Collaborative research: comparative study of biohybrid jellyfish for ocean measurement

Providence College received a $209,113 Project Grant from the National Science Foundation (NSF) Division of Ocean Sciences under the Geosciences program (CFDA 47.050) awarded October 1, 2025, with completion targeted for September 30, 2028. This collaborative research initiative develops biohybrid jellyfish instrumented with pressure and temperature sensors as a novel oceanographic measurement platform for midwater ocean regions. The project delivers scientific research products including neurophysiological studies of jellyfish microelectronic pacemaker control and bioelectronic interfaces for movement regulation across four jellyfish species (Aurelia aurita, Cassiopeia sp., Chrysaora sp., and Mastigias sp.), as well as comparative metabolic measurements quantifying energy efficiency of biohybrid locomotion versus purely mechanical robotic alternatives.

The award supports field testing activities conducted across diverse oceanographic environments in the Florida Keys, Cape Cod, and Southern California to validate biohybrid efficacy across different marine regimes. Additionally, the project delivers educational and workforce development services through K-12 outreach programs providing hands-on neural control experience, interdisciplinary training for early-career researchers in biology, engineering, and environmental sensing, and engagement activities for undergraduate and graduate students and the general public. Research is performed at the awardee location in Woods Hole, Falmouth, Massachusetts.

Abstract

Vast midwater regions away from the surface and coasts remain largely unexplored and sparsely sampled, both temporally and spatially. This project develops biohybrid jellyfish instrumented with pressure and temperature sensors as a novel, low-cost platform for oceanographic measurement, addressing limitations of traditional methods such as ships, buoys, and autonomous underwater vehicles. Biohybrid jellyfish leverage natural propulsion and pressure tolerance to enable low-energy, scalable ocean monitoring. By electronically controlling their swimming, jellyfish can be directed for targeted environmental measurements. This research focuses on four species: aurelia aurita (moon jelly), cassiopeia SP. (upside-down jellyfish), chrysaora SP. (sea nettle), and mastigias SP. (lagoon jellyfish) that encompass a spectrum of distinct jellyfish morphologies and ecological adaptations. Field studies will occur in the florida keys, cape COD, and southern california in order to test the efficacy of biohybrids across different oceanic and environmental regimes. Activities are planned for engaging a broad audience including k-12 schools, undergraduate and graduate students, and the general public. The bioinspired robots would provide opportunities for k-12 students to learn about the principle of operation and hands-on experience on neural control. The project offers interdisciplinary training for early-career researchers in biology, engineering, and environmental sensing. This multidisciplinary project will pursue three key objectives. Studies of jellyfish neurophysiology will investigate microelectronic pacemaker control and develop bioelectronic interfaces for precise movement regulation in each species. Measurements of metabolism during robotic control will quantify energy costs of biohybrid locomotion and compare the measured efficiency with purely mechanical, robotic alternatives. Assessments of swimming performance will evaluate speed, maneuverability, and station-keeping ability in controlled laboratory testing facilities and in dynamic ocean environments. This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.- subawards are not planned for this award.