att10_2009_hnf_cse_userfieldguide_4_15_09_(003).pdf

Attachment 10

HNF Field Guide for Common Stand Exam April, 2009

Hiawatha National Forest

Field Guide

For

Common Stand Exam (CSE)

April, 2009

HNF Field Procedures Handbook for Common Stand Exam

Table of Contents

Section 1: General Information Section 2: Setting Section 3: Sample Design Standard Sample Designs for use on the HNF:

Section 4: Plot Data Section 5: Tree Data Section 6: Data Collection Forms (Paper) Section 7: Inspection Forms and Accuracy Standards

APPENDICES

Appendix A: Existing Vegetation Codes (for use in Setting and Plot Data), Descriptions, and Recommended Sample Design Appendix B: NON-FOREST Vegetation Codes (for use in Setting Remarks) Appendix C: Timber Land Suitability Class (TLSC) Codes & Descriptions Appendix D: Stand Prescription – Activity Codes and Descriptions Appendix E: Within-Stand Features – Codes and Descriptions Appendix F: Examples of various Sample Designs Appendix G: Species Codes (for use in Tree Data) Appendix H: Key to Tree Species Appendix I: Fixed Radius Plot Appendix J: Variable Radius Plot Appendix K: Damage Categories, Agents, Severity Ratings, and Tree Parts Appendix L: Measuring DBH & DRC Appendix M: Measuring Heights Appendix N: Measuring Age Appendix O: Glossary of Terms

Section 1: General Information

Field Data Collection Procedures Field data collection procedures are based upon Common Stand Exam (CSE) protocols that have been modified for the Hiawatha National Forest. This handbook addresses primarily those data elements that are currently being collected for CSE on the Hiawatha NF. (In general, “1000“; that is, “Quick Plot”, Tree Data only.) If/when the HNF begins collecting data at a more intensive level, this field guide may need to be updated. A complete listing of CSE data fields are available from the FS VEG web page:

http://fsweb.nris.fs.fed.us/products/FSVeg/documentation/index.shtml

Field Data Forms It is desired that field data be collected electronically. However, blank data collection forms for collecting data on paper are is located in Section 6, “Data Collection Forms”. The standard FSVEG data collection forms have been edited to reflect the modified HNF inventory procedures. These forms may be photocopied and used to collect data if data is not being collected electronically. (This requires transfer to electronic format in order to be uploaded into FSVeg, increasing chance of human error.) Contract data must be submitted in electronic format. Any desired modifications to these forms should be brought to the attention of the district silviculturist and they will bring the desired modification to the HNF inventory team for possible inclusion.

Stand Examination Types There are three different Stand examination types:

Quick Plot – A quick plot exam may group trees by species, diameter, heights and/or damage classes on both large and small plots. These exams collect stand structual data in an efficient manner. Diameters of live trees are recorded by 2 inch DBH class and standing dead tree heights may be occularly estimated. Limited tree defect information is collected, growth data is not collected, and small tree measurements may be recorded in groups. By limiting the information gathered and reducing measurement accuracy standards, significant cost savings are realized. The main uses of a quick plot are:

cover and stand structure estimates by vegetative layer, exams in single species or single storied stands, timber stand improvement inspections, post treatment examinations, general surveys such as mistletoe surveys

Unless specifically stated otherwise, stand exam information will collected using this method.

Extensive - An extensive exam collects accurate tree measurements to tolerance standards tighter than a quick plot, but not as tight as an intensive exam. Trees on the large plot are recorded individually, but trees on the small plot may be recorded in groups. Diameters of live trees are measured to the nearest inch. Heights are measured to the nearest 5 feet.

Tree defect information is collected. The main uses of an extensive exam are:

minimum data required to execute growth and yield models, exams in multistoried stands, silvicultural prescriptions.

Intensive – An intensive exam collects accurate tree measurements to tight tolerance standards. It provides a comprehensive inventory for unique stands. Trees on the large plot are recorded individually, but trees on the small plot may be recorded in groups. Diameters http://fsweb.nris.fs.fed.us/products/FSVeg/documentation/index.shtml of live trees are measured to the nearest 1/10th of an inch. Heights are measured to the nearest foot. Detailed tree defects are collected. The main uses of an intensive exam are:

stand volume, defect, and mortality, exams in complex stands in terms of species and size, supplemental cruise plots to reduce costs for timber sale preparation, tree growth information for use in tree models, and growth and yield studies, and silvicultural prescriptions.

Required Fields The following fields are required regardless of the examination level.

Setting: Project Name Region Proclaimed Forest Number District Location Stand Number

Date Exam Level

Design: Selection Method Expansion Factor

Point: Point Number

Surface: Point Number

The following fields are required depending on the examination level. Additional fields can be collected (and may be required for certain projects or contracts) with any examination level as long as the required fields are collected.

Tree Form

Field Quick Plot Extensive Plot Intensive Plot

Plot Number X X X

Tag Number X X

Tree Status X X X

Site/GST Tree X

Tree Species X X X

Tree Count X X X

DBH/DRC X X X

Height Trees < 4.5 feet tall and S.I. Trees Trees < 4.5 feet tall and S.I. Trees Trees < 4.5 feet tall and S.I. Trees

Age S.I. Trees S.I. Trees S.I. Trees

Crown Ratio X

Crown Class X X

Damage Category X X

Damage Agent X

Damage Severity X X

Requirements for Vegetation Composition, Down Woody, and Ground Surface are not included at this time.

Accuracy standards for all items are listed in Section 7 within the inspection forms.

Section 2: Setting

Accuracy Standards are found in Section 7, within the inspection forms. The paper Setting Form is shown in Section 6, “Data Collection Forms”.

In the FSveg database and the Common Stand Exam program, a “setting” is usually a “stand”.

Certain data fields uniquely identify each setting. The date field is used to uniquely identify the setting from multiple surveys from the same location,over time. Complete one Setting Form for each setting.

Project Name (25-character) Multiple settings may use the same project name. A project name is a useful way to group settings. Example project names are “CSE stand exam”, “CSE Bat exam”, and “post harvest exam”. For Common Stand Exam contracts on the HNF, the default project name will be “CSE” (without quote marks), unless otherwise stated.

Region (2-digit) Record the proclaimed Region where the stand is located.

Code Description

09 Region Nine - Eastern Region (default)

Proclaimed National Forest (2-digit) Record the proclaimed National Forest where the setting is located. (default) Code Description

10 Hiawatha (default)

District (2-digit) Record the Ranger District number where the setting is located. (default) Code Description

01 Rapid River 02 Manistique

03 Munising 04 Sault Saint Marie

05 St. Ignace

Location (compartment) (5-digit) Use leading zeros to complete the compartment code. Leading zeros are required

Setting (stand) (4-digit) Use leading zeros to complete the setting code. Record the setting (stand) number consistent with the current vegetative polygon map layer, unless creating a new setting.

Ownership (4-character) Record the following ownership code:

USFS US Forest Service (default)

State (2-character) Record the State in which the setting is located. A setting cannot cross state boundaries.

MI Michigan (default)

County (3-digit) Record the County in which the setting is located.

Code Description

003 Alger 033 Chippewa

041 Delta 097 Mackinac

103 Marquette 153 Schoolcraft

Administrative Forest (2-digit) Record the administrating National Forest where the setting is located.

Code Description

10 Hiawatha NF (default)

Administrative Region (2-digit) Record the administrating National Forest where the setting is located.

Code Description

09 Region Nine - Eastern Region (default)

Date (8-digit) Record the calendar month, day, and year the stand examination was completed. The format is MMDDYYYY. (On PDR, current date will fill automatically. To select another date, use pop-up calendar to navigate to and select appropriate date.)

Code Description

07071977 July 7, 1977 12272004 December 27, 2004

Examination Level (4-digit) Record the examination level that identifies the scope and range of information being collected.

Scope is the breath of information collected (type of form – “tree”, “veg”, “ground”, etc.), and range is the precision of information collected (examination level). The intensity implies a measurement standard, sample design, and sample selection criteria. The actual criteria used to sample the stand must be documented on the Sample Design Form. The range of data collected on each form is one of the following:

0xxx This form was not used

1xxx Quick Plot (default) 2xxx Extensive examination

3xxx Intensive examination

For example, a code of 1000 indicates the following:

Tree Form Veg. Composition Down Woody Mat’l. Ground Surface Cover

Quick (1) Not taken (0) Not taken (0) Not taken (0) Down Woody & Ground Surface forms may only have values of zero (not taken) or 1 (taken).

Unless otherwise stated, HNF contract exam level will be “1000”.

Exam Purpose (2-character) Record the purpose of the exam. These codes are locally defined. Most exams will use “SE”. Other purposes may be used, as applicable (and directed by FS silviculturist).

Code Description

SE Stand Exam – Used to determines stand composition.

RE

Regeneration/Stocking – Used to determine stocking rates of stands or partial stands. If certifying stand, use “SE” code.

ID

Insect & Disease Exams – Used to verify types and severity of infestation as an aid in determining treatment needs.

Existing Vegetation Reference Code (5-digit) Record the existing vegetation reference code.

FSHR9 Region 9 Forest Service Handbook (default)

Existing Vegetation (2-character) Existing Vegetation (EV) refers to the Forest Type of the dominant commercial forest tree species currently present on the area evaluation plot or at the setting level. At plot level, record EV based on plot trees, as well as trees in the immediately surrounding area. At setting level, record EV based on the overall stand. EV codes & descriptions for the Hiawatha are listed in Appendix A.

Structure (2-digit) Record the stand-level setting structure.

Code Description

SS

Single story - A single even canopy characterizes the setting. The greatest number of trees is in a height class represented by the average height of the setting; there are substantially fewer trees in height classes above and below this mean.

TS

Two-storied - Two relatively even canopy levels can be recognized in the setting. Understory or overtopped trees are common. Neither canopy level is necessarily continuous or closed, but both canopy levels tend to be uniformly distributed across the setting (e.g., overstory with regenerated understory).

MS

Multi-storied - At least three height size classes are commonly represented in the setting.

Generally, the canopy is broken and uneven although multiple canopy levels may be distinguishable. The various size classes tend to be uniformly distributed throughout the setting.

MO

Mosaic - At least two distinct height size classes are represented and these are not uniformly distributed, but are grouped in small repeating aggregations, or occur as stringers less than two chains wide, throughout the setting. Each size class aggregation is too small to be recognized and mapped as an individual setting.

UA

Unknown/un-assessable - A structure classification was attempted, but the stand did not fit into one of the pre-defined categories. Note in the remarks column the reason the stand could not be classified.

Slope (3-digit) Record the slope, in percent.

Slope Position (2-character) Record the position of the setting on the landscape. (Currently, local codes cannot be used in CSE, so do not collect this data. It may be added in the future.)

Code Description Former Code

FS Flat Dry 5

VB Flat wet 4 SU Rolling or undulating 6

BS Broken 7 SH Dry Hillside 3

TS Wet Hillside 2

Acres (up to 4-digit) Record the total setting acres. Currently, the CSE program does not accept decimals; round up or down to the nearest acre.

Examiner (maximum of 12-letters) Record the individual(s) responsible for data collection. Use last name or last name and first initial. Example, for Tom Smith, use: Smith or Smith_T. When using a Portable Data recorder, do not use reserved characters such as +, /, -, or * in this field. This field can be set up to default to the recorder’s name.

Precision Protocol (maximum of 5 letters) This field is used to indicate level of precision of the exam. For HNF contracts, use “CSE_Q” in this field (default), unless otherwise specified.

User Code (Size-density) (1-digit) At the setting level, record the size-density code only after all plots have been completed. The basal area tally of trees recorded in Tree Data should be used as a guide. Technique for size/density determination is different for stands below 5.0 inches DBH than for stands larger than 5.0 inches DBH. See the paragraphs following the codes for procedures. The following codes should be used:

Size-Density Codes & Description

0 Nonstocked (less than 16% stocked) 1 Seedling-Sapling; Poor (16% - 39% stocked)

2 Seedling-Sapling; Medium (40% - 69% stocked) 3 Seedling-Sapling; Well (over 70% stocked)

4 Poletimber; Poor (16% - 39% stocked) 5 Poletimber; Medium (40% - 69% stocked)

6 Poletimber; Well (over 70% stocked) 7 Sawtimber; Poor (16% - 39% stocked)

8 Sawtimber; Medium (40% - 69% stocked) 9 Sawtimber; Well (over 70% stocked)

For stands that average less than 5.0 inches DBH, size-density is an estimate of stocking in seedling and sapling stands and is determined with a series of 1/750-acre plots (or other size, as specified). Here, a stocked versus non-stocked relationship is determined. For example, if

Code Description

3 3 acres 24 24 acres

100 100 acres

10 plots were taken and five were stocked, the stand would be 50% stocked or size density code = 2. Complete the size-density field at setting level after all plots have been completed.

For stands which average 5.0 inches DBH and larger, generally consider only live trees with DBH of 5.0 or greater, regardless of the total number of trees actually recorded in plots. The exception would be if there are trees less than 5.0 inches DBH that are of truly acceptable growing stock. Complete size-density field at setting level after all plots have been completed to reflect the examiner’s overall opinion of the averages that have occurred throughout the stand.

Setting Remarks (242-character) Record required items in this space, as well as remarks about specific observations on overall setting conditions; i.e., stand was recently cut, stand has good understory of balsam, etc.

Remarks must be entered in ALL CAPITAL LETTERS, i.e. – UPPERCASE. Do not use special characters such as !,@,#,$,%,^,&,*,(,), /,\, etc. Dashes and underscores are allowed. Remarks need to be understandable, complete and incorporate the various codes in this section. Up to 242 characters are allowed. Before leaving a stand, make a final check to be sure all important remarks have been recorded.

Required items for the remarks field include: Timber Land Suitability Class, Year of Origin (even-aged stands), Stand Condition, Stand Rx (if stand is ready for treatment), Vegetation Type (for openings), and Regen (if applicable). Additional items to enter as applicable: Within- Stand Features, Species of Management Interest, and Stand Damage Category/Agent/Severity.

Descriptions and codes for most of these items are given in the following table and in the paragraphs following.

Remarks Requirement When to Use Format

Timber Land Suitability Class

Mandatory (See appendix C) TLSCnnn

Stand Year of Origin Mandatory for even-aged stands (y = Year) YORyyyy

Stand Condition Mandatory (See below) SCn

Stand Prescription If stand is ready for treatment (See appendix D)

Annnn

Vegetation Type For non-forested stands (See appendix B) VTnn

Stand Features As applicable (See appendix E) Fnnn

Site Index tree Record location of Site Index tree for timbered stands

SI IN PLOT 3.

Put important remarks earlier, less important remarks later. For TLSC100 and TLSC200 (water & openings), enter a description of the opening. If work is needed to enhance the opening or to keep it in an open state, describe.

If a silvicultural harvest or other activity is needed within the next 10 years, enter a short prescription; if more than one management option is possible, provide a short description of the options listing the most preferred option first. If access to stand is obstructed (slope, wetlands, substandard bridge, etc.) enter extent of problem. On the Westside, in stands harvested within the last 5 years, enter the percent of regeneration for the stand-as-a-whole, by species, in Setting Remarks and indicate whether or not the stand can be Certified as "Fully Restocked and Regenerated".

Remarks Example

TLSC500, YOR1929, SC6, A4151 - UPLAND WELL-STOCKED NH WITH GAPS AND SM

REGENERATION. VERNAL POOL IN SW. F404, F440, F408. SI TREE IN PLOT 3. (If this were an opening, (EV codes 97, 98, or99), also include veg type. For example: VT51.)

Timber Land Suitability Class - TLSC Record TLSC from the previous compartment record or recommended changes to TLSC in Setting Remarks. For example, TLSC500, or CURRENTLY TLSC 820, CONSIDER CHANGING TO 500. TLSC codes & descriptions are in Appendix C.

Stand Condition – Record stand condition as “SCx” under Setting Remarks. *NOTE: These codes are changed from the 2006 HNF User Guide.

Stand Condition

Code Description

1 In Regeneration

2 Damaged pole timber

3 Damaged sawtimber

4 Forest pest infestation

5 Sparse pole timber

6 Sparse sawtimber

7 Low quality pole timber

8 Low quality sawtimber

9 Mature pole timber

10 Mature sawtimber

11 Immature pole timber

12 Immature sawtimber

13 Seedling and sapling

14 Adequately stocked seedlings and saplings

15 Inadequately stocked / nonstocked

16 Group selection management

17 Individual tree selection management

18 Two aged management

Stand Prescription Prescription activities should be considered for every stand. If a stand will be ready for treatment within the next ten years, note in remarks, using the codes from Appendix D, Activity Codes & Descriptions. Enter the code in Setting Remarks as a 4-digit numeral, preceded by “A”, with no spaces between: “Annnn”.

NON-FOREST Vegetation Types - Areas with less than 16 percent stocking of trees (which are not in the process of regenerating following a final harvest cut) are classified as one of the non-forested vegetation types listed in Appendix B. No overstory plots are needed in non-forested vegetation types, except in the savannah and orchard types. In these two types, three overstory and six understory plots should be taken. Locate sample points at locations which are most representative of the stand. Record in Setting Remarks as VTnn.

WITHIN STAND FEATURES – A 3-digit code that enables the examiner to record unique and important features of the stand that are not recorded elsewhere. These features include the presence of sensitive wildlife species, vegetative and geological features, recreational facilities and use, cultural resource sites and utilities. All within stand features that are observed anywhere in the stand by the examiner should be coded and recorded. Additional explanations can also be noted in Setting Remarks or a compartment narrative (for contract CSE). Record 3-digit code preceded by “F”: “Fnnn”. Stand Feature Codes and Definitions are found in Appendix E.

Damage Category (maximum 2-digit) Damage category/agent/severity should be recorded in setting remarks if damage is present throughout the stand or if damage is seen within the stand, but not picked up at the Plot or Tree level. Use codes available under “Tree Data” or in Appendix K. Record as “DCnn”.

Example of codes and descriptions for Damage Category:

Code Description

12 Defoliators

Damage Agent (maximum 3-digit) Record the damage agent associated with the category, if known. Use codes available under “Tree Data” or in Appendix K. Record as “DAnnn”.

Example of codes and descriptions for Damage Agent:

Code Description

41 Jack Pine Budworm

Damage Severity (maximum 5-digit) Record the damage severity associated with category & agent. Use codes available under “Tree Data” or in Appendix K. Record as “DSn”.

Example of codes and descriptions for Damage Severity:

4 Defoliation 26-75%, no topkill

In remarks, the previous example would be recorded as, “DC12_DA41_DS4”.

Species of Management Interest (8-character) Record plant species of management interest which occur in the setting, but do not occur on any of the plots. Species of management interest may include noxious weeds, threatened, endangered, or sensitive plants, or management indicator species. Note the approximate location of these species in the stand sketch notes. See Appendix G for a complete list of noxious weeds, threatened, endangered, and sensitive plants.

Note: This is only an indication of the presence of a species of management interest. To determine the extent of the occurrence, another exam should be conducted.

Examples:

Code Description

CIAR4 Cirsium arvense - Canada Thistle - Noxious Weed

EUES Euphorbia esula - Leafy Spurge - Noxious Weed SUAQ Subularia aquatica – Water Awlwort - Threatened

Sketch Map And Traverse Notes Make a sketch of the setting showing the relative location of the plots. Record azimuth and distance for each transect. Include a north arrow and other notable features such as roads, trails, lakes, and creeks that will assist in relocating the plots. Label each feature. This map is not stored in the database. Sketch map may be done on printed GIS aerial photo or compartment map. Azimuth and distance should be recorded on paper setting form or in Plot Remarks after plot has been established.

Section 3: Sample Design

Accuracy Standards are found in Section 7, within the inspection forms.

Standard sample designs for common HNF inventories are provided below. Select the appropriate sample design for the survey being completed and enter it for each setting included in the inventory. If additional sample design options are needed, those options should be brought to the attention of the district silviculturist and they will bring the design to the HNF inventory team for development.

For HNF CSE contracts, sample designs will be provided within the contract.

Form Type Record the form type for each set of sample design data. In Exams, there is a separate page for each form type. (Currently, only Tree Data is collected on the HNF.) Valid form types are:

TREE Tree data form VEGCOV Vegetation cover form

SURCOV Surface cover form DNWDY Down woody material form

Sample Selection Method Type (3-character) Record the method by which trees, shrubs, grasses, or down woody material were selected.

This field defines the type of each plot; fixed area plot (FRQ), variable radius plot (BAF), or a transect line (TRN).

BAF Basal area factor for a variable radius plot.

FRQ Frequency for fixed area plots or linear strip plots.

TRN Fixed length transect line.

Sample Expansion Factor (maximum of 6 numbers; may include one decimal) This field corresponds to the Sample Selection Method Type and converts tree or piece data to a per-unit-area basis. This field defines the size of each plot: the BAF used with the variable radius plot, the size of the fixed area plot, or the transect length.

Sample Selection Method Type

Code Description

BAF 10 10 basal area factor FRQ 4 The inverse of a 1/4th acre plot or strip area

FRQ 1000 The inverse of a 1/1000th acre plot or strip area TRN 27 The horizontal length of a transect line to the nearest foot.

Subpopulation Filter (8-character) Record the filter to define the sample subpopulation. This field is used to specify that only standing live, only standing dead, only stumps, only down, or both standing live and standing dead vegetation will be sampled. This field is not used for the surface cover form type. Use the following codes:

Code Description

LIVE Live standing DEAD Dead standing

ALL Both live and dead standing

STUMPS Stumps

DOWN Down logs

In rare cases, it is necessary to exclude specific species from the sample. In this case, enter the species code, a dash “-” with an “L” (standing live), a “D” (standing dead), or an “A” (standing live and standing dead) flag in the subpopulation filter field. Then, enter “SPP” in the subpopulation variable, and enter “999.9” in the subpopulation minimum value. Examples are:

Code Description

POTR5-L Exclude standing live aspen

PIBA-D Exclude standing dead jack pine LALA-A Exclude both standing live and standing dead tamarack

In rare cases, it is necessary to exclude vegetation with specific damages from the sample. In this case, enter the damage category in the subpopulation filter field. Then, enter “DMG” in the subpopulation variable, and enter “999.9” in the subpopulation minimum value. Examples are:

21 Root/butt diseases 11 Bark beetles

To specify selection criteria for sampling a specific species:

- Enter the species and the live/dead/all condition in the Subpopulation Filter field,

- Enter the Subpop Variable, Subpop Minimum, and the Subpop Maximum for as many selection criteria records as are needed to adequately describe how the species is to be sampled.

Selection Criteria Number (maximum 2-digit) Record a sequential number, starting with “1,” for each line of data within a sample selection method. Do not reuse a number between sample selection methods. Vegetation must meet one of the sequentially numbered criteria in order to be sampled on the plot type. If two or more lines have the same number, they are considered a “set,” and vegetation must meet all the criteria in the set in order to be sampled by that selection method. (This implies an “AND” relationship. Lines with different criteria numbers imply “OR” relationships.)

Example 1: On a fixed radius plot, sample all live trees which have either a diameter of 1.0 to

4.49 or have a height of .5 to 4.49. (Subpop. Variable, Minimum & Maximum are discussed later in this section.) This requires two different selection criteria numbers:

Form Type

Sample Selection Method

Sample Expansion

Factor Subpop.

Filter

Selection Criteria Number

Subpop.

Variable

Subpop.

Minimum

Value

Subpop.

Maximum

Value

TREE BAF 20 ALL 1 DBH 1.0 4.9

2 HGT .5 4.49

Example 2: On a 27-foot transect, sample down woody pieces that are greater than 12 inches at the intersection diameter and are at least six feet long. This requires the same selection criteria number. This implies that both intersection diameter and piece length must be recorded in order for a piece of vegetation to meet these two criteria.

Sample Selection Method

Sample Expansion

Factor Subpop.

Filter

Selection Criteria Number

Subpop.

Variable

Subpop.

Minimum

Value

Subpop.

Maximum

Value

DNWDY TRN 27 DOWN 1 DIA 12.0 999.9

1 LGT 6 999.9

Example 3: If both of the above selection parameters were placed on the same sample design form it would look like the following:

Sample Selection Method

Sample Expansion

Factor Subpop.

Filter

Selection Criteria Number

Subpop.

Variable

Subpop.

Minimum

Value

Subpop.

Maximum

Value

TREE BAF 20 ALL 1 DBH 1.0 4.9

2 HGT .5 4.49

DNWDY TRN 27 DOWN 3 DIA 12.0 999.9

3 LGT 6 999.9

The first two lines have different selection criteria numbers, hence a piece of vegetation would have to meet either one of the criteria to be sampled on the variable radius plot. The next two lines have the same selection criteria numbers, hence a piece of vegetation would have to meet both of the criteria to be sampled on the transect. This implies that both intersection diameter and piece length must be recorded in order for a piece of vegetation to meet these two criteria.

NOTE: When enterring the sample design in the Exams program, the “Selection Criteria Number” field is called “Condition” and it allows only entries of “AND” or “OR”. Use the selection criteria numbers, as described above, to work out the correct sample design before enterring it into the Exams program. Then, when enterring, use “OR” for designs like Example 1; use “AND” for designs like Example 2.

Subpopulation Variable (3-character) Record the characteristic used to define the subpopulations sampled. This field defines which characteristic of the vegetation will be measured to see if it meets the sample criteria.

DBH Diameter at Breast Height

DRC Diameter at Root Collar HGT Height

CVR Percent Vegetation Species Cover SVC Percent Surface Cover

LGT Length DIA Diameter at Midpoint or Intersection

DMG Tree Damage Category SPP Species

Subpopulation Minimum Value (maximum of 6 numbers; may include 2 decimals)

Record the minimum value for the subpopulation variables. Default is 0. For example, if the subpopulation variable is set at “DBH,” this field defines the minimum DBH the vegetation must have in order to be sampled on the plot.

Subpopulation Maximum Value (4,1- digit) Record the maximum value for the subpopulation variables. Default is 999.9. For example, if the subpopulation variable is set at “HT,” this field defines the maximum height the vegetation must be in order to be sampled on the plot.

Sample Design Remarks (242-character) Record information to explain the sample design used. Remarks are available for each line in the sample design form.

Example Sample Designs for Measuring Large Trees

Example 1: Sample all (standing live and standing dead) trees 5.0” + DBH with a 10 BAF.

Sample Selection Method

Sample Expansion

Factor

Subpop.

Filter

Selection Criteria Number

Subpop.

Variable

Subpop.

Minimum

Value

Subpop Maximum

Value

BAF 10 ALL 1 DBH 5.0 999

Example 2: Sample live standing live trees 5.0”+ DBH with a 20 BAF.

Sample Selection Method

Sample Expansion

Factor

Subpop.

Filter

Selection Criteria Number

Subpop.

Variable

Subpop.

Minimum

Value

Subpop Maximum

BAF 20 LIVE 1 DBH 5.0 999

Example 3: Sample standing dead trees 10.0”+ DBH with a 20 BAF.

Selection Method

Sample Expansion

Factor

Subpop.

Filter

Selection Criteria Number

Subpop.

Variable

Subpop.

Minimum

Value

Subpop Maximum

BAF 20 DEAD 1 DBH 10 999

Example Designs for Measuring Small Trees

Example 1: Sample standing live and standing dead trees .1-4.9” DBH, also sample live trees .5’- 4.49’ in height on a 100th acre plot.

Sample Selection Method

Sample Expansion

Factor

Subpop.

Filter

Selection Criteria Number

Subpop.

Variable

Subpop.

Minimum

Value

Subpop Maximum

Value

FRQ 100 ALL 1 DBH .1 4.9

LIVE 2 HGT .5 4.49

Example 2: Sample standing live trees 1.0-4.9” DBH or 1.0-2.9” DRC on a 50th acre plot.

Selection Method

Sample Expansion

Factor

Subpop.

Filter

Selection Criteria Number

Subpop.

Variable

Subpop.

Minimum

Value

Subpop Maximum

Value

FRQ 50 LIVE 1 DBH 1.0 4.9

LIVE 2 DRC 1.0 2.9

Example 3: Sample stumps 10.0”+ diameter at root collar on a 10th acre plot.

Sample Selection Method

Sample Expansion

Factor

Subpop.

Filter

Selection Criteria Number

Subpop.

Variable

Subpop.

Minimum

Value

Subpop Maximum

FRQ 10 STUMPS 1 DRC 10 999

Example 4: On a 300th acre plot; sample all (standing live and standing dead) trees 3.0-4.9” DBH EXCEPT aspen; sample standing live trees 0.1-2.9” DBH and .5-4.9’ high EXCEPT aspen;

and sample standing live aspen 1.0-4.9’ in height.

Sample Selection Method

Sample Expansion

Factor

Subpop.

Filter

Selection Criteria Number

Subpop.

Variable

Subpop.

Minimum

Value

Subpop Maximum

Value

FRQ 300 All 1 DBH 3 4.9

POTR5-

A

1 SPP 999

LIVE 2 DBH 0.1 2.9

LIVE 2 HGT .5 4.4

POTR5-

A

2 SPP 999

POTR5-

L

3 HGT 1.0 4.9

Standard Sample Designs for use on the HNF:

Sample Design 1

Variable-radius overstory BAF plots with fixed-radius understory plots

Form Type

Method Expansion

Factor Condition

Subpop Filter

Variable Min.

Value Max.

When Used

TREE BAF 10 ALL DBH 1.0 99.99 Overstory plots

TREE FRQ 1000.0 LIVE HGT 1.5 4.49 Understory plots

OR LIVE DBH .01 .99 Understory

*FRQ refers to Fixed Radius.

Sample Design 1 is intended for multi-aged, multi-storied stands. Sample Design 1 would typically be used in uneven-aged northern hardwood stands, mixed hardwood/conifer stands that have an established understory, two-aged stands, and the like. The examiner shall sample overstory trees for all plots on these types of stands using variable-radius 10-Basal Area Factor (BAF) to tally trees ≥ 1.0” DBH.

Northern hardwood stands under the uneven-aged selection system, which have been cut within the last five years, shall also be evaluated by the examiner, re: whether or not regeneration has been adequately created in the understory. This shall be recorded in the Setting Remarks for the stand, as a whole, as to whether the regeneration is successful or not, whether the regeneration is healthy or not, and an estimate of the percent of regeneration by species.

Sample Design 2

Variable-radius overstory BAF plots without fixed-radius understory plots

Form Type

Method Expansion Factor

Condition Subpop Filter

Variable Min.

Value

Max.

Sample Design 2 is intended for even-aged stands such as CCC plantations and cedar swamps that have little or no understory. It may also be appropriate for younger, even-aged hardwood stands. In such stands, where regeneration is noted as patchy or sporadic, this may be reflected in Setting Remarks.

In very uniform, even-aged stands with minimal species variation and high average basal area, (pine plantations, cedar swamps, certain hardwood stands), examiner may opt to use a 20 BAF collection protocol, provided the examiner adjusts the Sample Design Form to reflect BAF 20.

Data collected with 20 BAF must reflect the same end result as if it had been collected with 10 BAF. (i.e., Inspections may be done with 10 or 20 BAF to determine correct plot BA. It behooves the examiner to periodically check 20 BAF plots with a 10 BAF prism, to insure that the 20 BAF is “giving the same answer”.)

Sample Design 3

Fixed-radius understory plots without overstory plots

Form Type

Method Expansion Factor

Condition Subpop Filter

Variable Min.

Value

Max.

TREE FRQ 1000.0 LIVE HGT 1.5 4.49 Understory

OR LIVE DBH .01 .99 Understory

Sample Design 3 is intended for openings, younger stands and regeneration surveys. For openings, there must be at least one Plot Data record, but the Tree Data table may have no entries. Though the design is the same as Sample Design 1, it is expected that collection of overstory data will be minimal (i.e., light residual and/or snags).

Regeneration survey plot sizes

Sample size Radius Purpose

1/1000 acre 3.7-foot To determine stocking levels in uneven-aged hardwood stands (in gaps), non-plantation conifer regeneration, and plantations with target stocking levels of 1000 trees per acre or greater.

1/750 acre 4.3-foot

To determine stocking levels in plantations with target stocking levels of 700-800 trees per acre. (Typically used for red pine plantations.)

1/500 acre 5.3 foot To determine stocking levels in jack pine plantations. (Timber or KW goals)

Section 4: Plot Data

Accuracy Standards are found in Section 7, within the inspection forms. The paper Plot Form is shown in Section 6, “Data Collection Forms”.

The Plot Data Form contains information about a sample plot or transect. This information is independent of the information collected in other sections. Record a separate set of plot data for each plot in the stand.

Plot Number (3-digit) Record plot number for each sample plot within a setting. In Exams, plot numbers list automatically in the Plot Form, as lat/long, existing veg, and other items are entered for the plot.

The number of plots listed in the Plot Form MUST equal the number of actual plots taken on the ground. (i.e., All plots listed in Exams must have field data entered into them – no “empty” plots.) For plots that have no trees (example, openings and regenerating clearcuts), plot data should indicate location (lat/long) and a “0” for the User Code (size density.)

Plot Latitude (8-character) Record the plot latitude as measured by a Global Positioning System (GPS). Latitude consists of a 3-digit “degree”, a 2-digit “minute”, and a 3-digit “second”. The second value is in the form

XX.X.

Plot Longitude (8-character) Record the plot longitude as measured by a Global Positioning System (GPS). Longitude consists of a 3-digit “degree”, a 2-digit “minute”, and a 3-digit “second”. The second value is in the form XX.X.

GPS data collection shall be initiated as soon as possible at the plot center. The GPS will continue to operate while field personnel are collecting other site data. Every effort should be made to maximize GPS data without compromising the true plot center location. If something obstructs GPS data collection, the GPS unit may be moved to a place where data can be collected, within a 30 foot radius of plot center, and bearing and horizontal distance to plot center recorded. If GPS data cannot be collected due to satellite availability or other factors, the reason for the failure should be recorded along with documentation of attempts to relocate the GPS point as stated above. The exact time and date of the failure will also be recorded.

Note: The Exams program requires latitude and longitude. CSE contracts also require submission of a GPS file with UTMs in the following projection: NAD_1983_UTM_Zone_16N (Transverse Mercator).

Plot Slope (maximum of 3 numbers) Record the angle of slope (as percent) across the plot. Slope is determined by sighting the clinometer along a line parallel to the average incline (or decline). This angle is measured along the shortest pathway down slope before the drainage direction changes. To measure Slope, Observer 1 should stand at the uphill edge and sight Observer 2, who stands at the downhill edge. Sight Observer 2 at the same height as the eye-level of Observer 1. Read the slope directly from the percent scale of the clinometer.

If slope changes gradually across the plot, record an average slope.

If slope changes across the plot but the slope is predominately of one direction, code predominate slope percentage rather than the average.

If the slope falls directly between two side hills, code the average slope of the side hill(s).

If the slope falls on a ravine bottom or on a narrow ridge top, but most of the area lies on one side hill, code the slope of the side hill.

Plot Existing Vegetation Composition Type (3-digits) Record the dominant existing vegetation composition. At plot level, Existing Vegetation is a combination of what is found on the plot (“plot trees”) as well as trees in the immediately surrounding area. (For example, if a plot in a red pine stand falls in a small inclusion that includes white pine and red pine, and there is more white pine than red pine, but the immediately surrounding area is all red pine, the plot EV could be coded 2 or 3, based on the examiner’s educated opinion.) Existing vegetation reflects plant species currently present. See Appendix A for a complete list of existing vegetation composition codes. When entering in CSE, leading zeroes may be required to make a 3-digit number.

Plot Remarks (242-character) Enter remarks relevant to the plot. Any within-stand features that fall within or near a plot should be recorded here; otherwise note in Setting Remarks.

User Code (3-digit) Record the size-density code for each plot. Use codes and procedures are detailed in Section 2, “Setting”.

Section 5: Tree Data

Accuracy Standards are found in Section 7, within the inspection forms. The paper Tree Data Form is shown in Section 6, “Data Collection Forms”.

OVERSTORY PLOT DATA - The overstory plot consists of gathering species, size and quality information using a 10 Basal Area Factor plot. (In certain cases, a 20-factor prism may be used. Refer to “Standard Sample Designs for use on the HNF”, discussion for “Sample Design 2”, in the Section 3, Sample Design.) A wedge prism or Relaskop may be used to determine tally trees. Tally trees of all species which are larger than 1-inch DBH.

All trees of the same species, diameter class and quality class can be recorded on the same line using the tree count field (except for the Site Tree, which must be measured to 1/10th of an inch dbh and recorded on it’s own line).

UNDERSTORY DATA COLLECTION - A fixed- radius plot will be used to tally the number of seedlings of all woody species which are less than 1" DBH (see the Appendix H for species codes). The actual number of stems will be recorded by species code for each species counted.

In hardwood stands, count all seedlings taller than 1.5 feet but less than 1-inch DBH which have at least two normal sized leaves. In conifer stands, count all seedlings taller than .5 feet. (Sample design will determine this.)

The following table shows the fields required for Stand Exam on the HNF (subject to change).

Currently, data is collected using “Quick Plot” exam level.

Field Name Exam Level Quick Plot

Header Information X

Plot Number X

Tag # X

Tree Status X

Tree Class X

Site Tree One site tree per stand

Tree Species X

Tree Count X

DBH Trees ≥ 4.5 feet tall.

Height* One site index tree/stand; all dead trees;

and trees < 4.5 ft. tall

Age One site index tree/stand

Wildlife Use As applicable

Tree Damage Category As applicable

Tree Damage Agent Required if Category is recorded.

Tree Damage Part Required if Category is recorded.

Tree Damage Severity Required if Category is recorded.

Treatment Option Required if stand is ready for harvest.

Remarks As applicable

*For dead trees (snags), give an ocular estimate of the tree height.

For Site Trees, height should be measured to the nearest foot.

Plot Number (3-digit) Record the plot number for each line of tree data. Plot numbers shall be unique within a setting.

Tag ID Number (4-digit) Record a number, unique within each plot, for each tree record. On each plot, start with ‘1’ (at true North) and increment one number for each tree record. The tag ID, in conjunction with the plot number, uniquely identifies each line of tree data in a setting. (Each line may represent a single tree or a group of trees with the same characteristics – sp., dbh, etc.)

Tree Status (1-character)

Code Description

L Live - includes all standing trees that have at least one green point of growth. This includes deciduous trees that have lost their foliage for the season, and trees that have recently lost their leaves to defoliators, but will reflush.

D Dead - standing trees without a green point of growth. Note: many of the tree fields are not used if the tree is a dead tree.

S Stump - woody base of a tree left in the ground less than 4.5 feet tall. Note: many of the tree fields are not used for stumps.

X Down (May use if Down Woody Material form is NOT used) - includes all trees (live or dead) that have their main stem lying on the ground, or are supported by branchwood.

A tree is considered down if it is leaning more than 45 degrees from vertical, not self-supporting, and/or in contact with the ground.

Tree Species (8-character) Record the species of every sampled tree and shrub in BAF variable-radius plot. Refer to Appendix X or drop down list in the PDR.

Tree Count (3-digit) Record the number of sampled trees represented by each line of tree data. Record growth sample trees and site trees individually. Note: When determining “in” and “out” trees, measure from plot center to the FACE of the tree in question to determine limiting distance.

Record trees ≥ 1.0'' DBH individually for intensive and extensive examinations. Trees ≥ 1” DBH may be recorded in groups for quick plot examinations. (Example, for quick plot, group overstory trees of the same status, species, and 2” DBH class.)

Trees with less than 1.0'' DBH, of the same tree status and species (which are not a GST or Site tree) may be grouped by height classes (Quick Plot, only). One height grouping method is:

<0.5 feet

0.5 – 1.5 feet

1.51 – 3.0 feet

3.01 - 4.49 feet

4.5 – 9.9 feet

The height grouping reflects age class distribution. Distinguishing characteristics other than tree status, species, and height may warrant further grouping or individual tree recording. Such characteristics include age, crown ratio, crown class, or tree damage. Select the median tree to sample tree characteristics, such as DBH, height, etc.

1) Tree Count Accuracy Standards (small fixed area plot):

Height Range Actual Trees On Plot Accuracy Standard

All** 0 0 trees

0.2 – 1.5 foot 1 - 10 +/- 1 tree

0.2 – 1.5 foot 11 - 50 +/- 10%

0.2 – 1.5 foot 51+ +/- 25%

1.5 - 4.49 foot 1 - 10 +/- 1 tree

1.5 - 4.49 foot 11 - 20 +/- 10%

1.5 - 4.49 foot 21 + +/- 25%

*When contracting exams, there is zero tolerance for recording a tree when none are actually present in any of the above size classes. The recording of a fixed plot tree when none are present will result in a single discrepancy. The recording of a variable plot tree when none are present will result in an unacceptable error. For more info on accuracy standards, refer to sample inspection forms.

DBH (3,1-digit) (maximum 3 digits, decimal may be included)

Record the Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) for each tree or group of trees. When measuring individual trees, measure them to the nearest 2 inches (quick plot), 1 inch (extensive plot), or tenth of an inch (intensive plot). Examples of coding for quick plot exams are listed below.

DBH Classes CODE

1.00 > 2.9 2.0

3.00 > 4.9 4.0

5.00 > 6.9 6.0

7.00 > 8.9 8.0

9.00 > 10.9 10.0

Etc. Etc.

*Exception: Site trees must be measured to 1/10th inch dbh.

DBH is outside bark diameter at 4.5 feet above the forest floor on the uphill side of the tree. To determine breast height, the forest floor includes the duff layer that may be present, but does not include unincorporated woody debris that may rise above the ground line. If a dead tree (snag) is missing bark, measure the DBH without the bark and record that measurement.

Some trees have substantial bole irregularities at breast height such as branches, swellings, or depressions. In such cases, take the diameter measurement as close as possible to breast height, but above the deformity. If this is not possible, because of the vertical extent of the irregularity, then adjust the DBH measurement to better reflect the diameter of a regular bole.

See Appendix L for examples on where to measure DBH.

Tally trees that fork below breast height as two separate trees. Record the DBH for each fork at

4.5 feet above the forest floor.

Height (3-digit) Record tree height in feet from ground line on the up-hill side to the uppermost tip. If the top is broken, record the height to the break, and record the appropriate physical damage code. See Appendix M for details on measuring tree heights. Tree heights are required for the following trees when using the Quick Plot exam method:

Site Trees

Growth Sample Trees

Trees less than 4.5 feet tall. Does not apply to DRC species.

All trees with broken or missing tops

Dead trees (snags)

Additional tree heights should be measured and recorded in the following cases: when two adjacent sample trees of similar height can be viewed from the same vantage point, and when the height/diameter relationship of a particular tree seems atypical with respect to other trees of the same species. Tree heights will be measured to the nearest foot.

1 0 - 1.4 feet tall 23 22.5 - 23.4 feet tall

For more information on measuring tree height, refer to Appendix M.

Tree Age (3-digit) Record the tree age, in years. This is required for Growth Sample trees and Site Index trees.

Age is determined from an increment boring made at DBH and is the annual ring count to the pith of the tree. (Record the number of rings counted to the pith; do not add an estimate of the number of years to grow to breast height.) See Appendix N for details on how to determine tree age form increment borings. If age cannot be determined due to extensive heartrot, select another tree. Veneer of any species will not be bored to determine age. For more information on Site Trees, see that topic, later in this section.

Wildlife Use (2-character) Record stem characteristics that may indicate the presence of wildlife.

Code Description

NO No wildlife characteristics observed

SC Small cavities less than 3 inches in diameter LC Large cavities greater than 3 inches in diameter

LB Loose Bark

FH

Foraging Holes/Flaked Bark: Antler Rubs, Porcupine feeding

NE Nest in tree and not in cavity

Snag Decay (1-digit) (Not required for contract purposes.) Record the condition of standing dead (snag) or down dead trees (log). The pictures and descriptions below are adapted from "Wildlife Habitats in Managed Forests of the Blue Mountains of Oregon and Washington," by Jack Ward Thomas, Agriculture Handbook No. 553, USDA Forest Service, September 1979. Note: If the Down Woody Material form is used, DO NOT record down trees on the tree form.

Snag Decay

Code Bark Heartwood

Decay Sapwood

Decay Limbs

Top Breakage

Bole Form

Time Since Death

Tight, intact

Minor None to incipient

Mostly Present

May be present

Intact 1-5 years

50% loose or missing

None to advanced

None to incipient

Small limbs missing

May be present

Intact >5 years

75% missing Incipient to advanced

None to 25%

Few remain

Approx.

1/3

Mostly intact

>5 years

75% missing Incipient to advanced

25%+ Few remain Approx.

1/3 to ½

Losing form, soft

>5 years

75%+ missing Advanced to crunbly

50%+ advanced

Absent Approx.

½+

Form mostly lost >5 years

Tree Damage Category (2-digit) See Appendix K for a complete listing of Tree Damage Categories, Agents, Tree Parts, and Severity codes.

Tree Damage Agent (3-digit) See Appendix K for a complete listing of Tree Damage Categories, Agents, Tree Parts, and Severity codes.

Tree Damage Part (2-character) See Appendix K for a complete listing of Tree Damage Categories, Agents, Tree Parts, and Severity codes.

Tree Damage Severity (5-digit) Record the tree damage code for both live and dead trees, based on physical evidence. If category is recorded, severity is required.

Multiple damage codes may be recorded for each tree.