands To provide specialized habitat for birds, per Depression Era mission o Page 498

Engineering Refuge Development – Summary and Background

• Many stations listed with particularly numerous or extensive existing engineering structures and many dams recorded to higher standards (KLS Note: not Lake Andes)

• Is dam or other engineering structure essential to ongoing operation of refuge?

o Page 683

Filling in the Details – Summary (Includes Infrastructure and Wildlife Properties)

SD Context document: Federal Relief Construction in South Dakota, 1929-1941, SD SHPO, Michelle Dennis, Pierre, SD 1998

• ID and Eval of Historic Resources – Historic Resources Associated with Federal Relief Construction in SD o Conservation Structures – Lakes, Dams and Waterways

• Hundreds constructed for livestock water, irrigation, recreation

• Typical construction: earth fill with core trench or earth fill on bentonite base

• Occasional construction: reinforced concrete

• Larger earthen dams with riprap from base to crest

• Often built 6’ higher than anticipated water level

• Spillways of heavy masonry or reinforced concrete

• New technique created in Black Hills and spread to rest of US o Bentonite as base and core of earthen dams (noteworthy)

• Bureau of Biological Survey (later USFWS) operated three CCC camps and one side camp for improvement of refuges at Sand Lake, LaCreek and Lake Andes with a side camp at Waubay o Lake Andes

Creeks diverted into lake at north end to lake (KLS note: not at Owen’s Bay)

Overflow channel at southwest shore (KLS note: not at Owens Bay)

• Owens Bay not noted in text or appendices

• Criteria for Evaluating Historic Resources o Page 102 – to be eligible Must have been initiated after 1929 and substantially completed by end of 1941 Must be sig under Crit A – direct association with Depression Era programs

• Also potentially eligible due to direct economic impact of projects Eligible if used new method of engineering of dams – Crit C (KLS note – Owens Bay did not) Distinctive characteristics, hand labor, fine craftsmanship or standardized plan – Crit C (KLS note – Owens Bay does not) Represents work of master or artistic value – Crit C (KLS note: Owens Bay does not) Crit B – not likely (KLS note – no known important persons assoc. w/Owens Bay) o Page 103 Crit D – yield info important to history in context of Depression Era structures of SD (KLS note – not Owens Bay) Generally, importance is local. To be statewide, must be only example of subtype or one of a few remaining of property type (or of property type assoc. w/particular work program) May evaluate as part of broader complex contexts, if sufficient # of components survive from original and can interpret historic function of complex Individual example may be eligible if:

• Significant architectural style, engineering or construction method or work of master or best represents important person’s productive life

• May be contributing resource in larger context of prolific resources o A single resource where many still exist is likely not eligible

• Integrity: there must be identifiable evidence in all or some of the aspects to be considered eligible o Some aspects more important o Page 104 o Design Original form and massing Do alterations change scale, etc.

Does not need to retain original function if historic physical integrity intact o Setting

Physical environment should reflect historic features, such as topography, vegetation, constructed features (paths, fences, etc.), relationships between resource and surroundings o Page 105 o Workmanship

Shows craftsmanship including aesthetic principals and technological practices associated with Depression Era programs, as well as local methods

Evidence of labor, skill, design, materials o Feeling

Evokes a sense of the past o Association

Must retain direct link between structure and historic event and be conveyed to observer

• Appendices:

o Pages 113 & 114 – Appendix A

1934 - Lake Andes – DSE-204 – Permanent CCC Camp 1935 – Lake Andes – BF-1 – Temporary Summer CCC Camp o Page 122 - Appendix B Non-Federal Approved projects for PWA funding in SD – 1933-1938

• Lake Andes - Waterworks

Previous Engineering Maps and Drawings – Various Dates

Maps and sketches, except the blueprint, are housed in USFWS internal digital archives at Bismarck FO.

Image from D. Nesheim, 2009 UNL History dissertation provided by SD SHPO:

Set of engineering maps from Lake Andes General Plan – 1939: Map created with south at top, but upside down in this document for comparison to other maps. Owens Bay at this time was known as the Artesian Rest Pond. Note that the Owen’s Bay Levee and Day Use Area were not noted in this map, but the natural levee is observable.

As noted, Artesian Rest Pond is also known as Owen’s Bay. This map shows plans for a diversion ditch from the State Fish Hatchery to Owen’s Bay (current orientation is with North at right). A note near center states, “90% complete with CCC labor to October 10, ‘34”. It is unclear what portion of the completed ditch is on the refuge. A portion of the Owen’s Bay Levee is at far right with Owen’s Bay labeled below and Lake Andes at right. The State Fish Hatchery well is at far left. This map was completed prior to the islands being created in the bay (see note at far lower right). A hand‐written note at the bottom indicates that the ditch is completed and in use (Drawn in September of 1939).

Another set of engineering maps. Drawn in September of 1939. Shows details of Owen’s Bay Levee. Note the man‐made islands, fencing, diversion ditch, state well and other structures are in place in this image.

Associated with the previous image. Note the artesian well at the east end of the bay. Drawn in September of 1939.

Engineering Map. Shows Owen’s Bay Levee near left center (not labeled). Note the 6 islands are present and the artesian well is at the east side of the bay.

Note the handwritten note that the well is gone (removed at some time after map creation). Drawing date is June of 1925 per USFWS Facilities data, although this appears to be in error.

Another engineering drawing with Owen’s Bay Levee spillway and control gate. Note that the 6 bay islands, the east bay artesian well (noted as dry), the diversion ditch are marked, as well as a handwritten note about an artesian well at the west end of Owens Bay near the spillway (12” in 1957) and another artesian well near the state fish hatchery ponds (in the country club area). Drawn July 1953.

Note road, dike and well in the Owen’s Bay Unit. Note that at times the levee was referred to as a dike. Also note three islands in the bay, rather than 6 (although this may just be due to lower level of detail, rather than time frame of map creation, especially considering the shop buildings to the northeast are marked). Drawn in March of 1964.

Note the modifications to the Prairie Ponds Levee (built in 1974) designing a ditch connecting the two dugouts, the ponds and the artesian well. The road is also now known as the Owen’s Bay Wildlife Trail. The dike around the south dugout pond is the one to the west of the Prairie Ponds and the road/dike to the south is to the south of the ponds. The well is at lower left. Drawn in March of 1964 and 1967 per Facilities documentation.

This ditch profile refers back to the previous ditch plan. Drawn in March of 1964 and 1967.

Engineering drawing of Owen’s Bay dike and pond rehabilitation plan, including island construction (Drawing date: June 1978). Note the locations of WCSs, the trail and the well.

Proposed and existing well sites near Owens Bay. Drawing in February of 1978.

Drawing includes Owens Bay area and adds Prairie Ponds to NW of Owens Bay. Drawing in January of 1986.

SHPOID SiteID StructureID

CH01200001 69838 65090

SITE INFORMATION

*Survey Date: 10/14/2022 12:00:00 AM *Quarter1: NE

*Surveyor: *Quarter2: All

*Property Address: 218 White Swan Dr. *Township: 96N

*County: ch *Range: 64W

*City: Lake Andes *Section: 6

Acres: 20.000

Quadname: Ravinia

Legal Description: Charles Mix County; T96N, R64W, Sections 5 & 6; Fifth Principal Meridian

Location Description: on Lake Andes NWR 4 mi ENE of Lake Andes, SD; near Owens Bay, within exterior boundary of historic Yankton Sioux Reservation

Owner Code1: F Owner Name: US Fish and Wildlife Service

Owner Code2: Owner Address: Lake Andes Station, 218 White Swan Dr., PO Box

Owner Code3: Owner City: Pickstown

Owner State: SD

Owner Zip: 57367

HISTORIC SIGNIFICANCE

*DOE: Not Eligible Register Name:

*DOE Date: 11/16/2022 12:00:00 AM Multiple Property Name

Nomination Status: SignificanceLevel1:

Listed Date: SignificanceLevel2:

Ref Num: NR Criteria 1:

Period: NR Criteria 2:

Category: Object NR Criteria 3:

Historic District Rating: NR Criteria 4:

* = REQUIRED FIELD Page 1 of 6

SOUTH DAKOTA STATE HISTORIC PRESERVATION OFFICE

HISTORIC SITES SURVEY STRUCTURE FORM 01-03-2023

Significance Notes : The Lake Andes NWR Day Use Area landscape consists of the pavilion, toilet, kiosk, hiking trails, sidewalk, gravel two-track trail, observation deck, Loop Road and gravel parking area. Design of this landscape appears to be episodic. The elements are not contemporaneous and many are recent. The landscape has been damaged by flooding and the integrity has been somewhat compromised.

Regarding integrity, the landscape elements appear to be in their original locations and retain their general form. The setting and feeling are somewhat altered by addition of elements, increased public use and damage. Materials and craftsmanship are not remarkable. Much of the installation and maintenance was completed by refuge personnel, although the original toilet and the pavilion were constructed by the SD National Guard. The Levee landscape site to the south is associated with the Day Use Area. Overall, essential aspects of integrity remain.

Regarding significance, the pavilion does not convey historical connection to important refuge functions or operations. The purpose of the Day Use Area today and in the past is public recreation. The landscape is not associated with an important time in the USFWS broadly or for development of visitor recreation areas. They are not a major mission of refuges in general or this refuge in particular. A lack of historic context for the Day Use Area landscape limits its significance. Regarding Criteria A, B, C and D, the landscape does not appear to be associated with important historic events, patterns of history, people, architecture or engineering. The landscape (as individual elements or as a whole) is not likely to yield important information about our collective history and is not the principal source of information about important refuge infrastructure. The Picnic Pavilion is not eligible as an individual structure (see subform). The Lake Andes Day Use Area landscape site is not eligible for the NRHP.

SHPO - EJA 12/27/2022

STRUCTURE DETAILS

*Structure Name: Lake Andes NWR Day Use Area

Other Name: See RPI#s below

Date Of Construction: Varied (see below) Significant Person: N/A

Cultural Affiliation:

Type: Walls:

Style: Stories:

Roof Shape: Foundataion:

Roof Material: *UTM Zone: 14

Occupied: No *UTM Easting: 544462.7400

Accessible: Yes *UTM Northing: 4779641.2000

Structural System: Restricted: N

* = REQUIRED FIELD Page 2 of 6

Altered/Moved Notes: The structures and elements of this landscape have been damaged by flooding and vegetation overgrowth. The boardwalk was removed. Some structures are unstable, unusable and subject to future flooding. USFWS RPI#s: 10031186 (picnic pavilion and sidewalk), 10031196 (hiking trail and Loop Road), 10031199 (Observation deck), 10031179 (gravel wildlife trail), 10050877 (hiking trail and parking lot), 10031187 (includes Prairie Ponds Trail) and 10031206 (kiosk).

Interior Notes:

Physical Notes: Construction dates varied with the pavilion in 1972, the observation deck in 1998, the gravel 2-track trail in 1974, the gravel hiking trail in 1962, the Prairie Ponds Levee trails in 1974 and the kiosk in 1983. Thus, structures aged 50 years or more include the pavilion (50 years), the Loop Road (50 years) and the parking lot (60 years). The picnic pavilion and levee landscape are documented in subforms.

There is some overlap between the Day Use Area landscape and the Levee landscape to the south, particularly regarding trails.

Other Notes: The Lake Andes NWR Day Use Area landscape site consists of the Picnic Pavilion (simple, open wood frame structure (16’ x 16’ on concrete pad with concrete sidewalk (added later – 140’ long) and toilet (6’ x 7’ replaced), the observation deck (wood plank – 55’ x 5’) with viewing platform (wood plank – 8’ x 10’) off Owens Bay Wildlife Trail, the Loop Road (1150’ long – two-track gravel or native surface road), the gravel two-track trail (6020’ long), the gravel hiking trail (685’ long), the mowed trails (7675’ long) and the visitor kiosk (18’ wide) with gravel parking area (25’ x 80’) at the trailhead. The purpose of the Prairie Ponds Levee trail is recreation (hiking, public access and wildlife viewing). Additional elements include benches, trash receptacles, picnic tables and fence braces. All the structures and elements of the Day Use Area form the park landscape site.

Link to National Register Nomination:

No National Register Nomination Available

CH01200002 69838 65161

* = REQUIRED FIELD Page 3 of 6

Acres: 20.000

*DOE: Not Eligible Register Name:

*DOE Date: 12/20/2022 12:00:00 AM Multiple Property Name

Nomination Status: SignificanceLevel1:

Listed Date: SignificanceLevel2:

Ref Num: NR Criteria 1:

Period: NR Criteria 2:

Category: Structure NR Criteria 3:

Historic District Rating: NC NR Criteria 4:

* = REQUIRED FIELD Page 4 of 6

Significance Notes : The Picnic Pavilion structure is recent at 50 years old and built by the National Guard of South Dakota in conjunction with the USFWS. The pavilion has been affected by severe flooding. Regarding integrity, the structure is in its original location. The design appears to show the original form. It is a plain, open, unremarkable structure. Changes to the setting include adding elements of the day use area at various times over the years (including signage and toilet replacement). The workmanship is fair. The feeling of the structure is fair.

Associations with the structure include other elements of the Day Use Area landscape site and also with the Levee landscape site to the south. Structures within the Day Use Area are not contemporaneous; However, essential aspects of integrity remain. Regarding significance, the pavilion does not convey historical connection to important refuge functions or operations. It is associated with National Wildlife Refuges (NWR) in general, but not with an important time in the US Fish and Wildlife Service (such as establishment of the refuge, depression era works projects, etc.) or for NWR visitor recreation areas. These areas are not a major mission of refuges in general or for this refuge in particular. The lack of historic context limits the significance. The pavilion is not eligible under Criteria A, B, C or D. Although the SD National Guard built the structure, no significant people were noted as associated with the pavilion and it does not represent unique characteristics of style or construction. The pavilion is not the principal source of information to provide data about important refuge administration and additional data is not likely to be found in further background research. The Picnic Pavilion is not eligible for the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) as an individual structure and or as part of the Day Use Area landscape.

*Structure Name: Picnic Pavilion at Lake Andes NWR Day Use Area

Other Name: USFWS RPI#:100031186

Date Of Construction: 1972 Significant Person: N/A

Type: Other Walls: N/A

Style: No Style Stories: 1

Roof Shape: Gable Foundataion: Concrete

Roof Material: Wood *UTM Zone: 14

Occupied: No *UTM Easting: 544462.8200

Accessible: Yes *UTM Northing: 4779700.8700

Structural System: Wood Frame Restricted: N

* = REQUIRED FIELD Page 5 of 6

Altered/Moved Notes: The brown paint is weathering, peeling or missing from the posts and roof.

Asphalt shingles are missing or damaged from portions of the roof. The beams and roof let light in and are no longer flush. The benches between the posts are weathered and missing paint. The structure has been damaged by flooding and is near Lake Andes (240’ to the east of the current shoreline).

Physical Notes: The structure is part of the Lake Andes NWR Day Use Area park landscape. It is a simple, open wood-framed picnic shelter consisting of a gabled roof supported on trussed wood posts. Two bench seats are noted between the wood posts. The shelter is over a concrete pad and two picnic tables and a trash receptacle have been placed on the pad. The pad shows slight chipping and cracking. The picnic shelter has a 16’ x 16’ concrete floor, the uprights are 6” x 6” timbers and the roof is made of ¼” plywood with cedar shingles (later replaced with asphalt shingles).

The picnic pavilion and original toilet were constructed by the SD National Guard 153rd Engineer Battalion in August 1972. The original vault toilet was 6’ x 7’ and had a 54” diameter reinforced concrete arch culvert set vertically in a 6” reinforced concrete slab. The building was wood frame construction with two stools. Exterior walls were finished with rough-sawn cedar paneling. The roof was fiberglass sheeting. The toilet was replaced in 1995 with a new prefabricated unit. The picnic pavilion is located within the Loop Road and near the pit toilet, kiosk and trailhead.

Other Notes:

* = REQUIRED FIELD Page 6 of 6

CH01200003 69839 65091

Acres: 17.000

*DOE: NR Eligible Register Name:

Nomination Status: SignificanceLevel1: Local

Listed Date: SignificanceLevel2: Local

Ref Num: NR Criteria 1: A

Period: Depression Era - Public Works

NR Criteria 2:

Historic District Rating: C NR Criteria 4:

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Significance Notes : Regarding integrity, the elements of the Levee landscape, including the Prairie Ponds Levee (PPL), have not moved, but replacing wells has occurred. The landscape is associated with the Day Use Area landscape by proximity, but not age. The setting is similar, although flooding occurred and the Day Use Area has been added increasing access to the Levee landscape. Per design, the original materials, form and function of the Levee landscape elements are similar to the current. Workmanship is not distinct or unusual for the elements. The Levee landscape retains essential aspects of integrity. Regarding significance, the Levee landscape is part of a system for managing water levels to meet refuge priorities.

In other areas of the NWR, water levels cannot be controlled as successfully increasing its importance for the refuge. The community significance of Lake Andes and association with the CCC is noted (see Owen’s Bay Levee subform and attachments for details). The Levee landscape site is significant. It is eligible for the NRHP under Criterion A for its association with NWR development, administration and association with the CCC. It does not meet Criteria B, C or D.

No important people are associated. It does not represent unique characteristics of style or construction. It is not a principal source of information and additional data is not likely to be found. It is important on a local level. The Levee landscape may be split into elements constructed during the CCC-era to manage bay water levels and those constructed later. The purpose of the CCC-era structures differs from that of the PPL, which focuses more on recreation. As such, levee system, WCSs, islands, dugouts, diversion ditch and hiking trails at the PPL are not contributing elements of the Levee landscape site. Levee landscape is eligible under Criterion A as a set of resources. Contributing elements: Owen’s Bay levee, diversion ditch, islands, WCSs, spillway and well.

*Structure Name: Owen's Bay Levee Landscape site at Lake Andes NWR

Other Name: See RPI#s attached

Date Of Construction: 1935 Significant Person: N/A

Style: No Style Stories:

Roof Shape: N/A Foundataion: Other

Roof Material: N/A *UTM Zone: 14

Occupied: No *UTM Easting: 545119.9900

Accessible: Yes *UTM Northing: 4778742.5700

Structural System: Earth Restricted: N

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Altered/Moved Notes: Contributing elements of the landscape site include the Owen's Bay Levee, Owen's Bay islands, Owen's Bay WCS, Owen's Bay spillway and the south diversion ditch (portion on USFWS land). Non-contributing features include the Prairie Ponds Levees (PPL), PPL diversion ditch, PPL islands, PPL WCS, PPL CMP, the recent (extant) well and PPL dugouts.

Physical Notes: The Owens Bay Levee WCS (inlet/outlet/control gate) is detailed on a 1939 map as consisting of two concrete boxes (6’ cube) with a pipe near the base at the south end. From a sketch, the Prairie Ponds area water control elements include culverts, dike cuts and dugout cuts. A 15” diameter by 16’ long corrugated metal pipe (CMP) was planned under the dike/road near the southwest end of the Prairie Ponds area to allow flow from the well to the dugouts. Ditches were planned to be cut in the dike around the southern dugout and in the berm on the south side of the north dugout for the same purpose. In addition, a 15” diameter by 27’ long CMP was planned under the road/hiking trail just south of the gravel parking lot to allow flow to the north dugout. The 1978 engineering map notes locations of WCSs and CMPs in the Pond 1, 2 and 3 dikes. One WCS is to the southwest of the well along the east dike of Pond #1, a 24” diameter CMP just to the north of the junction of the Pond 1 dike and the Pond 2 dike. A WCS is noted on the westernmost portion of the Pond 2 dike. A 24” diameter and a 16” diameter CMP are noted in the central portion of the Pond 3 dike. The 24” is at the junction of the nature trail and the dike. At this time, plans were to rehabilitate the dikes and ponds. In the 1977 Annual Report (Refuge narrative), it was noted that the WCSs were cleaned up. In the 1979 report (Refuge narrative), walkways to the WCSs were built, steel safety grates were made and placed to cover stop log structures, and the Owens Bay Levee WCS was in need of repair or replacement. Four WCSs on the Prairie Ponds system had screw gates added, based on the 1987 Annual Report (Refuge narrative).

Other Notes: The Owens Bay landscape site consists of the Owens Bay Levee, Prairie Ponds Levees, water control structures (WCS), islands, spillway, wells, dugout ponds, hiking trails and diversion ditches. Several of the Levee landscape elements are roughly contemporaneous with each other, match the refuge mission and fit the CCC-era context, such as the Owen’s Bay Levee (with WCS and spillway), the diversion ditch (to the south from the fish hatchery), bay islands and the initial well (not extant). Although the initial well was replaced by others, the purpose of the wells remained to help regulate water levels in the bay. Structures aged 50 years or more include the Owen’s Bay Levee (including WCS and spillway - age 87 years), the south diversion ditch (roughly 88 years), the bay islands (roughly 86 years) and the original well and second well (not extant). The construction date for the Prairie Ponds Levees is 1974, including most associated structures. In addition, a diversion ditch was constructed from within the Prairie Ponds area to near the gravel parking lot (on the west side of the main north/south trending Owens Bay Hiking Trail). Additional information about the individual elements of the Levee landscape site are provided in attached documents.

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CH01200004 69839 65162

Acres: 17.000

*DOE: NR Eligible Register Name:

Nomination Status: SignificanceLevel1: Local

Listed Date: SignificanceLevel2: Local

Ref Num: NR Criteria 1: A

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Period: Depression Era - Public Works

NR Criteria 2:

Historic District Rating: C NR Criteria 4:

Significance Notes : The Owen's Bay Levee retains integrity of location. It is associated with other NWR structures at the Levee landscape site that are mostly contemporaneous. It is associated by proximity, but not age, to the Day Use Area landscape site (see subforms). The setting is similar, although flooding occurred and the Day Use Area was added which increases access. Regarding design, no detailed plan was found (see engineering maps). The original materials, form, function and alignment are similar to current. Maintenance has occurred. Workmanship is not distinct or unusual. Integrity retains essential aspects. Regarding significance, the Owens Bay Levee was built by the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) in 1935-36.

It is part of a system for managing water levels to address the purpose of the bay including fish rearing (for state fish hatchery to south) and waterfowl conservation.

In other areas and over time, water levels could not be controlled as successfully to benefit waterfowl, increasing the importance for the NWR mission. The Owen’s Bay Levee structure is associated with NWRs in general and is associated with an important time in USFWS, namely development and public works programs. The structure is significant. It is eligible under Criterion A for its association with NWR development and administration and association with the CCC. It is not associated with significant people (Criterion B) and it does not represent unique characteristics of style or construction (Criterion C). It is not the principal source of information to provide data about important refuge engineering and additional data is not likely to be found in further background research (Criterion D). It is important on a local level per documented meetings (Refuge narratives, Nesheim 2009:201) and newspapers (Argus Leader, 9/2/1939). The levee is eligible for the NRHP under Criterion A, as an individual structure and as an element of the Levee landscape site.

*Structure Name: Owen's Bay Levee at Lake Andes NWR

Other Name: USFWS RPI#:10031171

Date Of Construction: 1935 Significant Person: N/A

Style: No Style Stories:

Roof Shape: N/A Foundataion: None

Roof Material: N/A *UTM Zone: 14

Occupied: No *UTM Easting: 544451.7800

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Accessible: Yes *UTM Northing: 4778894.5900

Structural System: Earth Restricted: N

Altered/Moved Notes: The Owen’s Bay Levee has been damaged by severe flooding, fluctuating water levels, rodent activity and vegetation overgrowth. The original 3:1 slopes are eroded (see photos). Maintenance documented in Refuge Narratives note continued actions to fix these issues, including leakage and instability.

Physical Notes: Dimensions are 12’ wide at top, 60’ wide at base and 10’ high. A concrete culvert with riser was placed as a WCS. It is located at the south end of the dam, at the base of the structure and perpendicular to the top length of the dam. A spillway is noted at the north end of the levee. The levee is part of a system that regulates water levels in Owen’s Bay. A discrepancy exists regarding the construction date of the Owen’s Bay Levee (USFWS RPI#: 10031171). The levee is marked in USFWS facilities records as built in 1941. If it was built in 1935-36, the Owens Bay Levee may be 87 years old. The USFWS refuge personnel believed that the structure was constructed by local men, but with no association with Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) or Works Progress Administration (WPA) (depression era public works programs). Other documentation suggest it was constructed by the CCC. Although dams, dikes and levees built by the CCC on refuges often follow a standard plan, no detailed engineering drawing was found for this specific levee and spillway. The water control structure appears to be detailed in an engineering drawing for the diversion ditch. Historic photographs are limited.

Perhaps since discussion regarding the plan for the natural levee enhancement and the diversion ditch from the State Fish Hatchery occured prior to establishment of the NWR, the USFWS documentation is sketchy. The Owens Bay Levee landscape site is documented in a subform. A permanent and a temporary CCC camp were located at Lake Andes in 1934 and 1935.

Other Notes: The purpose of the Owens Bay Levee area is conservation (originally water control for fish rearing, later for waterfowl (including overwintering) and presently for more natural wildlife habitat (not including waterfowl overwintering). The purpose of Owen’s Bay Levee structure itself is for water control and to act as a light access road. It is associated with the Lake Andes NWR Day Use Area (see site subform). The Owen’s Bay Levee area is adjacent to the Prairie Ponds Levee (constructed later, see Levee landscape subform). Hiking trails now abut the Owen’s Bay Levee. The Owens’s Bay Levee is earthen (1600’ long) with a WCS (culvert, concrete box riser and a 5’ square concrete outlet) on the south end of the levee and a spillway on the north end. Engineering maps and refuge narratives suggest rip rap may have been placed on the levee on the lake side and near the inlet/outlet. Refuge narratives noted that the Owens Bay Levee was a natural levee that was enhanced by construction, not a completely new levee.

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Site Form – Additional Information

Significance Notes ‐ Picnic Pavilion (individual):

The Picnic Pavilion structure is relatively recent at 50 years old and built by the National Guard of South

Dakota in conjunction with the USFWS. The integrity of the structure is somewhat compromised. The pavilion has been affected by severe flooding, including peeling and missing paint, missing shingles and damaged concrete. Limited documentation is available regarding the pavilion, as well as the day use area landscape. Regarding integrity, the structure is in its original location. The design appears to show the original form. It is a plain, open, unremarkable structure. Changes to the setting include adding elements of the day use area at various times over the years (including signage and toilet replacement) and the lake level fluctuations, although these are relatively consistent through time. The workmanship is fair. The feeling of the structure is fair. Associations with the structure are not obvious, beyond the toilet (originally constructed at the same time as the pavilion), sidewalk and road. The structure is also associated with the levee landscape to the south by proximity. Structures and elements within the day use area are not contemporaneous. Overall, essential aspects of integrity remain. Regarding significance, the pavilion does not convey historical connection to important refuge functions or operations. The structure is associated with National Wildlife Refuges (NWR) in general, but not with an important time in the US Fish and Wildlife Service (such as establishment of the refuge, depression era works projects, etc.). A lack of historic context for the pavilion and day use area landscape exists limiting significance of the structure and landscape. Visitor recreation areas are not a major mission of refuges in general or this refuge in particular. The timeframe of development of the day use area, including the pavilion, (1960’s to 70’s) is not a time of importance for recreation areas for continued use of refuges.

The pavilion is not eligible under Criterion A. Although the SD National Guard built the structure, no significant people were noted as associated with the pavilion (Criterion B) and it does not represent unique characteristics of style or construction (Criterion C). The pavilion is not the principal source of information to provide data about important refuge administration and additional data is not likely to be found in further background research (Criterion D). The Picnic Pavilion is not eligible for the National

Register of Historic Places (NRHP) as an individual structure and or as part of the day use area landscape.

Altered/Moved Notes – Picnic Pavilion

The brown paint is weathering, peeling or missing from the posts and roof. Asphalt shingles are missing or damaged from portions of the roof. The beams and roof let light in and are no longer flush. The benches between the posts are weathered and missing paint. The structure has been damaged by flooding and is near Lake Andes (240’ to the east of the current shoreline).

Physical Notes ‐ Picnic Pavilion

The structure is part of the Lake Andes NWR Day Use Area park landscape. It is a simple, open wood‐ framed picnic shelter consisting of a gabled roof supported on trussed wood posts. Two bench seats are noted between the wood posts. The shelter is over a concrete pad and two picnic tables and a trash receptacle have been placed on the pad. The pad shows slight chipping and cracking. The picnic shelter has a 16’ x 16’ concrete floor, the uprights are 6” x 6” timbers and the roof is made of ¼” plywood with cedar shingles (later replaced with asphalt shingles). The picnic pavilion and original toilet were constructed by the SD National Guard 153rd Engineer Battalion in August 1972. The original vault toilet was 6’ x 7’ and had a 54” diameter reinforced concrete arch culvert set vertically in a 6” reinforced concrete slab. The building was wood frame construction with two stools. Exterior walls were finished with rough‐sawn cedar paneling. The roof was fiberglass sheeting. The toilet was replaced in 1995 with a new prefabricated unit. The picnic pavilion is located within the Loop Road and near the pit toilet, kiosk and trailhead.

Significance Notes ‐ Day Use Area Landscape

The Lake Andes NWR Day Use Area landscape consists of the pavilion, toilet, kiosk, hiking trails, sidewalk, gravel two‐track trail, observation deck, Loop Road and gravel parking area. Design of this landscape appears to be episodic (piecemeal, not cohesive) and by refuge personnel, rather than following an overall plan by landscape specialists. The elements are not contemporaneous and many are too young to be historic. The integrity has been somewhat compromised. The landscape has been damaged by severe flooding, lake level fluctuations, erosion, previous cultivation and vegetation overgrowth. Limited documentation is available regarding this landscape. Regarding integrity, the elements of the landscape appear to be in their original locations. The landscape appears to retain its general form. The setting and feeling are somewhat altered by addition of elements over time, increased public use, fluctuating lake levels and flood damage, although these are relatively consistent through time. Landscape materials and craftsmanship is not remarkable. Much of the installation and maintenance was completed by refuge personnel, although the original toilet and the pavilion were constructed by the SD National Guard. Associations with the landscape include the levee and levee landscape to the south by proximity, as well as recreation use. Structures and elements within the day use area are not contemporaneous. Overall, essential aspects of integrity remain. Regarding significance, the pavilion does not convey historical connection to important refuge functions or operations.