127A8619R0002_Solicitation.pdf
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- VEGETATIVE MANAGEMENT/WILDLIFE PROTECTION SERVICES Federal contract opportunity
- Solicitation number
- 127A8619R0002
About this file
This solicitation requests proposals for indefinite delivery/indefinite quantity contracts to provide various vegetative management and wildlife protection services on the Ouachita National Forest. Services include tree planting, pesticide application, manual and mechanical treatments. The base period runs through December 31, 2019 with four option years potentially extending through December 2023. The North American Industry Classification System code is 115310 and the small business size standard is $7.5 million. This is a 100% small business set-aside. Offers must be submitted electronically by December 18, 2018 to the USDA Forest Service. The agency encourages participation from small, disadvantaged, veteran, and women-owned businesses.
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SEE ADDENDUMIS CHECKED
CODE 18a. PAYMENT WILL BE MADE BY
CODE
FACILITYCODE
17b. CHECK IF REMITTANCE IS DIFFERENT AND PUT SUCH ADDRESS IN OFFER
OFFEROR
7A86
HOT SPRINGS AR 71901
100 RESERVE STREET
OUACHITA NATIONAL FOREST
CODE 16. ADMINISTERED BYCODE
X
X
X
115310
SIZE STANDARD:
100.00 % FOR:SET ASIDE:UNRESTRICTED OR7A86
RFPIFB
10. THIS ACQUISITION ISCODE
RFQ
14. METHOD OF SOLICITATION
13b. RATING
NAICS:
SMALL BUSINESS
12/18/2018 1700 CT
11/16/2018
501-321-5209LATRICIA ROBBINS
(No collect calls)
INFORMATION CALL:
FOR SOLICITATION 8. OFFER DUE DATE/LOCAL TIMEb. TELEPHONE NUMBERa. NAME
4. ORDER NUMBER3. AWARD/ 6. SOLICITATION
127A8619R0002
5. SOLICITATION NUMBER
SOLICITATION/CONTRACT/ORDER FOR COMMERCIAL ITEMS 1. REQUISITION NUMBER PAGE OF
1 85 OFFEROR TO COMPLETE BLOCKS 12, 17, 23, 24, & 30
TELEPHONE NO.
17a. CONTRACTOR/
HOT SPRINGS AR 71901
100 RESERVE STREET
OUACHITA NATIONAL FOREST
15. DELIVER TO
HOT SPRINGS AR 71901
100 RESERVE STREET
9. ISSUED BY
7.
2. CONTRACT NO.
EFFECTIVE DATE
$7.50
18b. SUBMIT INVOICES TO ADDRESS SHOWN IN BLOCK 18a UNLESS BLOCK BELOW
ISSUE DATE
DELIVERY FOR FOB DESTINA-
TION UNLESS BLOCK IS
MARKED
11.
SEE SCHEDULE
12. DISCOUNT TERMS
THIS CONTRACT IS A
RATED ORDER UNDER
DPAS (15 CFR 700)
13a.
SERVICE-DISABLED
VETERAN-OWNED
SMALL BUSINESS
HUBZONE SMALL
BUSINESS
8(A)
OUACHITA NATIONAL FOREST
WOMEN-OWNED SMALL BUSINESS
(WOSB) ELIGIBLE UNDER THE WOMEN-OWNED
SMALL BUSINESS PROGRAM
EDWOSB
24.
AMOUNT
23.
UNIT PRICE
22.
UNIT
21.
QUANTITY
20.
SCHEDULE OF SUPPLIES/SERVICES
19.
ITEM NO.
Vegetative Management/Wildlife Protection Services located on the Ouachita National Forest per the Schedule of Items and Performance Work Statement.
This solicitation will result in Indefinite Delivery - Indefinite Quantity (IDIQ) Contracts as best meets the needs of the Government on the basis of technical capability, past performance and price. These contracts will have a base period, which runs through December 31, 2019 and
(Use Reverse and/or Attach Additional Sheets as Necessary)
HEREIN, IS ACCEPTED AS TO ITEMS:
XX
DATED . YOUR OFFER ON SOLICITATION (BLOCK 5),
INCLUDING ANY ADDITIONS OR CHANGES WHICH ARE SET FORTH
COPIES TO ISSUING OFFICE. CONTRACTOR AGREES TO FURNISH AND DELIVER
ARE
ARE
31c. DATE SIGNED
27b. CONTRACT/PURCHASE ORDER INCORPORATES BY REFERENCE FAR 52.212-4. FAR 52.212-5 IS ATTACHED. ADDENDA
31a. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (SIGNATURE OF CONTRACTING OFFICER)
30c. DATE SIGNED 31b. NAME OF CONTRACTING OFFICER (Type or print)
ALL ITEMS SET FORTH OR OTHERWISE IDENTIFIED ABOVE AND ON ANY ADDITIONAL
SHEETS SUBJECT TO THE TERMS AND CONDITIONS SPECIFIED.
27a. SOLICITATION INCORPORATES BY REFERENCE FAR 52.212-1, 52.212-4. FAR 52.212-3 AND 52.212-5 ARE ATTACHED. ADDENDA
26. TOTAL AWARD AMOUNT (For Govt. Use Only)
OFFER
STANDARD FORM 1449 (REV. 2/2012)
Prescribed by GSA - FAR (48 CFR) 53.212
ARE NOT ATTACHED.
ARE NOT ATTACHED.
AUTHORIZED FOR LOCAL REPRODUCTION
PREVIOUS EDITION IS NOT USABLE
30b. NAME AND TITLE OF SIGNER (Type or print)
30a. SIGNATURE OF OFFEROR/CONTRACTOR
28. CONTRACTOR IS REQUIRED TO SIGN THIS DOCUMENT AND RETURN
25. ACCOUNTING AND APPROPRIATION DATA
29. AWARD OF CONTRACT:
REF.
11/16/2018
32e. MAILING ADDRESS OF AUTHORIZED GOVERNMENT REPRESENTATIVE
32c. DATE 32b. SIGNATURE OF AUTHORIZED GOVERNMENT REPRESENTATIVE
ACCEPTED, AND CONFORMS TO THE CONTRACT, EXCEPT AS NOTED:
32a. QUANTITY IN COLUMN 21 HAS BEEN
RECEIVED INSPECTED
40. PAID BY39. S/R VOUCHER NUMBER38. S/R ACCOUNT NUMBER
37. CHECK NUMBER
FINALPARTIAL
36. PAYMENT
FINALPARTIAL
35. AMOUNT VERIFIED
CORRECT FOR
34. VOUCHER NUMBER33. SHIP NUMBER
COMPLETE
32g. E-MAIL OF AUTHORIZED GOVERNMENT REPRESENTATIVE
42d. TOTAL CONTAINERS42c. DATE REC'D (YY/MM/DD)
42b. RECEIVED AT (Location)
42a. RECEIVED BY (Print)
41c. DATE41b. SIGNATURE AND TITLE OF CERTIFYING OFFICER
41a. I CERTIFY THIS ACCOUNT IS CORRECT AND PROPER FOR PAYMENT
STANDARD FORM 1449 (REV. 2/2012) BACK
24.
AMOUNT
23.
UNIT PRICE
22.
UNIT
21.
QUANTITY
20.
SCHEDULE OF SUPPLIES/SERVICES
19.
ITEM NO.
four option years, which if exercised could extend contract performance through December 31, 2023. There is no guarantee that any options will be exercised by the Government.
Delivery: 12/31/2019
001 Vegetative Management/Wildlife Protection Services
Product/Service Code: F018
Product/Service Description: NATURAL
RESOURCES/CONSERVATION- OTHER FOREST/RANGE
IMPROVEMENTS (NON-CONSTRUCTION)
EQUAL OPPORTUNITY CLAUSE
The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability, and where applicable, sex, marital status, familial status, parental status, religion, sexual orientation, genetic information, political beliefs, reprisal, or because all or part of an individual's income is derived from any public assistance program. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.)
Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information
(Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA's TARGET Center at (202)720-2600
(voice and TDD). To file a complaint of
Continued ...
32f. TELEPHONE NUMBER OF AUTHORIZED GOVERNMENT REPRESENTATIVE
32d. PRINTED NAME AND TITLE OF AUTHORIZED GOVERNMENT REPRESENTATIVE
85 2 of
ITEM NO. SUPPLIES/SERVICES QUANTITY UNIT UNIT PRICE AMOUNT
NAME OF OFFEROR OR CONTRACTOR
3 85
CONTINUATION SHEET
REFERENCE NO. OF DOCUMENT BEING CONTINUED PAGE OF
(A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F)
127A8619R0002 discrimination, write to USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, 1400 Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, DC 20250-9410, or call (800)
795-3272(voice) or (202) 720-6382 (TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.
NSN 7540-01-152-8067 OPTIONAL FORM 336 (4-86)
Sponsored by GSA
FAR (48 CFR) 53.110
127A8619R0002
Ouachita National Forest Vegetative Management/Wildlife Protection Services
VEGETATIVE MANAGEMENT/WILDLIFE PROTECTION SERVICES
Caddo-Womble Ranger District; Jessieville-Winona-Fourche Ranger District; Mena-Oden Ranger District;
Oklahoma Ranger District; Poteau Ranger District and Cold Springs Ranger District.
OVERVIEW
This solicitation will result in Performance Based, Indefinite Delivery - Indefinite Quantity (IDIQ) Multiple Award
Task Order Contracts (MATOC) as best meets the needs of the Government. These contracts will have a base period, which runs through December 31, 2019 and four option years, which if exercised could extend contract performance through December 31, 2023. There is no guarantee that any options will be exercised by the
Government. Submission of an offer for the basic contract period constitutes an offer to perform in the Option
Period(s), if exercised.
The Government shall place orders totaling a minimum of $2,500 to each awarded contractor, but not in excess
$10,000,000, in the aggregate, for all awarded contracts.
Individual task orders will be competed among MATOC awardees. The Government expressly reserves the right to limit competition in order to meet minimum contract obligations or as may otherwise be determined to be in its best interests (such as an emergency situation). The Government reserves the right to adjust the quantity ordered on any task order based on the availability of funds.
These contracts will provide two broad categories of commercial services: (1) labor intensive operations such as planting, thinning, pesticide application, release, midstory reduction and specialized felling; and (2) mechanically intenstive operations normally accomplished with heavy equipment such as ripping, scarification, mulching, firelines, pond construction, and miscellaneous dozer operations.
Individual construction intensive task orders (e.g., pond construction) may be subject to Davis-Bacon wage rates and additionally require payment bonds (over $35K) and performance bonds (over $150K).
Offerors may quote on any or all items for one or multiple Ranger Districts. Offerors may also limit the total amount of work they might accept by addressing any such limitations in their Technical Proposal. When quoting on multiple items, offerors shall identify the priority of those items and the maximum amount of work that may be undertaken.
AUTHORIZED ORDERING ACTIVITIES: Task orders may only be issued by warranted contracting officers or purchasing agents on behalf of the Ouachita National Forest.
ORDERING PROCEDURES FOR COMPETITIVE TASK ORDERS
H.1.1 REQUESTS FOR PROPOSALS. When the Government requires work under the MATOC, a Notice of
Proposed Task Order Request for Proposal will be issued VIA EMAIL ONLY. Performance and payment bonds may be required for construction intensive Task Orders.
H.1.2 COMPETITION. Task Orders will be awarded based on Fair Opportunity, FAR 16.505(b)(1). MATOC awardees will have a fair opportunity to be considered for a task order exceeding $2,500, unless an exception applies. Under the MATOC contracts, the Government reserves the right to accept other than the lowest priced offer, and to reject any or all offers. The basis of award will be a conforming offer, the price or cost of which may or may not be the lowest. If other than the lowest offer, it must be sufficiently more advantageous than the lowest offer to justify the payment of additional amounts.
COMPETING FOR A TASK ORDER. The Contracting Officer will ensure that each awardee receive a fair opportunity to be considered for each order. It is expected that MATOC contractors will submit proposals for all
RFP notices received. In the event a Contractor is unable to submit an offer in response to an RFP notice, the
Contractor shall notify the Contracting Officer via return email. Failure to respond or compete for projects may be considered failure to make progress or perform and will be a consideration for option year renewal.
H.1.3 SITE VISITS. Offeror's attendance at walk-throughs (site visits) is considered vital to preparation of competitive and cost-effective offers and to understanding the total results desired by the Government. In SOME cases, walk-throughs will be determined mandatory in order for a contractor to submit a proposal. Such requirement shall be stated in the RFP notice. The Contractor will not be reimbursed for proposal preparation, attendance during negotiations, site visits, walk-throughs or other pre-task order costs.
H.1.4 PROPOSAL CONTENTS. Depending upon the requirements of each Task Order, the Contractor will typically provide a price proposal in response to an RFP notice. Contractors shall respond within the number of calendar days stated in the RFP notice by submitting a proposal to the Contracting Officer in accordance with requirements stated in the RFP notice. Some task orders may require the submission of a technical proposal. If required, this will be noted in the RFP notice.
H.1.5 CONTRACT PRICES-SCHEDULE OF ITEMS. The Government's payment for the items listed in the
Schedule of Items of individual task orders shall constitute full compensation to the Contractor for- (1) Furnishing all plant, labor, equipment, services, materials and expertise; and (2) Performing all operations required to complete the work in conformity with the drawings and specifications. The Contractor shall include in the prices for the items listed in the Pricing Schedule all costs for work in the specifications, whether or not specifically listed in the Pricing
Schedule.
H.1.6 EVALUATION METHOD AND PROCEDURES. The primary technical and price criteria will vary depending on the unique requirements for each task order. The Contracting Officer may develop evaluation criteria which reflect the instant requirement and contracting environment. Examples of these criteria are past performance on prior task orders under the MATOC contract, which includes quality and timeliness, special expertise or other factors the Contracting Officer determines are relevant to award of a particular task order and the unit’s status of achieving small business goals/targets. In making decisions in award of any individual task order, the Government intends to select the most advantageous, responsive, and responsible proposal, price and other factors considered.
Each RFP notice will describe the criteria to be utilized in evaluating task order proposals.
H.1.7 DISCREPANCIES IN THE EVALUATION OF OFFERS SUBMITTED IN RESPONSE TO RFP
NOTICES FOR INDIVIDUAL TASK ORDERS.
a. For the purpose of initial evaluations of offers proposed for individual Task Orders, the following will be utilized in resolving arithmetic discrepancies found on the face of pricing schedule as submitted by the Offeror: (1)
Obviously misplaced decimal points will be corrected; (2) Discrepancy between unit price and extended price, the unit price will govern; (3) Apparent errors in extension of unit prices will be corrected; (4) Apparent errors in addition of lump-sum and extended prices will be corrected.
b. For purposes of price evaluation, the Government will proceed on the assumption that the Offeror intends the proposed price to be evaluated on basis of the unit prices, the totals arrived at by resolution of arithmetic discrepancies as provided above.
c. These correction procedures shall not be used to resolve any ambiguity concerning which price is low.
H.1.8 EVALUATION OF OPTIONS (FAR 52.217-5) (JUL 1990). Except when it is determined in accordance with FAR 17.206(b) not to be in the Government's best interests, the Government will evaluate offers for the purpose of awarding task orders by adding the total price for all optional line items to the total price for the basic requirement. Evaluation of options will not obligate the Government to exercise the optional line items.
H.1.9 AWARD DECISION. Whenever possible, award will be made without discussions. If discussions are required, each MATOC contractor will be requested to provide a final proposal revision, unless eliminated from discussions through the establishment of a competitive range. Task Order award will be made based on either the best value to the Government or the lowest price, technically acceptable proposal as described in the RFP notice.
The awarded Task Order will be firm fixed-price with a specific number of calendar days for completion. When optional line items are included in the Schedule, the Task Order will specify the timeframe for exercising the
Options.
H.1.10 TASK ORDER ISSUANCE. Task Orders will be issued on SF 1449 or OF 347, depending on the dollar value of award, and will normally be transmitted by email. The Task Order becomes binding when the Contracting
Officer signs the order. A Notice to Proceed (NTP) will be issued separately after receipt of required performance and payment bonds. Appropriate proof of Insurance must be in place before work commences. The appropriate issuing, administration, and payment offices will be cited on each Task Order.
H.1.11 PROTESTS. In accordance with FAR 16.505(a)(10), no protest under FAR Subpart 33.1 is authorized in connection with the issuance or proposed issuance of an order under a Task Order Contract except for a protest on the grounds that the order increases the scope, period, or maximum value of the contract.
H.1.12 OMBUDSMAN. If the Contractor believes it was not fairly considered for a particular task order, the
Contractor may present the matter to the Contracting Officer. The Contractor may appeal the explanation or decision of the Contracting Officer to the Ombudsman, who is the Head of the Contracting Activity. The Ombudsman will review the Contractor's complaint, and in coordination with the Contracting Officer, ensure that the Contractor was afforded a fair opportunity to be considered for the Task Order.
H.1.13 PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS. The Contractor will be provided an electronic copy of the Statement of
Work (with pertinent supplemental specifications and construction drawings as applicable) upon issuance of each
Task Order. All further reproduction shall be at the Contractor's expense. The Government may provide these as hard copy or as electronic media, such as PDF email attachment.
H.2 ORDERING PROCEDURES FOR SOLE SOURCE ORDERS. In the event it becomes necessary to negotiate with one firm on a sole-source basis, the following procedures shall be used in accordance with FAR
16.505(b)(2):
H.2.1 CIRCUMSTANCES PERMITTING SOLE SOURCE ORDERS. All MATOC Contractors will be given a fair opportunity to submit a proposal on projects unless the Contracting Officer determines:
a. An urgent need exists, and seeking competition would result in unacceptable delay
b. Only one Contractor is capable at the level of quality required because the requirement is unique or highly specialized
c. A sole source is in the interest of economy and efficiency as a logical follow-on to an order already competed
d. To satisfy contract minimum award obligations.
SCHEDULE OF ITEMS
OUACHITA NATIONAL FOREST
TASK/SUB-TASK UNIT
C a d d o W o m b le
J es si ev il le
W in o n a
F o u rc h e
M en a O d
O k la h o m
P te u ld S p ri n g s
5.0 Mobilization (Basic Cost) LS
5.1 Tree Planting
5.1.1 Pine Bareroot (Ripped) Acre
5.1.2 Pine Bareroot (Unripped) Acre
5.1.3 Pine Bareroot (Replant) Tree
5.1.4 Pine Containerized (Ripped) Acre
5.1.5 Pine Containerized (Unripped) Acre
5.1.6 Pine Containerized (Replant) Tree
5.2 Pesticide Applications
5.2.1 Foliar Spray
5.2.1.1 Site Preparation Acre
5.2.1.2 Release Acre
5.2.1.3 Midstory Reduction Acre
5.2.1.4 NNIS Eradication Acre
5.2.1.5 Trail Maintenance Mile
5.2.2 Cut Surface Treatment
5.2.2.1 Site Preparation Cut Surface Only Acre
5.2.2.1.1 Cut Surface/Foliar Spray Acre
5.2.2.2 Release Cut Surface Only Acre
5.2.2.2.1 Cut Surface/Foliar Spray Acre
5.2.2.3 Midstory Reduction Cut Surface Only Acre
5.2.2.3.1 Cut Surface/Foliar Spray Acre
5.2.2.4 NNIS Eradication Cut Surface Only Acre
5.2.2.4.1 Cut Surface/Foliar Spray Acre
5.2.2.5 Trail Maintenance Cut Surface Only Mile
5.2.2.5.1 Cut Surface/Foliar Spray Mile
a d d o W o m si ev il le
W in o u rc a O la h o te ld S p ri n g s
5.2.3 Hack-and-Squirt
5.2.3.1 Site Preparation Acre
5.2.3.1.1 Hack-and-Squirt/Foliar Spray Acre
5.2.3.2 Release Acre
5.2.3.2.1 Hack-and-Squirt/Foliar Spray Acre
5.2.3.3 Midstory Reduction Acre
5.2.3.3.1 Hack-and-Squirt/Foliar Spray Acre
5.2.3.4 NNIS Eradication Acre
5.2.3.4.1 Hack-and-Squirt/Foliar Spray Acre
5.3 Manual Treatments
5.3.1 Site Preparation
5.3.1.1 Manual felling < 1,600 stems per acre Acre
5.3.1.1.1 Manual felling < 1,600 stems/ girdling Acre
5.3.1.2 Manual felling > 1,600 stems per acre Acre
5.3.1.2.1 Manual felling > 1,600 stems/ girdling Acre
5.3.2 Release
5.3.2.1 Less than 1,600 stems per acre Acre
5.3.2.2 More than 1,600 stems per acre Acre
5.3.3 Midstory Reduction
5.3.3.1 Light--Less than 500 stems per acre Acre
5.3.3.2 Medium—500 - 1,000 stems per acre Acre
5.3.3.3 Heavy--More than 1,000 stems per acre Acre
5.3.4 Overstory Development Acre
5.3.4.1 Less than 1,600 stems per acre Acre
5.3.4.2 More than 1,600 stems per acre Acre
5.3.5 Precommercial Thinning
5.3.5.1 Less than 1,600 stems per acre Acre
a d d o W o m si ev il le
W in o u rc a O la h o te ld S p ri n g s
5.3.5.2 More than 1,600 stems per acre Acre
5.3.6 Specialized Felling
5.3.6.1 Directional (Less than 9.6” DBH) Acre
5.3.6.2 Directional (Greater than 9.6” DBH) Acre
5.3.6.3 Snag felling Each
5.3.7 Girdling Acre
5.3.8 Trail Maintenance Cutting and Clearing Mile
5.4 Mechanical (Track and Wheel)
5.4.1 Shear Operations
5.4.1.1 Heavy Acre
5.4.1.2 Medium Acre
5.4.2 Single Drum Chopper
5.4.2.1 Heavy Acre
5.4.2.2 Medium Acre
5.4.3 Mulching Acre
5.4.4 Ripping
5.4.4.1 Heavy Acre
5.4.4.2 Medium Acre
5.4.4.3 Light Acre
5.4.5 Scarification Acre
5.4.6 Firelines
5.4.6.1 Heavy (construction) Mile
5.4.6.2 Heavy (maintenance) Mile
5.4.6.3 Medium (construction) Mile
5.4.6.4 Medium (maintenance) Mile
a d d o W o m si ev il le
W in o u rc a O la h o te ld S p ri n g s
5.4.6.5 Light (construction) Mile
5.4.6.6 Light (maintenance) Mile
5.4.7 Wildlife Openings
5.4.7.1 Heavy (construction) Acre
5.4.7.2 Medium (construction) Acre
5.4.7.3 Light (construction) Acre
5.4.7.4 Brush hogging (maintenance) Acre
5.4.7.5 Disk/Lime/Fertilize/Seed Acre
5.4.8 Pond Construction
5.4.8.1 Heavy Acre
5.4.8.2 Medium Acre
5.4.8.3 Light Acre
5.4.9 Earth Mound/Roadblock Removal & Restoration Each
5.4.10 Dozer Operations for Widely Scattered
and Difficult to Estimate Projects (e.g. Group-selection site preparation)
5.4.10.1 Class T3 60 to 69 Horsepower Hour
5.4.10.2 Class T4 70 to 104 Horsepower Hour
5.4.10.3 Class T5 105 to 124 Horsepower Hour
5.4.10.4 Class T6 125 to 139 Horsepower Hour
5.4.10.5 Class T7 140 to 169 Horsepower Hour
5.4.10.6 Class T8 170 to 194 Horsepower Hour
5.4.10.7 Class T9 195 to 249 Horsepower Hour
5.4.10.8 Class T10 250 to 299 Horsepower Hour
5.4.10.9 Class T11 300 to 369 Horsepower Hour
a d d o W o m si ev il le
W in o u rc a O la h o te ld S p ri n g s
5.4.11 Mechanical Invasive Species Eradication
5.4.11.1 Roadside spraying (both sides) Mile
5.4.11.2 Landscape Acre
5.4.12 Dump Truck Rental (10 CY) Hour
Prices are for evaluation purposes (reasonableness/realism); pricing on individual task orders will be determined by competitive bid (fair opportunity).
PERFORMANCE WORK STATEMENT
SECTION I - GENERAL DESCRIPTION
SCOPE OF CONTRACT
The purpose of the proposed contract is to provide an array of vegetation management/wildlife protection services to the Ouachita National Forest as detailed in the Schedule of Items and this Performance Work Statement.
PROJECT LOCATION
a) The project is located on Ranger Districts of the Ouachita NF, with headquarters in Hot Springs, AR.
b) Specific locations, unit data, and maps will be supplied with each task order. Most boundaries have been previously marked by hanging flags on trees or by orange paint slashes on sides of trees, spaced approximately 20 to 100 feet apart, around each area. Others may have fences, roads, timber age changes, or natural structures which have been used as boundaries.
c) Acreages listed on each task order will have been determined by closed traverse, planimeter, or global positioning system (GPS). For purposes of this contract, quantities listed on each task order are considered actual acreage and not an estimate.
PROJECT ACCESS
a) The project area shall be accessed by Forest Service Roads. The Forest Service assumes no obligation to perform any special maintenance in order to keep roads open. Stands are accessible by some combination of 2- or 4-wheel drive vehicle and foot travel.
b) The National Forest’s Motor Vehicle Use Map (MVUM) for the individual Ranger Districts (available upon award) provides open road information. The Contractor will be issued a Forest Service key in order to access those roads that are seasonally closed by gates. Forest Service roads that are permanently closed by earthen berms or some other obstruction will have to be accessed by foot or, if available, UTV.
c) Contractors are subject to the same rules as Forest Service personnel regarding the use of off-road vehicles and must use only utility task vehicles (UTV) or side by sides. These vehicles differ from all-terrain vehicles (ATV) in that UTV payloads run from 800 to 1,350 pounds above the operator/passenger’s weight.
UTV also have roll-over protection and seat belts unlike ATV.
SALVAGE RIGHTS
No salvage rights exist under this contract.
RE-MEASUREMENT
The Contractor may at any time after issuance of a task order request re-measurement of an area in writing.
Payment will be based on the re-measured acreage, except no adjustment shall be made for less than 1 acre.
The Contractor shall pay for the cost of re-measurement if the resultant increase is less than 10 percent. Method of re-measurement will be determined by the Government.
PAYMENT
Payment for performed work will be based on actual acres completed by the Contractor and accepted by the
Government.
CONTRACTOR REPRESENTATIVE
The contractor shall provide a contract representative for the performance of the work. The name of this person and an alternate(s) who shall act for the contractor when the contractor is absent shall be designated in writing to the contracting officer. The contractor representative or alternate shall have full authority to act for the contractor on all contract matters relating to daily operation of this contract. The contractor representative and alternate(s) must be able to read, write, speak, understand English, and communicate with his crews.
PROTECTION OF IMPROVEMENTS
Any improvements damaged by the contractor’s work shall be repaired to the condition that existed prior to the start of work at the contractor’s expense.
SECTION II - DEFINITIONS
2.1 STANDARD DEFINITIONS
TERMS MEANING
Acceptable Quality Level (AQL) The maximum allowable deviation from perfect performance that may occur before the Government will invoke payment deduction. An AQL does not allow a contractor knowingly to offer defective service, but limits reduced payment to circumstances in which defective performance results in a measurable reduction in the value of services rendered.
Defective Service A unit of service which contains one or more defects, or nonconformance with specified requirements.
Performance Requirements
Summary (PRS)
Identifies the key service outputs of the contract that will be evaluated by the
Government to assure contract performance standards are met by the contractor.
Quality Assurance Those actions taken by the Government to assure services meet the requirements of the Performance Work Statement (PWS)
Contracting Officer (CO) A person with the authority to enter into, and administer, and/or terminate contracts and make related determinations and findings.
Contracting Officer’s
Representative (COR)
A Government person appointed by the contracting officer to help the contracting officer with contract administration and surveillance.
Government Inspector A Government person responsible for surveillance of contractor performance.
Quality Assurance Surveillance
Plan (QASP)
An organized written document used for quality assurance surveillance that contains specific methods the Government will use to perform surveillance of the contractor.
Quality Control Those actions taken by a contractor to control the performance of services so that they meet the requirements of the PWS.
Random Sampling A sampling method in which each service output in a unit has an equal chance of being selected.
Calendar Days Every day shown on the calendar, Saturdays, Sundays and holidays included.
2.2 TECHNICAL DEFINTIONS
DBH (Diameter breast height) Diameter of the trunk of a tree measured 4-1/2 feet above the ground level on the uphill side of the tree.
Leave Trees Trees which are not to be cut under this contract.
Crop Trees Trees which are not cut based on their growth characteristics that will make future sawtimber trees.
Cut Trees Trees which are to be cut under this contract.
Slash Any vegetation that was cut by the contractor.
Lopping and Scattering Cutting limbs from the trunks of the cut trees and moving and rearranging of slash concentrations to achieve slash depth required in the contract.
Bole The trunk or stem of a tree
Live Crown Ratio Percent of live crown in relation to the total height of the tree
Manual Felling Method of treatment application that severs the stem from the stump.
Reforestation The act of renewing tree cover by establishing young trees naturally or artificially.
Shelterwood Reforestation Method of treatment that creates an open under-story within an over-storied landscape through reduction of mid-story stems.
Release A treatment designed to free young trees from undesirable, usually overtopping, competing vegetation.
Precommercial thinning Method of treatment where tree stems are completely severed from the stump in order to improve tree spacing.
Noncommercial thinning Method of treatment where tree stems are completely severed from the stump in order to improve tree spacing and control competition.
Foliar spray Method of treatment application where herbicide is applied to foliage of vegetation.
Hack and Squirt Method of treatment application that applies herbicide through cuts in the stem, (bole) of the tree.
Cut Surface Treatment Method of treatment where tree stems or vines are completely severed from the stump and followed with an application of herbicide.
Broadcast herbicide Application of herbicide over an entire area.
Spot herbicide Application of herbicide on target plants.
Strip herbicide Application of herbicide in rows.
Glade restoration Cutting undesirable vegetation to create open glades.
Hardwood Understory controls Cutting hardwood stems in the understory.
Ripped Site Preparation Mechanical treatment with a blade penetrating soil to a depth of approximately 18 inches for the planting of seedlings.
Unripped Site Preparation Planting sites that have not been subsoiled.
Drum Chopping A method of site preparation that crushes vegetation using a roller drum pulled behind a dozer.
Nonnative Invasive Species Noxious weeds
Overstory Development Release and retention of selected hard mast producers
Midstory Vegetation layer between the canopy and herbaceous layer
Girdling Hand treatment that removes the cambium layer located beneath the bark of a tree bole.
Competing Plants Any plant that is ½ or greater the height of the crop trees.
Hardwood Stump Sprout Vegetation growth of a hardwood species originating from a cut stump.
Fireline Construction
The construction of handline or machine line to contain a fire. Fireline construction is the removal of all combustible vegetation leaving only bare mineral soil.
Scarification Treatment that exposes bare mineral soil.
SECTION III - GOVERNMENT FURNISHED PROPERTY, MATERIALS, SERVICES
The Government will furnish the following: Project area maps (1:24000) scale for each area; vicinity maps that show the general location of the areas on each unit; tree seedlings for planting; herbicide; dye; surfactant; and water.
SECTION IV - CONTRACTOR FURNISHED ITEMS/SERVICES
The contractor shall furnish all equipment, supplies, and labor required to perform this Performance Work
Statement. Contractor shall provide proof of State license(s) for herbicide handling and application.
SECTION V - CRITICAL TASKS AND SUBTASKS
The contractor shall perform the following tasks and subtasks:
5.1 Tree Planting
5.1.1 Mobilization
5.1.2 Inspection and Testing
The contractor shall perform inspections and testing of completed work in accordance with the
Government approved Contractor Quality Control Plan.
5.1.3 Demobilization and Cleanup
5.1.4 Documentation
The contractor shall provide the following documentation:
5.1.4.1 Work Plan and Schedule
The Contractor shall provide a plan of work to show their ability to complete the project on time.
5.1.4.2 Quality Control Plan and Schedule
The contractor shall explain how they intend to monitor work quality and complete all tasks in a timely manner.
5.1.4.3 Contractor Inspection Records
The Contractor shall provide a written record of inspection as specified in the
Quality Control Plan.
5.1.4.4 Safety Plan
5.2 Pesticide Applications
5.2.1 Mobilization
5.2.2 Mix, Calibrate, and Spray
Contractor shall mix, calibrate equipment, and spray according to label directions and Forest Service
Policy.
5.2.3 Application
Contractor shall continuously monitor application rate and adequate coverage of target species.
5.2.4 Inspection and Testing
The contractor shall perform inspections and testing of completed work in accordance with the
Government approved Contractor Quality Control Plan.
5.2.5 Demobilization and Cleanup
5.2.6 Documentation
The contractor shall provide the following documentation:
5.2.6.1 Work Plan and Schedule
The Contractor shall provide a plan of work to show their ability to complete the project on time.
5.2.6.2 Quality Control Plan and Schedule
The contractor shall explain how they intend to monitor work quality and complete all tasks in a timely manner.
5.2.6.3 Contractor Inspection Records
The Contractor shall provide a written record of inspection as specified in the
Quality Control Plan.
5.2.6.4 Pesticide Application Records
5.2.6.5 Safety Plan
5.2.6.5.1Spill Abatement Plan
5.3 Manual Treatments
5.3.1 Mobilization
5.3.2 Inspection and Testing
The contractor shall perform inspections and testing of completed work in accordance with the
Government approved Contractor Quality Control Plan.
5.3.3 Demobilization and Cleanup
5.3.4 Documentation
The contractor shall provide the following documentation:
5.3.4.1 Work Plan and Schedule
The Contractor shall provide a plan of work to show their ability to complete the project on time.
5.3.4.2 Quality Control Plan and Schedule
The contractor shall explain how they intend to monitor work quality and complete all tasks in a timely manner.
5.3.4.3 Contractor Inspection Records
The Contractor shall provide a written record of inspection as specified in the
5.3.4.4 Safety Plan
5.4 Mechanical Treatments
5.4.1 Mobilization
5.4.2 Inspection and Testing
The contractor shall perform inspections and testing of completed work in accordance with the
Government approved Contractor Quality Control Plan.
5.4.3 Demobilization and Cleanup
5.4.4Documentation
The contractor shall provide the following documentation:
5.4.4.1 Work Plan and Schedule
The Contractor shall provide a plan of work to show their ability to complete the project on time.
5.4.4.2 Quality Control Plan and Schedule
The contractor shall explain how they intend to monitor work quality and complete all tasks in a timely manner.
5.4.4.3 Contractor Inspection Records
The Contractor shall provide a written record of inspection as specified in the
5.4.4.4 Safety Plan
SECTION VI - GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS/INDUSTRY STANDARDS/STATE
STANDARDS.GOVERNMENT STANDARDS/TECHNICAL EXHIBITS
NUMBER/DATE TITLE AGENCY
Revision 46
Dated 7/10/18
Revision 48
Dated 7/10/18
Wage Determination Number 1979-1136
State: Arkansas
Area: Arkansas Statewide
Copy attached
Wage Determination Number 1977-1428
State: Oklahoma
Area: Oklahoma Statewide
Copy attached
U.S. Department of Labor
Employment
Standards
Administration
Wage and Hour
Division
September 2005
Revised Land Management Plan
Available at the following website:
http://www.fs.fed.us/r8/ouachita/planning/index.shtml
Ouachita National
Forest
June 2011 Government’s Quality Assurance Surveillance Plan Ouachita National
Forest http://www.fs.fed.us/r8/ouachita/planning/index.shtml
SECTION VII – QUALITY/PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS
FOR SITE PREPARATION, REFORESTATION, THINNING AND RELEASE
Task/Critical
Subtasks
Quality/Performance
Standards
Acceptable
Quality
Level
(100% or other)
Means of
Measurement
Negative
Incentives
Positive
Incentives
5.1
Tree
Planting
5.3
Manual
Treatments
5.4
Mechanical
Treatments
Ouachita NF
Standard Specifications for Schedule of Items
Revised Land and
Resource Management
Plan, USDA Forest
Service, Ouachita NF
National Forest Sept
2005.
100%
Verify contract records and reports;
periodically witness contractor inspection;
conduct independent
Government inspections
Rework at no cost to
Government;
Repair or replace at no cost to
Government except with a price reduction for nonconforming work noncompliant contractor;
Inspection system with contractor responsible for
100% of
Government inspection costs for all tasks and subtasks
Satisfactory or better performance rating.
5.2
Pesticide
Applications
Pesticide Manufactures
Label
Ouachita Standard
Specifications for
Schedule of Items
Revised Land and
Resource Management
Plan, USDA Forest
Service, Ouachita
National Forest Sept
2005.
100%
Verify contract records and reports;
periodically witness contractor inspection;
conduct independent
Government inspections
Rework at no cost to
Government;
Repair or replace at no cost to
Government except with a price reduction for nonconforming work noncompliant contractor;
Inspection system with contractor responsible for
100% of
Government inspection costs for all tasks and subtasks
Satisfactory or better performance rating.
VEGETATION MANAGEMENT TREATMENT STANDARDS
Current Policy and Standard Practices for H2B Workers and Working Conditions
Migrant and seasonal Workers Protection Act: Provides requirements for housing, transportation, and working conditions for migrant and seasonal workers. The Department of Labor is responsible for enforcement.
Service Contract Act: Provides for minimum wages and other benefits under federal service contracts. The
Department of Labor is responsible for enforcement.
Office of Safety and Health Administration (OSHA): Responsible for setting health and safety requirements in the multitude of industries. OSHA is responsible for enforcement.
Legal status of workers in the U.S.: The Department of Homeland Security--Immigration and Naturalization
Service is responsible of reinforcing the legal status of workers in the U.S.
TREE PLANTING - TASK NUMBER 5.1
(a) Timing of Implementation
Planting operations may begin when sufficient soil moisture is available. Annual seasonal rains normally begin in
November providing sufficient soil moisture. Planting may occur anytime between mid-October to mid-March.
(b) Seedlings
The contractor shall plant all trees ordered and delivered to the planting site within twenty-four hours of delivery unless otherwise approved by the Contracting Officer Representative (COR). When the COR determines that conditions are unsuitable for planting, the contractor shall return all unplanted trees to the delivery point with no penalty for delay in planting the delivered trees.
If conditions are outside the following range of preferred weather conditions, then the contractor shall take additional precautionary measures as directed by the COR in the protection, care, and handling of seedlings during transport and while on the planting site:
Air temperature: 33-75 degrees F
Relative humidity: 30- 50 percent
Wind speed: = or <15 miles per hour
(c) Spacing
Tree spacing may change with each planting site. Maps that are provided showing the location of planting sites shall include specific spacing for that site. Trees may be planted on the following spacing.
Spacing # Trees/Acre Spacing # Trees/Acre
6 X 8 = 908 9 X 9 = 538
7 X 8 = 778 9 X 10 = 484
6 X 10 = 726 8 X 12 = 454
8 X 8 = 681 10 X 10 = 436
7 X 10 = 622 9 X 12 = 403
6 X 12 = 605 11 X 11 = 360
8 X 10 = 544 12 X 12 = 302
(d) Planting Standards for Bareroot and Containerized Seedlings
Seedlings shall be carried in seedling bag or other suitable container allowing the seedlings to be kept moist and protected.
Seedlings shall not be carried in the tree planter’s hand with the root or soil medium exposed but rather the seedlings shall be removed from the seedling bag one at a time as each seedling is planted.
One pine seedling shall be planted in a trash-free hole.
Trash such as leaves, litter, duff, etc. will be removed in a one-foot square area surrounding the planting hole.
Do not plant seedlings in frozen ground, during freezing weather, or other unsatisfactory conditions as determined by the COR.
Soil moisture should be present at least six inches deep.
All planting areas in and adjacent to obstacles such as windrows, tree tops, and/or rocks shall be planted.
Do not plant within clearing limits of any designated system road or powerline right-of-way or within fifteen feet of fence or existing tree line.
Do not plant in standing water.
Seedlings shall not be planted within twelve inches of large mounds of dirt or stump holes large enough to hamper root growth of seedling.
(e) Disposal of Seedling Boxes/Bags and Other Debris
It will be the contractors’ responsibility to dispose of seedling bags/boxes, binding straps and contractor generated debris and litter from National Forest lands.
(f) Resource Protection
Improvements such as fences, gates, property boundaries, corner monuments, and trees that are marked or identified with paint, signs, tags, and/or blazes shall be protected by the contractor.
The contractor will notify the COR immediately of any damaged structures and repair damages that have resulted from the contractor’s operations.
BARE-ROOT SEEDLINGS
5.1.1 - Ripped Site Prep
5.1.2 - Unripped Site Prep
5.1.3 - Replant
Pine seedlings will be planted following the procedures shown in the attached exhibits, “How to Plant Forest Tree
Seedlings” and “Trees Planted in an Unsatisfactory Manner.” Preferred hand planting tools will be dibble bars, mattocks, hoedads, etc. The penetrating portion of the blade will not be less than ten inches long and two and three-fourths inches wide. Lean of planted seedling shall not exceed forty-five percent.
Soil should be firmly packed around each planted seedling, and the planting hole should be closed at the bottom as well as at the top. Seedlings must be planted so as to withstand being pulled by the terminal group of needles.
The ideal pine seedling should be a balanced, sturdy stemmed, medium-sized seedling measuring between seven and thirteen inches in height with a well developed, fibrous root system.
Minimum Quality Measure
Stem Length 5 inches
Root Collar Diameter 1/8 inch
Root Length 5 inches
Lateral Roots Abundant
Winter buds Present
Cull seedlings that do not meet the minimum criteria listed in the table above as well as seedlings with forked tops, having evidence of fusiform rust, or other noted undesirable traits will not be planted.
Seedling roots have been root-pruned in the nursery. Taproots should range from five to ten inches in length with abundant lateral roots. Roots should not be pruned in the field. However, if the nursery fails to prune seedling-root systems sufficiently for proper planting, as determined by the COR, then root-pruning in the field will be permitted.
When seedlings are being separated, do not beat seedlings against objects to loosen the roots.
Do not shake off or remove moisture retentive root coatings.
Lateral roots are the primary source of water and nutrient uptake. Protect and keep them intact.
Shortleaf pine seedlings should be planted with the S-shape in the stem showing even with or below the ground line.
Seedlings should be planted in a manner to prevent “J-rooting,” “L-rooting,” twisted, or balled roots.
To avoid possible root damage, do not use planting tools to maneuver roots of seedling into the planting hole.
Proper planting procedure for bare-root seedlings
Planting holes should be constructed according to the attached pictures.
After a proper planting slit is made, insert the seedling until the taproot reaches the bottom of the planting slit. Then raise the seedling to the proper planting depth. After the seedling is raised to the proper planting depth, and it is in a vertical position without leaning; close the planting slit at the bottom and top.
Then pack the soil around the planting hole.
Proper planting can be determined for pines by grasping four of the terminal needles and pulling. If the seedling moves up when the four needles are pulled, then the seedling is improperly packed. If the seedling remains still when the four needles are released, then packing is suitable.
Standards for replanting bareroot seedlings are the same as for 5.1.1 and 5.1.2 except for spacing between seedlings.
The COR will designate spacing of bareroot seedlings based on the distance between surviving planted stocking and acceptable natural stocking.
Exhibit 1. How to Plant Forest Tree Seedlings
Exhibit 2. Trees Planted in an Unsatisfactory Manner
CONTAINERIZED SEEDLINGS
5.1.4 -- Ripped Site Prep
5.1.5 -- Unripped Site Prep
5.1.6 -- Replant
The soil medium within which the containerized seedling was grown in the nursery, called a seedling plug, will remain intact with the root system. The seedling plugs shall be kept moist but not water soaked to ensure a healthy seedling.
The seedling plugs should be placed no deeper than one-half inch below the ground line.
The native soil around the seedling plug should be firmed up. However, be careful not to step on the seedling.
Seedlings must be planted so as to withstand being pulled by the terminal group of needles.
Containerized seedlings will be planted using a tool that will prepare a planting hole the same shape and size as the seedling plug.
The ideal pine seedling should be a balanced, sturdy-stemmed, medium-sized seedling measuring seven to thirteen inches in height and having a well developed, fibrous root system contained within the seedling plug.
Do not shake off or remove soil that is contained within the seedling plug.
Minimum Quality Measure
Stem Length 5 inches
Root Collar Diameter 1/8 inch
Plug Length 3.5 inches
Lateral Roots Abundant
Winter buds Present
Cull seedlings that do not meet the minimum criteria listed in the table above as well as seedlings with forked tops, having evidence of fusiform rust, or other noted undesirable traits will not be planted.
Standards for replanting containerized seedlings are the same as for 5.1.4 and 5.1.5 except for spacing between seedlings. The COR will designate spacing of containerized seedlings based on the distance between surviving planted stocking and acceptable natural stocking.
PESTICIDE APPLICATIONS - TASK NUMBER 5.2
Foliar spray treatments shall be implemented during the leaf-on period of the year. Normally, leaf-on starts about the middle of April and ends at the first frost in October.
Cut-surface and hack-and-squirt methods of herbicide application may be completed throughout the year except during freezing temperatures or heavy spring sap flow. These methods are normally scheduled from April through
October.
Some invasive species such as Chinese privet may be chemically treated in the winter.
Herbicide application shall be within 20 minutes of felling the tree.
(b) Herbicide Standards Common to All Methods of Application
The contractor shall apply herbicides in accordance with the label directions.
The specific herbicide that will be used within a treatment area shall be determined by the Forest Service and provided to the contractor for application.
Herbicides will not be applied within the immediate vicinity of individual or clumps of existing Ozark chinquapin stems.
Do not broadcast herbicides within one-hundred feet of private property unless otherwise advised by the COR.
Whenever possible, use individual-stem treatments, directed foliar treatments, and crop-tree release rather than broadcast applications. Herbicides will not be applied within 100 feet of perennial drains or within 30 feet of intermittent drains.
(c) Resource Protection
Treatment applications shall not be applied within Streamside Management Zones that are comprised of a minimum one hundred feet either side of a perennial stream and thirty feet either side of a defined stream.
Improvements such as fences, gates, property boundaries, corner monuments, and trees that are marked or identified
Treated vegetation will be removed from all rights-of-way unless otherwise directed by the COR.
Protect residual seed trees from fire through the removal of slash that lies within three feet of the tree bole or unless specified by the COR.
Trees that are located adjacent to roads, fire lines, fences, private property, rights-of-way, or other structures and are designated for treatment shall be severed and felled so as not to damage, lean on, clog, or otherwise obstruct existing structures or facilities.
The contractor will notify the COR immediately of any damaged structures and repair damages that have resulted
All treated vegetation shall be lopped and scattered to lie within two foot of the ground for approximately one hundred feet either side of a highway or trail that has been designated as having a scenic integrity objective of moderate, high or very high unless otherwise directed by the COR.
Lead off and wing ditch structures that have been constructed for system roads shall be protected.
(d) Vegetation Targeted For Treatment
Treat all pine and hardwood stems not designated for retention that are located within the clearing limits of permanent wildlife openings. Retain existing large hardwoods stems up to thirty square feet of basal area per acre.
Treat all trees that are deformed, stunted, broken, bent over, and/or otherwise damaged.
Areas that are designated for the manual felling method of treatment shall have the cut trees completely severed from the stump as close to the ground as is practical but not higher than six inches from ground level on the uphill side of the tree unless otherwise specified by the COR. The severed stems shall not lean against or hang in leave crop trees but rather they shall lie within two feet of the ground. This may require the cut trees to be bucked up into shorter segments.
Areas that are designated for a girdling method of treatment may complete the operation using any mechanical or manual hand tool so long as the tool girdles a stem to the following standard:
Girdling will form a closed circle around the stem being treated, no higher than three feet above the ground. Girdles shall go through the bark and penetrate into the cambium and solid wood a minimum of one half inch deep. That section of bark, cambium layer, and wood shall be removed completely encircling the stem forming a two-inch wide by one-half inch deep girdle into the solid wood portion of the treated stem.
If an inadequate number of snags exist within a treatment area, then girdle two twelve-inch or larger trees per acre.
Smaller trees may be girdled to serve as snags when there are no existing larger stems.
(e) Vegetation Not Targeted for Treatment
Leave crop trees that are characterized as being the best-formed stems within the dominant or co-dominant crown classes that are spaced about ten feet apart consisting of approximately 436 stems per acre.
Painted or flagged boundary trees that mark unit boundaries, streamside zones, or exclusions, and the vegetation that is contained within the exclusions.
Wildlife den trees that are recognized as having at least one hole in the trunk of a tree.
Existing snags and trees that are marked for retention.
Retain pine stems that are undamaged and are five inches or greater diameter at breast height (DBH) except when those pine stems are contained within an area designated for a site-preparation treatment.
Maintain, when available, two mature trees or two clumps of vine harborages per acre consisting of healthy non-competing vegetation of the following species: dogwood, mulberry, plum, redbud, serviceberry, black cherry, hawthorn, persimmon, grape and muscadine vines.
Areas designated for site preparation, release, and/or precommercial thinning method of treatment will list an acceptable percentage of residual hardwood stems on the project map. The desired ratio of hardwoods will vary among treatment areas.
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