Atch__25_-_Best_Practices_for_Landscape_Guidelines_Robins_AFB_3-15-2011.pdf

FINAL

BEST PRACTICES FOR LANDSCAPING

AT

ROBINS AIR FORCE BASE

78th Civil Engineer Group, Environmental Management Branch Robins Air Force Base, Georgia

March 2011

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FINAL

Best Practices For Landscaping

At

Robins Air Force Base

Contract No. W12978-09-D-0092 Delivery Order No. CV01

Prepared for:

78th Civil Engineer Group

Environmental Management Branch Robins Air Force Base, Georgia

78 CEG/CEAN Project Manager: Bob Sargent

Prepared by:

URS Group, Inc.

645 Tallulah Trail, Suite 202 Warner Robins, Georgia 30328-5648

March 2011

Contract No. W12978-09-D-0092 Best Practices for Landscaping at Robins Air Force Base

Delivery Order No. CV01 Table of Contents i March 2011

TABLE OF CONTENTS

sECTION page

1 INTRODUCTION

2 LANDSCAPE PLANNING

3 WHAT TO PLANT

4 WHAT NOT TO PLANT

5 PLANTING

6 MULCHING

7 FERTILIZING

8 IRRIGATING

9 PRUNING

10 PEST MANAGEMENT

11 PROTECTING PLANTS DURING CONSTRUCTION

12 REFERENCES

Acronyms and abbreviations

AFB Air Force Base

ANSI American National Standards Institute

BASH Bird/Wildlife Aircraft Strike Hazard

EO Executive Order

FEMP Federal Energy Management Program

INRMP Integrated Natural Resources Management Plan

NRCS Natural Resources Conservation Service

RAFBI Robins Air Force Base Instruction

USDA United States Department of Agriculture

Delivery Order No. CV01 Table of Contents ii March 2011

Delivery Order No. CV01 Section 1 – Introduction

1 March 2011

1 Introduction

Robins Air Force Base (AFB) contains approximately 1,788 acres of improved land, 1,476 acres of semi-improved land, and 3,120 acres of unimproved land (URS, 2007). The maintenance of these lands follows Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) guidelines and existing Air

Force standards and specifications, i.e., The Robins AFB Site & Landscape Development Plan

(AFCEE, 1998a), the USAF Landscape Design Guide (AFCEE, 1998b), and the Robins AFB

Integrated Natural Resources Management Plan (INRMP [URS, 2007]). The INRMP is the primary driver for compliance with and enforcement of natural resources laws and regulations at the Base, and provides general guidance on grounds maintenance. The INRMP emphasizes the conversion of improved grounds to semi-improved or unimproved grounds where possible, and the use of native, drought-resistant vegetation in future landscape plans.

Background

Robins AFB is located within the Sand Hills portion of the Southeastern Plains Ecoregion

(GADNR, 2005), and is situated south of the Fall Line and west of the Ocmulgee River. The climate is humid, and typified by hot summers and mild winters (URS, 2007). Average annual rainfall is about 45 inches, and February, March, and July are normally the wettest months (URS, 2007). Despite the relatively high level of rainfall, Georgia is currently facing a severe water supply problem following a period of prolonged drought and continuing population growth

(Wade et al., 2007). Xeriscape landscape principles have been developed to minimize outdoor water consumption and reduce the overall effort and cost of traditional landscape maintenance

(Wade et al., 2007). These principles are in line with water conservation and grounds maintenance guidance provided in Sections 7.7 and 7.8 of the INRMP (URS, 2007).

Purpose of Guidelines

The purpose of this document is to enhance and support existing landscape directives on Robins

AFB by incorporating xeriscape principles and industry standard practices. Specifically, this document identifies current best practices for landscaping at Robins AFB for new project proponents, facility managers, and contractors, and guides the implementation of low-maintenance landscaping consistent with Robins AFB Instruction (RAFBI) 32-7064.

Industry Standards

Landscaping practices on Robins AFB should conform to the American National Standards

Institute (ANSI) industry standards:

ANSI A300 – American National Standard for Tree Care Operations – Standard Practices

Series (available for purchase at http://www.treecareindustry.org/public/gov_standards_a300.htm)

ANSI Z60.1-2004 – American National Standard for Nursery Stock (available at http://www.jerseygrown.nj.gov/jgstandards.pdf)

ANSI Z133.1-2006 – American National Standard for Arboriculture Operations – Safety

Requirements (available for purchase at http://www.treecareindustry.org/public/gov_standards_z133.htm) http://www.treecareindustry.org/public/gov_standards_a300.htm http://www.jerseygrown.nj.gov/jgstandards.pdf http://www.treecareindustry.org/public/gov_standards_z133.htm

Delivery Order No. CV01 Section 1 – Introduction

2 March 2011

Resources

The University of Georgia Cooperative Extension website

(http://www.caes.uga.edu/extension/index.cfm) provides valuable resources on species selection, xeriscaping principles, landscape design, and plant/landscape maintenance.

Houston County Cooperative Extension Office (http://www.ugaextension.com/houston/) is located in Perry, GA. The office can process soil nutrient analyses and provide guidance on plant/landscape maintenance.

AFCEE (The Air Force Center for Environmental Excellence). 1998. The Robins Air

Force Base Site & Development Plan. Prepared for the 78th Civil Engineer, Environmental Management Division. June 1998.

AFCEE (The Air Force Center for Environmental Excellence). 1998. USAF Landscape

Design Guide. September 1998.

Local nurseries are a valuable source of information on plant selection, pest control, and maintenance.

GUIDELINE ORGANIZATION

The guidelines are organized into ten sections, which may be used individually or in conjunction with other sections. Each section provides information on best practices, and refers the reader to more detailed sources of information, when appropriate. The sections are described below:

Section 2 LANDSCAPE PLANNING: Establishes basic rules for proper landscaping

Section 3 WHAT TO PLANT: Identifies appropriate landscape plants

Section 4 WHAT NOT TO PLANT: Identifies inappropriate landscape plants

Section 5 PLANTING: Describes proper planting techniques

Section 6 MULCHING: Details suitable mulching materials and methods

Section 7 FERTILIZING: Highlights appropriate fertilization practices

Section 8 IRRIGATING: Provides information on irrigation and irrigation systems

Section 9 PRUNING: Specifies correct pruning methods

Section 10 PEST MANAGEMENT: Outlines an integrated pest management strategy

Section 11 PROTECTING PLANTS DURING CONSTRUCTION: Describes how to protect plants during construction http://www.caes.uga.edu/extension/index.cfm http://www.ugaextension.com/houston/

Delivery Order No. CV01 Section 2 – Landscape Planning

3 March 2011

2 Landscape Planning

Landscape and planting plans must be reviewed and endorsed by the grounds maintenance manager and the natural resources manager (RAFBI 32-7064). This provision should be included in all landscaping sections of bid documents and standard contract language.

Landscape plans should include planting design, plant species, planting details, and how new transplants would be monitored and maintained, such as how supplemental or permanent irrigation would be performed. Transplants will require supplemental irrigation for at least the first year after planting (see Section 8 – Irrigation).

The Environmental Management Branch will provide low-maintenance landscaping and xeriscape requirements for all new construction and landscape improvements through standard contract language (RAFBI 32-7064).

New construction projects shall implement low-maintenance landscaping, incorporating xeriscape principles (RAFBI 32-7064). A well designed xeriscape planting naturally requires minimal maintenance, water, fertilizer, and pesticide use.

Landscape concept design should reflect the base landscape theme, plant list, and existing site conditions.

Landscape design should consider principles of proportion and scale, harmony, emphasis, contrast, variety, plant form, texture, and color in creating a visually pleasing and functional landscape.

Functional uses of plants include wind and surface erosion control, temperature modification, noise abatement, and glare control.

New plantings should create an attractive landscape, minimize future maintenance needs and water use, and enhance biodiversity. Select plants and develop landscape plans that reduce the need for future weeding, irrigation, pruning, etc.

Always consider the mature growth potential (height and spread) of the plant relative to the size of the landscape area. When the plant reaches mature growth potential, will it physically contact, or obstruct access or maintenance to, elements of the built environment (buildings, doorways, windows, utility poles or lines, underground utilities, outdoor lighting, signage, sidewalks, or lines of sight around intersections or roadways, etc.)? If the answer is yes, then the plant is not appropriate for the space.

Foundation plantings should provide a transition or connection between vertical and horizontal planes, and can range from a formal arrangement of shrubs to a blend of trees, shrubs, groundcovers, annuals, and perennials that soften the intersection of building and ground.

Do not plant large trees or large shrubs near buildings. Use grasses, ground covers, or smaller shrubs that exhibit slow growth, low height profiles, and small canopy spreads.

As a rule of thumb, large trees should be planted at least 30 – 40 feet from buildings, and small trees should be planted at least 10 – 15 feet from buildings.

Delivery Order No. CV01 Section 2 – Landscape Planning

4 March 2011

Do not plant trees under or near utility poles, utility lines, or outdoor lighting.

Do not plant large trees in small medians or islands in roadways or parking lots.

Ideally, an unpaved island would extend at least to the drip line or crown edge of the mature tree.

Plants used in parking areas should be hardy varieties that can thrive in confined growing areas and are tolerant to drought, heat, and pollution. Plant selection should consider nuisances such as fruit and sap.

Do not plant trees or shrubs near intersections (including connections between roadways and driveways or sidewalks) or in any area where plants could possibly obstruct the line of sight required for safe travel on roadways.

Landscape design should consider wildlife habitat enhancement or creation where applicable by using plants that provide food, shelter, water, and space to meet wildlife needs.

Spacing of new landscape plantings should be driven by the projected uses or maintenance requirements of the area, and the mature growth form of the plants. Do not overcrowd new plantings. If the area will need to be accessed in the future, then new plantings should be spaced to allow for continuous ease of access even when the vegetation reaches mature growth potential.

The use of native, naturally-occurring plants and high-efficiency water delivery systems in landscape design will create sustainable landscapes, save money, and reduce irrigation and maintenance requirements.

Purchased plants should conform to the ANSI Z60.1-2004 standards for nursery stock.

For additional information:

AFCEE (The Air Force Center for Environmental Excellence). 1998. The Robins Air Force

Base Site & Development Plan. Prepared for the 78th Civil Engineer, Environmental

Management Division. June 1998.

AFCEE (The Air Force Center for Environmental Excellence). 1998. USAF Landscape

Design Guide. September 1998.

RAFBI 32-7064. Integrated Natural Resources Management. 2010. Available at http://www.e-publishing.af.mil/shared/media/epubs/ROBINSAFBI32-7064.pdf

Delivery Order No. CV01 Section 3 – What To Plant

5 March 2011

3 What to Plant

The following list identifies species that are well suited to landscaping needs on Robins AFB.

Emphasis was placed on selecting native species that are adapted to the climate and resistant to the pests of the region. Native Plants are identified (*). Virtually all plants are used in some capacity by wildlife; however, plants considered to be of special importance to wildlife at Robins

AFB are identified ( ). The “Leaf” column indicates the persistence of foliage (D = deciduous, E

= Evergreen). The “Size” column details the mature height / width (feet) of the plant. The

“Sun” column specifies exposure preferences (F = full sun, P = partial shade, S = shade). The

“Water” column specifies moisture requirements (L = low, M = medium). The “Poison” column identifies plants that are poisonous. Taxonomy follows USDA, NRCS (2010).

Botanical Name Common Name Leaf Size Sun Water Poison¹

Grasses

Andropogon ternarius* Splitbeard Bluestem D 4/4 F/S L

Andropogon virginicus* Broomsedge D 3/3 F M

Chasmanthium latifolium* Indian Woodoats D 4/3 F/S M

Cortaderia selloana Pampas Grass D 8/6 F M

Eremochloa ophiuroides Centipede grass D 1/1 F/P M

Panicum virgatum* Switch Grass D 5/4 F M

Pennisetum spp. Fountain Grasses D 4/4 F L

Sorghastrum nutans* Indiangrass D 6/3 F M

Ground Covers

Asclepias tuberosa*

Butterfly Milkweed D 3/2 F L

Chrysogonum virginianum* Green and Gold D/E 1/1 F/P L

Galax urceolata* Galax E 1/1 P/S M

Glandularia canadensis* Rose Mock Vervain D 1/1 F/P L

Hemerocallis spp. Daylily E 3/2 F/P M

Hypericum calycinum Aaron's Beard D/E 1/2 F/S M

Juniperus davurica 'Expansa' Parsons Juniper E 2/4 F M X

Juniperus horizontalis Creeping Juniper E 2/4 F M X

Liriope muscari Big Blue Lilyturf E 1/1 F/S L

Liriope spicata Creeping Liriope E 1/1 F/S L

Lycopodium digitatum* Fan Clubmoss E 1/1 P/S M

Monarda spp.*

Beebalm/Bergamot D 2/2 F/P M

Rudbeckia spp.*

Coneflower D 1/1 F M

Solidago spp.*

Goldenrod D 4/2 F M

Tiarella cordifolia* Foam Flower D 1/1 P/S M

Yucca filamentosa* Beargrass E 6/2 F L

Thelypteris kunthii* Maiden Fern D 3/3 P/S M

6 March 2011

Botanical Name Common Name Leaf Size Sun Water Poison¹

Athyrium asplenioides* Lady Fern D 3/3 P/S M

Vines

Bignonia capreolata*

Cross Vine D/E 40/NA F/S L

Campsis radicans*

Trumpet Creeper D 40/NA F/P L X

Gelsemium sempervirens*

Trumpetflower E 20/NA F/P M X

Lonicera sempervirens*

Trumpet honeysuckle E 20/NA F/S M X

Parthenocissus quinquefolia*

Virginia Creeper D 50/NA F/S L X

Passiflora incarnata*

Purple Passionflower D 20/NA F/P L

Trachelospermum jasminoides Confederate Jasmine E 20/NA F M

Vitis rotundifolia*

Muscadine D 30/NA F/P M

Shrubs

Abelia grandiflora Glossy Abelia E 6/6 F/P M

Aesculus parviflora*

Bottlebrush Buckeye D 20/15 P/S M X

Aesculus pavia*

Red Buckeye D 25/20 P/S M X

Agarista populifolia* Florida Hobblebush E 12/10 P/S M

Callicarpa americana*

Am. Beautyberry D 8/6 F/S M

Calycanthus floridus*

Eastern Sweetshrub D 6/6 F/S M X

Hamamelis Virginiana* American Witchhazel D 30/25 P/S M

Hydrangea arborescens*

Wild Hydrangea E 8/8 F/S M X

Hydrangea quercifolia*

Oakleaf Hydrangea D 6/8 F/S M X

Ilex decidua*

Possumhaw D 30/30 F/P L X

Ilex verticillata*

Common Winterberry D 20/10 F/P L X

Ilex vomitoria* Yaupon Holly E 25/20 F/P M X

Ilex vomitoria* 'Nana' Dwarf Yaupon Holly E 5/5 F/P M

Illicium parviflorum*

Yellow Anisetree E 20/10 F/P M X

Itea virginica*

Virginia Sweetspire D 5/6 F/S M

Juniperus chinensis Juniper (various) E 15/6 F L

Loropetalum chinense Loropetalum E 12/6 F/P M

Myrica cerifera* Wax Myrtle E 20/20 F/P M

Nerium oleander Oleander E 20/10 F/P L X

Osmanthus americanus* Devilwood E 35/20 F/S M

Ostrya virginiana* Hophornbeam D 40/30 F/S M

Rhododendron arborescens*

Smooth Azalea E 10/8 P/S M X

Rhododendron austrinum*

Orange Azalea E 10/8 P/S M X

Rhododendron calendulaceum*

Flame Azalea E 10/8 P/S M X

Rhododendron canescens*

Mountain Azalea E 10/8 P/S M X

7 March 2011

Rhus copallinum*

Winged Sumac D 8/8 F L

Rosmarinus officinalis Rosemary E 5/5 F/P L

Symplocos tinctoria* Common Sweetleaf D 20/15 P/S M

Vaccinium arboreum*

Farkleberry D/E 20/15 F/S M

Vaccinium elliottii*

Elliott's Blueberry D 9/6 F/P M

Vaccinium stamineum*

Deerberry D 12/6 F/P M

Viburnum acerifolium*

Mapleleaf viburnum D 6/6 F/P M

Viburnum macrocephalum Snowball Viburnum D 15/15 F/P M

Yucca aloifolia* Aloe Yucca E 15/5 F/P L

Yucca gloriosa* Moundlily Yucca E 6/3 F/P L

Trees

Acer rubrum* Red Maple D 50/35 F/P M

Acer barbatum* Southern Sugar Maple D 80/40 F/P L

Acer saccharum 'Legacy' Legacy Sugar Maple D 80/40 F/P L

Aesculus sylvatica*

Painted Buckeye D 40/25 F/P M X

Betula nigra* River Birch D 90/60 F/P M

Carpinus caroliniana* American Hornbeam D 30/30 F/S M

Carya glabra*

Pignut Hickory D 80/60 F/P L

Carya alba*

Mockernut Hickory D 80/61 F/P L

Cedrus deodara Deodar Cedar E 80/50 F M

Celtis laevigata* Sugarberry D 120/70 F M

Cercis canadensis* Eastern Redbud D 35/30 F/S M

Chionanthus virginicus* White Fringetree D 20/20 F/S M

Cornus florida* Flowering Dogwood D 30/35 F/P M

Diospyros virginiana*

Common Persimmon D 40/40 F/P M

Fagus grandifolia*

American Beech D 70/70 F/P M

Fraxinus pennsylvanica* Green Ash D 50/40 F M

Halesia carolina* Carolina Silverbell D 40/25 F/P M

Ilex opaca* American Holly E 50/40 F/S M X

Juniperus virginiana* Eastern Red Cedar E 40/20 F/P L

Liriodendron tulipifera* Yellow Poplar D 90/50 F M

Magnolia grandiflora* Southern Magnolia E 80/50 F/P M X

Magnolia virginiana* Sweetbay E 60/40 F/P M

Oxydenrum arboreum* Sourwood D 40/25 F/P M

Pinus echinata* Shortleaf Pine E 10/60 F/P L

Pinus taeda* Loblolly Pine E 165/30 F/P L

Prunus caroliniana*

Carolina Laurelcherry E 40/25 F/S L X

8 March 2011

Prunus serotina*

Black Cherry D 80/45 F/P L X

Quercus alba*

White Oak D 100/60 F/P M

Quercus falcata*

Southern Red Oak D 100/60 F/P L

Quercus hemisphaerica*

Laurel Oak D 90/60 F/P M

Quercus lyrata*

Overcup Oak D 80/60 F/P M

Quercus nigra*

Water Oak D 90/60 F/P M

Quercus phellos*

Willow Oak D 100/60 F M

Quercus prinus*

Chestnut Oak D 80/60 F/P L

Quercus virginiana* Live Oak E 80/100 F/P M

Sassafras albidum* Sassafrass D 60/40 F/P L

Ulmus alata* Winged Elm D 50/40 F/P L

Ulmus parvifolia Lacebark Elm D 50/50 F M

- May not represent a comprehensive list. Plants indicated as poisonous are known to have toxic effects when ingested, but the severity of symptoms differs according to many variables. Poisonous plants should not be planted near residential areas or playgrounds.

Information adapted from:

Westerfield, R.R. and G.L. Wade. 2009. Poisonous Plants in the Landscape. The

University of Georgia Cooperative Extension, Circular 957, September 2010.

www.caes.uga.edu/applications/publications/files/pdf/C%20957_1.pdf

Special situations

The Airfield Environment

Recommended plants for the airfield environment include bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon;

Robins AFB, 2009) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea; Washburn and Seamans, 2004). Both of these grasses tend to be invasive, which is a desirable trait for turf grasses. Active management may be required to prevent the undesired invasion of these plants into natural areas.

Erosion Control

Recently disturbed or other highly erodible sites may require the rapid establishment of vegetation to prevent soil erosion. In this case a mix of annual and perennial grasses is recommended and may be applied with hydroseeding techniques. An annual grass, such as

Italian ryegrass (Lolium perenne), should be used for fast germination and root establishment. A perennial grass, such as bermudagrass, germinates more slowly but provides long-term vegetative cover.

http://www.caes.uga.edu/applications/publications/files/pdf/C%20957_1.pdf

Delivery Order No. CV01 Section 4 – What Not To Plant

9 March 2011

4 What not to Plant

Misused Plants

The following list highlights species that are not recommended for use in landscaping on Robins

AFB. Species on this list may be intolerant of local pests, unsuitable for the local climate, prone to problems with growth structure, or overused in the landscape. Taxonomy follows USDA, NRCS (2010).

Botanical Name Common Name

Cupressocyparis leylandii Leyland Cypress

Cupressus arizonica Arizona Cypress

Lagerstroemia indica Crapemyrtle

Photinia spp. Photinia

Pinus elliottii Slash Pine

Platanus occidentalis American Sycamore

Prunus spp. (exotic ornamentals) Ornamental Cherry (including

Yoshino Cherry)

Pyrus communis Bradford Pear

PLANTS TO AVOID

The following list highlights plants appearing on the List of Non-native Invasive Plants in

Georgia (Georgia Exotic Pest Plant Council, 2008). Generally, these plants should not be planted. Three exceptions are bermudagrass, tall fescue, and Vinca spp. (periwinkles) which are suitable for use as turf grasses and a ground cover, respectively. However, the use of these plants may require additional management to control their invasiveness. Taxonomy follows

USDA, NRCS (2010).

Botanical Name Common Name

Achyranthes japonica Japanese Chaff Flower

Ailanthus altissima Tree Of Heaven

Akebia quinata Chocolate Vine

Albizia julibrissin Silktree

Alliaria petiolata Garlic Mustard

Allium vineale Wild Garlic

Alternanthera philoxeroides Alligatorweed

Alternanthera sessilis Sessile Joyweed

Alysicarpus vaginalis Alyceclover

Ampelopsis brevipedunculata Amur Peppervine

10 March 2011

Botanical Name Common Name

Anthoxanthum odoratum Sweet Vernalgrass

Ardisia crenata Coral Ardisia

Artemisia vulgaris Mugwort

Arthraxon hispidus Small Carpgrass

Arundo donax Giant Reed

Berberis thunbergii Japanese Barberry

Bidens bipinnata Spanishneedles

Bidens pilosa Hairy Beggarticks

Bromus secalinus Rye Brome

Bromus tectorum Cheatgrass

Broussonetia papyrifera Paper-Mulberry

Carduus nutans Musk Thistle

Celastrus orbiculatus Oriental Bittersweet

Centaurea cyanus Cornflower

Cinnamomum camphora Camphortree

Cirsium vulgare Bull Thistle

Clematis terniflora Sweet Autumn Virginsbower

Colocasia esculenta Coco Yam, Wild Taro

Commelina benghalensis Benghal Dayflower

Cynodon dactylon Bermudagrass

Cytisus scoparius Scotch Broom

Daucus carota Queen Anne's Lace

Dioscorea alata Winged Yam

Dioscorea bulbifera Air-Potato

Dioscorea polystachya Chinese Yam

Egeria densa Brazilian Egeria

Eichhornia crassipes Waterhyacinth

Elaeagnus pungens Thorny Olive

Elaeagnus umbellata Autumn-Olive

Eragrostis curvula Weeping Lovegrass

Euonymus alatus Winged Burning Bush

Euonymus fortunei Winter Creeper

Fallopia japonica Japanese Knotweed

Fallopia sachalinensis Sakhalin Knotweed

Fatoua villosa Mulberryweed

Festuca arundinacea Tall Fescue

Firmiana simplex Chinese Parasoltree

Hedera helix English Ivy

Hemerocallis fulva Tawny Daylily

11 March 2011

Hibiscus syriacus Rose Of Sharon

Hydrilla verticillata Hydrilla

Ilex cornuta Chinese Holly

Ilex crenata Japanese Holly

Imperata cylindrica Cogongrass

Ipomoea coccinea Red Morningglory

Ipomoea cordatotriloba Tievine

Ipomoea purpurea Tall Morningglory

Jacquemontia tamnifolia Smallflower Morningglory

Kummerowia stipulacea Korean Lespedeza

Kummerowia striata Common Lespedeza

Lantana camara Largeleaf Lantana

Lespedeza bicolor Shrubby Lespedeza

Lespedeza cuneata Sericea Lespedeza

Lespedeza thunbergii Thunberg Lespedeza

Leucanthemum vulgare Oxeye Daisy

Ligustrum japonicum Japanese Privet

Ligustrum lucidum Glossy Privet

Ligustrum sinense Chinese Privet

Limnophila sessiliflora Limnophila

Liriope muscari Monkeygrass

Liriope spicata Creeping Liriope

Lonicera fragrantissima Sweet Breath Of Spring

Lonicera japonica Japanese Honeysuckle

Lonicera maackii Amur Honeysuckle

Lygodium japonicum Japanese Climbing Fern

Mahonia bealei Leatherleaf Mahonia

Marsilea minuta Dwarf Waterclover

Melia azedarach Chinaberry

Melinis repens Natalgrass

Mentha x piperita Peppermint

Microstegium vimineum Nepalese Browntop

Miscanthus sinensis Chinese Silvergrass

Morus alba White Mulberry

Mosla dianthera Miniature Beefsteakplant

Murdannia keisak Marsh Dayflower

Myriophyllum aquaticum Parrotfeather

Myriophyllum spicatum Eurasian Watermilfoil

Najas minor Brittleleaf Naiad

12 March 2011

Nandina domestica Sacred Bamboo

Nasturtium officinale Watercress

Orobanche minor Small Broomrape

Paederia foetida Skunk-Vine

Panicum repens Torpedograss

Paspalum notatum Bahiagrass

Paspalum quadrifarium Tussock Paspalum

Paspalum urvillei Vaseygrass

Paulownia tomentosa Princesstree

Persicaria longiseta Oriental Lady's Thumb

Persicaria maculosa Spotted Lady’s Thumb

Phragmites australis Common Reed

Phyllostachys aurea Golden Bamboo

Poa annua Annual Bluegrass

Poncirus trifoliata Trifoliate Orange

Potamogeton crispus Curlyleaf Pondweed

Pueraria montana Kudzu

Pyracantha coccinea Scarlet Firethorn

Pyrus calleryana Callery Pear (Bradford Pear)

Quercus acutissima Sawtooth Oak

Rosa laevigata Cherokee Rose

Rosa multiflora Multiflora Rose

Rottboellia cochinchinensis Itchgrass

Rubus armeniacus Himalaya Blackberry

Rubus phoenicolasius Wine Raspberry

Salvinia molesta Giant Salvinia

Securigera varia Crownvetch

Sesbania herbacea Bigpod Sesbania

Sesbania punicea Red Sesbania

Sesbania vesicaria Bagpod

Setaria faberi Giant Foxtail

Setaria pumila Yellow Foxtail

Setaria viridis Green Bristlegrass

Solanum viarum Tropical Soda Apple

Sonchus asper Spiny Sowthistle

Sonchus oleraceus Annual Sowthistle

Sorghum halepense Johnsongrass

Spiraea japonica Japanese Spiraea

Stachys floridana Florida Betony

13 March 2011

Tamarix gallica French Tamarisk

Torilis arvensis Hedgeparsley

Triadica sebifera Chinese Tallowtree

Verbascum thapsus Common Mullein

Verbena bonariensis Tall Vervain

Verbena litoralis Brazil Vervain

Vernicia fordii Tungoil Tree

Vinca major Big Periwinkle

Vinca minor Common Periwinkle

Wisteria floribunda Japanese Wisteria

Wisteria sinensis Chinese Wisteria

The Airfield Environment

Reducing the bird/wildlife aircraft strike hazard (BASH) in the airfield environment is a primary safety goal at Robins AFB. Plants that are especially attractive to wildlife are generally suitable for planting in other portions of the base, but should not be planted in the vicinity of the airfield.

Plants producing fruits, seeds, or browse that are particularly desirable to wildlife should be avoided in the airfield environment. The Robins AFB BASH Plan (Robins AFB, 2009) details specific vegetation management actions and suggests reducing the diversity of vegetation in the airfield environment. Suitable grasses for the airfield environment are discussed in Section 3.

Delivery Order No. CV01 Section 5 – Planting

14 March 2011

5 PLANTING

When to Plant

All planting/transplanting should conform to ANSI A300 (Part 6) - Transplanting.

Transplant woody plants in the fall (October through December) to minimize heat and drought stress and allow for the development of a strong root system. If planting during the growing season is necessary, then bare-root plants should be avoided in favor of containerized plants or plants with root balls.

Transplant annuals and plants with cold requirements according to their specific recommended planting dates.

How to Plant

Landscape and planting plans must be reviewed and endorsed by the grounds maintenance manager and the natural resources manager (RAFBI 32-7064).

All planting/transplanting should conform to ANSI A300 (Part 6) - Transplanting.

Planting beds should be tilled to a depth of 8 – 12 inches.

For individual plants, holes should be dug with sloping sides and be at least twice the diameter of the root system. The appropriate depth of the planting hole will vary.

The top of the root system should be level or slightly higher than the soil surface, and the upper-most, structural roots should be within 1 – 3 inches of the soil surface.

Prior to filling in the planting hole, remove burlap, twine and/or rope root coverings from the top and upper sides of the root ball. Synthetic wrapping materials should be completely removed, and wire baskets should be cut off to 6 inches below the shoulder of the root ball.

Loosen and spread out girdling or encircling roots (when possible), or else cut and remove.

Fill the hole with the excavated soil, tamp gently, and water deeply. Soil amendments are generally not recommended, especially in clay soils, as they may result in water pooling and subsequent drowning of the vegetation.

If fertilization is desired, then a slow-release fertilizer should be added to the planting hole. Avoid granular, general-purpose fertilizers.

A raised ring of soil can be created to direct water to the root ball.

See the Tree Planting Diagram and the Planting Checklist on the following page.

Hydroseeding techniques are appropriate when establishing areas of turf grass and when establishing grasses on highly erodible sites.

15 March 2011

Planting Checklist

Adapted from Watson and Himelick (2005)

Are structural roots at the correct depth?

Is the trunk/main stem vertical?

Have co-dominant, dead, broken, or weakly attached stems been pruned?

Has the plant been mulched without covering the base of the main stem(s)?

Has the plant been watered thoroughly?

Have extra soil, root ball wrappings, pots, pruned branches, and other debris been removed from the site?

If a support system was installed, does it allow for growth and movement of the plant?

Have plans been made for timely inspections and future removal of support systems?

Have plans been made to ensure proper care will be given to the plant?

Tree Planting Diagram

Adapted from Watson and Himelick (2005)

Apply 2 to 3 inches of mulch over the root ball and backfill. Keep mulch away from trunk base.

Structural roots should be just below the soil surface.

Cut burlap, twine, and wire baskets away from top and upper sides of root ball.

Set root ball on undisturbed soil to prevent settling.

Create a raised ring of soil around the root ball.

If staking is necessary, use two opposing stakes with separate, flexible ties.

Top of planting hole is at least 2 times root ball diameter.

Pack backfill around base of root ball to stabilize; allow remainder to settle, or tamp lightly.

Extend stakes (if required) into undisturbed soil.

16 March 2011

Maintaining New Transplants

Maintenance of all transplants should conform to ANSI A300 (Part 1) – Pruning, (Part 2)

– Fertilization, (Part 3) – Supplemental Support Systems, and (Part 6) – Transplanting.

Remove any trunk wrappings and unnecessary rope, tags, etc.

Prune broken, weak or interfering branches or co-dominant leaders. Delay intensive pruning until the specimen is well established.

Support systems (staking, guying, or bracing) should consist of canvas straps or hose-enclosed wire, only be used when necessary, follow established guidelines, and be removed within one year after planting.

Fabric weed guards should be installed prior to mulching, especially for beds and rows of shrubs or hedges, to minimize the need for weeding.

Mulch promptly to minimize weed competition and conserve soil moisture. Possible mulching materials include bark, wood chips, pine straw, or composted materials. The mulching depth should not exceed 3 inches, and a gap of 3 inches should be left between the trunk and the mulch (see Section 6 – Mulching).

Transplants should be monitored regularly for the first year after planting. Look for signs of moisture stress, e.g., gray-green color or wilting. Irrigation should specifically target the root ball (see Section 8 – Irrigating). The method of irrigation (temporary or permanent) should be based on the size of the site, plant material requirements, and correctly planned for the growing season.

Fertilization of transplants, if necessary, should be based on soil nutrient analysis and only slow-release fertilizers should be used (see Section 7 – Fertilizing).

Watson, G. and E.B. Himelick. 2005. Best Management Practices: Tree Planting.

International Society of Arboriculture. Champaign, IL.

Westerfield, R.R. and G.L. Wade. 2009. BMP in the Landscape. The University of Georgia

Cooperative Extension, Circular 873, September 2010.

www.caes.uga.edu/applications/publications/files/pdf/C%20873_2.pdf

RAFBI 32-7064. Integrated Natural Resources Management. 2010. Available at http://www.caes.uga.edu/applications/publications/files/pdf/C%20873_2.pdf

Delivery Order No. CV01 Section 6 – Mulching

17 March 2011

6 Mulching

Proper mulching suppresses weeds, reduces soil erosion, reduces soil temperature in summer, elevates soil temperature in winter, adds organic matter to the soil, and conserves soil moisture.

Mulching materials may include bark, wood chips, pine straw, or composted materials

(e.g., leaf litter or other landscape debris).

Selecting the appropriate mulch material is a site specific process. The mulch material should blend with surrounding architectural structures. Always consider the future maintenance requirements of various mulch materials.

Organic mulches generally provide greater benefit to the soil and plants, but require more frequent maintenance and replacement.

Fabric weed guards minimize weedy competition with landscape plants and reduce future maintenance requirements. Fabric weed guards should be installed prior to mulching, especially for beds and rows of shrubs or hedges, to reduce the need for weeding. Weed guards should be maintained in accordance with manufacturer guidelines. Do not use plastic as a weed guard.

New transplants should immediately receive 2 – 3 inches of mulch.

Mulch around established plants should be maintained at 2 – 3 inches.

Never pile mulch around trunks or main stems. Always leave at least a 3 inch gap around trunks or main stems.

Watson, G. and E.B. Himelick. 2005. Best Management Practices: Tree Planting.

International Society of Arboriculture. Champaign, IL.

Westerfield, R.R. and G.L. Wade. 2009. BMP in the Landscape. The University of Georgia

Cooperative Extension, Circular 873, September 2010.

Delivery Order No. CV01 Section 7 – Fertilizing

18 March 2011

7 FertilizING

All fertilization should conform to ANSI A300 (Part 2) – Fertilization.

Fertilize only to rectify visible nutrient deficiencies, eliminate nutrient deficiencies detected through soil analysis, or to increase plant vitality.

A fertilization prescription should be based on the type of vegetation to be fertilized and the existing nutrient content of the soil. Soil samples can be submitted to the Houston

County Cooperative Extension office for nutrient analysis (http://www.ugaextension.

com/houston/). Soil analysis will determine the appropriate rate and type of fertilizer to apply, and determine whether lime is needed to adjust soil pH.

DO NOT OVER-FERTILIZE! When in doubt reduce the application rate.

Do not fertilize during periods of extreme heat or drought.

Use slow-release fertilizers to minimize the risk of over-fertilization, reduce the frequency of applications, and protect water quality.

For established plants, apply slow-release fertilizer prior to bud break. One application will generally suffice for the growing season.

Newly transplanted woody plants do not require immediate fertilization, but a slow-release fertilizer should be applied during the first growing season.

Annuals and herbaceous-perennials lack the energy reserves of woody plants, and should receive a light application of water-soluble fertilizer when transplanted.

Do not apply weed-and-feed fertilizers near ornamental plants.

Broadcast application of dry fertilizer is the most practical application method, and should be completed prior to rainfall or irrigation. Broadcast evenly over landscaped beds, and only when foliage is dry. Brush fertilizer from foliage prior to irrigation.

For trees, broadcast the fertilizer over an area equal to the canopy spread. Trees growing in turf will derive nutrients from fertilizer applied to the turf, and do not require additional application. If the turf is not fertilized, then trees should be fertilized as above.

Shaded areas generally require less fertilizer than areas receiving full sun.

Sandy soils generally require more frequent fertilization than clay soils.

Smiley, E.T., Lilly, S.J. and P. Kelsey. 2002. Best Management Practices: Tree and Shrub

Fertilization. International Society of Arboriculture. Champaign, IL.

Westerfield, R.R. and G.L. Wade. 2009. BMP in the Landscape. The University of Georgia

Cooperative Extension, Circular 873, September 2010.

Delivery Order No. CV01 Section 8 – Irrigating

19 March 2011

8 IrrigatiNG

All outdoor water use must comply with RAFBI 32-7064 and the State of Georgia’s

Rules for Outdoor Water Use (RSG-391-3-30).

Water conservation at Robins AFB is required by Federal Energy Management

Program (FEMP) Executive Order (EO) 13423, which requires a reduction in water consumption intensity, relative to the baseline of water usage in fiscal year 2007.

Watch for signs of moisture stress (wilting or a pale-green color) before deciding when to irrigate. Irrigate only those plants that need water.

DO NOT OVER-WATER! Over-watering may lead to root rot, which can kill plants.

Healthy, mature woody species can survive weeks of low rainfall without irrigation.

Annual and herbaceous-perennials have limited root systems, and generally require more frequent irrigation than woody species.

Irrigate in the evening or early morning to conserve water.

Watering deeply encourages healthy, water-efficient root systems. Avoid light, frequent irrigation.

Transplants will require supplemental irrigation for at least the first year after planting.

Contracts should include a plan and budget for supplemental watering of new transplants.

The method of irrigation (temporary or permanent) should be based on the size of the site, plant material requirements, and correctly planned for the growing season.

Permanent irrigation systems should follow established specifications (e.g., AFCEE

1998b and RAFBI 32-7064), and should not be installed without a detailed plan for future operation, inspection, and maintenance. Permanent systems should use drip irrigation whenever practicable.

Plants shall receive no more than 1 – 2 inches of water per week, even during periods of drought, and they shall not be watered when rainfall is adequate (RAFBI

32-7064).

Lawns shall be watered no more often than every four days during dry periods, less often during rainy periods. Lawns need three-quarters of an inch of water each time they are watered (RAFBI 32-7064).

AFCEE (The Air Force Center for Environmental Excellence). 1998. USAF Landscape

Design Guide.

RAFBI 32-7064. Integrated Natural Resources Management. 2010. Available at http://www.e-publishing.af.mil/shared/media/epubs/ROBINSAFBI32-7064.pdf

Westerfield, R.R. and G.L. Wade. 2009. BMP in the Landscape. The University of Georgia

Cooperative Extension, Circular 873, September 2010. www.caes.uga.edu/applications/ publications/files/pdf/C%20873_2.pdf http://www.e-publishing.af.mil/shared/media/epubs/ROBINSAFBI32-7064.pdf http://www.caes.uga.edu/applications/%20publications/files/pdf/C%20873_2.pdf http://www.caes.uga.edu/applications/%20publications/files/pdf/C%20873_2.pdf

Delivery Order No. CV01 Section 9 – Pruning

20 March 2011

9 Pruning

All pruning should conform to ANSI A300 (Part 1) – Pruning and ANSI Z133.1 safety standards.

Always have a reason to prune. If in doubt, then don’t take it out.

Always prune back to a branch collar or just above a bud facing away from the trunk. Never flush cut or leave a stub. Never damage important parts of the plant such as the branch collar or bark ridge. Never use heading cuts (e.g., topping, dehorning, and hedging) or bench cuts (i.e., cutting a vigorous vertical limb back to a horizontal limb).

Always use the Three Step Method to prune large or very long branches.

Light, annual pruning is better than severe, irregular pruning.

Spring-flowering woody plants should be pruned after they bloom. Summer-flowering woody plants should be pruned during the dormant winter period. Grasses should be cut back close to the ground level in late winter, prior to the new growing season.

Pruning should encourage a large central trunk, create well-spaced lateral branches, eliminate co-dominant leaders, remove branches with tight/narrow crotch angles, and encourage tapered trunks and branches.

Avoid intensively pruning live branches during times of plant stress.

Remove damaged, diseased, dying, or dead limbs as soon as possible.

Never remove more than 25% of the canopy in one pruning cycle.

Always disinfect tools between trees to prevent disease spread.

Do not use wound or tree dressings.

Crapemyrtles

Crapemyrtles are not recommended for planting on Robins AFB due to historical overuse in the landscape; however, crapemyrtles already existing on the base will require pruning. The general pruning practices outlined above should also be used for crapemyrtles. Avoid the common practice of severely pruning or “heading back” crapemyrtles. In general, pruning should remove sprouts near the ground and along the primary trunk(s). Interior, horizontal sprouts

Delivery Order No. CV01 Section 9 – Pruning

21 March 2011 should also be removed. The remaining sprouts should be vertical or lean slightly toward the outside of the plant, and these sprouts can be shortened back to the point where they are approximately one-half to one-fourth inch in diameter. See the pictures below for guidance.

Bradford Pears

The general pruning practices outlined above should also be used for Bradford pears. Select the strongest/tallest central trunk to be the central leader. Shorten by half any other branches growing parallel to the leader. If two branches have sprouted along the central trunk within 15-inches of each other, then remove the weaker sprout. Try to leave only those branches growing at a 45-degree angle from the main trunk.

Roadways and Right-of-Ways

Pruning along roadways and right-of-ways should be guided by the general pruning practices outlined above. Pruning should be done by hand and comply with ANSI A300 (Part 1) and

ANSI Z133.1. Mechanical trimming or “boom bush-hogging” shall not be permitted.

Root Pruning and Root Barriers

When the roots of existing vegetation threaten the integrity of the built environment, root pruning and/or the installation of root barriers may be appropriate. Root pruning and the installation of root barriers should only be conducted in consultation with a licensed arborist because such practices are relatively uncommon and can result in damage to the vegetation.

For additional information:

Gilman, E.F. and S.J. Lilly. 2008. Best Management Practices: Tree Pruning. International

Society of Arboriculture. Champaign, IL.

Wade, G.L. and R.R. Westerfield. 2009. Basic Principles of Pruning Woody Plants. The

University of Georgia Cooperative Extension, Bulletin 949, April 2009.

http://www.caes.uga.edu /applications/publications/files/pdf/B%20949_2.PDF

The Right Way The Wrong Way

Delivery Order No. CV01 Section 10 – Pest Management

22 March 2011

10 Pest Management

All pest management should comply with the Integrated Pest Management Plan

(Robins AFB, 2011).

Pest management should focus on biological, cultural, and mechanical controls to reduce the use of chemical pesticides.

Minimizing pest problems starts with selecting the proper plant species. Select species that are appropriate for the site. Select pest-resistant species/varieties. Use high-quality nursery stock. Incorporate a diversity of species.

Plants that are stressed are more susceptible to pest outbreaks. Minimize plant stress by practicing proper mulching, fertilization, irrigation, and pruning.

Proper landscape sanitation reduces the risk of pest outbreaks. Excessive plant litter or debris should be removed annually, and disposed of properly.

Good pest management requires good monitoring. Pay attention to your plants, and closely inspect those that show signs of stress.

Pruning and destroying diseased or infested portions of plants can effectively control small or isolated pest outbreaks.

You must first identify the pest in order to develop an effective control response.

The University of Georgia Cooperative Extension website

(http://www.caes.uga.edu/extension/anr/#pest) provides valuable resources for the identification of pests and effective control responses.

The local County Extension office can assist in pest identification and suggest effective controls (http://www.ugaextension.com/houston/).

Approval from the Pest Management Shop is required prior to pesticide application, and contractors must report the amount (pounds) of active ingredient applied.

The purchase, storage, and application of certain pesticides may be subject to state and/or federal law, and may require appropriate licenses.

Always apply pesticides in accordance with manufacturer guidelines for dosage, timing, frequency, and application technique.

The only herbicide authorized for use by contractors is Roundup. If alternative selective pesticides are needed, a treatment plan and herbicide recommendation should be submitted to the natural resources manager for approval.

For additional information:

Robins Air Force Base. 2011. Integrated Pest Management Plan for Robins AFB. Effective dates January 1 to December 31, 2011. The Environmental Management Directorate, Pest

Management Section.

Wiseman, E.. 2007. Best Management Practices: Integrated Pest Management. International

Society of Arboriculture. Champaign, IL.

http://www.caes.uga.edu/extension/anr/#pest http://www.ugaextension.com/houston/

Delivery Order No. CV01 Section 11 – Protecting Plants During Construction

23 March 2011

11 Protecting Plants During

Construction

Plant protection strategies should conform to ANSI A300 (Part 5) – Management of

Trees and Shrubs During Site Planning, Site Development, and Construction.

Proper plant maintenance (i.e., monitoring, mulching, pruning, fertilization, irrigation, and pest management) should be practiced before, during, and after construction.

Plant protection measures should be discussed with the architect, project manager, or contractor as early in the development phase as possible. If desired, a landscape protection contract should be developed and signed by the builder and all contractors.

Soil compaction presents the biggest threat to preserving trees on construction sites.

If possible, work with the architect or contractor during the project planning phase to reduce or minimize the non-structural construction footprint (e.g., storage areas, traffic routes, temporary offices, etc.). Soil compaction can be minimized by using heavy equipment mats or at least 6 inches of wood chips.

Obtain a complete set of site development plans. Plants located at least 10 feet outside of the construction footprint may be good candidates for preservation if: they are desirable species, they are healthy, the mature growth form of the species will be compatible with future site use, minimal effort will be required to protect them during construction.

Plants that are undesirable, unhealthy, over-mature, or located inside or within 10 feet of the construction footprint should be removed.

Clearly mark plants that are to be protected.

Use fencing/barricades to establish plant protection zones. For trees, the ideal protection zone should extend at least to the drip line of the canopy. Exclude all construction activities or equipment from plant protection zones. Plant protection zones should be clearly marked, and all contractors and equipment operators should be made aware of the protection measures.

Do not allow debris or chemical wastes to be buried on the construction site.

Monitor the construction site to ensure the protection measures are respected.

All preserved plants should be carefully inspected after construction. Damaged branches should be pruned. Trees with extensive trunk/bark damage should be removed. Small areas of trunk/bark damage should be cleaned by removing loose bark. Wound dressings are not necessary.

Matheny, N., and J.R. Clark. 1998. Trees and Development: A Technical Guide to

Preservation of Trees During Land Development. International Society of Arboriculture.

Champaign, IL.

Delivery Order No. CV01 References

24 March 2011

12 References

AFCEE (The Air Force Center for Environmental Excellence). 1998a. The Robins Air Force

Base Site & Development Plan. Prepared for the 78th Civil Engineering Squadron, Robins AFB.

AFCEE (The Air Force Center for Environmental Excellence). 1998b. USAF Landscape

Design Guide.

GADNR (Georgia Department of Natural Resources). 2005. A Comprehensive Wildlife

Conservation Strategy for Georgia. Prepared by Wildlife Resources Division, Georgia

Department of Natural Resources, Atlanta, Georgia. August 2005.

Georgia Exotic Pest Plant Council. 2008. List of Non-native Invasive Plants in Georgia.

September 2010. www.gainvasives.org/gaweeds.cfm

Gilman, E.F. and S.J. Lilly. 2008. Best Management Practices: Tree Pruning. International

Society of Arboriculture. Champaign, IL.

Matheny, N., and J.R. Clark. 1998. Trees and Development: A Technical Guide to Preservation of Trees During Land Development. International Society of Arboriculture. Champaign, IL.

RAFBI (Robins Air Force Base Instruction) 32-7064. Integrated Natural Resources

Management. 2010. Available at http://www.epublishing.af.mil/shared/media/epubs/ROBINSAFBI32-7064.pdf

Robins Air Force Base.

2011. Integrated Pest Management Plan for Robins AFB. Effective dates January 1 to

December 31, 2011. The Environmental Management Directorate, Pest Management

Section.

2009. Robins Air Force Base Bird/Wildlife Aircraft Strike Hazard (BASH) Plan, 91-212.

June.

Smiley, E.T., Lilly, S.J. and P. Kelsey. 2002. Best Management Practices: Tree and Shrub

Fertilization. International Society of Arboriculture. Champaign, IL.

USDA (United States Department of Agriculture), NRCS (Natural Resources Conservation

Service). 2010. The PLANTS Database. September 2010. http://plants.usda.gov.

URS (URS Corporation). 2007. Robins Air Force Base Integrated Natural Resources

Management Plan 2006—2010. Prepared for the 78th Civil Engineer, Environmental

Management Division. May 2007.

Wade, G.L., Midcap, J.T., Coder, K.D., Landry, G., Tyson, A.W and N. Weatherly, Jr.. 2007.

Xeriscape

TM

a guide to developing a water-wise landscape. The University of Georgia http://www.gainvasives.org/gaweeds.cfm http://www.epublishing.af.mil/shared/media/epubs/ROBINSAFBI32-7064.pdf http://plants.usda.gov/

25 March 2011

Cooperative Extension, Bulletin 1073, May 2007.

www.marex.uga.edu/advisory/Library/CSCPpdfs/Xeriscape.pdf

Wade, G.L. and R.R. Westerfield. 2009. Basic Principles of Pruning Woody Plants. The

University of Georgia Cooperative Extension, Bulletin 949, April 2009.

http://www.caes.uga.edu/applications/publications/files/pdf/B%20949_2.PDF

Watson, G. and E.B. Himelick. 2005. Best Management Practices: Tree Planting. International

Westerfield, R.R. and G.L. Wade. 2009. BMP in the Landscape. The University of Georgia

Cooperative Extension, Circular 873, September 2010.

Westerfield, R.R. and G.L. Wade. 2009. Poisonous Plants in the Landscape. The University of

Georgia Cooperative Extension, Circular 957, September 2010.

www.caes.uga.edu/applications/publications/files/pdf/C%20957_1.pdf

Wiseman, E.. 2007. Best Management Practices: Integrated Pest Management.