Tab J Lands and Grounds.pdf

45 SW INRMP

Tab J, Lands and Grounds

LAND MANAGEMENT

Air Force land management practices focus on mission support integrated with protection and enhancement of natural and man-made landscape features in harmony with the environment. Land management programs include grounds maintenance, landscape design, urban forest management, Bird/Wildlife Aircraft Strike Hazard reduction, irrigation and water management, pest management, invasive species management, control of non-point source pollution and soil erosion control. Grounds maintenance actions as outlined below may have to be modified due to constraints on the budget, and recent funding cuts in Service contracts. This Tab covers CCAFS and PAFB.

CCAFS Land Management:

I. Grounds Maintenance and Landscape Design Proper grounds maintenance and landscaping will be implemented on Air Force property to maintain healthy grass, trees, shrubs, and plants, and present a clean, neat, and professional appearance. Land area will be divided into three categories to distinguish the level of grounds maintenance and landscaping design activities required. The three categories are defined below. Refer to the CCAFS Grounds Maintenance map, Appendix C-1, for a schematic of base coverage.

Improved Grounds. Grounds on which intensive development and maintenance measures are performed. This category applies to areas within the built-up section of an installation, which contains landscaping, parade grounds, berms, picnic areas, road shoulders and medians along main thoroughfares.

Semi-Improved Grounds. Grounds that require maintenance of a lesser degree than improved grounds. This category includes, but is not limited to, the airfield and its clear zones, rifle ranges, antenna farms, ammunition storage areas (bunkers), fire/security breaks, mission critical lines-of-sight, road shoulders on secondary roads, open areas that aren‟t used for recreation or regular operations, and banks of drainage ditches. This classification for CCAFS is divided into Semi-improved “A” and Semi-improved “B” categories.

Unimproved Grounds. Grounds not included in the above categories. This classification includes, but is not limited to, timber and forest areas, lakes, ponds, coastal beaches/dunes and swamp/wetland areas where natural vegetation is allowed to grow with lack of maintenance activities.

Grounds Maintenance and Landscape Design Actions:

A. Mow Grass. Precautions shall be taken to prevent scalping, uneven mowing, rutting by equipment, and damage to trees, shrubs, sprinkler heads, and wildlife.

Clippings will be removed or mulched with mowing.

Improved – Preferred height of grass and weeds shall be between 2 ½ and 4 inches.

Grass/weeds should not be cut to less than 2-1/2 inches.

Semi-Improved - Cutting of grass and vegetation along runways and taxiways (restricted airfield areas) shall be accomplished. An attempt should be made to cut the entire airfield in one day to reduce foraging behaviors of birds, thereby reducing Bird Aircraft Strike Hazards (BASH). Cutting should occur when the airfield is not active, again to reduce BASH. Clippings on runways shall be removed immediately after mowing to prevent aircraft hazards. Preferred height of grass in the airfield area is seven (7) to 14 inches, and the grass in the airfield should not be cut to less than 7 inches. Cutting grass lower than seven (7) inches will allow birds to have a greater ability to forage thus increasing BASH. Taller grass (14-17 inches) is preferred to deter landing/foraging of most birds. If dirt mounds or burrows are observed around the airfield, the 45CES/CEV must be consulted to provide guidance for avoidance of burrowing owls and gopher tortoises (protected species). Preferred height in other areas designated as semi-improved “A” is 4-14 inches.

Preferred height in areas designated as semi-improved “B” is four (4) to 24 inches.

Operators of articulating mower heads used for drainage ditch banks will avoid injuring wildlife (turtles, birds, etc.) by surveying area and scaring off wildlife before mower arm is lowered to mowing height. If eggs or non-mobile animals are observed and could be impacted by mowing blades, the area should be avoided and periodically checked every two weeks to determine if the area is clear for mowing. Grass and vegetation cutting shall be accomplished on both banks of open drainage ditches as indicated in the Grounds Maintenance contract. See edging/trimming of semi-improved grounds for details.

Mowing of ditch banks should maintain at least a twelve (12) inch buffer of grass, at least 7 inches in height, along the upland side of the ditch/canal being careful to keep the mowing head height consistent, and in line with the terrain. Mowing should be minimized near the river‟s shoreline and trimming of landscape grasses (Bahia, etc.) should occur while avoiding native wetland/marsh vegetation.

Unless wetland areas are involved, the following semi-improved areas should be maintained via mowing and rotational disc harrow: security clear zones, fire breaks, fence lines and lines-of-site. Any activity in wetlands must be coordinated with 45 CES/CEV. Information on wetlands and wetland management is outlined in Tab B, Wetlands and Floodplains.

B. Edging/Trimming (grass). Edging/trimming will be accomplished per the Grounds Maintenance Contract. Precautions shall be taken to prevent scalping, rutting by equipment, and damage to trees, shrubs, sprinkler heads, and wildlife.

Trimmings must not be swept or blown down drains/grates (stormwater).

Improved - May occur around all facilities and landscaping in the Industrial Area.

Sidewalks, driveways, curbs, shrub and flowerbeds, and landscaped areas shall be edged on an as required basis (per the contract) so that vegetation does not extend over edges by more than 1-1/2". This work involves sidewalks, driveways, curbs, shrub and flowerbeds, and landscaped areas on improved grounds. For areas designated in the contract for edging/trimming, the Contractor shall trim around trees, shrubs, fences, poles, airfield lighting, and any other protruding objects on an as required basis.

Semi-improved - Mowing of ditches adjacent to runways and taxiways shall be accomplished only after 45 CES/CEL/Airfield Operations has approved scheduled times. Mowing of ditches in restricted areas shall require clearance or escort by appropriate authority. Preferred height of grass shall not exceed 14 inches or be cut to less than seven (7) inches. Native grasses should only be trimmed lower if Airfield Operations and 45 CES/CEV determine that they are impeding flight safety. A buffer of grass of at least 7 inches in height must be kept along the top of the bank at least twelve (12) inches upland of the slope and at least six (6) inches along the slope to prevent erosion. This same buffer approach should be used along the river shoreline.

Native vegetation should be avoided.

C. Trash Collection in Grounds Maintenance Areas.

The Contractor shall police all improved grounds, parking lots, canals, to include taking trash out of the water, shrub and flower beds, sidewalks, covered walkways/breezeways, streets, roads, and recreation areas as indicated. The contractor shall properly dispose of all accumulated debris into Government dumpsters.

D. Eliminate Grass/Weeds.

Improved - Eliminate grass/weeds/crack-grass as required in shrub, turf, plant and flowerbeds, landscaped areas. All grass/weeds/crack-grass shall be removed manually, mechanically, or chemically.

Semi-improved - Eliminate grass/weeds/crack-grass as required on all active aircraft runways, taxiways, and parking aprons. All grass/weeds/crack-grass shall be removed manually, mechanically, or chemically. This work is in improved grounds, recreation, and airfield areas. Grass/weeds/crack-grass in excess of two (2) inches in height shall be eliminated.

Elimination of crack grass/weeds on runways, aprons, and taxiways (restricted areas) shall be accomplished only after Airfield Operations has approved scheduled times.

This work shall require clearance and escort by an appropriate authority who is under 100% radio control from the tower. As work progresses, all runways, taxiways, and aprons shall be cleared immediately of any clippings or other debris.

Grounds maintenance personnel should consider all alternatives to pesticide use and apply only the minimum necessary to accomplish the objective. If chemicals are used for grounds maintenance, only pesticides that are listed on the “Armed Forces Pest Management Board (AFPMB) Standard Pesticides List are authorized http://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/dod%20pesticides%20list.pdf. Their use must be in accordance with AFI 32-1053, Pest Management Program. All herbicide labels and http://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/dod%20pesticides%20list.pdf

MSDS must be provided to the Contracting or Quality Assurance Personnel (QAP) prior to application. Guidance can be obtained through the Base Pest Manager (45 CES Entomology Shop) or the Base Environmental Office (45 CES/CEV). If the contractor wishes to use a pesticide not on the approved list, he shall contact the 45 CES Entomology Shop to determine if it can be used. The pesticide must then go through the HAZMAT authorization/tracking process. Use of chemicals by grounds maintenance personnel can only be stored, mixed, and transferred into final delivery apparatus at off-base locations only. Chemicals must be applied in strict accordance with manufacturer's recommendations. Contractor‟s using chemicals shall submit to the Quality Assurance Personnel (QAP), on a monthly basis, a report, which shows type (Active Ingredient) and quantity of herbicides, applied during the month. The QAP will submit data to the 45 CES/CEV (853-0910) and 45 CES/CEL (853-0920) no later than the 5th working day after the quarter ends so the data can be reported to command quarterly and AFCEE semi-annually. Additional information on herbicides can be found in Tab G, 45 SW Integrated Pest Management Plan.

All HAZMAT use shall be in accordance with AFI 32-7086, Chapter 2, Hazardous Materials Management. Contractor shall enroll in the HazMart and all hazardous material shall be authorized/tracked through the approved electronic Air Force hazardous material authorization/tracking system. In addition, the DOD policy also requires that only trained and certified applicators may apply pesticides on DoD installations. Herbicides and fungicides are defined as pesticides.

E. Prune Trees/Shrubs/Hedges.

Improved and Semi-improved - Trees shall be pruned/trimmed in accordance with industry standards per the Statement of Work, and will provide safety clearances and prevent structural damage. Additional informative guidance is provided at http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/woody/pruning/ and http://treesolutions.net/knowledge.htm.

Pruning should only occur using the American National Standards Institute standard for tree pruning, called ANSI A300 - Part 1 Pruning, and be completed by a trained personnel to prevent improper pruning that will harm the tree's health, stability, and appearance. All Palm trees shall be trimmed between 1 January and 30 June to prevent debris hazards with hurricane/tropical storm force winds. Other trees shall be pruned on an as-required basis throughout the year. Mangroves can not be trimmed unless approved by the 45 CES/CEV. If nesting birds, eggs, chicks, fledglings are observed in the area that will be pruned/trimmed, the 45 CES/CEV will be contacted to determine if identification is required to assess if it is a protected species before pruning. Protected bird species will be avoided and non-protected species can be moved to another tree/shrub if injury to the grounds worker or bird will not occur. The 45 CES/CEV will work with the QAP and the grounds maintenance crew to determine if protected species may have to be impacted in support of mission requirements.

Eliminate all unnecessary pruning/trimming.

Shrubs and shrubbery shall be pruned/trimmed to maintain their natural growth. New growth above the specified sizes shall not be allowed to exceed 8 inches. Minimum clearances from buildings, utilities and other obstructions should be 1 foot. This task http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/woody/pruning/ http://treesolutions.net/knowledge.htm includes the shrubs and shrubbery in the improved and semi-improved grounds, and recreation areas as indicated in the Statement of Work. Contractor shall remove the trimmings.

Hedges shall be maintained in their original height and shape. No informal hedges or screen plantings shall be converted to formal shapes. When new growth on small hedges (two (2) feet or less) reaches three (3) inches, hedges shall be trimmed.

Other hedges shall be trimmed when new growth reaches six (6) inches. See Appendix 2 in the PAFB Land Management Plan for Pruning Specifications.

F. Apply Fertilizer. Apply only in areas as specified in the Statement of Work.

Improved - A Government approved fertilizer shall be applied per the statement of work to grass, trees, and shrubs on improved grounds and recreation areas as indicated, and in accordance with manufacturer‟s recommendations. All fertilizers applied must be a timed-release type fertilizer with a nutrient release rate of 180 days.

Semi-improved - Fertilizers shouldn‟t be needed in semi-improved areas.

Consultation between the QAP, 45 CES/CEV and the 45 CES Entomology Shop will occur if it becomes necessary before the grounds maintenance crew can apply it.

G. Mulch. Provide and apply new mulch to landscaped areas and planters per the statement of work (may be accomplished anytime through out the year.) The use of non-cypress mulches (other than pine straw), are highly encouraged, as this helps protect cypress source‟s native habitats and species. The use of pine straw mulch is strictly prohibited, unless certified clean, to prevent importation of an invasive exotic species know as „Old World Climbing fern‟. The use of CCA mulch is prohibited as it will add to long-term problems with leaching of arsenic into the soil and ground water.

H. Repair/Replace Grass Areas. Areas damaged by vehicular traffic, utility system repair, drought, insects, or diseases shall be seeded, sprigged, or sodded to meet the standards of surrounding areas as directed by the QAP. See Appendix 3 in the PAFB Land Management Plan for Sodding Specifications.

I. Remove Trees, Shrubs and Stumps. Dead, diseased, storm damaged, or other trees, shrubs, and stumps identified by job order shall be removed and debris disposed of at a site designated by the Contracting Officer or his/her designated representative. The removal of dead trees includes the removal of the tree stump as well. Stumps shall be removed to a depth of six (6) inches below grade level. After removal, the area shall be repaired or replanted in accordance with the job order. New plants, if applicable, shall then be included for maintenance. New plants must be native as much as practicable and selected from the Facility Excellence Plan Master Plant List https://pafbweb.patrick.af.mil/45SPTG/ce/Facilities%20Excellence%20Plan/Patrick/Appe ndices/plrindex010.htm , but compared to the 45 SW Native/Salt Tolerant Plant list (Appendix 4, PAFB Land Management Plan) to prevent invasive, exotics as indicated on the Florida Exotic Plant Pest Council‟s List : http://www.fleppc.org/list/05List.htm .

https://pafbweb.patrick.af.mil/45SPTG/ce/Facilities%20Excellence%20Plan/Patrick/Appendices/plrindex010.htm https://pafbweb.patrick.af.mil/45SPTG/ce/Facilities%20Excellence%20Plan/Patrick/Appendices/plrindex010.htm http://www.fleppc.org/list/05List.htm

J. Landscaping. Landscaping trees and shrubs must be approved by the QAP and 45 CES/CEV to ensure invasive exotic species are not introduced to the installation.

Desired landscaping plants should be native species to the maximum extent possible.

A landscape design shall be provided and work may include clearing land, cutting sod, leveling and preparing the area for planting. If applicable, necessary fill and topsoil will be provided. The mulching of trees/shrubs/flowers within the landscape area may be accomplished by separate work order requests. New landscape assets shall then be included. Irrigation should be implemented in the landscape design only if it is necessary to fulfill justified aesthetics or functional use of the area.

Maintenance cost/labor should be minimized by selecting and designing landscaping that is adapted to local environmental conditions and reduces the need for irrigation, fertilizers, and pesticides. The USAF Landscape Design Guide (http://www.afcee.brooks.af.mil/dc/dcd/land/ldg/index/html) and the 45 SW Native/Salt Tolerant Plant Guide (see Appendix 4, PAFB Land Management Plan) can be consulted for guidance.

K. Planting Program. Plant brand new or replace damaged trees, flowers, and shrubs. The Contractor shall replace all dead trees within two weeks after identification by QAP, with nursery grown trees of the same species unless they have since been classified as invasive, exotic and in this case a native equivalent will be used. The Contractor shall replace all dead shrubs, and flowers with the same variety and similar size, or native equivalent if they have been classified as invasive, within two weeks after identification by QAP. Replacement plant materials shall conform to industry standards as outlined in SOW and discussed in PAFB Land Management Plan, Appendix 5, Planting Specifications.

L. Watering of Plant Material. All newly planted trees, flowers and shrubs must be kept watered until they are established. Grounds maintenance should develop a watering regime/program with regular monitoring to determine when the plants no longer need to be irrigated or will only be irrigated periodically during drought conditions.

M. Emergency Support. In the event that government property is damaged by causes of disastrous nature, such as a hurricane, wind storm, fire or civil disturbance and the Contracting Officer determines emergency action is necessary to protect Government property, the Contractor may be directed to do emergency work to the extent necessary to protect government property and personnel. Such work shall be subject to separate negotiation for reimbursement. It shall not include major rehabilitation or major repair.

II. Urban Forestry/Forest Management Forested area on CCAFS includes dense stands of Brazilian pepper, and scrub oak habitat. The Brazilian pepper is an invasive species and aggressive efforts are being made to control proliferation of this species. (See invasive species measures in Section VII of this plan and Tab K, Invasive Species Management Plan). Scrub habitat is protected since it is essential for the survival of several protected species. More http://www.afcee.brooks.af.mil/dc/dcd/land/ldg/index/html information can be found in Tab D, Threatened & Endangered Species Management and Tab D-2, Scrub Habitat Management Plan.

The most current urban forestry management plan (1997) needs to be updated to adequately develop management objectives and goals. It reported 1845 individual trees with geographical mapping and attributes indicating the health, maintenance, and risk potential of each tree. Follow up on tree health should occur to track any diseases or the need to replant where trees have been removed. The QAP should ensure that trees/shrubs are replaced if damaged, diseased, or removed per Sections I and K of this Plan. Several areas on base could be improved by planting more trees/greenery.

Additionally, once Brazilian pepper has been removed from areas around base, the site clearing would allow for planting of native trees/ shrubbery to improve air quality, reduce noise, heat and chemical pollution. The key will be to plant native vegetation that is grown locally, is adapted to the coastal environment, is low maintenance, and aesthetically pleasing.

III. Integrated Pest Management The Integrated Pest Management Plan for the 45 SW describes pest management requirements, outlines the resources necessary for surveillance and control, and describes the administrative, safety and environmental requirements of the program. The program uses certified government and contractor pest management technicians to control pests. Pests included in the plan are weeds and other unwanted vegetation, termites, mosquitoes, crawling insects (ants, crickets, cockroaches, etc.) and spiders, mice, moles, and other vertebrate pests. Without control, these pests could interfere with the military mission, damage real property, increase maintenance costs and expose installation personnel to disease.

Integrated pest management is a decision making process that uses a combination of techniques to suppress pests including planning and managing ecosystems to prevent organisms from becoming pests through natural resource management; identifying potential pest problems; monitoring populations of pests and beneficial organisms; pest damage and environmental conditions; using injury thresholds in making treatment decisions; reducing pest populations to acceptable levels using strategies that may include a combination of biological, physical, cultural, mechanical, behavioral and chemical controls; and evaluating the effectiveness of treatments.

Refer to Tab G, Integrated Pest Management Plan for details.

IV. Bird/Wildlife Aircraft Strike Hazard Reduction Plan The goal of this plan is to establish and operate a program to minimize bird/wildlife strike damage to aircraft. Key requirements for successful strike reduction are: 1) to involve all organizations in discussion as set up with the Bird Hazard Working Group (BHWG), 2) Eliminate or reduce environmental factors which attract birds to the airfield, 3) Report hazardous bird activity and alter or discontinue flying operations, 4) Inform all assigned and transient aircrews on specific bird hazards and procedures for avoidance, 5) Disperse birds on 45 SW airfields.

The 45 CES/CEV will be coordinated with in all instances to aid in reaching the requirements established in the BASH program, utilize the Federal bird depredation permit legally, and provide ecological and environmental impact analysis guidance whenever needed.

Refer to Tab L, BASH Plan for details (SW OPLAN 91-212).

V. Irrigation and Water Management The goal of water management is to reduce water use by the most efficient and effective means possible. Landscaping can be developed in such a way as to reduce long-term irrigation requirements by planting native vegetation that can withstand the coastal environment using xeriscaping approaches. Xeriscaping means that irrigation is limited and directed at particular planting zones such that plants needing more maintenance/water are in one zone while hardier plants are in another zone and only receive minimal irrigation during drier conditions throughout the year. Of course, irrigation is required for plant establishment and should be written into the contract language to reduce plant mortality. Varying means of irrigation are available and should be used according to the planting needs such as drip lines versus sprinkler heads. Irrigation monitoring should occur frequently to assess sprinkler heads, drip lines and electronic rain gauges to prevent under- or over-watering.

VI. Invasive Species Management Invasive plant species, also known as exotic vegetation, are plants that are not indigenous to the region where they are encountered. In most cases, invasive species disrupt the natural ecosystem of an area and can severely threaten the continued existence of native plant and/or animal species. In order to combat the invasion of exotic species, the White House issued Executive Order 13112, Invasive Species, (link below) which directs Federal agencies to prevent introduction of invasive species and provide for their control. In addition, the Order mandates the minimization of economic, ecological and human health impacts that invasive species can cause.

(http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=1999_register&docid=fr08fe99-168.pdf). The Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council is an advisory board that has provided a list of plants that are disruptive to native communities. See the FEPPC link provided under I. Grounds Maintenance and Landscape Design, Section I., Remove Trees, Shrubs, and Stumps.

Refer to Tab K, CCAFS Invasive Species Control Plan for details. The report in Tab K is a living document and will need to be modified by 45 CES/CEV to account for other identified species on base and estimated acreage coverage per species. A brief description of invasives on CCAFS will be discussed below. Grounds maintenance crews should also follow the Invasive Control Policy discussed below as well.

The most common invasive plant on CCAFS is the Brazilian pepper (Schinus terebinthifolius). Brazilian pepper is an exotic plant species that is not indigenous to the United States, however, it has adapted very well to the climate and various ecosystems http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=1999_register&docid=fr08fe99-168.pdf of Florida. Brazilian pepper competes against native plants and degrades natural habitats throughout Florida and 45 SW installations. The degradation of natural habitats on CCAFS adversely impacts the wildlife inhabiting the installation, including some threatened and endangered species. Typically, Brazilian pepper invades newly disturbed land and establishes itself quickly. In addition, this plant spreads rapidly through seed dispersal and regeneration. A number of 45 SW mission support requirements create disturbed ground conditions that are favorable to invasion by exotic plant species.

Further, periodic maintenance activities on CCAFS also result in the cutting or trimming of Brazilian pepper, which subsequently stimulates growth and regeneration of the plants.

Therefore, the following policy is directed to minimize the establishment and/or dispersion of exotic plants on CCAFS.

POLICY: Any invasive plants that are identified for cutting must be treated with an appropriate herbicide. If an exotic plant is encountered during execution of a job, the plant must be treated with an approved herbicide and removed prior to resumption of the task. Selecting the best treatment, or removal method, is critical to eradicating invasive plants. There are a number of factors that must be considered when selecting the best method for treating invasive plant species. These include, but are not limited to, type of invasive plant encountered, the size and/or number of plants, site conditions, proximity to surface water, time of year and presence of seeds. Organizations must contact the 45 SW Environmental Flight to assist in selecting the best treatment method.

Typically, the primary method for removing non-seed bearing exotic woody plants, such as Brazilian pepper, would be to remove the plant by pulling it from the ground, including the root system. If removal of the entire plant is not feasible, then it should be cut as close to grade as possible, and the stump immediately treated with an approved herbicide, such as GARLON, Round-Up, or RODEO. Herbicide selection would be determined based upon the factors listed above and herbicide label constraints. The cutting or trimming of Brazilian pepper without the immediate application of herbicide (within 10 minutes) is strictly prohibited on CCAFS. This also includes other invasive plants, such as Melaleuca, Acacia, Australian pine, and Mimosa. These exotic plants can rapidly regenerate from the stump and/or root systems if they are not treated with the appropriate herbicide. To ensure there is no regrowth, either from regeneration or seed germination, follow-on site monitoring and herbicide application(s) must be accomplished before the task can be considered complete (work order closed out).

If an invasive plant has seeds present, it must be treated with an approved herbicide at least two weeks prior to disturbing the plant. Invasive plants that contain seeds must not be disturbed until after the herbicide has been applied and the plant has defoliated; a minimum of two weeks. Brazilian pepper typically develops seeds from late October through November and the seeds remain viable until the February-March timeframe.

After herbicide application, the seeds must be allowed to die prior to disturbing the plant in order to prevent the inadvertent spread of viable seeds. It is imperative that invasive species be removed when the plants are not seeding to minimize their spread and the requirement for herbicides. Air Force Space Command (AFSPC) has recently directed its installations to reduce invasive species by ten percent (10%) annually. In addition, AFSPC has also mandated a 10% decrease in the amount of pesticides used on its bases each year. Therefore, the physical removal of invasive plants (vegetation and root systems) will be the primary method for treating exotic vegetation on CCAFS.

If Cogon grass, or other exotic grasses/bushes, are encountered, the identifying individual or agency must contact the 45 SW Environmental Flight (45 CES/CEVP) at 853-6578 and report the location. 45 CES/CEVP will identify the appropriate method of treatment for Cogon grass and all other non-woody invasive plant species infestations on

CCAFS.

Additional information regarding invasive species management can be found in Tab K, Invasive Species Control Plan.

VII. Non-point Source Pollution and Soil Erosion Prevention Several best management practices are employed to reduce non-point source pollution and soil erosion, examples are use of silt fencing during construction and buffering of waterways by means of stormwater diversion into dry retention swales and waterway bank/slope semi-improved to unimproved vegetative cover.

VIII. Scrub Habitat Management Under the ESA, all Federal lands, where Scrub-jays exist, must be managed so that the survivability of the species is improved. The Scrub-jay management plan led to the development of a strategy for restoring the scrub habitat required by this Federally threatened species. The CCAFS scrub habitat restoration program was initiated for the purpose of restoring over-mature scrub to a condition suitable to support the Florida scrub-jay. Initially, this program was accomplished solely through the application of prescribed fire to introduce a controlled fire in place of naturally occurring wildfires initiated by lightning strikes in the oak scrub. These burns maintain the oak scrub as a low, open habitat that many floral and faunal species have evolved to utilize. In addition, a fire regime reduces vegetative biomass to needed nutrients used to promote future plant growth and the newly sprouting vegetation supports numerous wildlife species by providing a preferred food source. The Air Force now employs a variety of techniques which includes, but is not limited to, use of a roller chopper, bull dozers equipped with vee blades, Brown tree cutters, Brontasaurus, a gyrotrack and other equipment that is deemed useful in doing habitat restoration. Once slash has dried sufficiently, the sites are then ready to be burned. Additional information on scrub habitat management can be found in Tab D-3, Scrub Habitat Restoration Plan.

IX. Coastal/Dune Management Coastal and dune areas are essential to several protected animal species. Management of dunes to prevent coastal erosion and provide barriers to artificial light sources is outlined in Tab D-1 Sea Turtle Preservation Plan. Additional information can also be found in Tab C, Coastal and Marine Resources Information.

X. Wetlands/Riverine Shoreline Management Wetland areas should be avoided by grounds maintenance personnel if at all possible.

Any activity in wetlands must be coordinated with 45 CES/CEV. Information on wetlands and wetland management is outlined in Tab B, Wetlands and Floodplain Management.

Appendix 1 - See CCAFS Grounds Maintenance Map (next page)

Appendix 2 - Pruning Specifications (refer to PAFB Land Management Plan)

Appendix 3 - Sodding Specifications (refer to PAFB Land Management Plan)

Appendix 4 - 45 SW Native/Salt Tolerant Plant List (refer to PAFB Land Management Plan)

Appendix 5- Planting Specifications (refer to PAFB Land Management Plan)

Appendix C-1 – CCAFS Grounds Maintenance Map

PAFB Land Management

I. Grounds Maintenance and Landscape Design Proper grounds maintenance and landscaping will be implemented on base property to maintain healthy grass, trees, shrubs, and plants, and present a clean, neat, and professional appearance. The base will be divided into three categories to distinguish the level of grounds maintenance and landscaping design activities required. The three categories are defined below. Refer to the PAFB Grounds Maintenance map, Appendix P-1, for a schematic of base coverage.

Improved Grounds. Grounds on which intensive development and maintenance measures are performed. This category applies to areas within the built-up section of an installation, which contains lawns, landscaping, parade grounds, berms, picnic areas, road shoulders and medians along main thoroughfares. Military Family Housing common areas are considered as „improved‟ as well. Golf course maintenance will be discussed in the Golf Course Environmental Management (GEM) Plan below in Section X.

Semi-Improved Grounds. Grounds that require maintenance of a lesser degree than improved grounds. This category includes, but is not limited to, the airfield and its clear zones, rifle ranges, antenna farms, ammunition storage areas (bunkers), road shoulders on secondary roads, open areas that aren‟t used for recreation or regular operations, and banks of drainage ditches. Golf course maintenance will be discussed in the Golf Course Environmental Management Plan below in Section X.

Unimproved Grounds. Grounds not included in the above categories. This classification includes, but is not limited to, timber and forest areas, lakes, ponds, coastal beaches/dunes and swamp/wetland areas where natural vegetation is allowed to grow with lack of maintenance activities.

Grounds Maintenance and Landscape Design Actions:

A. Mow Grass. Precautions shall be taken to prevent scalping, uneven mowing, rutting by equipment, and damage to trees, shrubs, sprinkler heads, and wildlife.

Clippings will be removed or mulched with mowing.

Improved - Height of grass and weeds shall not exceed four (4) inches or be cut to less than 2-1/2 inches.

Semi-Improved - Cutting of grass and vegetation along runways and taxiways (restricted areas) shall be accomplished. An attempt should be made to cut the entire airfield in one day to reduce foraging behaviors of birds thereby Bird Aircraft Strike Hazards (BASH).

Cutting should occur when the airfield is not active, again to reduce BASH. Clippings on runways shall be removed immediately after mowing to prevent aircraft hazards. Height of grass shall not exceed 14 inches or be cut to less than seven (7) inches. Cutting grass lower than 7 inches will allow birds to have a greater ability to forage thus increasing BASH. If dirt mounds or burrows are observed around the airfield, the 45CES/CEV must be consulted to provide guidance for avoidance of Burrowing Owls and gopher tortoises (protected species). Operators of articulating mower heads used for drainage ditch banks will avoid injuring wildlife (turtles, birds, etc.) by surveying area and scaring off wildlife before mower arm is lowered to mowing height. If eggs or non-mobile animals are observed and could be impacted by mowing blades, the area should be avoided and periodically checked every two weeks to determine if the area is clear for mowing. Grass and vegetation cutting shall be accomplished on both banks of open drainage ditches as indicated in the contract on an as required basis. See edging/trimming of semi-improved grounds for details. Mowing of ditch banks should maintain at least a twelve (12) inch buffer of grass, at least 7 inches in height, along the upland side of the ditch/canal being careful to keep the mowing head height consistent and in line with the terrain. Mowing should be minimized near the river‟s shoreline and trimming of landscape grasses (Bahia, etc.) should occur while avoiding native wetland/marsh vegetation.

B. Edging/Trimming (grass). Precautions shall be taken to prevent scalping, rutting by equipment, and damage to trees, shrubs, sprinkler heads, and wildlife.

Improved - This will occur around all facilities and landscaping in the Industrial Area.

Sidewalks, driveways, curbs, shrub and flowerbeds, and landscaped areas shall be edged on an as required basis so that vegetation does not extend over edges by more than 1-1/2". This work involves sidewalks, driveways, curbs, shrub and flowerbeds, and landscaped areas on improved grounds as indicated in the Statement of Work (SOW). The Contractor shall trim around trees, shrubs, fences, poles, airfield lighting, and any other protruding objects on an as required basis.

Semi-improved - Mowing of ditches adjacent to runways and taxiways shall be accomplished only after Airfield Operations has approved scheduled times. Mowing of ditches in restricted areas shall require clearance or escort by appropriate authority. The ditches on the golf course are also included. Height of grass shall not exceed 14 inches or be cut to less than seven (7) inches. A buffer of grass of at least 7 inches in height must be kept along the top of the bank at least twelve (12) inches upland of the slope and at least six (6) inches along the slope to prevent erosion and reduce pesticide/herbicide/fertilizer runoff into surface waters. This same buffer approach should be used along the river shoreline. Native vegetation should be avoided. Native grasses should only be trimmed if Base Operations and 45 CES/CEV determine that they are impeding flight safety. Refer to SOW.

C. Trash Collection in Grounds Maintenance Areas.

The Contractor shall police all improved grounds, parking lots, canals, to include taking trash out of the water, shrub and flower beds, sidewalks, covered walkways/breezeways, (including all at building 998), streets, roads, and recreation areas on a daily basis as indicated in SOW. The contractor shall properly dispose of all accumulated debris into Government dumpsters or at the disposal collection point on Control Road.

D. Eliminate Grass/Weeds.

Improved - Eliminate grass/weeds/crack-grass as required in shrub, turf, plant and flowerbeds, landscaped areas. All grass/weeds/crack-grass shall be removed manually, mechanically, or chemically.

Semi-improved - Eliminate grass/weeds/crack-grass as required on all active aircraft runways, taxiways, and parking aprons. All grass/weeds/crack-grass shall be removed manually, mechanically, or chemically. This work is in improved grounds, recreation, and airfield areas as indicated in SOW. Grass/weeds/crack-grass in excess of two (2) inches in height shall be eliminated.

Elimination of crack grass/weeds on runways, aprons, and taxiways (restricted areas) shall be accomplished only after Airfield Operations has approved scheduled times.

This work shall require clearance and escort by an appropriate authority who is under 100% radio control from the tower. As work progresses, all runways, taxiways, and aprons shall be cleared immediately of any clippings or other debris.

Grounds maintenance personnel should consider all alternatives to pesticide use and apply only the minimum necessary to accomplish the objective. If the Contractor chooses to use chemical means, he shall use only pesticides that are listed on the „Armed Forces Pest Management Board (AFPMB) Standard Pesticides List http://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/dod%20pesticides%20list.pdf. Their use must be in accordance with AFI 32-1053, Pest Management Program. All herbicide labels and MSDS must be provided to the Contracting or Quality Assurance Personnel (QAP) prior to application. Guidance can be obtained through the Base Pest Manager (45 CES Entomology Shop) or the Base Environmental Office (45 CES/CEV). If the contractor wishes to use a pesticide not on the approved list, he shall contact the 45 CES Entomology Shop to determine if it can be used. The pesticide must then go through the HAZMAT authorization/tracking process. Contractor shall store, mix, and transfer chemicals into final delivery apparatus at an off-base location only. Contractor shall apply chemicals in strict accordance with manufacturer's recommendations. Contractor shall submit to the QAP, on a monthly basis, a report, which shows type (Active Ingredient) and quantity of herbicides, applied during the month. The QAP will submit data to the 45 CES/CEV (494-9268) and 45 CES Entomology Shop (494-2625) no later than the 5th working day after the quarter ends so the data can be reported to command quarterly and AFCEE semi-annually.

All HAZMAT use shall be in accordance with AFI 32-7086, Chapter 2, Hazardous Materials Management. Contractor shall enroll in the HazMart and all hazardous material shall be authorized/tracked through the approved electronic Air Force hazardous material authorization/tracking system. In addition, the DOD policy also requires that only trained and certified applicators may apply pesticides on DoD installations. Herbicides and fungicides are defined as pesticides.

http://www.afpmb.org/pubs/standardlists/dod%20pesticides%20list.pdf

E. Prune Trees/Shrubs/Hedges.

Improved and Semi-improved - Trees shall be pruned/trimmed in accordance with industry standards per the Statement of Work, and will provide safety clearances and prevent structural damage. Additional informative guidance is provided at http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/woody/pruning/ and http://treesolutions.net/knowledge.htm.

Pruning should only occur using the American National Standards Institute standard for tree pruning, called ANSI A300 - Part 1 Pruning, and be completed by a trained personnel to prevent improper pruning that will harm the tree's health, stability, and appearance. All Palm trees shall be trimmed between 1 January and 30 June of each year to prevent debris hazards with hurricane/tropical storm force winds. Other trees shall be pruned on an as-required basis per QAP throughout the year.

Mangroves can not be trimmed unless approved by the 45 CES/CEV. If nesting birds, eggs, chicks, fledglings are observed in the area that will be pruned/trimmed, the 45 CES/CEV will be contacted to determine if identification is required to assess if it is a protected species before pruning. Protected bird species will be avoided and non-protected species can be moved to another tree/shrub if injury to the grounds worker or bird will not occur. The 45 CES/CEV will work with the QAP and the grounds maintenance crew to determine if protected species may have to be impacted in support of mission requirements. Eliminate all unnecessary pruning/trimming.

Shrubs and shrubbery shall be pruned/trimmed to maintain their natural growth. New growth above the specified sizes shall not be allowed to exceed 8 inches. Minimum clearances from buildings, utilities and other obstructions shall be 1 foot. This task includes the shrubs and shrubbery in the improved and semi-improved grounds, and recreation areas as indicated in SOW. Contractor shall remove the trimmings.

Hedges shall be maintained in their original height and shape. No informal hedges or screen plantings shall be converted to formal shapes. This task includes the hedges on base and in housing as indicated in SOW. Included are the hedges along Rescue Road, along A1A between the beach and Central Housing, along Patrick Drive in South Housing and the dividing hedges in South housing area. When new growth on small hedges (two (2) feet or less) reaches three (3) inches, hedges shall be trimmed.

Other hedges shall be trimmed when new growth reaches six (6) inches. See Appendix 2 for Pruning Specifications.

F. Apply Fertilizer.

Improved - A Government approved fertilizer shall be applied annually to grass, trees, and shrubs on improved grounds and recreation areas as indicated in SOW in accordance with manufacturer‟s recommendations. All fertilizers applied must be a timed-release type fertilizer with a nutrient release rate of 180 days.

Semi-improved- Fertilizers shouldn‟t be needed in semi-improved areas.

Consultation between the QAP, 45 CES/CEV and the 45 CES Entomology Shop will occur if it becomes necessary before the grounds maintenance crew can apply it.

G. Mulch. Provide and apply new mulch to all landscaped areas and planters annually anytime through out the year. The use of non-cypress mulches, other than pine straw, are highly encouraged, as this helps protect the cypress source‟s native habitats and species. The use of pine straw mulch is strictly prohibited, unless certified clean, to prevent importation of an invasive exotic species know as „Old World Climbing fern‟. The use of CCA mulch is prohibited as it will add to long-term problems with leaching of arsenic into the soil and ground water.

H. Repair/Replace Grass Areas. Areas damaged by vehicular traffic, utility system repair, drought, insects, or diseases shall be seeded, sprigged, or sodded to meet the standards of surrounding areas as directed by the QAP. This work is for the entire base including housing areas. See Appendix 3 for Sodding Specifications.

I. Remove Trees, Shrubs and Stumps. Dead, diseased, storm damaged, or other trees, shrubs, and stumps identified by job order shall be removed and debris disposed of at a site designated by the Contracting Officer or his/her designated representative. The removal of dead trees includes the removal of the tree stump as well. Stumps shall be removed to a depth of six (6) inches below grade level. After removal, the area shall be repaired or replanted in accordance with the job order. New plants, if applicable, shall then be included in this SOW for their maintenance. New plants must be native as much as practicable and selected from the Facility Excellence Plan Master Plant List https://pafbweb.patrick.af.mil/45SPTG/ce/Facilities%20Excellence%20Plan/Patrick/Appe ndices/plrindex010.htm , but compared to the 45 SW Native/Salt Tolerant Plant list (Appendix 4) to prevent invasive, exotics as indicated on the Florida Exotic Plant Pest Council‟s List : http://www.fleppc.org/list/05List.htm .

J. Landscaping. Landscaping trees and shrubs must be approved by the QAP and 45 CES/CEV to ensure invasive exotic species are not introduced to the installation.

Desired landscaping plants should be native species to the maximum extent possible.

A landscape design shall be provided and work may include clearing land, cutting sod, leveling and preparing the area for planting. If applicable, necessary fill and topsoil will be provided. The mulching of trees/shrubs/flowers within the landscape area will be accomplished by separate work order requests. New landscape assets shall then be included in this SOW. Irrigation should be implemented in the landscape design only if it is necessary to fulfill justified aesthetics or functional use of the area.

Maintenance cost/labor should be minimized by selecting and designing landscaping that is adapted to local environmental conditions and reduces the need for irrigation, fertilizers, and pesticides. The USAF Landscape Design Guide (http://www.afcee.brooks.af.mil/dc/dcd/land/ldg/index/html) and the 45 SW Native/Salt Tolerant Plant Guide (see Appendix 4) can be consulted for guidance.

K. Planting Program. Plant brand new or replace damaged trees, flowers, and shrubs. The Contractor shall replace all dead trees within two weeks after identification by QAP, with nursery grown trees of the same species unless they have since been classified as invasive, exotic and in this case a native equivalent will be https://pafbweb.patrick.af.mil/45SPTG/ce/Facilities%20Excellence%20Plan/Patrick/Appendices/plrindex010.htm https://pafbweb.patrick.af.mil/45SPTG/ce/Facilities%20Excellence%20Plan/Patrick/Appendices/plrindex010.htm http://www.fleppc.org/list/05List.htm http://www.afcee.brooks.af.mil/dc/dcd/land/ldg/index/html used. The Contractor shall replace all dead shrubs, and flowers with the same variety and similar size, or native equivalent if they have been classified as invasive, within two weeks after identification by QAP. Replacement plant materials shall conform to industry standards as outlined in SOW and discussed in Appendix 5, Planting Specifications.

L. Watering of Plant Material. All newly planted trees, flowers and shrubs must be kept watered until they are established. Grounds maintenance should develop a watering regime/program with regular monitoring to determine when the plants no longer need to be irrigated or will only be irrigated periodically during drought conditions.

M. Perform Grounds Maintenance for Military Family Housing Change of Occupancy Maintenance (COM) and Vacant Quarters:

The contractor shall mow grass no higher than 4 inches and no lower than 3 inches, remove grass clippings, trim shrubbery, edge sidewalks, driveways and curbs, trim grass around fire hydrants, poles, trees, fences, parking lots, bumper blocks and other items to the same height as grass was cut, shrubs and flower beds shall be cultivated around removing all grass, leaves and debris, replace mulch/border blocks, etc. Yards shall be raked and free of grass clippings, leaves, straw and other debris.

The contractor shall seed, sod, plug or sprig lawns as required by the QAP. Yards shall be properly prepared prior to plugging, siding, or seeding by cultivating and filling in with fill dirt. The contractor shall accomplish this grounds maintenance in conjunction with COM and other vacant houses as directed by the QAP and shall be completed within the allowed downtime for each unit (each unit is five days). Yards extend from the unit out 50 feet in all directions or end at the street or half the distance between the units.