11010.45_land_use_plans_2002.pdf

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NAVFACINST 11010.45 Regional Planning Instruction

Land Use Planning - i

TABLE OF CONTENTS

List of Figures………………………………………………… iii

List of Acronyms……………………………………………… v

Introduction and Data Methods

1.0: Purpose and Function ………………………....…....… 1 2.0: Data Application and Method……………….…… 3.0: Data Catalog Introduction………………….……..…… 12

Physical Systems

4.0: Topography……………………………………….……. 13 5.0: Geology…………………………………………….…… 20 6.0: Soils……………………………………………….…….. 28 7.0: Hydrology……………………………………….…...…. 35 8.0: Oceanography and Coastal Zone…………….…….…… 44 9.0: Water Quality………………………………….………. . 55 10.0: Air Quality………………………………….…………… 63 11.0: Climate…………………………………….……………. 70 12.0: Energy……………………………………….………….. 29

Flora and Fauna

13.0: Vegetation…………………………………………… … 87 14.0: Wildlife…………………………………...…………

Human Systems

15.0: Archaeology……………………………………….…… 103 16.0: Historical Resources…………………………....….…... 112 17.0: Economic Profile…………………………….……....… 119 18.0: Population / Demographics……………………….……. 127 19.0: Community Facilities and Services………….…......….. 137 20.0: Local Political Structure……………………………...… 145

Existing Built Environment

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21.0: Physical Facilities…………………………………....… 154 22.0: Transportation Systems……………………….….…… . 161 23.0: Utilities……………………………………….…… .… 173 24.0: Noise………………………………....…...…….…….… 184 25.0: Military Constraints……………………….….......…… 192 26.0: Adaptive Reuse……………………………….……… .. 202 27.0: Brownfields………………………………..….…….. … 207 28.0: Mixed Use Development …………………....………… 214 29.0: Force Protection…………………………………… … 218

Regional Built Environment

30.0: Land Use…………………………………….….…… 31.0: Comprehensive Planning Studies……….….....………... 233 32.0: Housing……………………………………….….…...… 242

Regional Planning Tools and Regulatory Systems

33.0: Visioning……………………………………….......…… 250 34.0: Sustainable Development……………………….….… 35.0: Land Preservation…………………....……...………… 265 36.0: Technology…………………………….……………….. 271

37.0: NEPA……………………………………........…….…... 279

References Cited

Bibliography

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 4a: USGS Topographic Map – MCB Quantico Figure 4b: Slope – MCB Quantico Figure 4c: Triangulated Irregular Network (3-D) – MCB Quantico Figure 5a: Mid-Atlantic Aquifer Descriptions Figure 5b: Cross-section of Mid-Atlantic Aquifers Figure 5c: Seismic Hazard Zones of Seal Beach, CA Figure 6a: Soil Characteristics Figure 6b: Soils – MCB Quantico Figure 7a: Lakes and Rivers – NAS Meridian Figure 7b: Wetlands and Floodplains – NAS Meridian Figure 8a: Depth Soundings – Corpus Christi Bay, TX Figure 8b: Aerial View of Pearl Harbor, HI Figure 8c: Bathymetry of Lake Michigan Figure 9a: Water Quality, South Central TX Figure 9b: Detected Pollutant Levels in Water Supply – Newport, RI Figure 10a: Air Quality Indicators, CA – 2000 Figure 10b: Point Sources of Air Pollution – NAS Kingsville Figure 11a: International Station Meteorological Climate Summary – NAS Meridian ... 73 Figure 11b: Average Annual Precipitation – NAS Meridian Figure 11c: Average Annual Precipitation – NAS Meridian Figure 12a: Energy Consumption – NAS Corpus Christi and NS Pearl Harbor Figure 12b: Residential Energy Consumption Estimates, 1960-1997 – Texas Figure 13a: Threatened Flora Species – NAS Meridian Figure 13b: Vegetation/Cover Types of Texas, 2000 Figure 14a: Wildlife Management Areas - MCB Quantico Figure 14b: Four-Toed Salamander Habitat and Features Figure 15a: Archaeological Sites Figure 16a: Historical Resources – Ford Island Figure 16b: Historical Resources – Newport, Middletown, and Portsmouth, RI Figure 17a: 2000 Per Capita Personal Income – CA, Southern Counties Figure 17b: 1997 Income by Major Industry, Selected Counties with Navy Presence ... 124 Figure 18a: 2000 Population – California, Southern Counties Figure 18b: 2000 Population Density – California, Southern Counties Figure 19a: Metropolitan DC Police Districts and Service Areas Figure 19b: Local Bus Service – Naval Amphibious Base, Coronado, CA Figure 20a: The Role of a Planning Department Within a Local Jurisdiction’s

Organizational Structure Figure 20b: Navy Region South Texas Organizational Chart Figure 21a: Hangar Conditions – NAS Kingsville Figure 21b: Conceptual Land Use Plan – Naval Amphibious Base Little Creek Figure 22a: Density of Employee Residence by Zip Code – MCB Quantico Figure 22b: Proposed Shuttle Bus Routes – MCB Quantico Figure 22c: Bicycle Routes – MCB Quantico

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Figure 23a: Water Supply System – City of Corpus Christi, TX Figure 23b: Water Supply and Waste Water System for NAS Corpus Christi, TX Figure 24a: Land Use Compatibility in Noise Zones Figure 24b: Noise Zones and Noise Complaint Locations – MCALF Bogue Figure 25a: Military Constraints Composite Figure 25b: Hazardous and Installation Restoration Program Sites – NAS Kingsville 199 Figure 26a: Adaptive Reuse of a Factory to an Administrative Office Figure 26b: Historic Silos Converted to Hotel Use – Akron, OH Figure 27a: Superfund Sites on Navy Property – EPA Region 3 Federal Facilities List 210 Figure 27b: Cleanup of Brownfields on Navy Property in Virginia Figure 28a: Mixed-Use Development – Ford Island Figure 29a: Building Standards for Force Protection Figure 29b: Sitework Standards for Force Protection Figure 30a: Land Use Planning Process Figure 30b: AICUZ Footprint Overlain on Future Land Use – NAS Key West Figure 31a: Proposed Land Use – Newport, Middletown, and Portsmouth, RI Figure 31b: Strategy for Downtown Revitalization – Washington, D.C Figure 31c: Anacostia Waterfront Initiative, Washington, D.C Figure 32a: Navy Housing Privatization Projects, January 2001 Figure 32b: Housing Options- NAS Corpus Christi Figure 32c: Housing Availability and Costs at NAS Kingsville – April 2001 Figure 33a: Sample Visioning Process Figure 33b: A Tool to Guide the Visioning Process Figure 34a: Sustainability Indicator – Transportation Figure 34b: Sustainability Indicator – Job Options Figure 34c: Sustainability Indicator – Education Figure 35a: Cost of Community Services Figure 36a: A GIS Software Application – ArcView 3.2 Figure 36b: An Internet Based Information Protocol Figure 36c: NAVFAC PACDIV RSIP Link Figure 37a: NEPA Process Figure 37b: Comparison of Alternatives for an EIS

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LIST OF ACRONYMS

ACHP – Advisory Council on Historic Preservation APFO – Adequate Public Facilities Ordinance ARPA – Archaeological Resources Protection Act BAH – Basic Housing Allowance BFR – Basic Facilities Requirement BRAC – Base Realignment and Closure Act CADD – Computer Aided Design and Drafting CAFM – Computer Aided Facility Management CATEX – Categorical Exclusion CEQ – The Council on Environmental Quality CERCLA – Comprehensive Environmental Resource and Cleanup Liability Act CMTS – Cable Modem Terminal System COCS – Cost of Community Services COG – Council of Governments CPI – Consumer Price Index CZM – Coastal Zone Management CZMA – Coastal Zone Management Act DASN (ES) – Department of the Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Environmental Security) DEM – Digital Elevation Model DERP – Defense Environmental Restoration Program DLA – Defense Logistics Agency DLG – Digital Line Graphic DoD – Department of Defense DoN – Department of the Navy DRG – Digital Raster Graphic DSMOA – Defense/State Memorandum of Agreement EA – Environmental Assessment EE – Engineering Evaluation EED – Electroexplosive Device EFD – Engineering Field Division EIS – Environmenta l Impact Statement EMR – Electromagnetic Radiation EPA – Environmental Protection Agency ESTCP – Environmental Security Technological Certification Program ESQD – Explosive Safety Quantity Distance FEMA – Federal Emergency Management Agency FPD – Facilities Planning Document FONSI – Finding of No Significant Impact GIS – Geographic Information System GPS – Geographic Positioning System HERO – Hazards of Electromagnetic Radiation ICRMP – Integrated Cultural Resource Management Plan INRMP – Integrated Natural Resource Management Plan IPL – Integrated Priority List IRP – Installation Restoration Program

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ISP – Internet Service Provider MILCON – Military Construction Project MPO – Metropolitan Planning Organization MSC – Mobile Switching Center NAGPRA – Native American NAICS – North American Industrial Classification System NAS – Naval Air Station NEPA – National Environmental Policy Act NEX – Navy Exchange NIMA – National Imagery Mapping Association NOAA – National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Agency NOCD – Naval Oceanographic Command District NPDES – National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System NRCS – Natural Resource Conservation Service NHPA – National Historic Preservation Act PPV – Public Private Venture PSTN – Public Switched Telephone Network RCRA – Resource Conservation and Recovery Act REIS – Regional Economic Information System ROD – Record of Decision RSIP – Regional Shore Infrastructure Plan SARA – Superfund Amendment and Reauthorization Act SCPEA – Standard City Planning Enabling Act SERDP – Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program SFPS – Shore Facility Planning System SHPO – State Historic Preservation Office SIC – Standard Industrial Classification SIP – State Implementation Plan TIF – Tax Increment Financing TIN – Triangulated Integrated Network TSTC – Tri-Service CADD/GIS Technology Center USGS – United States Geological Survey USACE – US Army Corps of Engineers WWW – World Wide Web

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1.0 PURPOSE AND FUNCTION

1.1 Authority for Regulation

The Regional Shore Infrastructure Planning (RSIP) process is dependent upon the inclusion of a regional perspective in planning for Navy installations. This perspective will result in long-term plans which look beyond the boundaries of an installation, considering opportunities and constraints in the surrounding region. Data is collected for at both the installation and regional level in RSIPs, forming the basis of the following analysis at both scales.

Planning for Navy sites involves both regional and site specific data collection and application. The plans must reflect thorough methods of collection and thoughtful analysis and description of the relevant issues.

Data requirements to comply with federal, state, and local regulations have increased, resulting in the need for more targeted collection methods. The Navy planner faces the challenge of gathering the highest quality information in the most efficient and effective manner. Exponential leaps in technology during the 1980s and 1990s have enabled the planner to access increasingly large amounts of data, whether for a fee or otherwise. The internet and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technologies provide tools for data application, analysis, and visual display which enable community members at all levels to interact and understand the planning process at hand. The purpose of this manual is to provide both the beginning and experienced Navy planner with a useful guide for project-related data collection and application activities.

This module integrates thirty-four data topics or categories into the Navy regional planning process.

Included in this list are topics representing both the natural and built environments, including those reflecting current regional and community planning methods such as mixed-use and brownfield development. According to the EPA, brownfields can be defined as, “abandoned, idled, or under-used industrial and commercial properties where redevelopment is complicated by real or perceived environmental contamination” (EPA MOU, 1997). All topic areas are discussed within a regional and naval planning context. The module provides a systematic and easy-to-use guide for data collection and usage, discussing data definitions, interpretation, analysis, and relationships. The analysis of data using GIS technologies is discussed, including best practices for creation of graphical elements.

1.2 Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

A Geographic Information System is used for development, analysis, and storage of data. Used at all levels of planning, the GIS enables a planner to create unique geographic data and associated tabular attributes.

After creating or importing data, the GIS provides the means for analysis of the visual and numerical data relating to topics including both the natural and built environments. Graphics created from the GIS include raster, vector, and three-dimensional (3-D) images, displaying the analysis effectively and clearly.

At the facility and regional scale, environmental and manmade information is available for many Navy and other public sites. These data sources and graphics will be displayed and referenced throughout the following functional use areas, providing examples of analytical tools available to planners.

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2.0 DATA APPLICATION AND METHOD IN THE NAVY REGIONAL PLANNING

PROCESS

2.1 Data Needs

Today’s emphasis on regional planning and looking “outside the fence” requires a more inclusive list of data needs. Traditional master planning focused primarily on site-specific natural systems data and limited regional socioeconomic sources. Regional planning will include that data on a site and regional scale, as well as more detailed information on socioeconomic and built environment systems.

Navy planners most often require the following:

• Continually updated, detailed, and complete station/activity mapping in at least one standard GIS format. This includes accurate information on biological, physical, and manmade data categories (i.e., vegetation and wildlife, topography, utilities, geology, etc.).

• Base maps for reference, analysis, and graphic description. These often include current aerial photography and topographic and cadastral information. The cadastral information includes real estate information describing jurisdiction and installation boundaries and metes and bounds survey information.

• Accessible and reliable socioeconomic [(e.g. US Census, Regional Economic Information System

(REIS), North American Industrial Classification System (NAICS)] and cultural resource data sources.

In addition to the data itself, planners may require assistance in developing targeted data collection questions to efficiently acquire cultural resources information.

2.2 Data Application

The Navy planning process requires data in a wide range and at variable levels of detail. Data categories fall into broad areas that describe both the natural and built environments at the installation and in the surrounding region. Data is collected or created for each category and is interpreted either as an opportunity or a constraint to land use planning. Opportunities and constraints for both environments must be synthesized into a composite of the information to aid the planner in defining the development suitability of a site.

Coupled with this development suit ability summary is a set of Navy functional and programmatic summary information. Together, these major informational summaries provide the basis for regional shore infrastructure planning. From this combination of database opportunities and constraints, the planner can begin to explore alternative development scenarios. These scenarios can then serve as the basis for the stakeholder visioning process, which is fundamental in the Navy RSIP process. After crafting the vision and preferred scenario, the regional plan can then be developed.

The use of GIS has enhanced the application of planning information to more accurately reflect conditions in both the natural and built environments. Analyzing the interactions between layers of information enables the planner to more accurately guide development into areas that are more efficient, cost-effective, and environmentally conscious. Using the data linked to the layers, planners can use the tool for both

Land Use Planning - 3 spatial analysis and graphic production. Taking the GIS technology one step further, the RSIP-Link product will enable the planner access to updated activity level data as well as outside sources of pertinent regional data. These outside sources will be linked to the appropriate location in a graphic user interface for more accurate and timely analysis capabilities. For a more detailed discussion of technological applications of the planning data through GIS and the RSIP-Link, see Chapter 36 on Technology.

2.3 Data Collection Method

Before beginning the data collection process, the planner must understand the tasks of the project and what is required. After the tasks are clearly delineated and the information for each task is listed, the planner should create a spreadsheet identifying the required data and its sources. Understanding the source of the data is especially important. The planner must assess the purpose of what the data will show or convey before choosing the appropriate source. Some data reflects intent for broad-scale representation while other is very detailed, telling a particular story in the numbers. The credibility and format of the source is important to consider. Using reliable and tested sources (e.g. Census) rather than particular, local data intended to fit one purpose, may result in more credible evidence and conclusions on the project.

Data collection can occur through internet research, RSIP-Link research, site visits and personal data retrieval, and telephone contact. Each method has its own strengths and weaknesses, with varying amounts of detail possible from all three. Internet research is often an advisable early step before a site visit, collecting initial background data on your activity and surrounding region. Once the site visit has occurred and source materials collected, the internet is a good place to return for more detailed data collection to supplement anything previously gathered. For example, if a data source does not have recent, digital topographic information, collection from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) site would be appropriate for base map retrieval and/or creation.

2.3.1 Method: Internet Research

• Create a spreadsheet with the types of data needed and an initial list of applicable web pages. (Note the end of each functional area section for a suggested beginning list of sites)

• Search applicable RSIP-Link sites for existing information at both the activity and regional levels.

Where information is available, data collection effort can be saved in finding new data. Any information delineating official boundaries or land survey details should be investigated first through the Engineering Field Division (EFD) real estate office and local political jurisdiction.

• Search suggested sites, noting links from those pages to other applicable and appropriate sites.

• When existing sites and new links are exhausted, use a search engine to uncover new sites. Examples of search engines are http://www.search.com, http://www.yahoo.com, http://www.northernlights.com, and http://www.hotbot.com. Experiment with search phrases, noticing what results the engine returns.

Target efforts to matching web pages and categories, thinking of how the information returned could be used to support or enhance the data discussion and analysis within the shore facility plan. The official Navy website is also a useful springboard to related sites http://www.navy.mil/nol/.

• When a website is uncovered that may be a useful reference point for future efforts on the project, bookmark it or add it to the browser “favorites” list for easy retrieval.

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• Print or download applicable data sets or information when found, noting the Universal Resource Locator (URL) for future referencing in the final document bibliography.

2.3.2 Method: Site Visit

• Create a spreadsheet with the types of data needed and the sources where it will be found. Evaluate the data available in-house and perform a preliminary internet search for descriptive regional and site data before going on-site.

• Begin all data gathering efforts by gathering contact phone numbers from the project point of contact, directories, and internet resources.

• Write an email of introduction to the site contact detailing the scope and purpose of the project, as well as providing a detailed list of items to collect once on-site. Depending on the project, some of the information may be collected before you arrive.

• Follow the email with a telephone call to set up an appointment. Group appointments by location.

Generate questions before arrival at site/source.

• Catalogue data the evening after the interviews. Compile notes from interviews and use the previously created spreadsheet to organize the names of sources and the information collected from them.

• Return to the office to inventory data and note data "gaps". Note which categories require further investigation.

2.3.3 Method: Telephone Contact

• Obtain phone numbers from point of contact, internet, or telephone directories.

• Verify sources by phone. Once a source is located, use a similar introduction to statement below:

• “EFD will soon begin work on the RSIP for ______ (fill in activity name and location). We are currently gathering data and think you can provide us with some useful information in the following areas………” (List specific functional use areas, using this module as a guide).

• Ask specific questions.

• Record interview and ask what data/sources are available.

NOTE: If data is not available, make sure you ask this source to recommend another source.

• Arrange for data to be sent as needed. With electronic and digital information, have the source email or File Transfer Protocol (FTP) the information to the planner’s local site. If email is not available, use the fax or standard mail service. If information is needed immediately, provide the source with the planner’s overnight shipping service account number.

• Note data "gaps" and categories requiring further investigation. Return to internet searches if necessary and follow-up with additional contacts.

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2.4 Data and Source Update Procedures

2.4.1 Data Update

• There may be an existing in-house (EFD master source list) at the EFD. Evaluate the source list before calling for updates.

• If no source list exists in-house, follow the preceding directions for the data collection method.

• Keep records of all phone conversations and keep a personal written list of contacts. Update this list with each conversation and for each project.

• Organize list of contacts by project area and by major topic (i.e., key contacts for soils maps in

Jacksonville, North Carolina area).

• There may be an existing database (library, individual data files, digital GIS data) in-house at the EFD.

Any information delineating official boundaries or land survey details should be investigated first through the EFD real estate office and local political jurisdiction. Evaluate the available data before obtaining updates

• If no database exists in-house, follow the preceding directions for the data collection method.

2.4.2 Source List Update

• Keep records of all sources of data, including the date of publication, publisher, copyright information, and place of publication.

• Some data storage and updating is possible at the EFD libraries if the data is collected and updated on a regular basis. If document or source is out of date, search for the document through personal contact at a specific agency or use the internet to find the document on the web.

• Cite sources used for copyright requirements as well as future reference and further reading opportunities.

2.5 Data Pedigree and Quality

While gathering data, make sure to look for related metadata. Metadata is data about data. It may include a "data quality report" or other information that provides answers to the following questions:

• What is the age of the data?

• Where did it come from?

• In what medium was it originally produced?

• To what map scale was the data digitized?

• What projection, coordinate system, and datum were used in maps?

• What was the density of observations used for its compilation?

• How accurate are positional and attribute features?

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• Does the data seem logical and consistent?

• Do cartographic representations look "clean?"

• Is the data relevant to the project at hand?

• In what format is the data kept?

• How was the data checked?

• Why was the data compiled?

• What is the reliability of the provider?

(Colorado www, 2001)

An undocumented dataset can be practically worthless. The metadata will give a clue to the accuracy of the data and its suitability for use in the planning study. The metadata is critical information about the data that allows the planner to know what they are buying and hence becoming a smart shopper.

While considering the best source for required data, the planner must also consider the option of having a custom-made dataset built for the study. Sometimes the costs of using and converting publicly and commercially available digital files outweigh their value. The available data may not contain exactly the sort of information that is needed for the study, or the information may be divided among a large number of files provided by different public and private suppliers in different formats. To get the required data in the required format efficiently and accurately, it may have to be created for the study.

2.6 Role of Graphics in Planning Documents

"A picture is worth a thousand words" is a phrase often heard in the design community. While pictures are not a replacement for words, a judicious use of graphics in documents can help to present information with more clarity and efficiency. Planning documents need to present vast amounts of information on a range of subjects as succinctly as possible. Using the combined strength of graphics and text, planners can assemble clear, concise, and visually appealing documents.

The computer age has resulted in a growing ease in creating and reproducing high-quality graphics, increasing the options of available data sources and formats. In fact, with so many options to choose from, it is sometimes difficult to know how to pick one over the other. This chapter provides guidance for weighing the pros and cons of available data options.

Graphical information collected and created for Navy RSIPs will be integrated into the RSIP-Link product after the plan is complete. The use of the RSIP-Link as a repository for compiled graphics, as well as a source for data collection and investigation, is critical in maintaining an up-to-date planning process.

Planners should investigate RSIP-Link products within their region or an adjacent one in order to collect information for analysis. The electronic format of the RSIP-Link will enable planners to update information regularly, avoiding a static plan which is used infrequently. The links to information outside the Navy realm will provide the person using the tool a regional perspective on the installation and region-wide issues facing a specific plan.

2.6.1 Graphical Formats

Listed below are four graphical formats commonly used in planning documents. Each of these is best suited to record, present and analyze specific types of data:

• Maps : They are used for spatial data and locational distributions.

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• Graphs and Tables: These show discrete values that can be aggregated or categorized based on some criteria.

• Flow charts and diagrams : They display processes or hierarchies.

• Pictures: These can be used for the richness of detail of the three-dimensional world (include photographs and sketches).

2.6.2 Establishing Parameters

Consider the following factors before choosing graphics :

• Audience : Who is the document going to be distributed to? What level of comfort and familiarity is the audience likely to have with planning issues and reading graphics?

• Format of publication : Is the document going to be distributed digitally or in printed format? What will the page sizes be? Will it be a black-and-white document or color? What will the print quality or digital resolution be?

• Purpose : What is the primary purpose or goal of the document? Is it a single -use document (e.g. a brochure, a presentation) or a reference document to be used frequently?

• Resources : How much time and budget is available for creating and reproducing the document? What kind of equipment and manpower will be available for production of the document?

The answers to the above will help the planner make appropriate choices for several elements:

• Visual hierarchy : Information is best conveyed in stages, where basic information is conveyed first and details at a later stage. A fundamental way to prioritize importance and control information flow is by establishing a visual hierarchy in the document through the use of font sizes, size and position of graphics, line weights, borders and colors. Larger font sizes claim attention first, as do highlighted text and the color red against an even background.

• Complexity of graphics : Not all elements or details are relevant to the primary function of the graphic. Too much detail can even hide or disguise the message of a graphic. The amount of detail that can be included is dependent on the scale at which the graphic will be produced.

• Size and print media : Small-scale graphics will need to be more generalized. For example, making a map will involve a process of abstraction in which features of the real world would be generalized or simplified to meet the demands of the theme and audience. The size of a printed map will be closely related to the level of details necessary to make the map useful. If the document is to be published digitally, the size of a graphic is less of an issue due to the ability to change the scale at will. But, image resolution will govern clarity at different scales.

2.6.3 Selecting Graphics

Once the basic parameters for the document as a whole have been established, the planner can work within them to select individual graphics. For each graphic, the planner must ensure that the primary message is conveyed. Using the RSIP-Link as an information repository, the planner should investigate existing graphic resources potentially applicable to the specific region and/or process. Overlap in the RSIP planning process will help ensure the availability of source information applicable to regions that are completing initial RSIPs.

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The next step would be to fine-tune this message. This is achieved by making deliberate decisions about various details. To better illustrate the kind of details that need to be considered, this section will discuss graphics selected for some of the subsequent chapters of this module.

2.6.3.1 Graphical Format: Climate

The nature of the primary message dictates the choice of graphical format. The Precipitation Map for Mississippi (Figure 11c on pg. 74) shows the spatial relationship between discrete values for a single factor

- amount of precipitation. In contrast, the Climate Summary Table (Figure 11a on pg. 72) has a wealth of detail for one spatial location. It indicates the minimum, maximum, and mean values for precipitation, snowfall, temperature, relative humidity, dew point for Naval Air Station (NAS) Meridian. The bar graph (Figure 11b on pg. 73) compares relative levels of one factor over time. A pie graph compares the amounts of one factor as a fraction of the total.

2.6.3.2 Data Source and Format: Topography

Data is freely available from a variety of sources in a large number of formats. A good example is topographical data from the U.S. Geographical Survey (USGS). The USGS provides data as printed maps or digital data for topographic quadrangle maps, Digital Line Graphs (DLG), Digital Raster Graphics (DRG), Digital Elevation Models (DEM), aerial photographs, orthophoto quads, satellite images, thematic maps such as land use/land cover, and shaded relief topographical maps. The USGS also produces topographical data in specialized formats, including non-quadrangle maps and maps for special needs of various federal agencies including US base maps, state/county map series, National Park series, Antarctic map series, National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA) 15-minute topo maps, and U.S. Border maps.

While all of the above impart topographical data, the source and final format of the data make each data set unique.

2.6.3.3 Level of Analysis: Topography

Some maps represent a single layer while others are created by analyzing one or more layers of information. The level of analysis depicted in a map must be selected to appropriately represent the information required for the study. For example, topographical data can be displayed in both two-dimensional (2-D) and 3-D formats. In 2-D, topographical data can be represented as a USGS Quad (Figure 4a on pg. 14). This choice involves the least amount of time and effort in producing the map, and no analysis is required to display the information. If a custom made topographical map is desired, the planner may choose to obtain digital data such as contour lines. The planner may then create a map with appropriate contour intervals, including only labels that are relevant to the planning study. In certain cases, topographical data is important not as elevations, but as slope, i.e. the relationship of one elevation to another (Figure 4b on pg. 16). Slope can also be visually interpreted from a 3-D surface (Figure 4c on pg.

17). This surface was created using data obtained as contour lines which was analyzed and processed into a Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN). If the study is heavily dependant on topographical information, it may be worthwhile to create a three dimensional model to perform advanced analysis. Visual effects such as shadowing may also enhance the map.

2.6.3.4 Attributes of Map Features: Soils

Maps are a compilation of layers, and each layer is comprised of several features. For example, a soil map (Figure 6a on pg. 30) is comprised of a number of background layers overlain by the soils layer, which is the primary message of the map. Each feature may have one or more attributes associated with it. The soil

Land Use Planning - 9 layer is in polygons differentiated by color. The color indicates the type of soil (refer to the map legend) and the polygon indicates the area of a particular soil type. The soil type is an attribute of the polygon feature and helps to make the map more meaningful. The planner must decide which attributes of map layers are relevant to the study and how best to depict them.

2.6.3.5 Industry Standards: Navy and Community Land Use

Planners use data created by various professions, including, but not limited to, engineering, geology, oceanography, sociology, environmental science, and forestry. Each profession has its own standards for representing data that are used and understood universally. Planners also follow standards within their own profession; the use of a standard color code to signify land uses is a good example (Figure 30b on pg. 218).

Although land use maps from various sources may vary in shade and pattern for each zone, the following colors are primarily accepted as the industry standard

• yellow - residential

• red- commercial

• blue - institutional

• purple - industrial

• green - open space

Some government agencies and large organizations, including the Department of Defense, often create and follow their own standards. Activity land use is indicated based on category codes for real property and are designated by standard colors (category code in parentheses):

Land Use Category Code Series Color Operations (110-160) Red Maintenance/production (200) Magenta Supply/storage (400) Brown Administration (600) Blue Residential (710-720) Yellow Community (730) Orange Recreation/open space (740) Green Utilities (800) Gray

The planner needs to be conversant with the industry standards accepted within the professions that create the data so that the data is accurately understood. The planner may also choose to use these standards in the planning document to ensure clear communication with the reader.

2.6.3.6 Progress or Change: Adaptive Reuse / Energy

The need for planning arises due to a desire or need to control change. Documenting change is often done by a series of graphics. Figure 26a on pg. 192 shows the changes in the use and facade of a former factory building. Progress can also be monitored using graphs plotting the same factor at frequent intervals. Figure 12a on pg. 80 shows the energy consumption of NAS Corpus Christi and Pearl Harbor and the green line displays the planned energy consumption level.

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2.6.4 Cartography Tips

Planners rely heavily on maps because many planning decisions are based on locational and spatial information. Good maps can be a great asset to the clarity and brevity of a planning document. But what constitutes a good map?

Cartography is the art and technique of making maps and charts. Since a map is basically a graphic element, it is difficult to establish exact rules or formulas for creating an aesthetically pleasing map. This section discusses some basic ingredients that go into producing a neat, legible, and organized map.

2.6.4.1 Golden Rule for Cartographers

The primary aim of the cartographer must be to bring the most important map information into the foreground of the reader's attention. Other details will need to be displayed in the background to make the map intelligible.

A map is generally built in layers of information. Some layers are displayed to show location, and others are analyzed in relation to each other to draw conclusions about an impact or project. Base map layers are used to create a suitable background and add context to the map. The base map layers may include roads, political boundaries, shoreline, landmarks, hydrology, and buildings. Some of these layers may be more relevant and important to the primary message of the map than others. Some decisions to be made while organizing the layers include :

• Does it play an essential function?

• Could it be simplified, or does it require elaboration?

• Is it of critical importance to reader comprehension, or only of background interest?

2.6.4.2 Editing and Organizing Data for Display

Cartographers reduce the world to points, lines, and areas, using a variety of visual resources. Jacques Bertin, in his book The Semiology of Graphics (1983), inventories these resources using the categories of size, shape, value, texture or pattern, hue, or ientation, and shape. Cartographers must also be concerned both with the content and the form of the text, i.e., the wording and the way the text is displayed on the map.

A useful method of simplifying a map is by grouping or organizing data appropriately. Listed below are the different categories of data and their appropriate indicators of use.

• Nominal data is information that is simply grouped into categories on the basis of qualitative considerations: a road distinguished from a river or a forest distinguished from an open field.

• Ordinal data is grouped by rank on the basis of some quantitative measure: small, medium, and large cities or single-lane, double-lane, and four-lane roads.

• Interval data is information that can be arranged using a standard scale along which operations of addition and subtraction have meaning. An example of an interval measure is temperature.

• Ratio data is information that, like interval data, can be arranged along a scale but, in addition, the scale begins at a non-arbitrary zero point. At the zero point, no features are present. The operations of

Land Use Planning - 11 multiplication and division can be employed with ratio data to consider proportions and magnitudes.

Elevation above sea level, precipitation, and population are all examples of ratio data.

2.6.4.3 Map Elements

Almost all maps must include certain basic elements that provide the reader with critical background information. Map elements include the title, scale, key map, legend, north arrow, author, date of production, projection, and map sources. These may be presented as text or graphics. The placement of this information and the style of its depiction will vary greatly from map to map. But in all cases, the elements must be distributed so as to maintain balance within the map frame or page. Conventionally, the main map frame is aligned to the top left, while the map elements are placed in a group towards the right and bottom of the page. Map elements may be organized in a hierarchy based on relevance, priority, or importance of information. As a rule, unnecessary crowding or, conversely, large blank areas, must be avoided. Neatlines or borders help to organize the final layout.

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3.0 DATA CATALOG INTRODUCTION

This data reference guide presents discussions of each of the 34 planning categories. The purpose of the category discussions and reference guide is to describe the basic information and key issues a planner should consider and collect data for in Navy planning. It is designed to help planners formulate the important questions to ask when collecting, creating, analyzing, and applying data.

The discussion of data categories responds to Navy planners' needs. It provides a set of helpful procedures, questions to ask, and steps to take if data is not available. Key federal and Navy requirements/ instructions are mentioned. The opportunities and constraints of each category to planning, and the reasons why certain data categories are more applicable to certain levels of Navy planning, are discussed. The guide defines the categories and presents key issues for each (called planning factors). It supplies a list of generic products that can be obtained from each major source.

Each data category discussion includes the following elements:

Introduction Relevance to Planning Studies Relationship to Other Functional Areas Primary Planning Factors for Functional Area Interpretation of Planning Factors Relevant Impact Questions to Ask Data Source List Data Samples (illustrative)

The categories are grouped into five convenient data systems: the Physical, Biological, Cultural, Existing Built Regulatory, and Socio-Economic Systems. Examples of data are provided for each category and are discussed within the corresponding functional area text. The text includes a discussion of techniques for displaying and using data for spatial analysis in the planning process. The general impact of proposed Navy activities is studied at the activity and regional levels.

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4.0 Topography

The basic landform or topographic structure of a site is a resource that strongly influences the location of land uses and recreational and interpretive functions. As a basic tool for planners, topographic maps provide the foundation for the site analysis process which leads to the land use plan and eventually to the detailed site plan. Elevation changes, landform type, drainage patterns underlying geology of an area, and topographic data, in combination with other site factors, can be interpreted as either an opportunity or a constraint to development. Topographic conditions are most important to development decisions when assessed on a smaller scale. However, larger, regional assessments are also important to consider when relating topographic elements to other areas such as geology and watershed issues.

4.1 Relevance to Planning Studies

4.1.1 Regional Studies

General topographic maps may also be used to describe the vicinity and region, but they require much less detail than site topographic maps. The topography of the region can usually be visually depicted by a quality map that identifies major landforms - low points such as valleys, rivers and wetlands, highpoints such as ridges, hilltops, and plateaus. Existing development, particularly major highways and streets, will reinforce these basic landforms. As described below, the use of 3-D images are often helpful at this scale. 2-D data layers serve as the base for the 3-D images, translated easily in a spatial analyst program.

4.1.2 Activity Plans

Topographic data is primarily used at the activity planning level to determine site-specific development oppor tunities and constraints. A quality topographic base map of the site is essential for conducting site analysis activities. The USGS 2-D maps are adequate for a site where topography is not a primary consideration in planning. Electronic versions of these maps are easily obtained from USGS. (Figure 4a on pg. 14) More complex topographical issues may require the use of 3-D images in order to more accurately assess and understand the impacts of the proposed planning actions. On a larger scale, a 3-D image of the entire region will enable the planner to assess potential relationships between the topography and hydrogeologic issues. If quality topographic base maps or digital data layers are not available, surveys should be completed under advance "planning studies". A general topographic

DEFINITIONS

Seismic activity— Waves of energy transmitted through the earth’s crust at rupture or slip points in the tectonic plates.

Geologic uplift— The upward movement of the upper surface of the earth’s crust.

Rain shadow effect – Low precipitation on the far side (leeward side) of a mountain when prevailing winds flow up and over a high mountain or range of high mountains. This creates semiarid and arid conditions on the leeward side of the range.

Slope— The degree of inclination from horizontal.

Terrain— The topographical features comprising the earth’s surface.

Plateau— Upland surface bounded by steeper descending slopes.

Ridge— The elevated landform below which is a descending slope on both sides, culminating in a valley floor.

Land Use Planning - 14 understanding of the vicinity of the site is important to analyze drainage and visual relationships between site and off-site uses and areas.

Figure 4a

USGS Topographic Map - MCB Quantico

Source: US Geological Survey 1994, 1:24000 Quantico Quadrangle

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4.2 Relationship to Other Resource Areas

Topography and terrain features relate primarily to soils and geology and secondarily to surface hydrology and vegetation. Soils on slopes tend to have better surface drainage than in the lowlands. Topography relates to geology in that topographically steep or rugged areas, knobs, ridges, etc., are generally underlain by harder rock. In addition, topography is often an indicator of the historic geologic character of an area.

Mountain ranges and steep areas indicate previous geologic uplift, perhaps accompanied by seismic activity. The amount of vegetative cover is directly related to the topographic relief and thickness of the soil cover as well as site orientation and rainfall characteristics. Steep topographic features often contribute to the lack of rainfall on the leeward slope. This “rain shadow effect” caused by the interception of rainfall by steep slopes results in drier conditions and less vegetation on the leeward side. The effect is most noticeable at the regional scale, impacting large areas of land. Floodplains and other wetland types can be found in topographic lowlands.

4.3 Primary Topographic Planning Factors

4.3.1 Slope

Slope is the inclination (slant) of the landform surface from absolute horizontal. Slope can be expressed as a ratio, percentage, or angle (degree); for example, a 3:1 slope is also a 33 1/3% or 23 degree slope. For development planning, slopes can generally be classified as follows:

• Gentle (0-5%)

• Rolling (5-15%)

• Steep (over 15%)

Displaying slope through the use of 2-D contour lines is a simple means of assessing the elevation of the land. A contour map will provide the reader with an overall picture of steep or shallow slopes, ridges, and valleys, if he or she is familiar with the methods of interpretation. Digital slope information can also be represented in raster format so that data is represented as pixels instead of lines (Figure 4b on pg. 16).

More easily understood by the layperson, a 3-D image of slope contours is a visual analysis of the elevations (Figure 4c on pg. 17). Many readers will relate to the 3-D image, as it closely resembles the manner in which they see slope around them everyday.

4.3.2 Landform

Slope, configuration, and scale define terrain features. The terrain is composed of different landform types:

uplands, valley walls and lowlands. (Special landforms would include plains, mesas, cliffs, dunes, etc.).

Landforms are integral to the analysis of the visual and aesthetic qualities of a site; they also define surface water flow or drainage patterns and can indicate underlying geologic features.

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Figure 4b

Slope - MCB Quantico

Source: MCB Quantico Master Plan Update, May 2000

4.4 Topographic Factor Interpretation

4.4.1 Opportunities

• Broad uplands and plateaus usually offer few development limitations and can accommodate a variety of road and building types and other structures.

• Ridges can provide protection from cold or damaging winds.

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• Uplands and areas of steep slope can provide dramatic views and vistas, while valleys offer a sense of enclosure and are visually buffered from outside influences.

• Unique topographic features can have high scenic qualities.

• Valley walls of gentle to moderate slopes are developable for a variety of uses and can offer quality views.

• Valleys and lowlands offer high visual and recreation potential and can be ideal for certain low intensity uses.

Figure 4c

Triangulated Irregular Network (3-D Surface) - MCB Quantico

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4.4.2 Constraints

• Steep slopes (generally over 15%) should be avoided. Disturbance of such land can cause excessive erosion and downstream siltation (water quality) problems. Site development costs increase dramatically on steeper slopes (roads, utilities, parking lots, large buildings, etc), although structures can be designed especially for such conditions if warranted by other opportunity factors.

• Extremely flat areas can present drainage…