Attachment_AB_-_HAVO_Comprehensive_Interpretive_Plan.pdf

Division of Interpretation & Education Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park October 2015 | COMPREHENSIVE INTERPRETIVE PLAN 1 Division of Interpretation & Education Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park October 2015 | COMPREHENSIVE INTERPRETIVE PLAN 1

National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior

Comprehensive Interpretive Plan

Hawai‘i Volcanoes National ParkHawai‘i Volcanoes National Park Attachment AB

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Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park Comprehensive Interpretive Plan

Prepared by National Park Service U.S. Department of Interior

Pacific West Region

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Table of Contents Introduction 1

Comprehensive Interpretive Planning 2

Foundation 7

Significance Statements 9

Fundamental Resources and Values 11

Primary Interpretive Themes 13

Audiences 18

Interpretive Service Plan Table 1

Long term and Short term Goals Table 2

Annual Implementation Plan 22

Interpretive Media 29

PMIS 33

Education Plan 37

Reading List 46

Other Plans affecting Interpretation 48

Table 4.1 - Wilderness and Backcountry Areas Map

Table 5.2 - Ecological Zones

2014 Visitor Survey Results

1999 Draft Plan

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About the Comprehensive Interpretive Plan

The National Park Service (NPS) has a unified planning approach for interpretation and education.

This approach combines planning for interpretive media, personal interpretive services, and education programs. Sound interpretive planning provides an organized method for making informed choices about a park's interpretive and educational program. It can provide solutions to management problems, with the goals of encouraging preservation of park resources, and fostering increased visitor understanding, appreciation, enjoyment, and stewardship. The comprehensive interpretive planning process describes a five year vision and details an organized method to define the park story, and will be a collaborative effort, with on-going public involvement that includes park staff, subject-matter experts, and partners and other stakeholders as vital participants in its development that forms the basis of the plan, and the actions necessary to achieve the vision.

The Comprehensive Interpretive Plan (CIP)

The Comprehensive Interpretive Plan (CIP) is meant to be a living work plan, used by interpreters, educators, managers, planners, designers, and anyone else with responsibility for sharing Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park’s story with the world. It is a vision for desired visitor experiences as well as a blueprint for the Division of Interpretation and Education’s role in resource protection at the park. It builds on the foundations established through development of the General Management Plan (GMP).

Although the CIP as defined in Director’s Order No. 6 is composed of specific elements, good planning is customized to meet each park’s needs and situation. The CIP is a guide to effective, goal-driven planning. It is primarily a forward-looking document that concentrates on actions needed to create or sustain a vigorous and effective interpretive program for the future. The essential elements of a CIP include a Long-Range Interpretive Plan (LRIP), Annual Implementation Plan (AIP) and Interpretive Database (ID).

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Long-Range Interpretive Plan (LRIP)

The core of the CIP is the Long-Range Interpretive Plan (LRIP). The LRIP defines the overall vision and long-term (5 year) interpretive goals of a park. The process to develop the LRIP defines realistic strategies and actions that work toward achievement of the interpretive goals. The LRIP features two phases; Phase 1 Foundation and Phase 2 Interpretive Services. The Foundation phase articulates significance, themes, and target audiences, and includes a brief review of existing conditions.

The second phase of the LRIP builds upon that foundation with long term and short term recommendations about interpretive services for the park, looking ahead to the next 3-5 years. A full text articulates those elements, and, after review, the LRIP is finalized.

Annual Implementation Plan (AIP)

An LRIP is a critical component of the CIP, but it does not stand alone. Actions in the LRIP are divided into annual, achievable steps described in the Annual Implementation Plan. The AIP simplifies annual planning by basing implementation on the actions recommended in the LRIP.

Interpretive Database (ID)

The Interpretive Database is a compilation of materials which support and build the components of the plan - a park’s enabling legislation, education plans, exhibit plans, wayside exhibit plans, strategic plan, bibliographies, reports, visitor surveys, media inventories, volunteer program policies, planning documents, research resources, interpretive program outlines, education curriculum, publications plans, historic furnishings plans, scope of sales and other basic information. The interpretive database contains critical resource material for the park's interpretive and education operations, including bibliographies and studies as varied as General Management Plans and Historic Resource Studies.

Four interpretive planning workshops – in October and November 2014 – were conducted to gather consensus foundational information on the significance of Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park’s resources and build on that information to develop the park’s future interpretation & education program. These were the key meetings that led to the park’s CIP, of which this Long-Range Interpretive Plan is a part. Participants of each workshop are listed in the tables below.

Lehua Lopez-Mau served as Facilitator for all workshops.

Key to creating the HAVO plan was the input and ideas from park staff, other divisions, park partners, and various stakeholders. Numerous internal and external interpretive planning workshops were held that formed the basis for this plan.

Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park would like to take this opportunity to thank all of the participants creative ideas, forward thinking and expertise to develop the future vision for the park’s interpretation and education program. The CIP will be a much more effective and inclusive document due to their contributions.

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Workshop Participants

Wednesday October 22, 2014

1. Keola Awong 18. Chantel Weaver

2. Travis Delimont 19. Russ Atkinson

3. Jasmine Casart 20. Mary Grace Orr

4. Diana Miller 21. Jane Field

5. Leinā‘ala Hall 22. Paul Field

6. Pascal Nelson 23. Frank Box

7. Dean Gallagher 24. Norrie Judd

8. Jessica Ferracane 25. Debra Ruffin

9. Stephen Geiger 26. Joni Mae Makuakāne-Jarrell

10. Ed Shiinoki 27. Amos Meyers

11. Adrian Boone 28. Charlene Meyers

12. Keoni Kaholoa‘a 29. Jay Robinson

13. David Porter 30. Dale Smith

14. Emerick LaMontagne 31. Melissa Smith

15. George Jensen 32. Rita Pregana

16. Noah Gomes 33. Andrea Kaawaloa -Okita

17. Paul Sanderson 34. Elizabeth Bell

Thursday October 23, 2014

1. Russ Atkinson 12. Rebecca Carvalho

2. Mary Grace Orr 13. Diana Miller

3. George Jensen 14. Paul Field

4. Keoni Kaholoa‘a 15. Andrea Kaawaloa-Okita

5. David Porter 16. Elizabeth Bell

6. Ed Shiinoki 17. Noah Gomes

7. Emerick LaMontagne 18. Leinā‘ala Hall

8. Paul Sanderson 19. Shyla Ronia

9. Dean Gallagher 20. Jasmine Casart

10. Pascal Nelson 21. Chantel Weaver

11. Travis Delimont

Friday October 24, 2014

1. Keola Awong

2. Rita Pregana

3. Norrie Judd

4. Joni Mae Makuakāne-Jarrell

5. Stephen Geiger

6. Elizabeth Bell

7. Jay Robinson

8. Andrea Kaawaloa-Okita

Friday November 14, 2014 - Kahuku

1. Rita Pregana

2. Keola Awong

3. Jessica Villegas

4. Moses Espaniola

5. Julia Espaniola

6. Wendy Vance

7. Joni Mae Makuakāne-Jarrell

8. Andrea Kaawaloa-Okita

9. Elizabeth Bell

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Foundation The foundational information is used to guide the development of the park‘s future interpretation and education program. This includes basic information about the park and its visitors, the significance ascribed to the place and its resources, and primary interpretive themes. Mission statements, management goals, description of visitor experience goals, and factors affecting interpretation provides for context in which work is completed.

Background

Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park is on the southeastern edge of the Island of Hawai‘i, the southernmost island of the Hawaiian Archipelago. The park was established by Congress on August 1, 1916, as Hawai‘i National Park (subsequent legislation separated Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park and Haleakalā National Park).

Today, Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park protects approximately 330,0861 acres (133,581 hectares) of public land, which includes some of the most unique geologic, biologic, and cultural landscapes in the world. Extending from sea level to the summit of Mauna Loa at 13,677 feet, the park encompasses the summits and rift zones of two of the world’s most active shield volcanoes—Kīlauea, representing the newest land in the Hawaiian Islands chain, and Mauna Loa, the largest volcano in the world.

While these two volcanoes are the primary features of the park and the principal reason for its establishment, this volcanic topography also supports one of the most fascinating biologic landscapes in the world, sustaining incredibly diverse populations of plant and animal communities across seven ecological life zones. Located more than 2,000 miles from the nearest continent, Hawaiian plants and animals evolved in almost complete isolation for the past 30 million years. As a result, over 90% of the native terrestrial flora and fauna in Hawai‘i are endemic to this small archipelago. The park provides habitat for 52 federally listed endangered or threatened species and eight species that are candidates for listing. Included among these species are the nēnē (Hawaiian goose), ‘io (Hawaiian Hawk), and ‘āhinahina (Mauna Loa silversword). Considering this diversity of life and its distinction on the planet, Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park is both a fantastic laboratory for the study of biogeography and evolution within the Pacific Islands and a cornerstone for recovery of native Hawaiian species found nowhere else in the world.

In addition to its geological and biological significance, the park also plays a unique role in the history of human development on the Hawaiian Islands and remains an important home to living cultures in Hawai‘i. Just as the volcanic and biologic features of the land have shaped the landscape of Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park, so too have the people who have been a part of its history.

Over five centuries before the

Division of Interpretation & Education Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park October 2015 | COMPREHENSIVE INTERPRETIVE PLAN 8 establishment of the park, Native Hawaiians lived, worked, and worshiped on this sacred ground.

Later in the 19th and early 20th century, adventurers, explorers, scientists, philanthropists, and individuals also left their mark on the landscape. Today, ancient petroglyphs, stone walls, and footpaths persist between massive lava flows. Historic housing districts, historic structures, and historic roads dot the developed corridors of the park, together revealing the diverse cultures and history that have been, and continue to play, an integral role on this landscape.

Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park contains 123,100 acres (133,581 hectares) of federally designated wilderness set aside in 1978. In 1980, Hawai‘i Volcanoes and Haleakalā National Parks were jointly designated as “Hawai‘i Island International Biosphere Reserve” by United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), and seven years later, in 1987, the park was also declared a World Heritage Site by the World Heritage Convention of UNESCO. Very few areas in the United States are designated as both a Biosphere Reserve and World Heritage Site.

Master Plan (MP) The most recent master plan for Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park was completed in 1975 and no longer provides adequate guidance to address the policy and operational issues now facing park management.

Many conditions in Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park and throughout the region have changed since the current master plan was completed in 1975 including: continuous eruptions at Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō on Kīlauea Volcano since 1983 and related impacts on resources and visitor opportunities; increased visitation and changing visitor patterns (approximately 1.6 million visitors annually) and resulting transportation conflicts and parking congestion; the loss of visitor facilities, cultural resources, and significant habitat for numerous federally listed threatened, endangered, and candidate species from volcanic activity; the continuing spread of introduced invasive species and avian disease; increased impacts to the soundscape and acoustic environment;

expansion of the park with the addition of the Kahuku Unit; impacts on resources due to climate change; and new international designations including designation as a World Heritage Site and International Biosphere Reserve.

General Management Plan (GMP) The purpose of the park’s general management plan (GMP) is to articulate a vision and overall management direction for Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park that reflects contemporary and future issues and challenges

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The general management plan includes management strategies for resource protection and preservation;

visitor use; interpretation and education; use of facilities and the need for new facilities; and long-term operations and management of the park. This general management plan also includes a wilderness study, or a formal study of lands eligible in the park for possible recommendation to Congress for wilderness designation as well as a commercial services strategy that articulates goals and strategies for managing commercial services in the park.

Park Purpose

Park Purpose statements emerge from the language that created a park. Hawai‘i National Park, Act of August 1, 1916 - An Act To establish a national park in the Territory of Hawai‘i, approved August 1, 1916 (39 Stat. 432) and set apart as a public park or pleasure ground for the benefit and enjoyment of the people of the United States.

The park purpose is a clear statement of the reason or reasons for which the park was set aside as part of the national park system. Statements of the park’s purpose are grounded in a thorough analysis of the park’s enabling legislation and legislative history. This includes studies prior to authorization that go beyond a restatement of the law to document shared assumptions about what the law means in terms specific to the park. It is the most fundamental criteria against which the appropriateness of all plan recommendations, operational decisions, and actions are tested. The purpose is derived from law and policy; however, developing the park purpose often requires some interpretation of the language in the park’s establishing legislation or presidential proclamation.

The following purpose was developed for Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park:

Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park protects, studies, and provides access to Kīlauea and Mauna Loa, two of the world’s most active volcanoes and perpetuates endemic Hawaiian ecosystems and the traditional Hawaiian culture connected to these landscapes.

Significance Statements

The following significance statements define what is most important about the park’s many resources and values and demonstrate the very reason why the lands have been designated as a national park. They are based on the park’s legislation and General Management Plan.

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Significance

Geological Forces

Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park protects and interprets the largest and most continuously active shield volcanoes in the United States and provides the best physical evidence of island building processes that continue to form the 2,000-mile-long Hawaiian archipelago.

Scientific and Educational Opportunities

Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park’s active volcanoes serve as a living laboratory for scientific investigations that began over a century ago and continue to advance global understanding of volcanic processes.

Natural Resource Management Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park protects, restores, and studies unique and diverse ecosystems and endemic species that are the result of over 30 million years of evolution on an isolated environment characterized by its active volcanic landscape and wide climate variations.

Wilderness Protection Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park encompasses the largest and most ecologically diverse wilderness in the Pacific Islands.

Cultural Connections Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park embraces the Native Hawaiian spiritual significance of this landscape and interprets related cultural traditions.

Cultural Resource Management Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park encompasses sites, structures, objects and landscapes that document over 600 years of human life and activities on an active volcanic landscape.

Safe Access Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park provides access to two of the most active volcanoes in the world and an opportunity to understand and appreciate the distinctive geology and natural and cultural adaptations to the land.

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Fundamental Resources and Values

Fundamental resources and values articulate the most important ideas or concepts to be communicated to the public about a park and warrant primary consideration during planning and management because they are critical to achieving the park’s purpose and maintaining its significance.

These may include systems, processes, features, visitor experiences, stories, scenes, sounds, smells, or other resources and values.

The identification of fundamental resources and values should not be interpreted as meaning that some park resources are not important. This exercise is primarily done to separate those resources or values that are covered by the service-wide mandates and policies from those that have important considerations to be addressed in the general management plan.

The following fundamental resources and values have been identified for Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park.

VOLCANOES AND ASSOCIATED

VOLCANIC FEATURES AND

PROCESSES

Two active hot-spot shield volcanoes, dynamic geologic processes and volcanic features demonstrate the effects of the forces of nature and record the geologic history.

BODY OF SCIENTIFIC

KNOWLEDGE AN

INVESTIGATIONS

Documents, collections, and observations contribute to scientific discovery and range from early first-hand accounts of eruptive events to current scientific research and museum collections.

OPPORTUNITIES FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND MONITORING

The park serves as a world-class living laboratory for geologic research, conservation biology, ecosystem development, island biogeography and evolution that continues to build on the existing body of scientific knowledge for resource protection, public safety, and environmental understanding.

BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY

The park contains an extraordinary assemblage of native plants and animals—over 90% of which are endemic to the Hawaiian Islands and many of which are rare, endangered and threatened with extinction.

ECOLOGICAL INTEGRITY

The park perpetuates native ecosystems and communities, many of which are unique to the park, and provides a refuge for endemic plants and animals that span seven ecological zones ranging from seacoast to alpine. The park also supports the continuation of natural processes and interactions among species and between the biotic and abiotic environments.

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NATURAL SOUNDS

Park soundscapes are protected from many human-caused sounds and are dominated by the sounds of wind, ocean, volcanic activity, and native species.

NIGHT SKY

The unobscured night sky is characterized by an absence of artificial light.

REMOTE AND CHALLENGING EXPERIENCES

The park promotes opportunities for visitors to experience solitude, primitive conditions, and challenge.

NATURAL LANDSCAPE CHARACTER

From mauka (toward the mountain) to makai (toward the ocean), vast expanses of the park’s wilderness have been affected primarily by the forces of nature—retaining their primeval character.

FIRST-HAND VOLCANIC EXPERIENCES

The park provides opportunities for visitors to approach and experience the park’s active volcanic eruptions including fountains, fissures and flows.

PELEHONUAMEA (Pele)

Volcanic landscapes and all active flows and products of eruptive events are the representation of Pelehonuamea, deity of Hawaiian volcanoes.

WAHI KAPU (SACRED PLACES) AND WAHI

PANA (CELEBRATED PLACES)

The entire park landscape and all of its inhabitants and features are sacred to Native Hawaiians, particularly Halemaʻuma‘u Crater (home of Pelehonuamea), Mauna Loa’s Moku‘āweoweo caldera ( a focal point for the greater Hawaiian relationship to the universe- stars, sun, moon), and mauka forested areas.

OPPORTUNITY FOR TRADITIONAL CULTURAL USE

Native Hawaiian traditional uses in the park perpetuate traditional practices, knowledge, and the cultural importance of this area. These practices, including chants and dances, depend upon natural sounds, unobstructed views of mountain summits and an environment that has not been greatly altered by man-made changes.

CULTURAL RESOURCES

The park’s rich and varied cultural resources, including objects, archeological sites, cultural landscapes, historic structures and ethnographic resources are preserved and contribute to interpreting and understanding the greater Hawaiian culture and the more recent human history within the park.

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Primary Interpretive Themes

A set of six overarching interpretive themes organize the largest-scale ideas and meanings related to the park‘s resources and values. They represent the dynamic interplay between the park’s significance and provide the foundation for developing education and interpretive programs. These themes are not mutually exclusive, and there is overlap in associated stories under each. Many stories are interlinked and complementary—a logical result of telling multiple stories about places whose people, events, resources and ideas are so interrelated. Additionally, these themes may evolve over time to include newly discovered significant sites, stories and a fresh perspective.

Theme 1 – Geological Forces How Does The Park’s Geology Showcase Its Global Scientific Value?

Monitoring the daily pulse of active volcanoes in Hawai‘i active volcanoes leads to new discoveries and advances in the understanding of volcanic eruptions and hazard monitoring.

The approachable active volcanoes of Mauna Loa and Kīlauea allow first-hand discovery and connection with one of the most fundamental forces in our world, in both its creative and destructive roles.

The park’s unique, significant geological forces create a dynamic environment of exceptional scientific value.

Both volcanoes are world famous: Mauna Loa is one of the largest volcanoes in the world, while Kīlauea has sustained one of the world’s longest continuous eruptions in recorded history. The processes that have formed and continue to sculpt these two Hawaiian Volcanoes are like none other in the world.

Mauna Loa Volcano, the elder of the two, has had its share of volcanic eruptions. Each eruption has contributed to its overall grandeur. Mauna Loa currently rises some 13,679 feet above sea level and encompasses more than half of the island of Hawai‘i. Its most recent eruption occurred in 1984 which sent a lava flow within several miles of Hilo town. Of all the volcanoes in Hawai‘i, Mauna Loa best exemplifies what geologists have termed a Hawaiian shield volcano. Hawaiian shield volcanoes have broad, gently sloping sides, with large sections stretching across the sea floor, Mauna Loa incorporates a base that extends some tens of thousands of feet to the seafloor. In total, Mauna Loa occupies a volume of approximately 19,000 cubic miles and if measured from the depths of its sea floor base, rises some 56,000 feet (Trusdell 2012). Its immense size is attributed to centuries of high-volume volcanic eruptions that occur approximately every 20 years on average.

Typical of other Hawaiian volcanoes that are in their shield building stage, Mauna Loa features one caldera at its summit and two active rift zones. From Mauna Loa and its subsequent eruptions were born a diverse collection of volcanic products and features, such as a caldera and craters, cones and fissures, and lava flows and faults.

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Kīlauea has woven a similar yet younger history. Sporting a caldera and with two rift zones, Kīlauea is much like Mauna Loa in structure though not nearly as grand. Unlike Mauna Loa, Kīlauea is known for its plethora of eruptions, many of which have affected the lives of nearby communities. In the last 30 years, Kīlauea has erupted significant volumes of lava along its remote East Rift Zone, particularly from Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō and Kupaianaha vents. This eruption, with few interruptions, has been ongoing since 1983 and has added approximately 500 acres of new land to Hawai‘i Island’s southern shore (Orr, Heliker, and Patrick 2013). Thanks to this nearly constant eruption—plus almost a dozen additional summit eruptions in recorded history—Kīlauea’s lava flows are among the most watched and accessible in the world.

Hotspot volcanism, the source for Hawaiian volcanoes, was first theorized in the 1960s.

This type of volcanism is actively occurring beneath Mauna Loa and Kīlauea and is believed to cause molten magma, which rises from a deep reservoir within the mantle layer of the earth (about 25–37 miles beneath the ocean floor) (Babb, Kauahikaua, and Tilling 2011). Hotspot volcanism fuels the nearly continuous eruptions of Mauna Loa and Kīlauea.

This dynamic process began more than 70 million years ago and has since formed the entire Hawaiian archipelago, which extends 2,000 miles across the Pacific Ocean.

The numerous eruptions of Kīlauea Volcano have amazed residents and visitors for centuries. Since 1956, the average yearly volume of lava erupted from Kīlauea Volcano is between 110 and 130 million cubic yards. By comparison, this is more than four times the average rate of lava erupted along the Hawaiian- Emperor Chain during its 70-million-year life. (Tilling, Heliker, and Swanson 2010). Kīlauea Volcano is comprised of a caldera that is approximately 3 miles in length by 2 miles wide.

Within the caldera is Halema‘uma‘u Crater, the sacred home of Pele, and the location of one of two ongoing eruptions.

This summit eruption began in 2008 and has since continued to emit elevated levels of dangerous gases, resulting in the closure of the southern portion of Crater Rim Drive. The second actively erupting area is away from the summit, on the East Rift Zone at Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō and Kupaianaha. This eruption has been ongoing since January 3, 1983. Approximately 1 cubic

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Theme 2 – Islands of Refuge How Can We Help Threatened and Endangered Species Thrive Amongst Alien Invasives?

In Hawai‘i, active volcanism created an isolated home for a few immigrant species and gave rise to a rich yet fragile endemic biota. Due to the accelerating change brought about by human actions and introduced plants and animals, much of that unique heritage is being lost to extinction, challenging all of us to learn from the past and work together to preserve and restore the remaining native plants and animals.

Theme 3 – World Heritage Site and International Biosphere Reserve How Does The Park Connect The Resources and People Locally and Globally?

The park’s designation as a World Heritage Site and International Biosphere Reserve attests to the compelling values that the park’s unique geologic resources and island biota hold for people worldwide and its global importance as a benchmark for monitoring environmental change. (See Figure 5.2 Ecological Zones attached)

Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park protects a wide diversity of wildlife and habitat. Approximately 90% of all native wildlife in Hawai‘i is endemic (found nowhere else on earth) (NPCA2008).

Theme 4 – Wilderness What Influence Does The Park’s Wilderness Exert On The People and Places?

Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park protects a diverse wilderness that stretches from rich coastline to stark alpine summit, providing visitors with opportunities to connect with nature’s challenges, remote solitude and wild spirit.

With the passage of the 1964 Wilderness Act, Congress declared a national policy to secure for present and future generations the benefits

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In 1973, Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park initiated the first parkwide inventory to identify any wilderness-eligible lands, accompanied by a Wilderness Study/

Final Environmental Impact Statement. The study resulted in the National Park Service formally proposing that 123,100 acres (49,817 hectares) be designated as wilderness. In 1978, this acreage within Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park was formally designated by Congress (see Figure 4.1. Wilderness and Backcountry Areas attached). An additional 7,850 acres outside of park boundaries were also designated as potential wilderness by Congress, to be converted to wilderness upon acquisition. Since this land is outside the park boundary, it is not shown on the map.

In 2003, the park acquired 115,788 acres (46,858 hectares) in an area long known as Kahuku on the Southwest Rift Zone of Mauna Loa. NPS Management Policies 2006 (“Chapter 6: Wilderness Preservation”) direct the park to review roadless and undeveloped areas, including new areas or expanded boundaries within the national park system, to determine whether or not they are eligible for preserving as wilderness. The GMP/ EIS process, which began in 2009, and the Kahuku acquisition presented the planning team with an opportunity to analyze the potential for additional wilderness designation within Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park since the 1974 Wilderness Study and the 1975 Final Environmental Statement (see Figure

4.1. Wilderness and

Backcountry Areas attached)

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Theme 5 – Native Hawaiian Interaction How Do Native Hawaiian People Retain and Share Their Culture?

Kīlauea Volcano, the home of Pelehonuamea, and Mauna Loa Volcano are sacred to many Native Hawaiians. The park is a place of birth and the physical representation of many spirits and forces; the active volcanism, the features of the terrain, and the plants and animals that live there are all important to the Native Hawaiian sense of identity, unity, and continuance.

The journeys of the Hawaiian people, and those who followed, portray cultural clashes, adaptations and assimilations that provide enduring lessons about human resourcefulness, interdependence and respect on an active volcanic landscape.

The spectacular scenic features and the on-going eruptions of Kīlauea and Mauna Loa at Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park inspires a spiritual connection to the land for Native Hawaiians, settlers, and newcomers. These connections continue to compel people to care for this place in many ways.

Native Hawaiian culture tells us that Kīlauea is the home of Pelehonuamea (Pele) and her ʻohana (family). Their ancient chants chronicle the voyage of Pele to Hawai‘i and the great efforts they made in search of a new home. These ancient chants along with the generations of descendants who comprise this living culture have helped us understand the intimate relationship Native Hawaiians have with both Mauna Loa and Kīlauea.

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Audiences

Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park is the number one destination on the island of Hawai‘i (1.7 million visitors in 2015) as well as one of the premier parks in the National Park Service. Visitors come from all over the mainland, United States and from around the world.

Targeted Audiences

This section of the plan recognizes that interpretive techniques and audiences are inter-related—some interpretive tools are better adapted to, or appeal to, particular audiences. Workshop discussions suggested that the following target categories and its audiences should receive specific attention. Planning should develop or enhance interpretive programming and media to help build the park’s next generation of stewards and friends by reaching out to:

General

Educators

• Educators and teachers including those involved in higher education as well as adult and continuing education.

Others who interpret the park

Non-English speaking visitors

Other

• Audiences generally interested in art-related sites and museums.

• Those interested in attending workshops and classes.

• Those interested in recognized World Heritage sites and Biosphere Reserve sites.

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Accessibility and Audiences

The NPS is committed to developing a comprehensive strategy to provide people with disabilities equal access to all programs, activities, services, and facilities. As part of that effort, Harpers Ferry Center developed “Programmatic Accessibility Guidelines for National Park Service Interpretive Media” and made them and other resources available. See www.nps.gov/hfc/accessibility/index.htm.

Staff, partners, and media contractors must consult these guidelines as the park revises or rehabilitates existing interpretive programming and develops new interpretive media.

Audience Experiences

While primary themes focus on what audiences will learn as a result of interpretive programs and media, audience experiences explore what audiences will do. What types of activities will help audiences with orientation and wayfinding? How might the design of interpretive programs and media encourage audience involvement and, as a result, reinforce key aspects of the park’s themes? How can interpretation use the powerful impact of hands-on, sensory activity to send audiences home with lasting memories? How can landscapes bolster audience understanding of Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park?

How can interpretation provide audiences with opportunities to find personal meaning in the park’s associated stories and resources?

Visitor Profile and Trends

Most first-time visitors and those with limited time spend a few hours or a day at Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park. They tend to stay on the west-side or Kona district of the island of Hawai‘i, driving one to two hours to get to the park. They will typically be interested in stopping at one of the two visitor centers in the park; Kīlauea Visitor Center or Jaggar Museum. They find the park film, Born of Fire, Born of the Sea, a good orientation to the park before doing some sightseeing along the Crater Rim Drive at the summit of Kīlauea Volcano or taking the 17 mile Chain of Craters Road to the coastal portion of the park. These visitors seek orientation, trip planning assistance, and information about the best location and time to see the glow from the summit eruption at Halema‘uma‘u crater or other hiking options. Some obtain this information before arriving (via the park website, or independent websites, guidebooks, from friends and family), while almost half of our visitor’s request this information at the visitor centers once they are here.

Visitors also experience the park with a commercial tour operator. All commercial tour operators and interpreters working under a Commercial Use Authorization Permit are required to attend an 8 hour annual training. The Division of Interpretation coordinates and conducts the training along with other divisions in the park and partners that include the USGS Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, Friends of

Division of Interpretation & Education Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park October 2015 | COMPREHENSIVE INTERPRETIVE PLAN 20

Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park, and experts in the local community. The mandatory training provides knowledge about the park’s resources, enhances the visitor experience, provides park mission, management goals and expands the park’s outreach.

Repeat visitors and those that spend a few days in Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park will be able to have a more complete experience and may seek opportunities for adventure, enjoy in-depth ranger-led programs, and be interested in exploring the park wilderness or other sections of the park outside of the summit area. Many also find their favorite spots and enjoy sharing those places with others they know, acting as informal tour guides.

There are also a number of visitors who are completely independent. They include local residents and some families that have lived on the island for generations. Their connections to the wahi kapu, sacred place at Kīlauea and Mauna Loa volcanoes are very strong and these visitors enter the park for cultural or religious purposes.

Current Programs and Activities

Existing conditions describe the current structure, programs and activities in the Division of Interpretation and Education. It describes broad goals for areas of education, outreach, public programs and personal services, interpretive media, accessibility and volunteer management, as well as individual activities occurring in each area.

Although the section describes programs by NPS, often in partnership with the Hawai‘i Pacific Parks Association and the Friends of Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park, we acknowledge the many park and community partners programs that are not listed and which serve the millions of visitors and community members that engage in the park each year. Without their support and tireless work, HAVO would not be the truly amazing place it is today. We would also like to note that program offerings are constantly changing and evolving, and the division did its best to capture the current status of programming to date.

Division of Interpretation & Education Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park October 2015 | COMPREHENSIVE INTERPRETIVE PLAN 20 Division of Interpretation & Education Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park October 2015 | COMPREHENSIVE INTERPRETIVE PLAN 21

Direction for the Next Five Years

This section describes the strategy in which the Division of Interpretation and Education will work to meet its mission of engaging new audiences through high quality programming. It outlines eight key focus areas and actions for the next ten years. It is the heart of the Long Range Interpretive Plan and where readers should focus their attention.

Other Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park Plans

The LRIP reflects the direction and guidance of the Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park’s General Management Plans. It also aligns with and draws pertinent information from other park planning documents, such as historic furnishing reports, scope of collections statements, various cultural and natural resource reports and climate change action plans. (See Other Plans Affecting Interpretation)

Comprehensive Interpretive Plan This Long Range Interpretive Plan is the main component of Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park’s Comprehensive Interpretive Plan. Also included in the Comprehensive Interpretive Plan are site specific and program area specific strategies and plans. They include:

Partnerships

Updating the Long Range Interpretive Plan

Initiated in 1999, but not completed, this will be the park’s first Long Range Interpretive Plan with a five-year horizon. The incomplete version is attached as it reflects programming that was initiated by a group of NPS staff, internal and external stakeholders, and partners.

Updating the Interpretive Service Plan

The Interpretive Service Plan takes a programmatic look at existing interpretive programs and identifies if the content addresses whether or not if that program addresses a particular Park themes for a particular park audience. The 1999 Long Ranger Interpretive Plan left this matrix primarily incomplete. The following table highlights current interpretive services and identifies it’s effectiveness by theme and audience.

Interpretive Service Plan – Interpretive programs by Theme

Interpretive Theme:

The approachable active volcanoes of Mauna Loa and Kīlauea allow first-hand discovery and connection with one of the most fundamental forces in our world, in both its creative and destructive roles.

1. General Audience

2. Educators & Teachers 3. Others who Interpret the Park

4. Non-English Speaking Visitors

5. Other Audiences

After Dark in the Park Presentation x x x x

Nā Leo Manu (Cultural Music & Dance) x x x x x

‘Ike Hana No‘eau (Cultural demonstration)

KVC Orientation at desk

Kīlauea Visitor Center (KVC) Orientation Talk

KVC Rove

How it all Started Talk

Explore the Summit Hike

Into the Volcano Hike

Kīlauea Rainforest Hike

‘Iliahi Hike

Sulphur Banks

Volcano House Hike x

Thurston Lava Tube (Nāhuku) Hike

Craters & Caves Hike x x x x

Kīlauea Iki Hike

Jaggar Museum Rove

Jaggar – Life on Edge Talk

Fountains of Creation Hike

Pu‘u Huluhulu Hike x x x

Mauna Ulu Hike

Coastal Contact Station Rove

Hōlei Sea Arch Talk

Pu‘uloa Petroglyph Hike

Kīpukapuaulu Hike x x

Silversword Hike

Buffalo Soldiers Hike

Ka‘ū Desert Hike

Internment Camp Hike

See, Touch, and Hear (Curriculum-based Education Program)

Secrets of the ‘Apapane

Our Friends in the Forest

Survival of the Fittest

Wahi Kapu o Pele

Mālama ‘Aina – Stewardship (Curriculum-based Education Program)

Amazing Lava Products

How Devastating Can it Be?

Cultural Uses of Native Plants (Curriculum-based

Navigating Through Time

Kahuku ‘Ohana

People & Land of Kahuku (Kahuku Unit)

Pu‘u o Lokuana Hike

‘Ōhi‘a Lehua Hike (Kahuku Unit)

Hi‘iaka & Pele Hike

Birth of Kahuku Hike

Halema‘uma‘u Trail Guide

Kīpukapuaulu Trail Guide

Kīlauea Iki Trail Guide

Mauna Ulu Trail Guide

Pu‘u ʻo Lokuana Trail Guide

Kahuku Forest Trail Guide

Park Brochure

Explore the Park – Drive Guide English

Guide Japanese

Guide German

Guide French

Guide Spanish

Guide Chinese

Guide Filipino

Day Hikes

Backcountry Planner

On the Brink (Threatened & Endangered Species)

Bike Guide

Campground Brochure

Restaurants Guide

USGS – The Ongoing Puʻu ʻŌʻō Eruption of Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaiʻi—30 Years of Eruptive Activity

USGS - Mauna Loa— history, hazards, and risk of living with the world's largest volcano

USGS - Kilauea—an Explosive Volcano in Hawai‘i

USGS - Earthquakes in Hawai‘i—an underappreciated but serious hazard

USGS - The Puʻu ʻŌʻō- Kupaianaha Eruption of Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i, 1983 to 2003

USGS - Viewing lava safely—common sense is not enough

USGS - Living on Active Volcanoes--the Island of

USGS - The Ongoing Puʻu ʻŌʻō-Kupaianaha Eruption of Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i

USGS - Volcanic Air Pollution--A Hazard in

Nāpau Wilderness Guide x x x x

Camping with Honuʻea

KVC Auditorium Talk x x x x x

Gathering on the Rim:

People Build a Park x x x x

Fire on the Rim: The Creation of Hawaii National Park x x x x

Dr. Jagger x x x x

Artist in Residence

The journeys of the Hawaiian people, and those who followed, portray cultural clashes, adaptations and assimilations that provide enduring lessons about human resourcefulness, interdependence and respect on an active volcanic landscape.

2. Educators & Teachers

3. Others who Interpret the Park

4. Non-English

‘Ike Hana Noe‘au (Cultural x

Craters & Caves Hike

Our Friends in the Forest x x

Survival of the Fittest

Pu‘u ʻo Lokuana Hike (Kahuku Unit)

‘Ōhi‘a Lehua Hike (Kahuku x x x

Hawai‘i Pacific Parks Association Products (books, posters, pins, magnets, apparel, cards, games, puzzles and etc.)

ʻŌʻō Eruption of Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaiʻi—30 Years of Eruptive Activity history, hazards, and risk of living with the world's

Hawai‘i—an

Kupaianaha Eruption of

1983 to 2003

USGS - Viewing lava

ʻŌʻō-Kupaianaha Eruption of Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i

Camping with Honuʻea x x x x

KVC Auditorium Talk x x x x x

Gathering on the Rim:

People Build a Park x x x x

Fire on the Rim: The Creation of Hawaii National Park

Artist in Residence x x x x

In Hawai‘i, active volcanism created an isolated home for a few immigrant species and gave rise to a rich yet fragile endemic biota. Due to the accelerating change brought about by human actions and introduced plants and animals, much of that unique heritage is being lost to extinction, challenging all of us to learn from the past and work together to preserve and restore the remaining native plants and animals.

2. Educators & Teachers 3. Others who Interpret the Park

4. Non-English

‘Ike Hana Noe‘au (Cultural demonstration)

Thurston Lava Tube x x x x

Jaggar – Life on Edge Talk

How Devastating Can it Be? (Curriculum-based

People & Land of Kahuku (Kahuku Unit)

‘Ōhi‘a Lehua Hike

Halema‘uma‘u Trail Guide

Pu‘u ʻo Lokuana Trail

Kahuku Forest Trail

On the Brink (Threatened & Endangered Species)

Association Products (books, posters, pins, USGS – The Ongoing Puʻu ʻŌʻō Eruption of Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaiʻi—30 Years of Eruptive Activity history, hazards, and risk of living with the world's underappreciated but serious hazard

Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i, 1983 to 2003

USGS - The Ongoing Puʻu ʻŌʻō-Kupaianaha Eruption of Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i

Nāpau Wilderness Guide

Camping with Honuʻea x x x x

KVC Auditorium Talk x x x x x

Gathering on the Rim:

People Build a Park

Fire on the Rim: The Creation of Hawaii National Park

Dr. Jagger

Kīlauea Volcano, the home of Pelehonuamea, and Mauna Loa Volcano are sacred to many Native Hawaiians. The park is a place of birth and the physical representation of many spirits and forces; the active volcanism, the features of the terrain, and the plants and animals that live there are all important to the Native Hawaiian sense of identity, unity, and continuance.

3. Others who Interpret the Park

4. Non-English

Secrets of the ‘Apapane x x

Our Friends in the Forest

Guide

(books, posters, pins, Puʻu ʻŌʻō Eruption of Kīlauea Volcano, history, hazards, and risk serious hazard

USGS - The Puʻu ʻŌʻō- Kupaianaha Eruption of

Puʻu ʻŌʻō-Kupaianaha

Nāpau Wilderness Guide

Camping with Honuʻea

KVC Auditorium Talk x x x x x

Gathering on the Rim:

People Build a Park x x x x

Fire on the Rim: The Creation of Hawaii National Park

Artist in Residence x x x x

Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park protects a diverse wilderness that stretches from rich coastline to stark alpine summit, providing visitors with opportunities to connect with nature’s challenges, remote solitude and wild spirit.

3. Others who Interpret the Park

4. Non-English

Kīpukapuaulu Trail Guide x x x x

(books, posters, pins, Puʻu ʻŌʻō Eruption of Kīlauea Volcano, history, hazards, and risk

USGS - The Puʻu ʻŌʻō- Kupaianaha Eruption of

Puʻu ʻŌʻō-Kupaianaha

Hawai‘i x x x x

Nāpau Wilderness Guide x x x x

Camping with Honuʻea x x x x

KVC…