Attachment 5 - Lighting Design Manual.pdf

Lighting

PG-18-10

January 1, 2022 designmanual

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1: GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

1.1 PURPOSE

1.2 RESPONSIBILITY

1.3 AUTHORITY HAVING JURISDICTION (AHJ)

1.4 COORDINATION

1.4.1 PLANNING AND DESIGN

1.4.2 INSTALLATION

1.5 DESIGN STANDARDS AND CODES

1.5.1 GENERAL

1.5.2 VA STANDARDS

1.5.3 OTHER STANDARDS AND CODES

1.6 DAYLIGHTING

1.6.1 GENERAL

1.7 ABBREVIATIONS

1.8 GLOSSARY

CHAPTER 2: LIGHTING DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

2.1 ENERGY CONSERVATION

2.2 LIGHTING DESIGN STRATEGIES

2.3 LIGHTING DESIGN OBJECTIVES

2.3.1 INTERIOR

2.3.2 EXTERIOR

2.4 LIGHTING CONTROL DESIGN STRATEGIES AND OBJECTIVES

2.5 LIGHTING CONTROL DESIGN METHODOLOGIES

2.5.1 INTERIOR

2.5.2 EXTERIOR

2.6 LUMINAIRE SELECTION GUIDELINES

2.6.1 INTERIOR

2.6.2 EXTERIOR

2.7 LIGHT SOURCE SELECTION GUIDELINES

2.7.1 FLUORESCENT

2.7.2 HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE (HID)

2.7.3 LIGHT EMITTING DIODES (LED)

2.8 BALLAST AND LED DRIVER SELECTION GUIDELINES

2.8.1 FLUORESCENT BALLAST

2.8.2 HID BALLAST

2.8.3 LED DRIVER

2.9 EMERGENCY POWER PACK SELECTION GUIDELINES

2.10 LIGHTING CONTROL SELECTION GUIDELINES

2.11 LIGHTING CALCULATIONS

2.12 LIGHTING SYSTEM COMMISSIONING

2.13 LIGHTING MAINTENANCE CONSIDERATIONS

CHAPTER 3: EXTERIOR LIGHTING GUIDELINES

3.1 ROADWAYS

3.2 OPEN PARKING AREAS

3.3 WALKWAYS

3.4 ENTRIES

3.5 LANDSCAPE

3.6 BUILDING PERIMETER

3.7 FLAGPOLES

3.8 PARKING STRUCTURES

3.9 HELICOPTER PADS

3.10 WATER TANKS

3.11 ROOF-MOUNTED ANTENNA-OBSTRUCTION LIGHTS

CHAPTER 4: PATIENT AREAS LIGHTING GUIDELINES

4.1. PATIENT AREAS LIGHTING GUIDELINES MATRIX

4.2 SPECIALTY, DIAGNOSTIC, AND TREATMENT AREAS

4.2.1 EXAMINATION AND TREATMENT ROOM

4.2.2 BLOOD DRAW STATION

4.2.3 ORTHOTIC AND CASTING ROOM

4.2.4 LABORATORY

4.2.5 PROCEDURE ROOM

4.2.6 DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING ROOM

4.2.7 DIAGNOSTIC TESTING ROOM

4.2.8 CHEMOTHERAPY TREATMENT ROOM

4.2.9 RADIATION THERAPY ROOM

4.2.10 DIALYSIS TREATMENT ROOM

4.2.11 PHYSICAL/OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY

4.2.12 AUDIOLOGY TESTING ROOM

4.2.13 SURGERY/OPERATING ROOM

4.2.14 SURGICAL CORRIDOR AND SCRUB AREA

4.2.15 PRE-OPERATIVE AND POST-ANESTHETIC CARE (PACU)

4.2.16 DENTAL EXAM AND TREATMENT ROOM

4.2.17 ORAL SURGERY, MINOR PROCEDURE ROOM

4.2.18 PHARMACY

4.3 PATIENT CARE AREAS

4.3.1 NURSE STATION

4.3.2 PATIENT CORRIDOR

4.3.3 MEDICATION ROOM

4.3.4 PATIENT ROOM, GENERAL

4.3.5 PATIENT ROOM, ISOLATION

4.3.6 PATIENT ROOM, INTENSIVE CARE

4.3.7 PATIENT ROOM, RESIDENTIAL

4.3.8 PATIENT TOILET/SHOWER

4.3.9 PATIENT TOILET/SHOWER - RESIDENTIAL

4.3.10 NOURISHMENT STATION

4.3.11 DAY ROOM

4.3.12 MULTI-PURPOSE ACTIVITY ROOM

4.3.13 DRESSING ROOM

4.4 MENTAL HEALTH (MH)

4.4.1 PATIENT ROOM

4.4.2 PATIENT TOILET

4.4.3 CANTEEN

4.4.4 DAY ROOM

4.4.5 GROUP THERAPY ROOM

4.4.6 NURSE STATION

4.4.7 EXAMINATION AND TREATMENT ROOM

4.4.8 RRTP: PATIENT ROOM

4.4.9 RRTP: PATIENT TOILET/SHOWER

4.4.10 RRTP: LIVING AREA, DINING AREA, AND KITCHENETTE

4.4.11 RRTP: OUTPATIENT GROUP THERAPY ROOM

CHAPTER 5: PUBLIC AREAS

5.1 MAIN LOBBY

5.2 ELEVATOR LOBBY

5.3 WAITING AREA

5.4 PRIMARY CORRIDORS

5.5 SECONDARY CORRIDORS

5.6 CANTEEN

5.7 BARBER SHOP

5.8 RECEPTION

5.9 PUBLIC TOILET

5.10 VETERANS CANTEEN SERVICE AND GIFT STORE

CHAPTER 6: ADMINISTRATIVE AREAS

6.1 OFFICE

6.2 CONFERENCE ROOM/CLASSROOM

6.3 TEAM/BREAK ROOM

6.4 STAFF TOILET AND LOCKERS

CHAPTER 7: SUPPORT AREAS

7.1 STORAGE

7.2 HOUSEKEEPING

7.3 SOILED UTILITY ROOM

7.4 CLEAN UTILITY ROOM

7.5 MAINTENANCE/REPAIR SHOPS

7.6 STERILE PROCESSING AND LOGISTICS: CLEAN SIDE

7.7 STERILE PROCESSING AND LOGISTICS: EQUIPMENT PREPARATION

7.8 STERILE PROCESSING AND LOGISTICS: DETERGENT AND WATER

7.9 ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL ROOMS

7.10 EQUIPMENT ROOM

7.11 LOADING DOCKS

7.12 MAIL ROOMS

APPENDIX A: ILLUMINATION LEVELS

1.1

1. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

1.2

1.1 GENERAL

This manual is a guide for Architects, Engineers and Lighting Design Professionals (hereafter referred as A/E) for the planning and design of the lighting and lighting control systems (hereafter referred to as lighting systems, or systems) at the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) facilities.

VA requires A/E to read, understand, and use this manual in the planning and design of the systems in all VA construction projects – minor, major and non-recurring-maintenance (NRM). A/E - who provide planning and design of the systems - shall be licensed professionals who have engaged mainly in the specialized profession of lighting system design and all related duties of lighting system design.

Lighting systems are dependent on electrical power for their function and operation.

Therefore, this manual shall be used in conjunction with the VA Electrical Design Manual (EDM) to produce complete and functional systems.

VA expects that the systems planned and designed with the use of this manual shall meet their primary objectives stated in Chapter 2. In order to provide the latitude needed to incorporate new technologies and concepts, or to accommodate adverse existing conditions, technical deviations from the stipulations of this manual may be made. Deviations may be made only if a safe, reliable, functional and energy-efficient design shall result. Such deviations must be approved by VA’s Project Team which consists of Contracting Officer (CO), Project Manager (PM), Contracting Officer Representative (COR), and Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ). Deviations are not permitted from those requirements included in shall comply with all public laws, federal regulations, executive orders, and applicable codes.

Request for deviations shall be submitted in writing by A/E to CO and AHJ through PM or COR. At the minimum, request for deviations shall contain the following elements:

• Narrative detailing reasons for the deviations.

• Narrative detailing the design and technical information relating to the deviations.

• Design drawings of the deviations (if applicable).

• Lighting and engineering calculations (if applicable).

• Estimate of cost impact caused by the deviations.

• Estimate of schedule impact caused by the deviations.

• Supporting documents such as existing site survey photographs, drawings and documents (if applicable).

Request for deviations shall be considered approved only after A/E has received a written approval with signature from CO, and AHJ.

1.2 RESPONSIBILITY

A/E shall provide all necessary professional services to perform planning and design of the systems for the project. A/E shall be responsible and liable for the planning and design in accordance with the contract, professional engineering and design practices, latest VA standards and applicable codes, and project-specific requirements.

1.3

1.3 AUTHORITY HAVING JURISDICTION (AHJ)

Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ) for VHA is the Deputy Undersecretary for Operations and Management (DUSHOM), or his/her designee. Due to the nature of change in personnel and contact information in VA, AHJ and his/her contact information may not be constant. Therefore, A/E shall obtain AHJ’s name and contact information from CO, PM or COR.

1.4 COORDINATION

1.4.1 PLANNING AND DESIGN

A/E shall coordinate planning and design of the lighting systems with architectural, electrical, structural, civil, site utility and site work, HVAC, plumbing, fire protection/alarm systems, and sustainable designs, as applicable. A/E shall coordinate design information between construction drawings to ensure clarity, completeness and correctness in accordance with latest VA Standards and applicable codes, project-specific requirements, and pre-existing conditions (if any).

A/E shall coordinate and edit applicable VA master specifications, and standard details to ensure clarity, completeness and correctness in accordance with latest VA Standards and applicable codes, project-specific requirements, and pre-existing conditions (if any).

For renovation projects, A/E shall perform site visit(s) to investigate, and document pre-existing conditions. Findings of pre-existing conditions shall be taken into account for the planning and design of the project.

For exterior spaces, focus should be on coordination of hardscape, softscape, and landscape. Base designs for pole-mounted luminaires should be coordinated with civil and structural engineers. A/E shall reference VA base-mounting details and modify to meet specific project scope. Base-mounting details shall be shown on drawings.

For interior spaces, focus should be on coordination of luminaire type, trim and layout with ceiling type, construction, layout, plenum depths, diffusers, ceiling tracks, and all ceiling-mounted objects. Luminaire layout should be coordinated with furniture, casework, millwork, and equipment layouts. Lighting control device locations should be coordinated with interior features and furnishings to assure ready access, as well as proper sensor performance.

1.4.2 INSTALLATION

A/E is not responsible to provide (furnish, install, and connect) lighting systems.

However, lighting design document shall show clear, complete and correct information regarding all aspects of lighting and electrical power designs.

During the submittal review phase, A/E shall coordinate lighting equipment submittals with ceiling system submittals to ensure complete and correct coordination between lighting and ceiling systems.

1.4

For renovation projects, separate demolition drawings are required for all areas involved in the project. Specific information and design of interfaces between renovated and existing-to-remain conditions shall be clearly indicated on the drawings.

1.5 DESIGN STANDARDS AND CODES

1.5.1 GENERAL

At the minimum, comply with the latest Codes and Standards of the following organizations:

(1) American National Standards Institute (ANSI)

(2) ASTM International (ASTM)

(3) Building Industry Consulting Service International, Inc. (BICSI)

(4) Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA): A/E shall pay particular attention to latest edition of the following publications:

• Illuminating Engineering Society Handbook.

• RP-29 Lighting for Hospitals and Health Care Facilities

• RP-28 Lighting and the Visual Environment for Senior Living

• RP-33 Lighting for Exterior Environments

• RP-20 Lighting for Parking Facilities

• RP-8 Roadway Lighting

• DG-10 Choosing Light Sources for General Lighting

• G-1 Guidelines on Security Lighting for People, Property and Public

• G-2 Guidelines for Application of General Illumination - LED Technologies

(5) Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE)

(6) National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)

(7) National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA)

(8) Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. (UL)

(9) ANSI / ASHRAE / IES Standard 90.1

1.5.2 VA STANDARDS

Comply with latest VA standards. Pertinent standards can be found on the Office of Construction & Facilities Management’s (CFM) Technical Information Library (TIL).

Some of the major standards are:

(1) Master Specifications (PG-18-1) http://www.cfm.va.gov/TIL/spec.asp

(2) Design and Construction Procedures (PG-18-3) http://www.cfm.va.gov/TIL/spec.asp

(3) Design Manuals (PG-18-10) http://www.cfm.va.gov/til/dManual.asp

(4) Design Guides (PG-18-12) http://www.cfm.va.gov/til/dGuide.asp http://www.cfm.va.gov/TIL/spec.asp http://www.cfm.va.gov/til/dManual.asp http://www.cfm.va.gov/til/dGuide.asp

1.5

(5) Design Submission Requirements (PG-18-15) http://www.cfm.va.gov/til/aeDesSubReq.asp

(6) Architect / Engineer Review Checklist http://www.cfm.va.gov/til/aeDesSubReq.asp

(7) Design Alerts http://www.cfm.va.gov/til/alert.asp

(8) Quality Alerts http://www.cfm.va.gov/til/alert.asp#qalert

(9) Physical Security Design Manual for VA Facilities http://www.cfm.va.gov/til/spclRqmts.asp#PHS

(10) Sustainable Design and Energy Reduction Manual http://www.cfm.va.gov/til/sustain.asp

(11) Seismic Design Requirements (H-18-8) http://www.cfm.va.gov/til/seismic.asp

1.5.3 OTHER STANDARDS AND CODES

A/E shall bring provisions of state and/or local building and zoning codes that are significantly different and/or more stringent than the codes and standards listed above to the attention of CO, PM and COR. A/E shall provide CO, PM and COR with specific information on how the proposed design will differ from the local requirements.

1.6 DAYLIGHTING

1.6.1 GENERAL

A/E shall strive to employ daylighting practice in the design. When appropriate, lighting control strategies should integrate daylighting and artificial lighting.

Location of windows and skylights in a building must be designed to avoid the admittance of direct sun on task surfaces or occupants. Suitable glare control devices such as blinds or shades should be incorporated into the design.

Daylight harvesting controls must be commissioned. The system must have the lighting set points properly configured if the system is to properly respond to available daylight.

The success of a daylighting design depends on commissioning and occupant education and training.

1.7 ABBREVIATIONS

Use only the abbreviations and symbols shown in the VA Standard Details (PG-18-4) and the Uniform Drawing System (UDS) of the U.S. National CAD Standard (NCS). A complete listing of terms and abbreviations can be found on the Construction Specification Institute (CSI) website under Standards and Formats.

http://www.cfm.va.gov/til/alert.asp http://www.cfm.va.gov/til/alert.asp#qalert http://www.cfm.va.gov/til/spclRqmts.asp#PHS http://www.cfm.va.gov/til/sustain.asp http://www.cfm.va.gov/til/seismic.asp

1.6

1.8 GLOSSARY

Ambient Lighting – Lighting throughout an area that produces general illumination.

Area Lighting Luminaire – A complete lighting device consisting of a light source and ballast, where appropriate, together with its direct appurtenances such as globe, reflector, refractor, housing, and such support as is integral with the housing. The pole, post, or bracket is not considered part of the luminaire.

Average Luminance – Luminance is a property of a geometric ray. Luminance as measured by conventional meters is averaged with respect to two independent variables, area and solid angle; both must be defined for a complete description of a luminance measurement.

BAS – Building automation system.

Baffle – A single opaque or translucent element to shield a source from direct view at certain angles, to absorb or block unwanted light, or to reflect and redirect light.

Ballast – A device used with an electric-discharge lamp to obtain the necessary circuit conditions (voltage, current, and waveform) for starting and operating.

Ballast Factor – The fractional flux of a fluorescent lamp operated on a ballast compared to the flux when operated on the standard (reference) ballast specified for rating lamp lumens.

Bollard – Luminaires having the appearance of a short, thick post, used for walkway and grounds lighting. The optical components are usually top-mounted.

Bowl – An open-top diffusing glass or plastic enclosure used to shield a light source from direct view and to redirect or scatter the light.

Bracket (mast arm) – An attachment to a lamp post or pole from which a luminaire is suspended.

Candela, cd – The SI unit of luminous intensity, equal to one lumen per steradian (lm/sr).

Candlepower (cp), I = dφ/dω – Luminous intensity expressed in candelas.

Coefficient of Utilization (CU) – The ratio of luminous flux (lumens) calculated as received on the work plane to the total luminous flux (lumens) emitted by the lamps alone. It is equal to the product of room utilization factor and luminaire efficiency.

Color Matching – the action of making a color appear the same as a given color.

Color Rendering – a general expression for the effect of a light source on the color appearance of objects in conscious or subconscious comparison with their color appearance under a reference light source.

1.7

Color Rendering Index (of a light source) (CRI) – a measure of the degree of color shift objects undergo when illuminated by the light source as compared with those same objects when illuminated by a reference source of comparable color temperature.

Color Temperature (of a light source) – the absolute temperature of a blackbody radiator having a chromaticity equal to that of the light source. See Correlated Color Temperature.

Contrast – See Luminance Contrast.

Correlated Color Temperature (of a light source) (CCT) – The absolute temperature of a blackbody whose chromaticity most nearly resembles that of the light source.

Daylight Availability – The luminous flux from the sun plus sky at a specific location, time, date, and sky condition.

Diffused Lighting – Lighting provided on the work plane or on an object that is not incident predominantly from any particular direction.

Dimmer – A device used to control the intensity of light emitted by a luminaire by controlling the voltage or current available to it.

Direct Glare – Glare resulting from high luminance or insufficiently shielded light sources in the field of view. It is usually associated with bright areas, such as luminaires, ceilings, and windows that are outside the visual task or region being viewed. A direct glare source can also affect performance by distracting attention.

Direct-Indirect Lighting – A variant of general diffuse lighting in which the luminaires emit little or no light at angles near the horizontal.

Direct Lighting – Lighting involves luminaires that distribute 90% to 100% of the emitted light in the general direction of the surface to be illuminated. The term usually refers to light emitted in a downward direction.

Directional Lighting – Lighting provided on the work plane or on an object. Light that is predominantly from a preferred direction.

Disability Glare – The effect of stray light in the eye whereby visibility and visual performance are reduced. A direct glare source that produces discomfort can also produce disability glare by introducing a measurable amount of stray light in the eye.

Discomfort Glare – Glare that produces discomfort. It does not necessarily interfere with visual performance or visibility.

Downlight – A small direct lighting unit that directs the light downward and can be recessed, surface-mounted, or suspended.

1.8

Efficacy – See Luminous Efficacy of a Source of Light.

Efficiency – See Luminaire Efficiency.

Electroluminescence – The emission of light from a phosphor excited by an electromagnetic field.

Emergency Exit – A way out of the premises that is intended to be used only during an emergency.

Emergency Egress Lighting – Lighting designed to supply illumination essential to the safety of life and property in the event of a failure of the normal supply. The system must be capable of providing minimum required illuminance specified in NFPA 101, Code for Safety to Life from Fire in Buildings and Structures, Section 5.9.

Essential Electrical System (EES) – (Refer to the NFPA 70 Article 517.2 for definition).

Exit Sign – A graphic device including words or symbols that indicates or identifies an escape route or the location of, or direction to, an exit or emergency exit.

Floodlight – A projector designed for lighting a scene or object to a luminance considerably greater than it surroundings.

Fluorescent Lamp – A low pressure mercury electric-discharge lamp in which a fluorescing coating (phosphor) transforms some of the UV energy generated by the discharge into light.

Flush-mounted or Recessed Luminaire – A luminaire that is mounted above the ceiling (or behind a wall or other surface) with the opening of the luminaire level with the surface.

Footcandle, fc – A unit of illumination equal to 1 lm/ft².

Glare – The sensation produced by luminance within the visual field that are sufficiently greater than the luminance to which the eyes are adapted, which causes annoyance, discomfort, or loss in visual performance, and visibility.

Globe – A transparent or diffusing enclosure intended to protect a lamp, to diffuse and redirect its light, or to change the color of the light.

High-Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp – An electric-discharge lamp in which the light-producing arc is stabilized by bulb wall temperature, and the arc tube has a bulb wall loading in excess of 3 W/cm². HID lamps include groups of lamps known as mercury, metal halide, and high pressure sodium.

High-Pressure Sodium (HPS) Lamp – A high intensity discharge (HID) lamp in which light is produced by radiation from sodium vapor.

1.9

Illuminance (footcandle or lux) Meter – An instrument for measuring illumination on a plane. The instrument is comprised of some form of photodetector, with or without a filter, driving a digital or analog readout through appropriate circuitry.

Illumination – The act of illuminating or state of being illuminated. This term has been used for density of luminous flux on a surface (illuminance) and such use is to be deprecated.

Indirect Component – The portion of the luminous flux from a luminaire that arrives at the work plane after being reflected by room surfaces.

Indirect Lighting – Lighting involving luminaires that distribute 90% to 100% of the emitted light upward.

Instant-start Fluorescent Lamp – A fluorescent lamp designed for starting by a high voltage without preheating of the electrodes.

Intensity (candlepower) Distribution Curve – A curve, often polar, that represents the variation of luminous intensity of a lamp or luminaire in the plane through the light center.

Kelvin – The unit of temperature used to designate the color temperature of a light source.

Lamp – A generic term for a source created to produce optical radiation.

Lamp Lumen Depreciation (LLD) Factor – The fractional loss of lamp lumens at rated operating conditions that progressively occurs during lamp operation.

Lens – A glass or plastic element used in luminaires to change the direction and control the distribution of light rays.

Light – Radiant energy that is capable of exciting the retina and producing a visual sensation.

Light-Emitting Diode (LED) – A solid state diode whose radiated output is a function of its physical construction, material used, and exciting current.

Light Loss Factor (LLF) – Formerly called maintenance factor. The ratio of illuminance (or exitance or luminance) for a given area to the value that would occur if lamps operated at their (initial) rated lumens and if no system variation or depreciation had occurred.

Light Meter – A common name for an illuminance meter.

Light Source Color – The color of the light emitted by a source.

Louver – A series of baffles used to shield a source from view at certain angles, to absorb or block unwanted light, or to reflect or redirect light.

1.10

Lumen, lm – SI unit of luminous flux.

Lumen Depreciation – The decrease in lumen output that occurs as a lamp is operated, until failure.

Lumen (or flux) Method – A lighting design procedure used for predetermining the relation between the number and types of lamps or luminaires, the room characteristics, and the average illuminance on the work plane.

Luminaire (light fixture) – A complete lighting unit consisting of a lamp(s) and ballast(s) (when applicable) together with the parts designed to distribute the light, to position and protect the lamps, and to connect the lamps to the power supply.

Luminaire Dirt Depreciation (LDD) – The fractional loss of task illuminance due to luminaire dirt accumulation.

Luminaire Efficiency – The ratio of luminous flux (lumens) emitted by a luminaire to that emitted by the lamp or lamps used therein.

Luminance Contrast – The relationship between the luminance of an object and its immediate background.

Luminance Ratio – The ratio between the luminance of any two areas in the visual field.

Luminous Efficacy of a Source of Light – The quotient of the total luminous flux emitted to the total lamp power input. It is expressed in lumens per watt.

Lux, lx – A SI unit of illuminance equal to 1 lm/m².

Matte Surface – A surface from which the reflection is predominantly diffused, with or without a negligible specular component.

Means of Egress – An unobstructed and continuous way of exit from any point in a building or structure to a public way.

Mercury Lamp – A high-intensity discharge (HID) lamp in which the major portion of the light is produced by radiation from mercury operating at a partial pressure in excess of 10s Pa.

Metal Halide Lamp – A high-intensity discharge (HID) lamp in which the major portion of the light is produced by radiation of metal halides and their products of dissociation -possibly in combination with metallic vapors such as mercury.

Orientation – The relation of a building with respect to compass directions.

Overhang – The distance between a vertical line passing through a specified point (often the photometric center) of a luminaire and the curb or edge of a roadway.

Pendant Luminaire – See Suspended Luminaire.

1.11

Peripheral Vision – The seeing of objects displaced from the primary line of sight and outside the central visual field.

Photometry – The measurement of quantities associated with light.

Photopic Vision – Vision mediated essentially or exclusively by the cones. It is generally associated with adaptation to a luminance of at least 3.4 cd/m².

Point Method – A lighting design procedure for predetermining the illuminance at various points and location in lighting installations by use of luminaire photometric data.

Point Source – A source of radiation, whose dimensions are sufficiently small, compared with the distance between the source and the irradiated surface that these dimensions can be neglected in calculations and measurements.

Pole (roadway lighting) – A standard support generally used where overhead lighting distribution circuits are employed.

Primary Corridor, or Primary Circulation – The main corridor or circulation route which connects the building core and common spaces, such as elevators and exit stairs.

Programmed Rapid Start – A fluorescent starting method where the cathode is preheated before the lamp is ignited. This softer ignition increases the number of starts over the life of the lamp.

Quality of Lighting – Pertains to the distribution of luminance in a visual environment.

The term is used in a positive sense and implies that all luminance contributes favorably to visual performance, visual comfort, ease of seeing, safety, and aesthetics for the specific visual tasks involved.

Rapid-Start Fluorescent Lamp – A fluorescent lamp designed for operation with a ballast that provides a low-voltage winding for preheating the electrodes and initiating the arc without a starting switch or the application of high voltage.

Rated Lamp Life – The life value assigned to a particular type lamp. This is commonly a statistically determined estimate of average or of median operational life.

Reflected Glare – Glare resulting from reflections of high luminance in polished or glossy surfaces in the field of view.

Reflection – A general term for the process by which the incident flux leaves a (stationary) surface or medium from the incident side without change in frequency.

Reflector – A device used to redirect the flux from a source by the process of reflection.

Secondary Corridor, or Secondary Circulation – The corridor or circulation that includes the aisles between individual spaces, such as offices and cubicles, and support spaces.

1.12

Self-Ballasted Lamps – Any arc discharge lamp of which the current limiting devices is an integral part.

Spacing – For roadway lighting, the distance between successive lighting units, measured along the centerline of the street.

Spacing-to-Mounting-Height Ratio – The ratio of the actual distance between luminaire centers to the mounting height above the work plane.

Suspended (pendant) Luminaire – A luminaire that is hung from a ceiling by supports.

Task Illumination – Provision for the minimum lighting required to carry out necessary tasks in the areas described in the latest NFPA 70 (National Electrical Code), including safe access to supplies and equipment and access to exits.

Task Lighting – Lighting, which is directed at a specific surface area providing task illumination for specific visual tasks.

Torchiere – An indirect floor lamp that sends all or nearly all of its light upward.

Transparent – Having the property of transmitting rays of light through its substance so that bodies situated beyond or behind can be distinctly seen.

Troffer – A long recessed lighting unit usually installed with the opening flush with the ceiling.

Visibility – The quality or state of being perceivable by the eye.

2.1

2. LIGHTING DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

2.

2.1 ENERGY CONSERVATION

Energy conservation is mandated by the Federal Government in all government buildings. A/E shall employ energy conservation strategies focusing on meeting energy mandates and to maintain required illumination to enhance patient care and safety, life/fire safety and security. The following strategies shall be evaluated for use:

(1) Design shall include task lighting that allows occupants to achieve task illumination for specific visual tasks such as reading, writing, medical examination, and surgery procedures etc.

(2) Design shall include daylight harvesting where practical.

(3) Design shall use vacancy sensor instead of occupancy sensor where practical.

(4) Design shall use occupancy sensors in public rest rooms and large multi- occupant spaces.

(5) Design shall select luminaires with maximum efficiency.

(6) Design shall avoid lighting above or in front of illuminated vending machines.

(7) Design shall limit façade lighting to public entrances.

(8) Design shall include automatic lighting control system in conjunction with by-pass switches for lighting circuits in non-patient care areas and where practical.

2.2 LIGHTING DESIGN STRATEGIES

In order to achieve design objectives stated in this manual, A/E should employ design strategies with focus on the applications and tasks of the space/room and the occupants/ end- users. Moreover, A/E shall also employ design strategies that include complete coordination and collaboration with other design team professionals, VA contracting and project team, and local VA Medical Center’s clinical and engineering staff.

2.3 LIGHTING DESIGN OBJECTIVES

Lighting design shall meet the following primary objectives:

2.3.1 INTERIOR

(1) Design for Safety and Security: Lighting systems shall effectively support patient care and safety, life/fire safety and security for patients, staff, and visitors.

(2) Design for Function: Lighting systems shall provide sufficient level of lighting for patients, staff and visitors to effectively perform designated applications and tasks.

(3) Design for Visual Comfort: Lighting systems shall contribute to the visual comfort for patients, staff, and visitors. Glare should be mitigated using practical design methods and correct specification of luminaires.

(4) Design for Maintenance and Operation: Lighting systems shall be easily maintained and operated. Similar components of luminaires from different manufacturers should be compatible and interchangeable.

2.3.2 EXTERIOR

(1) Design for Safety and Security: Lighting systems shall contribute to maintain effective safety and security for patients, staff, visitors, and property.

(2) Design for Function: Lighting systems shall provide sufficient level of lighting for patients, staff, and visitors to effectively perform applications and tasks such as driving, parking and walking, as well as wayfinding.

(3) Design for Maintenance and Operation: Lighting systems shall be easily maintained and operated. Similar components of luminaires from different manufacturers should be compatible and interchangeable.

2.4 LIGHTING CONTROL DESIGN STRATEGIES AND OBJECTIVES

A/E should employ lighting control design strategies with focus on effective patient care and safety, life/fire safety and security, and energy conservation.

2.5 LIGHTING CONTROL DESIGN METHODOLOGIES

2.5.1 INTERIOR

(1) Lighting control requirements shall comply with the latest ASHRAE 90.1 – Chapter 9.4 Mandatory Provisions – Section 9.4.1 Lighting Control.

Exceptions to each category of control requirements shall be taken into consideration for the design.

(2) Do not use time-scheduled lighting controls such as time clocks, astronomical clocks and timers for patient care space, and utility closet/rooms/vaults.

(3) Provide automated lighting controls only after careful consideration that safety and security is not compromised.

(4) Maximize daylight harvesting, where applicable.

(5) Provide override devices where automated lighting controls are installed. Local override devices shall be readily accessible and labeled.

(6) Define automated lighting control zones. Provide a Lighting Control Zone

Schedule on the drawings.

(7) Integrate automated lighting controls with BAS controls, where possible.

2.5.2 EXTERIOR

(1) Lighting control requirements and exceptions shall comply with the latest

ASHRAE 90.1 -Chapter 9.4 mandatory Provisions – Section 9.4.1 Lighting Control.

(2) Utilize automated control.

(3) Use photo-electric sensors to control all outdoor luminaires.

(4) Use infrared motion sensors to reduce illumination in non-essential areas that require illumination but are not commonly occupied after operating hours.

(5) Use programmable time clock controls or BAS time control in non-patient care areas that are unoccupied after operating hours.

2.6 LUMINAIRE SELECTION GUIDELINES

2.6.1 INTERIOR

(1) Review and edit all relevant VA Division 26 master specifications and standard detail drawings to meet project’s scope, specific project requirements, pre-existing conditions (if any), and latest applicable codes.

(2) Review product installation data to assure compliance with specifications.

(3) If LED is specified, review LED luminaires to evaluate glare control, flicker rates, and color rendering capabilities.

(4) Confirm luminaire construction shall be able to withstand surface wipe down disinfection.

(5) Lenses shall not deflect on contact.

(6) Sterile environments shall utilize sealed and gasketed luminaires.

(7) Luminaires in patient-care areas shall be provided with lens.

(8) In a VA project, ceiling mounted surgery light – single or multiple light heads – provides task illumination for delicate surgical tasks. Surgery light is often furnished by VA, installed and connected by the contractor. However, A/E shall show surgery light on the drawings to facilitate electrical design, installation and connection of surgery light.

2.6.2 EXTERIOR

(1) Review and edit all relevant VA Division 26 specifications and standard details to meet project’s scope, specific project requirements, pre-existing conditions (if any), and latest applicable codes.

(2) Review product data to assure compliance with specifications.

(3) Luminaires shall be UL listed for wet locations.

(4) Recessed in-grade luminaires shall have a non-wicking conduit entrance.

(5) Luminaires shall be rated for operation at temperatures anticipated for local area.

(6) Pole height for site lighting shall comply with local codes or ordinances, and specific project scope and requirements.

2.7 LIGHT SOURCE SELECTION GUIDELINES

Selection must be determined in conjunction with luminaire, ballast/driver, and light controls.

2.7.1 FLUORESCENT

Fluorescent luminaires have been gradually replaced by LED luminaires at VA facilities. However, fluorescent lamps still have some limited use in certain renovation projects due to various specific reasons such as cost, supply chain issues of LED luminaires or components, etc. This section provides guidance for fluorescent luminaires if used in a project:

(1) Utilize 0.6 M (2 feet) U and 1.2 M (4 feet) T8 and T5 lamps with extended life (based on 3 hours per start), low mercury content (TCLP). Maximize lamp life by using with program rapid start ballasts.

(2) Select appropriate quantity of lamps in each luminaire providing that design criteria for each area/room shall be met.

(3) Quantity of luminaires shall be kept to a minimum while maintaining design criteria for each area/room.

(4) Do not use high output lamps.

(5) Do not use screw-in type self-ballasted compact fluorescent lamps.

2.7.2 HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE (HID)

(1) Use only HID lamps listed in VA Interior Lighting specification 26 51 00.

(2) In applications where color rendering is not important, High Pressure Sodium lamps may be considered for use.

(3) HID sources are not recommended to provide emergency illumination. Where

HID sources are fed from emergency power, luminaires must be provided with quartz restrike kits that utilize either current sensing or time-delayed restrike.

(4) HID sources are prohibited for applications that require “instant on” operation.

2.7.3 LIGHT EMITTING DIODES (LED)

(1) A/E shall use and specify LED luminaires as the primary design basis. LED luminaires may not be used only when there is a compelling reason – such as safety, existing conditions, procurement, supply chain or cost issues – that negatively affects the project.

(2) Industry practice is to provide LED luminaire as a complete luminaire consisting of housing, reflector/lens, LED module, and driver. LED luminaires from different manufacturers which have similar housing, lumen output, input wattage, and optical system may have different photometric performance. A/E shall review all performance parameters to assure a minimum of three domestic manufacturers are producing equivalent equipment.

(3) Utilize LED luminaires when operating at or below temperatures of 0 degrees C (32 degrees F). LED luminaires perform well in cold weather. Do not specify LED luminaires for environments that exceed 50 degrees C (122 degrees F), unless LED luminaires are certified, listed and warranted by manufacturer for such environment. Verify with manufacturer that performance and warranty are not altered.

(4) Avoid using RGB (red, green, blue) LED light sources in applications where only white light is desired.

(5) Tubular linear LED lamps may be used as retrofit for existing tubular linear non- LED lamps. A/E or the contractor shall comply with the following conditions:

• Ensure that the entire replaced luminaire consisting of the replacement LED lamp and components, and existing luminaire housing shall meet the UL listing or equivalent.

• Perform point-to-point footcandle lighting calculation for each room or area of the project to ensure compliance. The calculations shall be based on the photometric data of the retrofitted LED lamps used in the project.

• Provide hardcopy report of the point-to-point footcandle lighting calculations to CO, PM and COR.

2.8 BALLAST AND LED DRIVER SELECTION GUIDELINES

Selection must be determined in conjunction with luminaire, lamp source, and controls.

2.8.1 FLUORESCENT BALLAST

(1) Utilize program rapid-start ballasts to maximize energy savings and lamp life.

(2) Dimming ranges for dimmable ballasts must correlate to visible light control, not power consumption. For most dimming applications a range from 10% to 100% is acceptable.

2.8.2 HID BALLAST

(1) HID ballasts fed from emergency power must be provided with either current sensing or time delayed quartz restrike.

(2) Consider electronic ballast as the basis of design.

2.8.3 LED DRIVER

(1) Utilize 0-10V dimmable power supplies as the basis of design.

(2) In patient-care areas, LED power supplies must be field accessible.

2.9 EMERGENCY POWER PACK SELECTION GUIDELINES

(1) Provide emergency power packs in selected luminaires located in surgical/operating rooms.

(2) Provide emergency power packs in selected luminaires located in areas where life safety emergency power is not available, or as required by latest codes.

(3) Specify emergency power pacts with integral self-testing and self-diagnostic features.

2.10 LIGHTING CONTROL SELECTION GUIDELINES

(1) Verify lamp/ballast/LED driver compatibility with control devices prior to finalizing specifications. Confirm compatibility during the submittal review phase.

(2) Consider utilizing central lighting control system or BAS. Use of central lighting control system or BAS offers the following advantages:

• The ability to access status, alarm conditions, and change control sequences remotely from a computer.

• Time clock scheduling.

• The ability to assign/reassign any control device to any lighting control zone through program software.

• The ability to log and record hours of operation to support group re- lamping maintenance.

• The ability to track actual energy usage and energy savings.

• The ability to easily swap local control devices.

(3) Coordinate circuiting with control zones and devices.

(4) Consider LED in dimming application.

(5) HID sources are not suitable for frequent switching. Access to the ON/OFF control should be limited.

(6) Wireless controls are prohibited. Consider using automatic sensors for applications where hands-free switching is desirable due to operational or infection control concerns.

2.11 LIGHTING CALCULATIONS

(1) Calculations shall be based on permanently mounted luminaires. Removable luminaires - such as desk lamps or portable lights (on wheels or stands) of any kind - shall not be part of calculations.

(2) Calculations should be performed using computer software such as AGI, Elum, or Radiance. Other domestic software developed and used by domestic lighting manufacturers that is equivalent to the aforementioned software may be used.

(3) Calculation grids should not exceed 1.5M x 1.5M (5 feet x 5 feet) at grade for exterior applications unless otherwise noted, and 0.6 M x 0.6 M at 0.76 M (2 feet x 2 feet at 2’-6”) above finished floor for indoor application unless otherwise noted. Rooms that are smaller in size or have critical illumination requirements should utilize a 0.30 M x 0.30 M (1 foot x1 foot) calculation grid.

(4) Utilize surface reflectance to reflect specified room finish. However, if specified room finish is not available, utilize standard values of 80% for ceiling, 50% for walls, and 20% for floors. Confirm the lamp lumen output listed in the photometric report of the luminaire matches the lumen output of the specified lamping.

(5) Calculations shall use appropriate light loss factors. Light loss factors shall include lamp lumen depreciation, ballast factor, and luminaire dirt depreciation.

(6) Calculations performed for spaces with fluorescent lamps operating outside of standard temperature ranges should include an ambient temperature adjustment factor for the lamp. Refer to lamp manufacturer's information for lamp temperature operating range and adjustment factors.

(7) Utilize daylight rendering software to determine extent of daylight penetration and create daylight harvesting responsive control zones accordingly.

(8) Provide a hardcopy report of lighting calculations to CO, PM and COR. Include all functional areas and list of average illumination levels, types of luminaires, quantities and type of light sources, maximum and minimum illumination, and light loss factor used.

2.12 LIGHTING SYSTEM COMMISSIONING

Employ total building commissioning practices tailored to the size and complexity of the building and its system components to ensure design requirements are met. This should include a designated commissioning authority, the inclusion of commissioning requirements in construction documents, a commissioning plan, verification of the installation and performance of systems to be commissioned, and a commissioning report.

2.13 LIGHTING MAINTENANCE CONSIDERATIONS

(1) Luminaire components such as lamps, ballasts, LED drivers and power supplies, must be accessible from below the ceiling.

(2) Minimize the number of different light sources to simplify maintenance and operation.

(3) Lighting luminaire components should be compatible and interchangeable.

3.1

3. EXTERIOR LIGHTING GUIDELINES

3.2

3.1 ROADWAYS

DESIGN PARAMETERS:

(1) Average Maintained Illumination:

• Pedestrian Conflict Area: 10-15 lx (1.0-1.5 FC)

• No Pedestrian Conflict Area: 6-10 lx (0.6-1.0 FC)

(2) Uniformity Ratio (avg / min):

• Primary Roadways 4:1

• Secondary Roadways 6:1

(3) Color Temperature (CCT)

• LED: 4000 degrees

• Metal Halide: 4000 degrees

• High Pressure Sodium: 1900 degrees

(4) Color Rendering (CRI):

• LED: minimum of 80

• Metal Halide: minimum of 65

• High Pressure Sodium: minimum of 21

(5) Power Source:

• Normal power

DESIGN APPROACH:

Lighting should enhance nighttime visibility to promote safety and security for pedestrians and vehicles. Higher pole heights will reduce glare and permit wider spacing. Provide increase illumination at signage, pedestrian crosswalks, and bus stops. Consider photometric distribution types when selecting and spacing to minimize pole locations. Luminaires should be mounted on one side unless uniformity limits are exceeded. When mounted on both sides, the poles should be staggered.

RECOMMENDED LUMINAIRES:

(1) Pole-mounted full cutoff, low profile, LED, metal halide or high pressure sodium luminaire.

CONTROL APPROACH:

(1) Photocontrols for all luminaires.

(2) Refer to the ASHRAE 90.1 - Chapter 9 – Section 9.4.1.4 Exterior Lighting

Control - for additional controls.

SPECIFIC COORDINATION ISSUES:

(1) Luminaires shall be enclosed and sealed in weatherproof housing with UL listing for wet locations.

(2) Comply with Dark Sky recommendations.

(3) Roadway surface luminance impacts night-time visibility and should be considered.

3.3

(4) Coordinate pole and luminaire with exterior building and landscape color palette.

(5) Coordinate pole locations with civil and landscape features, signage, pedestrian crosswalks, underpasses, overpasses and bus stops.

(6) Coordinate pole base height to reduce pole damage. Consider elevated bases when located in vehicular ways.

(7) Coordinate pole-mounted security cameras and devices, banners, and signs with structural engineer.

(8) Provide house side shields at property lines to mitigate light trespass.

3.4

3.2 OPEN PARKING AREAS

(1) Average Maintained Illumination:

• Asphalt Surfaces: 5 lx (0.5FC) minimum point

• Concrete Surfaces: 10 lx (1 FC) minimum point

(2) Uniformity Ratio (avg / min): 4:1

(3) Color Temperature (CCT):

• LED: 4000 degrees

• Metal Halide: 4000 degrees

• High Pressure Sodium: 1900 degrees

(4) Color Rendering (CRI):

• LED: minimum of 80

• Metal Halide: minimum of 65

• High Pressure Sodium: minimum of 21 pedestrians and vehicles. Higher pole heights will reduce glare and permit wider spacing. Special consideration should be taken to provide increase illumination at signage, pedestrian crosswalks, and bus stops. Consider photometric distribution types when selecting and spacing to minimize pole locations. Consider multiple luminaires per pole to further reduce pole locations.

(1) Pole-mounted full cutoff, low profile, LED, metal halide or high pressure sodium luminaire.

(2) Refer to the ASHRAE 90.1 - Chapter 9 – Section 9.4.1.4 Exterior Lighting

Control - for additional controls .

SPECIFIC COORDINATION ISSUES:

(1) Luminaires shall be enclosed and sealed in weatherproof housing with UL listing for wet locations.

(2) Comply with Dark Sky recommendations.

(3) Coordinate pole and luminaire with exterior building and landscape color palette.

(4) Coordinate pole locations with civil and landscape features, signage, pedestrian crosswalks, underpasses, overpasses, and bus stops.

3.5

(5) Coordinate pole base height to reduce pole damage. Consider elevated bases when located in parking areas.

(6) Coordinate pole-mounted security cameras and devices, banners, and signs with structural engineer.

(7) Provide house side shields at property lines to mitigate light trespass.

3.6

3.3 WALKWAYS

(1) Average Maintained Illumination:

• Adjacent to Roadside: 10 lx (1 FC)

• Remote from Roadway: 5 lx (0.5 FC)

(2) Uniformity Ratio (avg / min): 4:1

(3) Color Temperature (CCT):

• LED: 4000 degrees

• Metal Halide: 4000 degrees

• Compact Fluorescent: 3500 degrees

(4) Color Rendering (CRI):

• LED: minimum of 80

• Metal Halide: minimum of 65

• Compact Fluorescent: minimum of 80

(5) Power Source:

• Life Safety branch of the EES power for egress lighting at exit discharge.

pedestrians. Vertical illumination should be considered. Luminaires with visible brightness will create visual interest and reinforce wayfinding and highlight intersections and cross walks. Consider pedestrian scale poles (12 foot (3.65 m) mounting height or less) and luminaires instead of bollards. Consider photometric distribution types when selecting and spacing to minimize pole locations.

(1) LED, compact fluorescent or metal halide bollard with cutoff type optics.

(2) Pole-mounted LED or metal halide pedestrian scale luminaire with visible brightness.

CONTROL APPROACH:

(1) Photocontrols for all luminaires.

(2) Refer to the ASHRAE 90.1 - Chapter 9 – Section 9.4.1.4 Exterior Lighting

Control - for additional controls.

SPECIFIC COORDINATION ISSUES:

(1) Luminaires shall be enclosed and sealed in weatherproof housing with UL listing for wet locations.

(2) Comply with Dark Sky recommendations.

(3) Coordinate pole and luminaire with exterior building and landscape color

3.7

(4) Coordinate locations with civil and landscape features, signage, pedestrian crosswalks, and bus stops.

(5) Coordinate pole-mounted security cameras and devices, banners and signs with structural engineer.

(6) Coordinate location of walkway lighting to avoid light trespass in interior spaces.

3.8

3.4 ENTRIES

(1) Average Maintained Illumination:

• Emergency/Ambulance: 500 lx (50 FC)

• Main: 50 lx (5 FC)

(2) Uniformity Ratio (avg/min): 4:1

(3) Color Temperature (CCT):

• LED: 4000 degrees

• Metal Halide: 4000 degrees

• Compact Fluorescent: 3500 degrees

(4) Color Rendering (CRI):

• LED: minimum of 80

• Metal Halide: minimum of 65

• Compact Fluorescent: minimum of 80

(5) Power Source:

• Normal power

• Life Safety branch of the EES power for egress lighting at exit discharge and emergency/ambulance entry.

DESIGN APPROACH:

Lighting at building entrances shall include a combination of approaches to enhance nighttime visibility and promote safety and security. Transitions should be highlighted to adjust for visual adaption throughout the day. Vertical illumination and surface brightness should be considered to create a lit destination. Decorative wall luminaires should be considered to provide visual interest and create a visual cue to mark the building entrance from a distance at night. Color rendering and temperature are particularly important at the emergency/ambulance entrance where patient assessment can occur.

(1) LED, compact fluorescent or metal halide bollard with visible brightness.

(2) Pole-mounted LED or metal halide pedestrian-scale luminaire with visible brightness.

(3) Recessed ceiling-mounted fluorescent or LED cove or perimeter light.

(4) Recessed ceiling-mounted compact…