Exhbit_C_-_AC-150-5300-13B-Airport-Design-Chg1-w-errata.pdf

U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Aviation Administration

Advisory Circular

Subject: Airport Design Date: August 16, 2024 Initiated By: AAS-100

AC No: 150/5300-13B Change: 1

1 Purpose.

This Advisory Circular (AC) contains the Federal Aviation Administration’s (FAA) standards and recommendations for airport design.

2 Applicability.

No change to paragraph 3, Applicability, dated 3/31/2022.

3 Principal Changes.

This AC change incorporates the following principal changes:

1. Added the touchdown zone definition to paragraph 1.5 as item 99, and the V1 definition as item 100.

2. Simplified Figure 1-1, Taxiway Design Groups, and added Table 1-4 to clarify.

3. Updated paragraph 1.12, Related Documents and Federal Regulations.

4. Clarified paragraph 2.4, Addressing Non-standard Airport Conditions.

5. Clarified paragraph 2.6.1, Critical Aircraft.

6. Expanded paragraph 2.7.2, Wrong Surface Events.

7. Updated paragraph 2.10.6.5. The main point of contact for reviews of operations within the non-paved area of the RSA is now the Flight Procedures and Airspace Group.

8. Replaced and cancelled Engineering Brief (EB) reference in paragraphs 3.6.1.2 and 3.6.2.3.

9. Added a note to Table 3-2 to clarify guidance for circling-only approaches.

10. Clarified footnotes for Figure 3-17, Table 4-2, Figure 4-10, Figure 4-12, Figure

4-13, Figure 4-14, Figure 4-15, Figure 4-22, Figure 4-23, and Figure 4-24.

11. Expanded paragraph 3.9.3, Simultaneous Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) Arrival

Operations.

12. Clarified paragraph 3.11.4.2.

8/16/2024 AC 150/5300-13B Chg 1 ii

13. Adjusted precision obstacle free zone on Figure 3-25.

14. Added exception to paragraph 3.12.1, items 4.c and 4.e.

15. Clarified paragraph 4.2.

16. Added design considerations to paragraph 4.4.

17. Clarified paragraph 4.7.1, item 1.

18. Expanded paragraph 4.7.2.

19. Clarified paragraph 4.7.3, item 3.

20. Clarified paragraph 4.8.2.1, item 1.

21. Deleted Table 4-3, Dimensions for Runway Entrance/Exit Taxiways with TDG 1A, 1B, 2A, or 2B (Where the Two 90-Degree Turns are Non-standard).

22. Deleted Table 4-4, Dimensions for Runway Entrance/Exit Taxiways with TDG 3, 4, 5, or 6 (Where the Two 90-Degree Turns are Non-standard).

23. Revised paragraph 4.8.5, High-Speed Exit Taxiways.

24. Clarified the two design scenarios for paragraph 4.8.6, Crossover Taxiways.

25. Deleted Table 4-6, Crossover Taxiways with Direction Reversal Between

Taxiways Based on TDG.

26. Deleted Table 4-7, Crossover Taxiways with Direction Reversal Between

Taxiways Based on ADG.

27. Clarified standards for End-Around Taxiways (EATs) in paragraph 4.12.1.1 and paragraph D.1.4.

28. Clarified standards for apron taxilanes in paragraph 5.4.1.1.

29. Clarified standards for air operations area vehicle service roads in paragraph 6.5.2.

30. Clarified standards for perimeter security roads in paragraph 6.5.4.

31. Clarified standards for navigational aid access roads in paragraph 6.5.5.1.

32. Expanded Table 6-1 and related notes.

33. Revised paragraph D.1.3, Visual Screen Vertical Dimension Calculation, and paragraph D.1.4, Visual Screen and Vertical Elevation Difference.

34. Revised runway, shoulder, and blast pad widths for ADG-VI in Table G-12 and added footnote 14. Appended footnote 12.

35. Deleted items 1, 3, and 4 from paragraph H.4.1, and Figures H-2 and H-3.

36. Updated tables in paragraph J.3 and clarified notes.

37. Clarified paragraph J.4.2.

38. Added paragraph J.4.3, Example: Critical Aircraft TOFA Calculation.

39. Clarified Figure J-14 and Figure J-15.

8/16/2024 AC 150/5300-13B Chg 1 iii

40. Updated Figure J-30 and paragraph J.5.15 to include additional common mitigation.

41. Made minor editorial changes and layout adjustments throughout.

4 Implementation.

Implement changes addressed by this change upon effective date of this AC.

5 Feedback on this AC.

If you have suggestions for improving this AC, you may use the Advisory Circular Feedback form at the end of this AC.

John R. Dermody Director of Airport Safety and Standards iv

U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Aviation Administration

Advisory Circular

Consolidated AC includes Change 1

Subject: Airport Design Date: 3/31/2022 Initiated By: AAS-100

AC No: 150/5300-13B Change:

1 Purpose.

This Advisory Circular (AC) contains the Federal Aviation Administration’s (FAA) standards and recommendations for airport design.

2 Cancellation.

This AC cancels AC 150/5300-13A, Airport Design, dated September 28, 2012.

3 Applicability.

The FAA recommends using the standards and guidelines in this AC for application at civil airports. This AC does not constitute a regulation, is not mandatory, and is not legally binding in its own right. It will not be relied upon as a separate basis by the FAA for affirmative enforcement action or other administrative penalty. Conformity with this AC is voluntary, except for the projects described in subparagraphs 3 and 4 below:

1. Use of these standards and guidelines are practices the FAA recommends for establishing an acceptable level of safety, efficiency, and capacity when designing and implementing airport development projects at civil airports.

2. This AC provides one, but not the only, acceptable means of meeting the requirements of 14 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 139, Certification of Airports.

3. Use of these standards is mandatory for projects funded under certain Federal grant assistance programs including, but not limited to, the Airport Improvement Program (AIP). See Grant Assurance #34. Airport sponsors should familiarize themselves with the obligations and assurances that apply to each grant program from which they obtained grant funds.

4. This AC is mandatory, as required by regulation, for projects funded by the Passenger Facility Charge (PFC) program. See PFC Assurance #9.

https://www.faa.gov/airports/airport_safety/part139_cert/ https://www.faa.gov/airports/aip/grant_assurances/ https://www.faa.gov/airports/pfc/

3/31/2022 AC 150/5300-13B

v

4 Related Documents.

Refer to paragraph 1.12 for documents referenced by this AC. ACs and FAA Orders referenced in the text of this AC do not include a revision letter, as they refer to the latest version.

5 Principal Changes.

This AC incorporates the following principal changes:

1. Restructured the entire document, locating design standards in the chapters with supporting information in the Appendices. Chapters and Appendices are organized and updated as follows:

a. Chapter 1, Introduction:

i. Added new paragraphs explaining the meaning of terms for:

1. Standard, paragraph 1.2.1.1.

2. Recommended Practice, paragraph 1.2.1.2.

3. Requirement, paragraph 1.2.1.3.

ii. Added or revised definitions in paragraph 1.5:

1. Commercial Service Airport, item 27.

2. Critical Aircraft, item 29.

3. Parallel Taxiway, item 72.

4. Runway Visual Range, item 84.

5. Taxiway Centerline, item 92.

iii. Separated Taxiway Design Group (TDG) 2 into TDG 2A and TDG 2B in Figure 1-1 and related discussions and tables throughout this document.

iv. Removed TDG 7 and revised Main Gear Width (MGW) dimensions for TDG 5 and TDG 6 in Figure 1-1 and related discussions and tables throughout this document.

v. Moved Instrument Flight Procedures to new Appendix K.

b. Chapter 2, Design Principles (formerly Design Process):

i. Expanded discussion for design process in paragraph 2.6, and visibility minimums in paragraph 2.6.2.

ii. Added paragraph 2.7.2 on Wrong Surface Event.

iii. Expanded latter portion of chapter to include discussions on Modification of Standards in paragraph 2.8, Safety Management System (SMS) in paragraph 2.9, and Diverse Aeronautical Uses of Airports (operations in the Runway Safety Area (RSA)) in paragraph 2.10.

iv. Expanded guidance and information related to diverse aeronautical uses on airports in paragraph 2.10.

vi

v. Moved Table 2-1, Changes in Airport Design Standards Associated with an Upgrade in the First Two Components (Aircraft Approach Category (AAC) and Airplane Design Group (ADG)) of the Runway Design Code (RDC); Table 2-2, Changes in Airport Design Standards Associated with Lowering the Third Component (Approach Visibility Minimums) of the Runway Design Code (RDC); and Table 2-3, Aircraft Characteristics and Design Components to new Appendix M.

c. Chapter 3, Runway Design:

i. Moved Crosswind Component table to Appendix B.

ii. Moved runway historical and background information to Appendix I.

iii. Moved Declared Distance information to Appendix H.

iv. Moved Approach and Departure Reference Code information to

Appendix L.

v. Revised approach and departure tables in paragraph 3.6.

vi. Updated approach surface discussion in paragraph 3.6.1 and added new approach and departure surfaces Figure 3-5, Figure 3-6, and Figure 3-7.

vii. Updated departure surface to reflect forthcoming Terminal Instrument

Procedures (TERPS) criteria in paragraph 3.6.2 and revised approach and departure surface values in Table 3-2, Table 3-3, Table 3-4, and Table 3-5.

viii. Expanded departure surface guidance in paragraph 3.6.2 and added new departure area surface Figure 3-9, Figure 3-10, and Figure 3-11.

ix. Added new paragraph 3.7.5 on overlapping RSAs.

x. Expanded Line of Sight (LOS) discussion in paragraph 3.8.

xi. Added new paragraph 3.9 on Parallel Runway Separation.

xii. Added new Figure 3-33 and expanded discussion on transverse slopes in paragraph 3.16.2.

xiii. Expanded and split Table 3-3, Transverse Grades, into Table 3-6, Transverse Grades Based on AAC, and Table 3-7, Transverse Grades Based on ADG.

xiv. Expanded turf runway discussion in paragraph 3.16.6.

xv. Removed Interactive Table 3-5, Runway Design Standards Matrix. This is available online as a design tool at https://www.faa.gov/airports/engineering/airport_design/.

xvi. Added new Table 3-1 to facilitate locating runway design standards in Appendix G based on AAC and ADG.

d. Chapter 4, Taxiway and Taxilane Design:

i. Reduced dimensions for taxilane object free area (TOFA) and taxiway separation (taxiway separation, taxiway centerline to fixed or moveable https://www.faa.gov/airports/engineering/airport_design/ vii object, and wingtip clearance) as described in paragraph 4.5 and shown in revised Table 4-1. Revised these same standards for taxilanes.

ii. Updated Table 4-2; Taxiway Edge Safety Margin (TESM) for TDG 5 and TDG 6 is now 14 ft (4.3 m).

iii. Updated taxiway turn and intersection criteria in paragraph 4.7.3.

iv. Updated Taxiway Fillet Design Tool with new criteria. This is available online as a design tool at https://www.faa.gov/airports/engineering/airport_design/.

e. Chapter 5, Aprons:

i. Expanded discussion on types of aprons in paragraph 5.2.

ii. Moved information on bridges to Chapter 6.

f. Chapter 6, Airfield Systems and Facilities (formerly Chapter 6, Navigation Aids (NAVAIDs) and On-airport Air Traffic Control Facilities (ATC-F)):

i. Consolidated information on NAVAIDs (Communications, Navigation, Surveillance and Weather (CSWN)) from other chapters.

ii. Contains information on systems and facilities only as it relates to airport design.

g. Removed former Chapter 7, Airfield Bridges and Tunnels.

h. Appendix A (formerly Appendix 1), Aircraft Characteristics:

i. Added new Figure A-3 on folding wingtip aircraft.

i. Appendix B (formerly Appendix 2), Wind Analysis:

i. Relocated Table B-1 on crosswind component from former Chapter 3.

j. Appendix D (formerly Appendix 4), End-Around-Taxiway (EAT) Screens:

i. Added evaluation by licensed engineer to establish structural integrity of the EAT Screen.

k. Appendix E (formerly Appendix 5, General Aviation Aprons and Hangars), General Aviation Facilities:

i. Relocated information from various areas of document on general aviation

(GA) facilities to this appendix.

l. Appendix F (formerly Appendix 6, Compass Calibration Pad), Compass

Calibration Pad Survey:

i. Consolidated information into this appendix.

ii. Moved runway historical and background information from former

Chapter 3.

iii. Added Runway Object Clearing information.

https://www.faa.gov/airports/engineering/airport_design/ viii

m. New Appendix J (formerly Appendix 8, Taxiway Fillet Design), Taxiway Additional Information:

i. Describes examples of taxiway designs with elevated safety risks.

ii. Removed TDG 7. Separated TDG 2 into TDG 2A (Table J-3) and TDG

2B (Table J-4) and included these additional fillet design dimensions.

iii. Added paragraph J.4 containing a description of the methodology and calculations used for reductions in taxiway standards.

iv. Added reference to the Taxiway Fillet Design Tool available online at https://www.faa.gov/airports/engineering/airport_design/.

n. New Appendix L, Approach and Departure Reference Codes, containing former paragraph 323, Approach and Departure Reference Codes, and updated as follows:

i. Developed new Figure L-1 for ADG V-VI Departures.

ii. Updated Table L-1 on approach reference code.

iii. Relocated information from former Chapter 3.

2. Revised and updated figures throughout.

3. Updated the format of the document in this version and made minor editorial changes throughout.

6 Using this Document.

Hyperlinks (allowing the reader to access documents located on the internet and to maneuver within this document) are provided throughout this document identified by underlined text. When navigating within this document, return to the previously viewed page by pressing the “ALT” and “ ←” keys simultaneously.

To aid in document navigation, users may add custom bookmarks to the bookmark panel list. Navigate to the location you want to bookmark. Highlight and select the text to appear on the bookmark, then click the “add bookmark” button at the top of the bookmark panel and edit the bookmark text as needed. New bookmarks appear at the end of the bookmark list, but you may drag and drop them to a preferred position.

Figures in this document are schematic representations and are not to scale.

7 Use of Metrics.

Throughout this AC, U.S. customary units are used followed with “soft” (rounded) conversion to metric units. The U.S. customary units govern.

8 Where to Find this AC.

You can view a list of all ACs at https://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/advisory_circulars/. You can view the FAA Regulations at https://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/faa_regulations/.

https://www.faa.gov/airports/engineering/airport_design/ https://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/advisory_circulars/ https://www/ ix

9 Feedback on this AC.

If you have suggestions for improving this AC, you may use the Advisory Circular Feedback form at the end of this AC.

/signed/

John R. Dermody Director of Airport Safety and Standards

CONTENTS

Paragraph Page x

CHAPTER 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................... 1-1

1.1 Policy. ........................................................................................................................... 1-1

1.2 Standards, Recommended Practices, and Requirements. ............................................. 1-1

1.3 Federal Regulations. ..................................................................................................... 1-2

1.4 Environmental Protection. ............................................................................................ 1-3

1.5 Definitions..................................................................................................................... 1-3

1.6 Categories and Codes. ................................................................................................. 1-12

1.7 Airport Layout Plan (ALP). ........................................................................................ 1-15

1.8 Airport Data. ............................................................................................................... 1-16

1.9 Airport Improvement Program (AIP). ........................................................................ 1-18

1.10 State Role. ................................................................................................................... 1-18

1.11 Local Government Role. ............................................................................................. 1-19

1.12 Related Documents and Federal Regulations. ............................................................ 1-19

CHAPTER 2. Design Principles ................................................................................................ 2-1

2.1 General. ......................................................................................................................... 2-1

2.2 Airport Planning Relationship to Airport Design. ........................................................ 2-1

2.3 Present Needs Versus Future Demand. ......................................................................... 2-1

2.4 Addressing Non-standard Airport Conditions. ............................................................. 2-2

2.5 New Construction, Reconstruction, and Rehabilitation. ............................................... 2-2

2.6 Design Process. ............................................................................................................. 2-2

2.7 Key Safety Considerations for Airport Design. ............................................................ 2-5

2.8 Modification of Standards............................................................................................. 2-6

2.9 Safety Management Systems (SMS). ........................................................................... 2-7

2.10 Diverse Aeronautical Activities on Airports................................................................. 2-7

CHAPTER 3. Runway Design ................................................................................................... 3-1

3.1 General. ......................................................................................................................... 3-1

3.2 Runway Design Code (RDC)........................................................................................ 3-1

3.3 Runway Design Standards. ........................................................................................... 3-1

3.4 Runway Design Concepts and Considerations. ............................................................ 3-3

Paragraph Page xi

3.5 Runway End Siting Criteria. ......................................................................................... 3-6

3.6 Approach and Departure Surfaces. ............................................................................... 3-9

3.7 Runway Geometry. ..................................................................................................... 3-20

3.8 Runway Line of Sight (LOS). ..................................................................................... 3-24

3.9 Parallel Runway Separation. ....................................................................................... 3-29

3.10 Runway Safety Area (RSA). ....................................................................................... 3-35

3.11 Obstacle Free Zone (OFZ). ......................................................................................... 3-38

3.12 Runway Object Free Area (ROFA). ........................................................................... 3-47

3.13 Runway Protection Zone (RPZ).................................................................................. 3-48

3.14 Clearway. .................................................................................................................... 3-52

3.15 Stopway....................................................................................................................... 3-53

3.16 Surface Gradient. ........................................................................................................ 3-54

3.17 Runway to Taxiway Separation. ................................................................................. 3-64

3.18 Runway to Hold Line Separation. ............................................................................... 3-65

3.19 Runway to Aircraft Parking Area Separation. ............................................................ 3-65

3.20 Turf Runways.............................................................................................................. 3-65

3.21 Markings/Lighting/Signs. ........................................................................................... 3-67

CHAPTER 4. Taxiway and Taxilane Design ............................................................................. 4-1

4.1 General. ......................................................................................................................... 4-1

4.2 Taxiway Design Group (TDG). .................................................................................... 4-2

4.3 Taxiway and Taxilane Design Concepts and Considerations. ...................................... 4-2

4.4 Straight Segment Taxiway/Taxilane Width. ................................................................. 4-8

4.5 Taxiway/Taxilane Clearance. ....................................................................................... 4-9

4.6 Parallel Taxiways. ....................................................................................................... 4-17

4.7 Taxiway Fillet Design. ................................................................................................ 4-19

4.8 Runway/Taxiway Intersections. .................................................................................. 4-23

4.9 Holding Bays for Runway Ends. ................................................................................ 4-36

4.10 Taxiway Turnarounds. ................................................................................................ 4-38

4.11 Apron Taxiways and Taxilanes. ................................................................................. 4-39

4.12 End-Around Taxiways (EAT)..................................................................................... 4-39

4.13 Taxiway and Taxilane Shoulders. ............................................................................... 4-42

4.14 Surface Gradient for Taxiways, Taxilanes, and TSAs. ............................................... 4-43 xii

4.15 Taxiway Line of Sight (LOS). .................................................................................... 4-47

4.16 Markings/Lighting/Signs. ........................................................................................... 4-47

CHAPTER 5. Aprons ................................................................................................................. 5-1

5.1 General. ......................................................................................................................... 5-1

5.2 Apron Types.................................................................................................................. 5-1

5.3 Apron Design Concepts and Considerations. ............................................................... 5-3

5.4 Apron Location. ............................................................................................................ 5-4

5.5 Runway Access from Aprons. ...................................................................................... 5-5

5.6 Lateral Object Clearance on Aprons. ............................................................................ 5-6

5.7 Apron Taxilanes. ........................................................................................................... 5-8

5.8 Fueling on Aprons......................................................................................................... 5-8

5.9 Apron Surface Gradients. .............................................................................................. 5-9

5.10 Apron Drainage. .......................................................................................................... 5-10

5.11 Apron Snow Removal. ................................................................................................ 5-12

5.12 Apron Markings. ......................................................................................................... 5-13

5.13 Apron Signage and Edge Lighting. ............................................................................. 5-14

5.14 Area Lighting on Aprons. ........................................................................................... 5-14

5.15 Apron Security. ........................................................................................................... 5-15

5.16 Apron Pavement Design. ............................................................................................ 5-15

5.17 Jet Blast and Propeller Wash on Aprons. .................................................................... 5-16

5.18 Airport Traffic Control Tower (ATCT) Visibility/Line of Sight (LOS) on Aprons. ........................................................................................................................ 5-18

5.19 Apron Vehicle Service Road (VSR). .......................................................................... 5-19

5.20 Design of Specific Apron Types. ................................................................................ 5-20

CHAPTER 6. Airfield Systems and Facilities ........................................................................... 6-1

6.1 General. ......................................................................................................................... 6-1

6.2 Airfield Bridges and Tunnels. ....................................................................................... 6-1

6.3 Airfield Drainage. ......................................................................................................... 6-5

6.4 Airfield Pavements........................................................................................................ 6-6

6.5 Airfield Roadways. ....................................................................................................... 6-6

6.6 Blast Fences. ............................................................................................................... 6-10

6.7 Buildings within AOA. ............................................................................................... 6-12 xiii

6.8 Security of Airports..................................................................................................... 6-13

6.9 Compass Calibration Pad. ........................................................................................... 6-16

6.10 Underground Power, Control, and Communications Cables. ..................................... 6-19

6.11 Communications, Navigation, Surveillance and Weather (CNSW) and Air Traffic Control (ATC) Facilities and Equipment. ...................................................... 6-21

Appendix A. Aircraft Characteristics ....................................................................................... A-1

A.1 Basic Aircraft Characteristics. ..................................................................................... A-1

A.2 Background. ................................................................................................................. A-2

A.3 Aircraft Arranged by Aircraft Manufacturer, and Runway Design Code (RDC). ....... A-3

Appendix B. Wind Analysis .....................................................................................................B-1

B.1 Objective. ......................................................................................................................B-1

B.2 Coverage and Orientation of Runways. ........................................................................B-1

B.3 Allowable Crosswind Components...............................................................................B-2

B.4 Wind Data Sources. ......................................................................................................B-3

B.5 Analyzing Wind Data. ..................................................................................................B-5

Appendix C. Jet Blast and Propeller Wash ...............................................................................C-1

C.1 Introduction. ..................................................................................................................C-1

C.2 Aircraft Generated Air Currents. ..................................................................................C-1

C.3 Propeller Wash. .............................................................................................................C-2

C.4 Jet Blast. ........................................................................................................................C-2

C.5 Recommended Practices. ..............................................................................................C-4

C.6 Design Considerations. .................................................................................................C-4

C.7 Mitigation Measures. ....................................................................................................C-5

Appendix D. End-Around Taxiway (EAT) Visual Screens ..................................................... D-1

D.1 Screen Sizing. .............................................................................................................. D-1

D.2 Screen Construction. .................................................................................................... D-4

Appendix E. General Aviation (GA) Facilities ......................................................................... E-1

E.1 Background. .................................................................................................................. E-1

E.2 General Aviation Apron. ............................................................................................... E-1

E.3 Hangars. ...................................................................................................................... E-11

E.4 GA Terminal Building. ............................................................................................... E-14 xiv

E.5 Airport Support Facilities. .......................................................................................... E-15

E.6 Fencing for GA Airports. ............................................................................................ E-18

Appendix F. Compass Calibration Pad Survey ......................................................................... F-1

F.1 Survey of the Compass Calibration Pad. ...................................................................... F-1

F.2 Resurvey of In-service Pads. ......................................................................................... F-1

Appendix G. Runway Design Standards Tables ...................................................................... G-1

Appendix H. Declared Distances ............................................................................................. H-1

H.1 Application. .................................................................................................................. H-1

H.2 RSA, ROFA, and RPZ Lengths and Related Nomenclature. ...................................... H-2

H.3 Background. ................................................................................................................. H-3

H.4 For Takeoff. ................................................................................................................. H-4

H.5 For Landing. ............................................................................................................... H-14

H.6 Notification. ............................................................................................................... H-19

H.7 Documenting Rationale for Declared Distances. ....................................................... H-21

Appendix I. Runway Additional Information ............................................................................ I-1

I.1 Purpose. .......................................................................................................................... I-1

I.2 Additional Information and Guidance on Runway Safety Area (RSA) Development. ................................................................................................................. I-1

I.3 Runway Protection Zone (RPZ) Background. ............................................................... I-2

I.4 Using a Runway as a Taxiway. ...................................................................................... I-3

I.5 Object Clearing. ............................................................................................................. I-3

I.6 Threshold Displacement. ............................................................................................... I-4

I.7 Overlapping RSAs. ........................................................................................................ I-5

I.8 Runway Object Free Area (ROFA) Background. .......................................................... I-6

Appendix J. Taxiway Additional Information ........................................................................... J-1

J.1 Purpose. .......................................................................................................................... J-1

J.2 Taxiway Fillet and Turn Design. ................................................................................... J-1

J.3 TDG Tables for Common Intersection Angles. ............................................................. J-8

J.4 Methodology and Calculations for Reductions in TOFA/TLOFA Standards. ............ J-13

J.5 Taxiway Geometries with Elevated Risk to Safety. .................................................... J-16

Appendix K. Instrument Flight Procedures.............................................................................. K-1 xv

K.1 Instrument Flight Procedures (IFP). ............................................................................ K-1

Appendix L. Approach and Departure Reference Codes .......................................................... L-1

L.1 General Overview. ........................................................................................................ L-1

L.2 Approach Reference Code (APRC). ............................................................................. L-1

L.3 Departure Reference Code (DPRC). ............................................................................. L-4

Appendix M. Differences in Airport Design Standards and Relationship of Aircraft Characteristics to Design Components ................................................................................. M-1

Appendix N. Acronyms............................................................................................................ N-1

Appendix O. Index ................................................................................................................... O-1

FIGURES

Figure 1-1. Taxiway Design Groups (TDGs) ............................................................................ 1-15

Figure 3-1. Airport Layout Example ........................................................................................... 3-2

Figure 3-2. Runway Ends ............................................................................................................ 3-7

Figure 3-3. Standard Approach Surface ..................................................................................... 3-10

Figure 3-4. Displaced Threshold ................................................................................................ 3-11

Figure 3-5. Visual Approach Surfaces ....................................................................................... 3-12

Figure 3-6. Non-Precision and IFR Circling Approach Surfaces .............................................. 3-13

Figure 3-7. APV and PA Instrument Runway Approach Surfaces ............................................ 3-14

Figure 3-8. Offset Approach Plane ............................................................................................ 3-15

Figure 3-9. Instrument Departure Surface ................................................................................. 3-18

Figure 3-10. Departure Surface with Clearway ......................................................................... 3-19

Figure 3-11. Departure Surface – Perspective View (Without Clearway) ................................ 3-20

Figure 3-12. Converging Non-Intersecting Runways ................................................................ 3-23

Figure 3-13. Intersecting Runways ............................................................................................ 3-25

Figure 3-14. Runway Visibility Zone – Perpendicular Intersection Runways .......................... 3-26

Figure 3-15. Runway Visibility Zone – Non-Perpendicular Intersecting Runways – X Less Than 750 Feet (229 m) .................................................................................................. 3-28

Figure 3-16. Runway Visibility Zone – Non-Perpendicular Intersecting Runways – X Distance Equal to or Greater Than 750 Feet (229 m) ......................................................... 3-28

Figure 3-17. Runway Visibility Zone for Converging Non-Intersecting Runways................... 3-30

Page xvi

Figure 3-18. Parallel Runway Separation – Simultaneous Radar-Controlled Mixed Operations with Staggered Thresholds ................................................................................... 3-34

Figure 3-19. Runway Safety Area (RSA) .................................................................................. 3-35

Figure 3-20. Obstacle Free Zone (OFZ) for Visual Runways and Runways with Not Lower Than ¾ Statute Mile (1.2 km) Approach Visibility Minimums .................................... 3-39

Figure 3-21. OFZ for Operations on Runways by Small Aircraft with Lower Than ¾ Statute Mile (1.2 km) Approach Visibility Minimums ............................................................. 3-40

Figure 3-22. OFZ for Operations on Runways by Large Aircraft with Lower Than ¾ Statute Mile (1.2 km) Approach Visibility Minimums ............................................................. 3-41

Figure 3-23. OFZ for Operations on Runways by Large Aircraft with Lower Than ¾ Statute Mile (1.2 km) Approach Visibility Minimums and Displaced Threshold .................... 3-42

Figure 3-24. Precision Obstacle Free Zone (POFZ) – No Displaced Threshold ....................... 3-45

Figure 3-25. POFZ – Displaced Threshold ................................................................................ 3-46

Figure 3-26. Runway Protection Zone (RPZ), Runway Object Free Area (ROFA), and Runway Safety Area (RSA) ............................................................................................... 3-49

Figure 3-27. Runway with all Declared Distances Equal to the Runway Length ..................... 3-50

Figure 3-28. Approach and Departure RPZs Where the Takeoff Run Available (TORA) is Less Than the Takeoff Distance Available (TODA) .................................................... 3-51

Figure 3-29. Clearway ............................................................................................................... 3-53

Figure 3-30. Stopway ................................................................................................................. 3-54

Figure 3-31. Longitudinal Grade Limitations for Aircraft Approach Categories A and B ....... 3-55

Figure 3-32. Longitudinal Grade Limitations for Aircraft Approach Categories C, D, and E .. 3-56

Figure 3-33. Transverse Grade Limitations ............................................................................... 3-57

Figure 3-34. Alternate Runway Cross Sections ......................................................................... 3-59

Figure 3-35. RSA Grade Limitations Beyond 200 feet (61 m) from the Runway End ............. 3-63

Figure 4-1. Three-Path Concept Taxiway Intersection ................................................................ 4-4

Figure 4-2. Apron-Taxiway Transition ........................................................................................ 4-6

Figure 4-3. Apron-Runway Transition ........................................................................................ 4-7

Figure 4-4. Taxiway Edge Safety Margin (TESM) – Straight Segment...................................... 4-8

Figure 4-5. Wingtip Clearance – Parallel Taxiways/Taxilanes ................................................. 4-11

Figure 4-6. Wingtip Clearance from Taxiway ........................................................................... 4-12

Figure 4-7. Taxilane Separations and Clearances ...................................................................... 4-13

Figure 4-8. Wingtip Clearance from Apron Taxilane ................................................................ 4-15

Figure 4-9. TSA and TOFA at Taxiway Intersections ............................................................... 4-16 xvii

Figure 4-10. Parallel Taxiways .................................................................................................. 4-18

Figure 4-11. Parallel Taxiway Offset ......................................................................................... 4-19

Figure 4-12. Taxiway Turn – 90-Degree Delta ......................................................................... 4-21

Figure 4-13. Taxiway Turn – Less Than 90-Degree Delta ........................................................ 4-22

Figure 4-14. Taxiway Turn – Greater Than 90-Degree Delta ................................................... 4-22

Figure 4-15. Entrance Taxiway .................................................................................................. 4-25

Figure 4-16. Bypass Taxiway Bay Configuration ..................................................................... 4-27

Figure 4-17. Right-Angled Exit Taxiway .................................................................................. 4-28

Figure 4-18. Cumulative Probability of Aircraft Able to Exit by AAC at Airports with an Elevation Less Than 2,000 feet (610 m) MSL ..................................................... 4-29

Figure 4-19. High-Speed Exit .................................................................................................... 4-32

Figure 4-20. High-Speed Exit – Reverse Turn .......................................................................... 4-33

Figure 4-21. High-Speed Exit Separation .................................................................................. 4-33

Figure 4-22. Crossover Taxiway, Taxiway Separation Based on ADG .................................... 4-34

Figure 4-23. Crossover Taxiway, Taxiway Separation Based on TDG .................................... 4-35

Figure 4-24. Crossover Taxiway Reverse Turn, Taxiway Separation Based on ADG ............. 4-36

Figure 4-25. Holding Bay Configuration ................................................................................... 4-37

Figure 4-26. Holding Bay – Alternate Configuration ................................................................ 4-38

Figure 4-27. Taxiway Turnaround ............................................................................................. 4-39

Figure 4-28. End-Around Taxiway (EAT) ................................................................................ 4-41

Figure 4-29. Taxiway and Taxilane Transverse Gradients ........................................................ 4-45

Figure 5-1. Types of Aprons ........................................................................................................ 5-2

Figure 5-2. Parking Position Clearance ....................................................................................... 5-8

Figure 5-3. Passenger Terminal Gate Area ................................................................................ 5-22

Figure 6-1. Shoulder Markings for Taxiway Bridges .................................................................. 6-4

Figure 6-2. Compass Calibration Pad ........................................................................................ 6-18

Figure 6-3. Typical Communications, Navigation, Surveillance, and Weather (CNSW) ......... 6-22

Figure 6-4. Two Frangible Connections .................................................................................... 6-26

Figure 6-5. Remote Transmitter/Receiver (RTR) Communication Facility .............................. 6-27

Figure 6-6. Airport Surveillance Radar (ASR) Steel Tower (17 feet (5.2 m) high) .................. 6-28

Figure 6-7. Approach Lighting System (ALS) with Sequenced Flashers ................................. 6-30

Figure 6-8. Medium Intensity Approach Lighting System with Runway Alignment Indicator Lights (MALSR) .................................................................................................. 6-31 xviii

Figure 6-9. MALS ...................................................................................................................... 6-32

Figure 6-10. MALS with Sequenced Flashers (MALSF) .......................................................... 6-33

Figure 6-11. Omnidirectional Airport Lighting System (ODALS) ........................................... 6-34

Figure 6-12. Lead-in Lighting System (LDIN).......................................................................... 6-35

Figure 6-13. Runway End Identifier Lighting (REIL) ............................................................... 6-36

Figure 6-14. 4-Unit Precision Approach Path Indicator (PAPI) ................................................ 6-38

Figure 6-15. Instrument Landing System (ILS) Localizer (LOC) Siting and Critical Area ...... 6-39

Figure 6-16. LOC 8-Antenna Array........................................................................................... 6-40

Figure 6-17. Glide Slope (GS) Siting and Critical Area ............................................................ 6-41

Figure 6-18. GS Antenna and Equipment Shelter ..................................................................... 6-41

Figure 6-19. Distance Measuring Equipment (DME) Antenna ................................................. 6-42

Figure 6-20. Runway Visual Range (RVR) ............................................................................... 6-43

Figure 6-21. Enroute VHF Omnidirectional Range (VOR) Facility ......................................... 6-44

Figure 6-22. Terminal Very High Frequency Omnidirectional Range (TVOR) Facility .......... 6-45

Figure 6-23. Non-Directional Beacon (NDB) Facility .............................................................. 6-46

Figure 6-24. Segmented Circle and Wind Cone ........................................................................ 6-47

Figure 6-25. Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS) Weather Sensors Suite .............. 6-47

Figure 6-26. Weather Camera (WCAM) Pole ........................................................................... 6-48

Figure 6-27. Weather Equipment Sensor Pole ........................................................................... 6-49

Figure 6-28. Low Level Windshear Alert System (LLWAS) Sensor Pole ................................ 6-50

Figure 6-29. Automated Dependent Surveillance Broadcast (ADS-B) Ground Station ........... 6-51

Figure A-1. Key Dimensions – Large Aircraft .......................................................................... A-1

Figure A-2. Key Dimensions – Small Aircraft .......................................................................... A-2

Figure A-3. Folding Wingtips .................................................................................................... A-3

Figure B-1. Wind Vector Diagram ............................................................................................ B-4

Figure B-2. Blank Windrose Graphic Showing Direction and Divisions .................................. B-8

Figure B-3. Completed Windrose Graphic Using Table B-2 Data ............................................ B-9

Figure B-4. Windrose Analysis................................................................................................ B-10

Figure D-1. End-Around Taxiway (EAT) Screen Sizing and Location .................................... D-2

Figure D-2. Example Visual Screen Structure ........................................................................... D-5

Figure D-3. Example Panel Layout for 13-foot (4 m) High Screen .......................................... D-8

Figure D-4. Visual Screen Stripe Orientation ............................................................................ D-9 xix

Figure E-1. Tiedown Layout ....................................................................................................... E-4

Figure E-2. Tiedown Spacing ..................................................................................................... E-5

Figure E-3. Nested Tiedowns ..................................................................................................... E-6

Figure E-4. Single Path Entry/Exit Taxilane .............................................................................. E-8

Figure E-5. Dual Path Entry/Exit Taxilane ................................................................................. E-8

Figure E-6. T-Hangar Complex ................................................................................................ E-10

Figure E-7. Standard T-Hangar Layout .................................................................................... E-12

Figure E-8. Nested T-Hangar Layout ....................................................................................... E-12

Figure E-9. Separation of Vehicle Parking and Aircraft Pavement .......................................... E-16

Figure H-1. Typical Starting Point for ASDA, TODA, and TORA .......................................... H-4

Figure H-2. Modified TODA and TORA due to Object Penetration of 40:1 Surface ............... H-6

Figure H-3. Extended TODA with Clearway – Shortened TORA ............................................ H-7

Figure H-4. Typical Location of TODA Departure End of Runway (DER) – No Clearway .... H-8

Figure H-5. Extended TODA with Clearway – Typical TORA ................................................ H-9

Figure H-6. Typical Location of Departure…