P100_2016.pdf

PBS-P100

Facilities Standards for the

Public Buildings Service Issued March 2016

General Services Administration

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CHAPTER 1 • GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

1.1 Purpose of the Facilities Standards

1.2 Application of the P100

1.2.1 Repairs & Alterations

1.2.2 Lease Construction with Government Option to Purchase

1.3 Federal Laws, Regulations, and Standards

1.3.1 Public Buildings Amendments of 1988

1.3.2 Environmental Protection

1.3.3 Energy and Sustainable Design

1.3.4 Historic Preservation

1.3.5 Accessibility

1.3.6 The Architectural Barriers Act Accessibility Standard (ABAAS)

1.3.7 Accessible Public Entrances

1.3.8 Accessibility in Federal Courthouses

1.3.9 Occupational Safety and Health Regulations

1.3.10 Randolph-Sheppard Act

1.3.11 Buy American Act

1.4 Nationally Recognized Codes and Standards

1.4.1 Conflicts between Codes or Standards and GSA Requirements

1.4.2 ICC Family of Codes

1.4.3 NFPA Life Safety Code

1.4.4 NFPA National Electrical Code

1.4.5 National Standards

1.5 State and Local Codes

1.5.1 State and Local Government Consultation and Review

Table of Contents

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1.5.2 Zoning and Related Issues

1.5.3 Design Review for Code Compliance

1.5.4 Construction Inspections

1.6 Program-Specific Guides and Standards

1.6.1 Federal Courthouses

1.6.2 Land Ports of Entry

1.6.3 Child Care Centers

1.6.4 Security

1.6.5 Other Guides

1.7 Sustainability

1.7.1 Key Sustainable Products

1.7.2 LEED Certification

1.8 Energy Use Targets

1.8.1 Major Renovations

1.8.2 Energy Use Intensities Design Maximums

1.9 Safety and Health Risk Reduction

1.9.1 Loss Categories

1.9.2 Special Exposures

1.9.3 Order of Precedence

1.9.4 Specific Health and Safety Requirements

1.10 Methodologies

1.10.1 Space Measurement and Building Efficiency

1.10.2 Workplace Tools and Processes

1.10.3 Climate Change Risk Management

1.10.4 Indoor Firing Ranges

1.10.5 Smart Buildings

CHAPTER 2 • URBAN DEVELOPMENT AND LANDSCAPE DESIGN

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2.1 Urban Planning and Public Use Performance Requirements

2.2 Urban Planning and Design Performance Attributes

2.2.1 Sustainable Locations

2.2.2 Collaborative Design Process

2.2.3 Design for Public Use

2.3 Urban Planning and Design, and Site Prescriptive Requirements

2.3.1 Process Criteria

2.3.2 Design Criteria

2.4 Landscape Performance Requirements

2.5 Landscape Prescriptive Requirements

2.5.1 Examples of Federal Design Criteria

2.5.2 Managing Existing Site Vegetation

2.5.3 Site Soils

2.5.4 Parking Fields

2.5.5 Pollinators

2.5.6 SITES Certification

CHAPTER 3 • ARCHITECTURE AND INTERIOR DESIGN

3.1 Enclosure Performance Requirements

3.2 Building Enclosure Performance Attributes

3.2 1 Natural Hazards

3.2.2 Serviceability

3.2.3 Water Penetration Resistance

3.2.4 Moisture and Condensate Control

3.2.5 Air Tightness

3.2.6 Thermal Performance

2.3.7 Building Enclosure Commissioning

3.2.8 Acoustic Control

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3.2.9 Enclosure Service Life

3.3 Prescriptive Enclosure Requirements

3.3.1 Moisture Control

3.3.2 Below Grade Systems

3.3.3 Substructure

3.3.4 Wall Systems

3.3.5 Masonry and Concrete Materials

3.3.6 Fenestration Systems

3.3.7 Roof Systems

3.3.8 Quality Assurance

3.3.9 Sun Control Devices

3.3.10 Window Cleaning

3.3.11 Providing Access to Maintain Equipment in Atriums

3.3.12 Providing Access to Elevated Locations

3.4 Interior Performance Requirements

3.5 Interior Construction and Interior Finishes Performance Attributes

3.5.1 Construction Products and Materials

3.5.2 Interior Finishes and Materials

3.5.3 Acoustics

3.5.4 Fire Performance and Smoke Development

3.5.5 Cornerstone

3.5.6 Bird Safe Building Design

3.5.7 Promote the Use of Stairs

3.5.8 Vertical Transportation

3.5.9 Family Restrooms

3.5.10 Lactation Rooms

3.6 Workplace Performance Requirements

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3.7 Workplace Performance Attributes

3.7.1 Planning and Design Strategies

3.7.2 Space Efficiency

3.7.3 Technology

3.7.4 Health and Comfort: Environmental Controls

3.7.5 Health and comfort: Ergonomics

3.7.6 Flexibility/Efficiency

3.7.7 Workplace Image

CHAPTER 4 • STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

4.1 Structural Performance Requirements

4.2 Structural Performance Attributes

4.2.1 Live Load

4.2.2 Natural Hazard

4.3 Prescriptive Structural Requirements

4.3.1 Innovative Materials and Methods

4.3.2 IBC for Structural Design of New Buildings

4.3.3 ISC Security Standards

4.3.4 Design Methods

4.3.5 Structural Loads

4.3.6 Structural Systems and Elements

4.3.7 Alterations in Existing Buildings and Historic Structures

4.3.8 Seismic Upgrading

4.3.9 Seismic Instrumentation

4.4 Physical Security Performance Requirements

4.5 Physical Security Performance Attributes

4.6 Prescriptive Physical Security Requirements

CHAPTER 5 • MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

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5.1 Mechanical Performance Requirements

5.2 Mechanical Performance Attributes

5.2.1 Temperature

5.2.2 Humidity Control

5.2.3 Air Movement

5.2.4 Pressure

5.2.5 Ventilation

5.2.6 Filtration

5.2.7 HVAC Noise Control

5.2.8 HVAC Operational Efficiency

5.2.9 Energy Performance

5.3 Mechanical Engineering Prescriptive Requirements

5.3.1 Design Criteria

5.3.2 HVAC Systems

5.3.3 HVAC Components

5.3.4 Air Distribution

5.3.5 Water Treatment

5.3.6 Plumbing Fixtures

5.3.7 Operability and Maintainability

5.3.8 Alterations in Existing Buildings and Historic Structures

5.4 Whole Building Energy Performance Requirements

5.5 Whole Building Performance Attributes

5.5.1 Energy Performance

CHAPTER 6 • ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

6.1 Lighting Performance Requirements

6.2 Lighting Performance Attributes

6.2.1 Lighting Quality

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6.2.2 Lighting Quantity

6.2.3 Energy Use

6.2.4 Power Quality

6.2.5 Maintenance

6.2.6 Service Life

6.3 Lighting Prescriptive Requirements

6.3.1 Indoor Lighting and Daylighting Criteria

6.3.2 Load Criteria

6.3.3 Security Lighting, Exit Signs, and Emergency Lighting

6.3.4 Specific Lighting Requirements

6.4 Electrical Performance Requirements

6.5 Prescriptive Electrical Engineering Requirements

6.5.1 Goals and Objectives

6.5.2 Codes, Standards, and Guidelines

6.5.3 Utility Coordination

6.5.4 Distribution System Alternatives

6.5.5 Space Conditions

6.5.6 Secondary Branch Power Distribution

6.5.7 Branch Wiring Distribution Systems

6.5.9 Emergency and Standby Power Systems

6.5.10 Clean Power Systems

6.5.11 Grounding Systems

6.5.12 Safety Systems, Equipment, and Personal Protection

6.5.13 Alterations in Existing Buildings and Historic Structures

6.5.14 Photovoltaic Systems

Chapter 7 ∙ FIRE PROTECTION

7.1 Goals and Objectives

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7.1.1 Scope

7.1.2 Applicability

7.1.3 Responsibilities

7.2 References

7.3 General Design Requirements

7.3.1 Fire Safety During Construction and Renovation Projects

7.3.2 Building Construction

7.3.3 Occupancy Classifications

7.4 Means of Egress

7.4.1 Special Requirements

7.4.2 Evacuation Route Signage

7.4.3 Exit Stair Path Markings and Stairway Identification Signage

7.4.4 Occupant Load Factors

7.5 Interior Finishes

7.6 Fire Alarm and Emergency Communication Systems

7.6.1 Manual Fire Alarm Boxes

7.6.2 Waterflow Switches

7.6.3 Smoke Detectors

7.6.4 Audible Notification Appliances

7.6.5 Visible Notification Appliances

7.6.6 Occupant Notification

7.6.7 Fire Alarm Notification Strategies for High-Rise Buildings

7.6.8 Survivability

7.6.9 Fire Command Center

7.6.10 Annunciator

7.7 Water Supply for Fire Protection

7.7.1 Fire Pumps

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7.7.2 Pressure Maintenance Pump (Jockey Pump)

7.7.3 Fire Hydrants

7.8 Automatic Sprinkler and Standpipe Systems

7.8.1 Types of Sprinklers

7.8.2 Sprinkler Piping

7.8.3 Automatic Sprinkler Systems for Remote or Isolated Facilities

7.8.4 Fire Department Connections

7.8.5 Standpipes

7.8.6 Fire Department Hose Outlets

7.9 Non-Water-Based Fire Extinguishing Systems

7.9.1 Wet Chemical Extinguishing Systems

7.9.2 Dry Chemical Extinguishing Systems

7.9.3 Clean Agent Extinguishing Systems

7.9.4 Carbon Dioxide Fire Extinguishing Systems

7.9.5 Portable Fire Extinguishers and Cabinets

7.10 Elevator Systems

7.10.1 Fire Service Access Elevators

7.11 Special Fire Protection Requirements

7.11.1 Air Distribution Systems

7.11.2 Information Technology Equipment Rooms

7.11.3 Places of Confinement (Holding Areas)

7.11.4 Atriums

7.11.5 Cooling Towers

7.11.6 Residential Housing Units

7.11.7 Chemical Laboratories

7.11.8 Record Storage Facilities

7.11.9 Flammable and Combustible Liquid Storage Arrangements

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7.11.10 Compact Storage Modules

7.12 Required Design Guides and Manuals

7.12.1 U.S. Court Facilities

7.12.2 U.S. Marshal Service Space

7.12.3 Land Port of Entry Facilities

7.12.4 GSA Child Care Centers

7.13 Historic Structures

7.13.1 Responsibility

7.13.2 Impact on Historic Fabric

7.13.3 Fire Protection Alternatives for Consideration

7.14 Mass Notification Systems

7.15 Performance-Based Design

7.16 Commissioning Fire Protection and Life Safety Systems

CHAPTER 8 ∙ DESIGN STANDARDS FOR U.S. COURT FACILITIES

8.1 Goals and Objectives

8.2 Design Guidance

8.2.1 U.S. Courts Design Guide (USCDG)

8.2.2 U.S. Marshals Service Criteria

8.3 General Requirements

8.3.1 Planning for Future Requirements

8.3.2 Planning for Accessibility

8.3.3 Infrastructure

8.3.4 Acoustic Planning Requirements

8.3.5 Architectural and Interior Design

8.3.6 Building Enclosure Systems

8.3.7 Floor Systems

8.3.8 Interior Wall Systems

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8.3.9 Ceiling Systems

8.3.10 Office and Conference Spaces

8.3.11 Courtrooms

8.3.12 Public Spaces

8.3.13 Detainee Areas

8.3.14 Fixed and Movable Furniture

8. 3.15 Signage and Graphics

8.3.16 Identification and Information Signage

8.3.17 Directional Signage

8.3.18 Regulatory/Security Signage

8.4 Structural Systems

8.4.1 General Requirements

8.4.2 Other Structural Design Requirements

8.5 Mechanical Systems

8.5.1 System Selection and Design

8.6 Fire Protection and Security Systems

8.7 Electrical Systems

8.7.1 Spare Capacity

8.7.2 Number of Outlets

8.7.3 Grounding

8.7.4 Isolated Ground Circuits

8.7.5 Below-Floor Electrical Distribution

8.7.6 Emergency and UPS Power Systems

8.7.7 Service and Distribution

8.7.8 Exterior Connection

8.7.9 Coordination with Telecommunications System Design

8.7.10 Lighting Systems

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8.7.11 Audiovisual Requirements in U.S. Court Facilities

8.8 Security Design: Agency Responsibilities

8.8.1 Battery backup

APPENDIX SUBMISSION REQUIREMENTS, RESOURCES, AND SUMMARY OF CHANGES

A.1 General Requirements

A.2 Performance Expectations Matrices

A.3 New Construction and Modernization

A.4 Alteration Projects

A.5 Surveys and Geotechnical Reports

B.1 References

B.2 Acronyms and Abbreviations

C.1 Summary of Changes for P100 2016 Version

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About the P100 The Facilities Standards for the Public Buildings Service establishes design standards and criteria for new buildings, repairs and alterations, modernizations, lease construction buildings with government option to purchase, and work in historic structures for the Public Buildings Service (PBS) of the U.S. General Services Administration (GSA). This document contains both performance based standards and prescriptive requirements to be used in the programming, design, and documentation of GSA buildings.

Introduction Through its Public Buildings Service (PBS), the U.S. General Services Administration (GSA) designs, constructs, and operates federal civilian buildings. PBS provides workspace to 1.1 million federal employees, primarily with courthouses, land ports of entry, and federal office buildings. It ranks among the largest holders of real estate in the United States.

The PBS-P100, "Facilities Standards for the Public Buildings Service," is GSA's mandatory facilities standard. It applies to design and construction of new federal facilities, major repairs and alterations of existing buildings, and lease construction facilities that GSA intends to own or has the option to own. P100 users span the entire spectrum of building professional disciplines, and the P100 informs and regulates decisions made throughout a project's life.

This edition of the P100 updates the document's substantial transformation from a prescriptive standard to one that contains both performance-based and prescriptive requirements. A large portion of the standard specifies levels of performance, which allows a design team and GSA's other professional partners to identify and implement the best strategies to meet those goals.

Four levels of performance are defined throughout the P100 in matrices, in which "baseline" performance (plus all prescriptive requirements) is the lowest permissible level, and it is generally commensurate with the standards of the P100 published in 2010. The three higher-performance levels are more rigorous and voluntary. Each project may implement any combination of performance levels, in order to prioritize performance opportunities that stem from climate, site, program, mandates, and other conditions. Metrics will validate performance goals at various phases of design and construction through total building commissioning.

CHAPTER 1: GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

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CHAPTER 1 • GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

The design team must review compliance with the building program at each stage of the project, as required in Appendix A, to ensure that the requirements of the program, the P100, and relevant codes and standards have been met and to guard against unplanned expansion of the program because of design and engineering choices.

1.1 Purpose of the Facilities

Standards The Facilities Standards for the Public Buildings Service PBS-P100 (known as the P100) establishes design standards and criteria for new buildings, repairs and alterations, and modernizations for the Public Buildings Service (PBS) of the General Services Administration (GSA). This document also applies to lease construction with government option-to-purchase buildings. This document contains policy and technical criteria to be used in the programming, design, construction, measurement & verification, and documentation of GSA facilities.

The P100 is a mandatory standard. It is not a guideline, textbook, handbook, training manual, nor substitute for technical competence. The P100 represents the current state of practice in designing facilities to meet GSA’s commitments, maximize the efficiency of business processes, and comply with the requirements of law.

The P100 must be used in conjunction with the governing standards referenced in this document, as well as the building program for each project. If conflicts exist between the facilities standards and a specific program and project requirements, contact the Office of Design and Construction for resolution.

The design team must review compliance with the building program at each stage of the project, as required in Appendix A, to ensure that the requirements of the program, the P100, and relevant codes and standards have been met and to guard against unplanned expansion of the program because of design and engineering choices.

1.2 Application of the P100

The P100 applies to all new construction projects.

New construction includes additions and annexes to existing facilities. In addition, this section describes how to apply the P100 to projects for repair and alterations, modernizations, and lease construction with Government option to purchase.

1.2.1 Repairs & Alterations

Repairs & Alterations (R&A) are improvements made to existing facilities. Generally, building systems need only be upgraded to correct deficiencies identified by GSA, unless the entire building is being renovated. All new work is required to meet the applicable national codes and standards adopted by GSA. If a major portion of the building is being renovated, the specific codes must be evaluated to determine if the entire building must be brought into compliance with the code. Any questions or concerns must be discussed with the GSA project manager.

The requirements of the P100 apply to renovations and alterations to the extent those renovations and alterations are identified in the approved and funded project prospectus. All items within the designer’s scope of work must be designed in accordance with the P100. The designer must clarify ambiguities in writing before beginning the design.

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1.2.2 Lease Construction with

Government Option to Purchase

Lease construction is new construction of a facility for Government use required by GSA’s formal Request for Lease Proposals (RLP).

In lease construction where GSA’s formal RLP has an option for GSA to purchase the building at a future date, the requirements of the P100 may be considered for inclusion in the RLP on a case by case basis. In addition to the GSA-adopted nationally recognized codes and requirements, State and local government codes apply. If a conflict exists between applicable State and local government codes and the GSA requirements, the developer must identify these conflicts in writing and request a resolution from the GSA contracting officer.

1.2.3 Tenant Improvements

Tenant improvements are defined in the GSA Pricing Desk Guide at www.gsa.gov/gsa/cm_attachments/GSA_DOCUMENT /pricing_guide_R2F-cI-v_0Z5RDZ-i34K-pR.pdf

1.3 Federal Laws, Regulations, and Standards The following are Federal laws, regulations, and standards applicable to all projects.

The Public Buildings Amendments of 1988, 40 U.S.C.

3312, require that each building constructed or altered by GSA or any other Federal agency must, to the maximum extent feasible, comply with one of the nationally recognized model building codes and with other applicable nationally recognized codes.

1.3.1 Public Buildings Amendments of

The Public Buildings Amendments of 1988, 40 U.S.C.

3312, require that each building constructed or altered by GSA or any other Federal agency must, to the maximum extent feasible, comply with one of the nationally recognized model building codes and with other applicable nationally recognized codes.

1.3.2 Environmental Protection

In addition to building-specific codes, all projects must comply with all Federal, State, and local environmental laws, regulations, and Executive Orders. Federal regulations are found typically, but not exclusively, in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Title 40, Protection of Environment, Executive Order 13693: Planning for Federal Sustainability in the Next Decade. In matters of environmental compliance, GSA’s policy is voluntary conformity to certain State and local code requirements even when permitting or approvals from local regulators are not required. Confer with the regional environmental coordinator for specific applicability.

1.3.3 Energy and Sustainable Design

Legislation directed toward energy efficiency and sustainability continues to increase.

Laws, regulations, and Executive Orders affecting the design and operation of Federal buildings include:

• Executive Order 13693: Planning for Federal

Sustainability in the Next Decade

• Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007

(EISA 2007)

• Energy Policy Act of 2005 (EPAct 2005)

• Guiding Principles for Sustainable Federal

Buildings (Guiding Principles)

For information on the implementation of sustainable design and energy, see Section 1.7, Sustainability.

1.3.4 Historic Preservation

The National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) of 1966 mandates that Federal agencies use historic properties to the greatest extent possible and strive to rehabilitate them in a manner that preserves their architectural character, in accordance with the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for Rehabilitation http://www.gsa.gov/gsa/cm_attachments/GSA_DOCUMENT/pricing_guide_R2F-cI-v_0Z5RDZ-i34K-pR.pdf http://www.gsa.gov/gsa/cm_attachments/GSA_DOCUMENT/pricing_guide_R2F-cI-v_0Z5RDZ-i34K-pR.pdf

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(36 CFR 67).

1.3.5 Accessibility

GSA policy is to make all Federal buildings accessible without the use of special facilities for persons with disabilities. The intent of this policy is to use standard building products set at prescribed heights and with prescribed maneuvering clearances to allow easy access by disabled employees and visitors. Building elements designated specifically for use by persons with disabilities should be kept to a minimum.

1.3.6 The Architectural Barriers Act

Accessibility Standard (ABAAS)

ABAAS is mandatory for all GSA projects. If local accessibility standards exist, the A/E must follow the most stringent requirements between the local standards and ABAAS.

The criteria of these standards should be considered a minimum in providing access for persons with disabilities. Dimensions that are not stated as “maximum” or “minimum” are absolute. All dimensions are subject to conventional industry tolerances except where the requirement is stated as a range with specific minimum and maximum end points.

1.3.7 Accessible Public Entrances

All public entrances provided in accordance with Paragraph F206.4.1 (Public Entrances) of the ABAAS must have at least one entrance door complying with Section 404.3 (Automatic and Power-Assisted Doors and Gates) of the ABAAS. Where an accessible public entrance has a vestibule with exterior and interior entrance doors, at least one exterior door and one interior door must comply with Section 404.3.

1.3.8 Accessibility in Federal

Courthouses

Please refer to Chapter 8, Design Standards for U.S.

Court Facilities, Section 8.2, Planning for Accessibility, and Table 8.1, Accessibility Requirements.

1.3.9 Occupational Safety and Health

Regulations

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) does not directly regulate facility design;

however, the construction, operation, and occupation of facilities must comply with OSHA regulations. The A/E must ensure that facilities can be constructed in a manner compliant with 29 CFR 1926; the design must anticipate facility operations and maintenance and ensure they can be performed in compliance with 29 CFR 1910; and must not subject building occupants to conditions in violation of 29 CFR 1910.

1.3.10 Randolph-Sheppard Act

The Randolph-Sheppard Act provides qualified blind persons the opportunity to operate businesses on Federal, State, or other property. The A/E must coordinate design with the vending facility operators to meet the needs of vendors covered by the act.

1.3.11 Buy American Act

Only domestic construction materials shall be specified in construction contracts performed in the United States except when a waiver to the Buy American Act is granted.

1.4 Nationally Recognized

Codes and Standards For all design and construction work performed on Federal buildings by GSA or those functions under GSA’s construction authority, GSA has adopted the technical requirements of the nationally recognized codes and standards referred to in this subsection.

The technical requirements of these codes and standards are supplemented by mandates of Federal laws and executive orders, as well as GSA and other Federal agency criteria. The latest edition of these

PBS-P100 2016 Page 16 codes and standards, in effect at the time of design contract award, must be used throughout design and construction of the project.

1.4.1 Conflicts between Codes or

Standards and GSA Requirements

To ensure flexibility, GSA’s policy is to make maximum use of equivalency clauses in all codes and standards.

If a conflict exists between GSA requirements and the GSA-adopted codes or standards, the GSA requirements take precedence. All such conflicts must be brought to the attention of the GSA project manager as appropriate for resolution.

1.4.2 ICC Family of Codes

GSA has adopted the technical requirements of the family of codes issued by the International Code Council (ICC), except as noted below. The ICC family of codes is available through www.iccsafe.org.

1.4.3 NFPA Life Safety Code

GSA has adopted the technical egress requirements of the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), Life Safety Code (NFPA 101), in lieu of the technical egress requirements of the International Building Code (IBC).

The Life Safety Code is available through www.nfpa.org.

1.4.4 NFPA National Electrical Code

GSA has adopted the technical electrical requirements of the NFPA, National Electrical Code (NFPA 70). The National Electrical Code is available through www.nfpa.org.

1.4.5 National Standards

Organizations writing voluntary national standards, including NFPA, the American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), the Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors’ National Association (SMACNA), the

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), and the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), publish standards on health, safety, welfare, and security that are recognized by GSA in various chapters of the P100. Consistent with GSA’s long-standing policy to comply with nationally recognized standards to the extent practicable, these standards must be used as indicated in the P100. The latest edition of the nationally recognized standards herein, in effect at the time of design contract award, must be used during design and construction.

1.5 State and Local Codes

Facilities built on Federal property are exempt from State and local building codes. GSA recognizes that the national building codes are typically the foundation of State and local building codes, and that State and local codes represent important regional interests and conditions. It is GSA’s policy to comply with State and local building codes to the maximum extent practicable; however, GSA has the final authority to accept or reject any recommendation from State and/or local government officials.

1.5.1 State and Local Government

Consultation and Review

The GSA project manager must provide the appropriate State and/or local government officials the opportunity to review the project for compatibility with local planning and zoning compliance. Local reviews must occur early in project development so that the design can easily respond to appropriate recommendations. These reviews include, but are not limited to, the review of drawings and specifications, making recommendations for compliance with local regulations, compatibility with local planning goals, and alignment with first responder requirements. The GSA project manager must inform State and local government officials that GSA and its contractors are not allowed to pay any fee for any actions taken by the State and/or local government officials in connection with local reviews or inspections. GSA will review all recommendations

PBS-P100 2016 Page 17 made by State and local government officials. Each recommendation will be carefully considered based on adequacy, cost, and nationally accepted practice.

GSA has the final authority to accept or reject any recommendation from State and/or local government officials. The GSA project manager will maintain a record of all recommendations and comments from State and local government officials for the duration of the project.

1.5.2 Zoning and Related Issues

The A/E team must offer local officials an opportunity to review and comment on the design concepts for compatibility with local plans, zoning, and design guide-lines. Local review must be done in coordination with the project design schedule. If local officials choose not to review the design concept, the project manager must document this in the project file.

By law, the A/E must incorporate the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) record of decision (ROD) requirements in the design documents.

Local regulations must be followed without exception in the design of systems that have a direct impact on off-site terrain or infrastructure. These systems include, but are not limited to, fire protection services, storm water runoff, erosion control, sanitary sewers and storm drains, water, gas, electrical power, communications, emergency vehicle access, roads, and bridges.

1.5.3 Design Review for Code

Compliance

The GSA project manager must provide the appropriate State and/or local government officials the opportunity to review the design for building code compliance. The GSA project manager will officially forward design submissions to the appropriate local officials.

1.5.4 Construction Inspections

If State and local government officials elect to perform code compliance construction inspections, the GSA project manager must include provisions in both the A/E and construction contract for coordination of the work with local officials. State and local government officials do not have the authority to reject, accept, or make changes to the work, and their inspections are done only to assist GSA in achieving code compliance.

1.6 Program-Specific Guides

and Standards In addition to the P100, GSA and its customer agencies use a number of specific guides and standards that address program requirements. Use of these guides is mandatory. In case of conflicts between the P100 and a specific building guide, the guide takes precedence. If conflicts exist between the facilities standards and specific program and project requirements, contact the Office of Design and Construction for clarification. The websites for these guides are listed in Appendix Section B1, References.

1.6.1 Federal Courthouses

The Office of Design and Construction provides guidance on all levels of development of courthouse projects between Congress, OMB, the Administrative Office of the United States Courts (AOUSC), and GSA and serves as a liaison for all courthouse projects. See Chapter 8, Design Standards for U.S. Court Facilities, for detailed descriptions of the publications listed below and their application.

• GSA Courthouse Visitor’s Guide, February 2003

• GSA Courthouse Project Handbook, August 2004

• U.S. Courts Design Guide

• U.S. Marshals Service Judicial Security Systems

Requirements and Specifications, Volume 3, Publication 64, 2005

• U.S. Marshals Service Requirements and Specifications for Special Purpose and Support Space, Volume One: Architectural & Engineering, PBS-P100 2016 Page 18

2007; Volume Two: Electronic Security & Hardware, 2007

1.6.2 Land Ports of Entry

The Office of Design and Construction provides guidance on the management of the border station program, including strategic planning, budgeting, benchmarking, and design guidance. For more information reference:

• United States Land Port of Entry Design Guide,

1.6.3 Child Care Centers

Requirements for child care centers must be incorporated early in the design and planning process.

The references below provide guidance on such topics as site design, emergency evacuation, food services, safety, security, mechanical, electrical, and plumbing:

• Child Care Center Design Guide (PBS-P140)

• Accreditation Criteria and Procedures of the

National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC)

1.6.4 Security

Please see the following documents for more information on the security design requirements for Federal buildings:

• “The Risk Management Process: An Interagency Security Committee Standard, August 2013.”

1.6.5 Other Guides

• GSA National Business Space Assignment Policy

• GSA P120 Project Estimating Requirements

• GSA Order 8000.1C GSA Metric Program

• GSA 3490.2 on Document Security for Sensitive but Unclassified Building Information

• Executive Order 13502, Use of Project Labor

Agreements for Federal Construction Projects

1.7 Sustainability

Sustainability is the conditions under which humans and nature can exist in productive harmony, that permit fulfilling the social, economic, and other requirements of present and future generations.

Sustainable design seeks to ensure that future generations are not disadvantaged by the depletion of natural or nonrenewable resources by the current generation. Sustainable designs follow an integrated, synergistic approach, in which all phases of the facility lifecycle are considered. Following sustainable design principles improves building performance, promotes the health and comfort of building occupants, minimizes environmental impacts, and supports natural resource availability. The result must be an optimal synergy of cost, environmental, societal, and human benefits while meeting the mission and function of the intended facility or infrastructure.

Subsequent chapters of the P100 include requirements and recommendations to meet these objectives.

The essential principles of sustainable design and development are:

• Optimize site potential

• Minimize nonrenewable energy consumption

• Protect and conserve water

• Use environmentally preferable products and materials

• Enhance indoor environmental quality, and

• Optimize operations and maintenance practices

These principles must serve as the basis for planning, programming, design, budgeting, construction, commissioning, operation, maintenance, and disposal of all new facilities, major renovations, and existing building alterations. These principles must be applied as appropriate to every project scope.

Applicable strategies and opportunities to improve sustainable performance must be included in all projects. New construction and major renovations of GSA buildings, as well as applicable work in existing GSA buildings, must comply with the Guiding

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Principles for Sustainable Federal Buildings. Strategies to meet the Guiding Principles are included in each appropriate chapter of the P100. For the latest guidance on implementing the Guiding Principles see www.wbdg.org/sustainableEO.

1.7.1 Key Sustainable Products

In addition to meeting the Guiding Principles for Sustainable Federal Buildings, GSA must meet Federal requirements to incorporate products into its projects products that are recovered content, biobased, non-ozone-depleting, non-toxic or less-toxic, energy-efficient, and water-efficient. To ensure overall compliance with these requirements, PBS has developed a list of ten "Key Sustainable Products" -five construction materials and five custodial products

- used the most by PBS. These products will be the focus of special sustainability reporting and compliance efforts. The KSP standards for the five construction materials are listed below.

Product Sustainability Standard

Nylon carpet NSF 140 Gold certification and

≥ 10% post-consumer recovered content

Interior latex paint ≤ 50 grams per liter (g/L) VOCs post-tint (SCAQMD Rule 1113 standard)

Gypsum board Greenguard Gold certification

Acoustical ceiling tiles Meets the California Section 01350 standard for low-VOC materials and

Total recycled content ≥ 20% and

Recyclable in a closed loop process and

USDA Certified BioPreferred and

Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) available

Concrete (ready-mix and site-mix) ≥ 15% fly ash or

≥ 25% ground granulated blast-furnace (GGBF) slag

Table 1.1 Key Sustainable Products

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1.7.2 LEED Certification

Through integrative design and application of sustainable design principles, all new construction projects and substantial renovations must achieve, at a minimum, a LEED Version 4 Gold rating through the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Green Building Rating System of the U.S. Green Building Council. GSA’s use of LEED is to measure and quantify building performance achievements in relation to our mandates and goals. Pursue LEED credits appropriate to the goals of GSA and to the type of project being designed.

1.8 Energy Use Targets

Buildings must be designed to comply with the energy performance requirements of EPAct 2005 and EISA 2007.

EPAct 2005 Building Design Energy Compliance EPAct 2005 requires buildings to be designed to be at least 30 percent more efficient than the design required by ASHRAE 90.1 if life cycle cost effective.

For guidance to achieve a level of energy efficiency 30 percent greater than ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2013, see the final rule 10 CFR, Energy, Parts 433-435 issued by DOE at https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2015-11- 06/pdf/2015-28078.pdf.

EISA 2007 Fossil Fuel Reduction Compliance EISA 2007 requires buildings to be designed so that the fossil fuel generated energy use is reduced by the following percentages over the latest version of the Energy Information Administration’s Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS) in designs for prospectus-level new construction and major renovations:

FY2010 55% reduction

FY2015 65% reduction

FY2020 80% reduction

FY2025 90% reduction

FY2030 100% reduction

1.8.1 Major Renovations

Pending the final rule on fossil fuel reduction for major renovations, the A/E must design all systems to be replaced with systems that offer the highest level of energy performance available. All designs that improve HVAC systems must include recommissioning of the entire HVAC system. For modernizations where all systems are replaced, the A/E must target at least a 20 percent reduction from the 2003 energy usage of the building. The building’s 2003 energy usage can be obtained from the Office of Design and Construction.

1.8.2 Energy Use Intensities Design

Maximums

Both EPAct 2005 and EISA 2007 require reductions in the energy use of the overall portfolio of buildings owned by GSA. To meet the goal of reducing total site energy usage by 30 percent by 2015 as compared to a 2003 baseline, energy targets are established for all new construction. The A/E must design all new buildings to have an energy performance below the EISA 2007 energy target or 30 percent below ASHRAE 90.1, whichever is lower.

From concept design through each design phase, the project must demonstrate that it meets the energy target. Use energy modeling that includes the building enclosure systems in concert with mechanical systems and provides documentation showing that systems were chosen based on a life-cycle cost analysis.

For courthouses use the public safety buildings target.

For land ports of entry perform the energy analysis

PBS-P100 2016 Page 21 for the main building, commercial building, and headhouse, and use public safety target.

1.9 Safety and Health Risk

Reduction Most facility safety and health risks are adequately controlled through adherence to current building codes and regulations. However, codes and regulations only provide a minimum standard of care and generally do not address unique designs or optimize safety and health risks over the facility life-cycle. It should also be noted that building codes tend to focus on facility design with an emphasis on structural and fire safety issues while safety and health regulations (such as those promulgated by OSHA) are primarily employee or operationally-oriented and usually do not regulate building design.

Therefore GSA requires designers take a systems approach to facility safety and health risk management to eliminate or mitigate facility life-cycle risks.

1.9.1 Loss Categories

The following categories of potential exposures and losses shall be considered:

a. Occupants. Facility designs shall consider the intended or potential occupancy and designed so as to prevent or minimize workplace injuries and illnesses to those occupants during such occupancy or use.

b. Visitors and the General Public. Facility designs shall consider expected use and unintended use by visitors and the public and be designed so as to eliminate or mitigate injury to such parties and liability to the GSA.

c. Contractors. Facility designs shall not present an unreasonable risk to GSA operations, maintenance, custodial, construction or other contractors. Facility designs shall to the extent practical, incorporate maintainer safety considerations into the design.

d. GSA Assets. Facilities shall be designed to minimize susceptibility to property damage and loss due to fire, water damage, structural failure and other causes

e. Business Continuity. Facilities shall be designed for maximum availability and mission continuity.

1.9.2 Special Exposures

a. Construction. Constructability reviews shall consider and address the risk of injury to personnel on or affected by the job site, and potentially exposed building occupants, other contractors, visitors and the public. The review shall also consider potential loss or damage to GSA, other federal, or private property.

b. Maintenance, Repair and Custodial Operations.

Facility components that use or require the use of hazardous materials, work at elevation, entry into confined spaces, ergonomic stress, access to energy sources (electrical, mechanical, pressure, thermal), or access to other dangerous locations can present significant risks to the trades and GSA inspectors and also increase costs when personal protective equipment and special procedures are required.

Therefore these hazards shall be designed out or mitigated to the extent feasible. Refer to NIOSH Prevention through Design (PtD) or USGBC Pilot Credit 93 (PtD) for guidance.

1.9.3 Order of Precedence

Designers shall mitigate safety and health risks in accordance with the following ANSI Z10 order of precedence:

1. Hazard elimination. Elimination of the hazardous condition shall be the primary objective of safe design.

2. Engineering controls. If the hazard cannot be eliminated, reduce the associated risk to an acceptable level through isolation or substitution with a lower risk hazard.

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3. Warning devices. If the hazard cannot be engineered to an acceptable level of risk, provide cautions and warnings. Provide detection and warning systems where required to alert personnel to specific hazards.

4. Procedures and training. As a last resort risks may be reduced to an acceptable level through the incorporation of special procedures and training.

Mitigation with preferred methods generally requires higher initial cost, however these methods provide the most effective protection, often with lower life-cycle costs. Where preferred methods are too costly, less preferred recommendations may be combined to provide redundant or overlapping solutions. For high consequence hazards, avoid using warning, caution, or other written advisories as the only risk reduction method.

1.9.4 Specific Health and Safety

Requirements

1.9.4.1 Asbestos

1.9.4.1.1 Modernizations

Modernizations of occupied spaces must include the removal of all asbestos-containing material (ACM) that has the potential for future disturbance both through normal occupancy, and during future repairs, maintenance, or alterations. Enclosure or encapsulation of such ACM is prohibited.

1.9.4.1.2 Asbestos Pre-alteration Assessments.

The OSHA Construction Standard, 29 CFR 1926.1101 requires that surfacing and thermal systems insulation in buildings constructed prior to January 1, 1981 be presumed to contain asbestos unless proven otherwise through sampling and testing. While buildings constructed after 1980 are not specifically regulated, OSHA requires building owners to use due diligence to identify any suspect asbestos-containing material. In addition, the EPA National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP) (40 CFR Part 61) requires that prior to the commencement of a demolition or renovation, the building owner or operator thoroughly inspect the affected facility where the demolition or renovation operation will occur for the presence of asbestos.

Please note that the NESHAP is silent regarding the construction date of the building. While the use of asbestos-containing building materials has declined significantly over the last few decades it must be noted that asbestos has not been entirely banned.

Even today asbestos sometimes finds its way into such products as drywall mud and flashing cement.

Therefore, prior to the design of a renovation or demolition project, an evaluation must be conducted to determine if asbestos is present in the project area.

This evaluation includes the review of any available asbestos surveys and consultation with GSA regional environmental, health and safety offices.

If asbestos is present, presumed or suspected in the project area then a "pre-alteration asbestos assessment" must be performed to determine whether and to what extent asbestos may be disturbed (41 CFR 102-80.15). Presumed and suspected asbestos must be sampled and tested or treated as asbestos-containing. Inaccessible areas affected by the project also have "destructive" samples collected and tested or presumed to contain asbestos.

Projects with the potential to disturb asbestos must include controls to protect the construction contractor, building occupants, the public and the environment. GSA complies with state and local asbestos regulations where such exist, in addition to the federal NESHAP, including notification requirements. Designers shall consult with GSA regional environmental, health and safety offices for specific guidance.

1.9.4.2 Lead-Based Paint

Paint must be tested for lead content when alterations or demolitions require the sanding, burning, welding, or scraping of painted surfaces.

Lead-based paint controls must be implemented in accordance with 29 CFR 1926.62. Lead-based paint that is intact and in good condition need not be abated unless required for alteration or demolition.

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Lead-based paint must be abated in child care centers. Refer to PBS-P140 for specific details.

Construction waste containing lead-based paint must be considered hazardous waste unless testing proves otherwise.

1.9.4.3 Confined Spaces

The designer shall avoid the creation of confined spaces except where required as part of a system (e.g., tanks, pits). Confined space is defined in 29 CFR 1910.

1.9.4.4 Fall Protection

All locations, both indoor and outdoor, where routine work is expected to be performed at elevations above six (6) feet must be addressed for the feasibility of including permanent work access and platforms in the design. Typical work locations include but are not limited to luminaires, mechanical equipment, window glass, and roofs. Inspection and testing is exempt from the work platform requirement. Specific detail is provided in the appropriate technical chapters

1.10 Methodologies

1.10.1 Space Measurement and

Building Efficiency

The A/E must design to the area authorized in the approved prospectus and delineated in the program of requirements. The area must be confirmed at each phase of design and is to be measured in accordance with the GSA National Business Space Assignment Policy dated May 2009 or current edition, including any addendums or other clarifications. Projects that exceed the congressionally authorized area will need to be redesigned.

GSA’s National Business Space Assignment Policy establishes current PBS practices for the assignment of space within the federally owned and leased inventory. It provides the methodology and information necessary for the correct assignment of space.

Additionally, this policy document provides details and illustrations of how PBS uses the commercial American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and Building Owners and Managers Association International (BOMA) Standard Method for Measuring Floor Area in Office Buildings (ANSI/BOMA Z65.1) as the foundation for space measurement and assignment.

PBS’s measurement and assignment principles are not 100 percent compliant with ANSI/BOMA measurement standards. For example, PBS uses a PBS-specific category in conjunction with ANSI/BOMA’s categories. This document provides the details and illustrations showing how PBS’s assignment and measurement processes relate to and differ from ANSI/BOMA processes.

Space efficiency is defined as the minimum necessary space for the desired functions to be properly accommodated, with minimum ‘waste’ between usable area and gross area. The target for the usable-to-gross ratio in new building construction is 80 percent. The National Business Space Assignment Policy established the definition of usable and gross area. In all building types, space efficiency must be balanced against effectively achieving space requirements and desired aesthetics.

The plan configuration, floor-plate depth, planning module, and circulation patterns together determine the space efficiencies of a building. The historic character of a building can create major inefficiencies where the primary circulation is typically wider and thereby affects the amount of usable space available.

However, a building’s historic value or design aesthetics should not be compromised to achieve greater space efficiencies.

Plan configuration describes the geometry of a typical floor within a building. A square or rectangular plan with a single central core will be inherently more efficient than a plan that is highly irregular, with distributed service cores. Building types other than office buildings, like courthouses and Land Ports of Entry (LPOE), will likely have lower usable to gross ratios based on numerous special requirements that

PBS-P100 2016 Page 24 are addressed in their design guides. When efficiency ratios fall, the floor plan is likely to have more irregularities that, in turn, will increase space utilizations per full-time equivalent (FTE) and restrict furniture and tenant space planning. Configuration of space is an important consideration when selecting a new building design or comparing one with another.

1.10.2 Workplace Tools and

Processes

Use workplace program analysis and development tools and processes that provide cost- and time-effective ways to analyze existing space performance, space constraints, and organizational mission and goals, and provide design criteria that directly address these issues. The analysis should include the following.

1.10.2.1 A Balanced Scorecard Approach

Developed by Harvard’s Kaplan and Norton, this provides a framework to analyze and measure the performance of an organization in four domains — finance, business process, customer, and human capital. GSA uniquely uses this framework to directly link workplace solutions to the organization’s goals.

1.10.2.2 Quantitative and Qualitative

Discovery Processes and Tools These are used to derive design concepts and solutions from an understanding of the organization

— its goals, culture, and current and desired work practices — using both quantitative and qualitative data. This includes gathering quantitative and qualitative data, gaining in- depth knowledge of the customer organization, conducting on-site observations, interviews, and focus groups, and developing written guidelines to inform the design and design review processes.

1.10.2.3 Change Management

This involves a broad segment of the organization to help define workplace needs and build project consensus.