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DIVISION 200

Earthwork

Section 201—Clearing & Grubbing

Description

201.01 Work. Clear and grub; treat timber, construction slash, and debris; and preserve vegetation and objects designated to remain free from injury or defacement.

Construction

201.02 Clearing & Grubbing. Clear and grub in accordance with the following:

(a) Exceptions. Within the clearing limits, clear and treat trees, debris, stumps, roots, and other protruding vegetative material not designated to remain, except the following:

(1) Undisturbed stumps outside the roadway or in embankment areas, provided they do not extend more than 300 mm above the original ground (measured from the uphill side); they are no closer than 600 mm to the finished subgrade or 300 mm to any slope surface, or as otherwise SHOWN ON THE DRAWINGS; and they do not interfere with the placement or compaction of embankments.

(2) Material in channel changes, rock sections, and ditches that is below the depth of the proposed excavation.

(3) Uncut vegetation less than 1 m in height and less than 75 mm in diameter, that is within the clearing limits but beyond the roadway and not in a decking area, and that does not interfere with sight distance along the road.

(b) Performance. Grub all roots over 75 mm in diameter within the roadbed area to a minimum depth of 150 mm below subgrade. Cut flush with the excavated road surface all roots over 75 mm in diameter that protrude from the excavated slope.

Clear slash treatment areas and treat debris in accordance with Subsec-tions 201.02(a) and 201.05.

Clear decking areas and treat debris in accordance with Subsection 201.05.

Unless shown otherwise in the SPECIAL PROJECT SPECIFICATIONS, fell trees into the area being cleared when ground conditions, tree lean, and shape of clearing permit.

Use controlled felling to ensure the direction of fall to prevent damage to property, structures, trees designated to remain, and traffic.

Dead trees over 150 mm in diameter measured 300 mm above the ground that lean toward the road and are sufficiently tall to reach the roadbed are designated for cutting. Fell hazard trees or unstable live trees that are tall enough to reach the roadbed, when marked, before felling timber in the immediate clearing vicinity.

Maximum stump height is 300 mm or one-third of the stump diameter, whichever is higher, measured on the side adjacent to the highest ground. Leave trees felled outside the clearing limits in place, and treat them no further unless otherwise

SHOWN ON THE DRAWINGS.

Trim branches on remaining trees or shrubs to give a clear height of 5 m above the roadbed, unless otherwise SHOWN ON THE DRAWINGS. Trim tree limbs as near flush with the trunk as practicable.

201.03 Utilization of Timber. Merchantable timber is timber that meets Utilization Standards in the SPECIAL PROJECT SPECIFICATIONS. Conform logging methods and utilization to the following:

(a) Felling & Bucking. Fell trees to minimize damage to merchantable timber and to remaining trees located outside of clearing limits. Fell trees with saws or shears unless shown otherwise in the SPECIAL PROJECT SPECIFICATIONS.

Buck logs to permit removal of all minimum pieces set forth in the SPECIAL

PROJECT SPECIFICATIONS.

(b) Utilization & Removal of Timber. Remove or treat trees that equal or exceed the diameters and minimum lengths listed in the SPECIAL PROJECT SPECIFICA- TIONS, and that contain one minimum piece, using one of the following methods, as DESIGNATED IN THE SCHEDULE OF ITEMS:

(1) Dispose of merchantable timber designated for removal in accordance with the B(BT) provisions of the Timber Sale Contract.

(2) Limb and deck logs that meet Utilization Standards at locations approved by the CO or SHOWN ON THE DRAWINGS. Deck logs such that logs are piled parallel one to the other; can reasonably be removed by standard log-loading equipment; will not damage standing trees; and will not roll. Log decks are to be free of brush and soil.

(3) Remove from Government land merchantable timber designated for removal, without charge to the Government. This timber becomes the property of the Contractor, but may not be exported from the United States or used as substitution (as defined in 23 CFR 223.10) for timber from private lands exported by the Contractor or an affiliate, directly or indirectly.

Section 201

(4) Dispose of unmerchantable timber in accordance with Subsection 201.05 by the treatment methods SHOWN ON THE DRAWINGS and DESIGNATED

IN THE SCHEDULE OF ITEMS.

201.04 Pioneer Roads. During pioneering operations, prevent undercutting of the final excavation slope. Avoid any restriction of drainages while pioneering the road.

Keep all materials within the roadway limits unless otherwise SHOWN ON THE

DRAWINGS.

201.05 Slash Treatment. Use or treat construction slash larger than 75 mm in diameter and 1 m in length by one or more of the following methods, as DESIG-

NATED IN THE SCHEDULE OF ITEMS:

(1) Windrowing construction slash.

(2) Windrowing large material.

(3) Windrowing and covering.

(4) Scattering.

(5) Burying.

(6) Chipping or grinding.

(7) Piling and burning.

(8) Decking unmerchantable material.

(9) Placement in cutting units.

(10) Removal.

(11) Piling.

(12) Placing slash on embankment slopes.

(13) Debris mat.

Pieces of wood less than 75 mm in diameter and 1 m in length may be scattered within the clearing limits.

(a) All Methods. Construction slash placement will not be allowed in lakes, meadows, streams, or streambeds. Immediately remove construction slash that interferes with drainage structures.

Fell and dispose of trees that are scorched or damaged beyond recovery, and adjacent to the clearing limits, in accordance with Subsection 201.03; or treat these trees as construction slash.

(b) Specific Methods. When using one or more of the following slash treatment methods, meet requirements specified below:

(1) Windrowing Construction Slash. Windrow according to the following require-ments unless otherwise specified in the SPECIAL PROJECT SPECIFICATIONS.

Clear areas to accommodate the windrow slash. Place construction slash outside the roadway in neat, compacted windrows laid approximately parallel to and along the toeline of embankment slopes. Do not permit the top of the windrows to extend above the top of subgrade. Use construction equipment to matt down all material in a windrow to form a compact and uniform pile. Construct breaks of at least 5 m at least every 60 m in a windrow. Do not place windrows against trees. A pioneer road may be constructed to provide an area for placement of windrows, provided the excavated material is kept within the clearing limits and does not adversely affect the road construction.

(2) Windrowing Large Material. Windrow construction slash that is 250 mm or more in diameter at the small end, and 2 m or more in length, as specified in Subsection 201.05(b)(1). Treat smaller material by one or more of the other included methods for slash treatment.

(3) Windrowing & Covering. Place and compact construction slash as specified in Subsection 201.05(b)(1), and cover with at least 150 mm of rock and soil to form a smooth and uniform windrow.

(4) Scattering. Scatter according to the following requirements unless otherwise specified in the SPECIAL PROJECT SPECIFICATIONS. Scatter construction slash outside the clearing limits without damaging trees. Limb all logs. Place logs and stumps away from trees, positioned so they will not roll, and are not on top of one another. Limb and scatter other construction slash to reduce slash concentrations.

(5) Burying. Bury construction slash at the locations SHOWN ON THE DRAW- INGS and designated on the ground. Mat construction slash down in layers, and cover it with at least 600 mm of rock and soil. Smooth and slope the final surface to drain.

(6) Chipping or Grinding. Process construction slash that is up to at least 100 mm in diameter and longer than 1 m through a chipping machine or machine designed and operated to grind slash and stumps into pieces, such as a tub grinder. Deposit chips or ground woody material on embankment slopes or outside the roadway to a loose depth not exceeding 150 mm. Minor amounts of chips or ground woody material may be permitted within the roadway if they are thoroughly mixed with soil and do not form a layer.

(7) Piling & Burning. Deposit construction slash in areas SHOWN ON THE DRAWINGS and designated on the ground. Construct piles so that burning does not damage standing trees. If burning is incomplete, repile and burn the slash remaining until pieces are reduced to less than 75 mm in diameter and 1 m in length. Scatter the remaining pieces.

(8) Decking Unmerchantable Material. Deck logs that do not meet Utilization Standards specified in Subsection 201.03, and other material that exceeds the diameter and length shown in the SPECIAL PROJECT SPECIFICATIONS in areas SHOWN ON THE DRAWINGS. Other locations may be approved by the CO.

Cut material into lengths not exceeding 9.7 m, and remove all limbs. Decks are to be stable and free of brush and soil. Treat other material according to slash treatment methods SHOWN ON THE DRAWINGS and in the SCHEDULE OF ITEMS.

(9) Placement in Cutting Units. Place construction slash from within cutting units and the adjacent 60 m with cutting unit logging slash. Place construction slash at least 15 m inside the cutting unit boundary such that it will not inhibit logging of the unit and may be treated by the prescribed logging slash treatment method.

(10) Removal. Remove or haul construction slash to locations SHOWN ON THE DRAWINGS or designated on the ground.

(11) Piling. Pile construction slash in areas SHOWN ON THE DRAWINGS or designated on the ground. Place and construct piles so future burning will not damage remaining trees. Keep piles reasonably free of dirt from stumps. Cut unmerchantable logs into lengths of less than 6 m prior to placement in the pile.

(12) Placing Slash on Embankment Slopes. Place construction slash on completed embankment slopes to reduce soil erosion where SHOWN ON THE DRAWINGS.

Place construction slash as flat as practicable on the completed slope. Place slash from the toe of the embankment to a point at least 600 mm below subgrade elevation. Priority for use of available slash is for: (1) through fills; (2) insides of curves; and (3) ditch relief outlets.

(13) Debris Mat. Use tree limbs, tops, cull logs, split stumps, wood chunks, and other debris to form a mat upon which construction equipment is operated. Place stumps upside down and blend stumps into the mat.

Measurement

201.06 Method. Use the method of measurement that is DESIGNATED IN THE

SCHEDULE OF ITEMS.

Linear measurements are to be horizontal along the road centerline.

Area quantities are the number of hectares within the clearing limits.

Individual removal of trees is the number of trees of the various size designations removed. Measure tree diameters at a height of 300 mm above ground. Do not count trees less than 150 mm in diameter. Size designations are shown in table 201-1.

Table 201-1.—Size designations for trees removed.

Section 201

Payment

201.07 Basis. The accepted quantities will be paid for at the contract unit price for each PAY ITEM DESIGNATED IN THE SCHEDULE OF ITEMS.

Payment will be made under:

Pay Item Pay Unit

201 (01) Clearing and grubbing, slash treatment methods for tops and limbs ______ _____ ______ ______, logs ______ ______ _____, and stumps ______ ______ _____, utilization of timber __________...................................... Hectare

201 (02) Clearing and grubbing, slash treatment methods for tops and limbs _____ _____ _____ _____, logs ______ ______ ______, and stumps _____ ______ ______, utilization of timber _______...........................................Kilometer

201 (03) Clearing and grubbing, slash treatment methods for tops and limbs _____ _____ _____ _____, logs ______ ______ ______, and stumps _____ ______ ______, utilization of timber _______..........................................Lump Sum

201 (04) Individual removal of trees, small; slash treatment methods for tops and limbs _____ _____ ______ ______ and logs _____ _____ ______ _____, utilization of timber ______.................................................Each

Size of Least Diameter at Height of 300

Pay Item Designation Greater Than Less Than

Small 150 mm 600 mm

Medium 600 mm 1 m

Large 1 m −

201 (05) Individual removal of trees, medium; slash treatment methods for tops and limbs _____ _______ _____ ______ and logs _____ _____ ______ _____, utilization of timber ______......................................................................Each

201 (06) Individual removal of trees, large; slash treatment methods for tops and limbs _____ _____ ______ ______ and logs _____ ______ ______ _____, utilization of timber ______......................................................................Each

201 (07) Individual removal of trees, miscellaneous; slash treatment methods for tops and limbs _____ _____ _____ _____ and logs _____ _____ _____ _____, utilization of timber _____........................................................................Each

201 (08) Individual removal of trees; slash treatment methods for tops and limbs and logs , utilization of timber _____........Kilometer

201 (09) Individual removal of stumps, slash treatment methods _____.....................................................................Each

Section 202—Removal of Structures & Obstructions

Description

202.01 Work. Salvage, remove, and/or dispose of buildings, fences, structures, pavements, culverts, utilities, curbs, sidewalks, and other obstructions as SHOWN ON THE DRAWINGS. Salvage designated materials and backfill the resulting trenches, holes, pits, or as SHOWN ON THE DRAWINGS.

Construction

202.02 Salvaging Material. Use reasonable care to salvage all material designated to be salvaged. Salvage in readily transportable sections or pieces. Replace or repair all members, pins, nuts, plates, and related hardware damaged, lost, or destroyed during the salvage operations. Wire all loose parts to adjacent members or pack them in sturdy boxes with the contents clearly marked.

Carefully remove culvert, taking precautions to avoid damage. Store culverts to be relaid, when necessary, to prevent loss or damage before relaying. Replace without additional compensation all sections lost from storage or damaged by use of improper methods.

Matchmark members of salvaged structures. Furnish the CO with one set of drawings identifying the members and their respective matchmarks.

Stockpile salvaged material in a designated area.

202.03 Removing Material. Saw cut sidewalks, curbs, pavements, and structures when partial removal is required.

Raze and remove all buildings, foundations, pavements, sidewalks, curbs, fences, structures, and other obstructions that interfere with the work and are not designated to remain.

Existing culverts may be left in an embankment, provided that no portion of the culvert is within 600 mm of the subgrade, the embankment slope, or a new culvert or structure. Crush culvert ends.

Remove structures and obstructions in the roadbed to 300 mm below subgrade elevation. Remove structures and obstructions outside the roadbed to 300 mm below finished ground or to the natural stream bottom.

Prior to removal, place rock and soil material located on the bridge deck, or structure so that it does not enter a stream.

Remove the substructures of existing structures down to the natural stream bottom, and remove the parts outside of a stream down to at least 300 mm below natural ground surface or finished groundline, whichever is lower. Remove portions of existing structures that lie wholly or in part within the limits for a new structure to accommodate construction of the proposed structure.

Except in excavation areas, fill cavities left by structure removal with material to the level of the finished ground, and compact. Place and compact the type of backfill material that is SHOWN ON THE DRAWINGS, designated in the SPECIAL PROJECT SPECIFICATIONS, or approved by the CO.

202.04 Disposing of Material or Structures Not Designated for Salvage.

Dispose of material and structures as SHOWN ON THE DRAWINGS or designated in the SPECIAL PROJECT SPECIFICATIONS, using one or more of the following methods:

(a) Removal From Project. Make necessary arrangements with property owners, and haul debris to suitable disposal locations as approved by the CO. Furnish a signed copy of the disposal agreement. Hazardous materials must be properly disposed of.

(b) Burning. Burn debris using high-intensity burning processes that produce few emissions. Examples include incinerating, high stacking, or pit and ditch burning.

Provide a watchperson during burning operations.

When burning is complete, extinguish the fire so no smoldering debris remains.

Dispose of unburned material in accordance with Subsection 202.04(c).

(c) Burying. Bury debris in trenches or pits in approved areas within the right-of-way. Do not bury debris inside the roadway prism limits, beneath drainage ditches, or in any riparian areas.

Place debris with earth material in alternating layers consisting of 1 m of debris covered by 600 mm of earth. Distribute stumps, logs, and other large pieces to form a compact mass and minimize air voids. Fill all voids. Cover the top layer of buried debris with at least 300 mm of compacted earth. Grade and shape the area.

Measurement

202.05 Method. Use the method of measurement that is DESIGNATED IN THE

SCHEDULE OF ITEMS.

Section 202

Payment

202.06 Basis. The accepted quantities will be paid for at the contract unit price for each PAY ITEM DESIGNATED IN THE SCHEDULE OF ITEMS.

Payment will be made under:

Pay Item Pay Unit

202 (01) Removal of structures and obstructions.........................Lump Sum

202 (02) Removal of _______.........................................................Each

202 (03) Removal of _______.........................................................Meter

202 (04) Removal of _______...................................................Square Meter

202 (05) Removal of _______.....................................................Lump Sum

Section 202

Section 203—Excavation, Embankment, & Haul

Description

203.01 Work. Excavate material and construct embankments. Furnish, haul, stockpile, place, dispose of, slope, shape, compact, and/or finish earthen and rocky material.

203.02 Excavation. Excavation consists of the excavation and placement of all excavated material that is not included under other PAY ITEMS listed in the

SCHEDULE OF ITEMS.

203.03 Borrow Excavation. Excavate and utilize material from sources SHOWN ON THE DRAWINGS or described in the SPECIAL PROJECT SPECIFICATIONS.

Additional sources of borrow excavation will be subject to advance approval by the CO. Develop sources in accordance with Section 611.

Construction

203.04 Clearing & Grubbing. Clear and grub in accordance with Section 201 before work under Section 203 begins. Road pioneering, slash disposal, and grubbing of stumps may proceed concurrently with excavation when approved by the CO.

Conduct excavation and placement operations so material to be treated under Section 201 will not be incorporated in the roadway unless specifically included in the slash treatment method.

203.05 Pioneering. During pioneering operations, prevent undercutting of the final excavation slope. Avoid any restriction of drainages while pioneering the road. Keep all materials within the roadway limits unless otherwise SHOWN ON THE

DRAWINGS.

203.06 Utilization of Excavated Materials. Use all suitable excavated material in the construction of embankments, subgrades, shoulders, slopes, bedding, and backfill for structures and other purposes, as SHOWN ON THE DRAWINGS.

(a) Excess Excavation. Place excess excavation as SHOWN ON THE

DRAWINGS.

(b) Rock for Slope Protection. Conserve and use suitable excavated rock for protecting embankments.

(c) Conserving Material. Excavated material suitable for cushion, road finishing, or other purposes may be conserved and utilized instead of materials from designated sources. Field drain and dry excessively wet material that is otherwise suitable for embankment before placement.

(d) Excavation of Unsuitable Material & Backfill. Place unsuitable excavated material as SHOWN ON THE DRAWINGS. Backfill excavated areas with suitable material when necessary to complete the work. Do not place frozen material in embankments.

Break up rocks that are too large to be incorporated into the embankment or move them to locations approved by the CO. Broken pieces of rock may be placed on the face of the embankment and embedded so they will not roll or obstruct the use and maintenance of the roadbed. Immediately remove any excavated material that inadvertently reaches a stream course.

(e) Conservation of Topsoil. When SHOWN ON THE DRAWINGS, remove, transport, and deposit suitable topsoil in the designated stockpile areas.

(f) Abandoned Structures & Obstructions. Treat abandoned structures and obstructions in accordance with Section 202.

203.07 Drainage Excavation. Construct side ditches, minor channel changes, inlet and outlet ditches, furrow ditches, ditches along the road but beyond roadway limits, and other minor earth drainage structures as SHOWN ON THE DRAWINGS.

Utilize excavated material in accordance with Subsection 203.06.

203.08 Sloping, Shaping, & Finishing. Complete slopes and ditches before placing aggregate courses. Slope, shape, and finish as follows:

(a) Sloping. Leave all earth slopes with uniform roughened surfaces, except as described in Subsection 203.08(b), with no noticeable break as viewed from the road. Except in solid rock, round the tops and bottoms of all slopes, including the slopes of drainage ditches, where SHOWN ON THE DRAWINGS. Round the material overlaying solid rock to the extent practical.

If a slide or slipout occurs on a cut or embankment slope, remove or replace the material, and repair or restore all damage to the work. Bench or key slope to stabilize the slide. Reshape the cut or embankment slope to an acceptable condition.

(b) Stepped Slopes. Where SHOWN ON THE DRAWINGS, construct steps on slopes of 1.3:1 to 1:2. Construct the steps about 500 mm high. Blend the steps into natural ground at the end of the cut. If the slope contains nonrippable rock outcrops, blend steps into the rock. Remove loose material found in transitional area. Except for removing large rocks that may fall, scaling stepped slopes is not required.

Section 203

(c) Shaping. Shape the subgrade to a smooth surface and to the cross section required. Shape slopes to gradually transition into slope adjustments without noticeable breaks. At the ends of cuts and at intersections of cuts and embankments, adjust slopes in the horizontal and vertical planes to blend into each other or into the natural ground. For roads receiving base or surface course, rocks may remain in place if they do not protrude above the subgrade more than one-third of the depth of the base or surface course, or 75 mm, whichever is less.

(d) Finishing. Finish the road surface to be reasonably smooth, uniform, and shaped to conform to the typical sections as SHOWN ON THE DRAWINGS.

Remove unsuitable material from the roadbed and replace it with suitable material.

Finish roadbeds to the tolerance class shown in table 203-1 or as SHOWN ON THE

DRAWINGS.

Ensure that the subgrade for both surfaced and unsurfaced roads is visibly moist during shaping and dressing. Bring low sections, holes, cracks, or depressions to grade with suitable material. Compact the subgrade as required by the designated embankment placing method.

Finish the roadbed for unsurfaced roads using one of the following methods, as

SHOWN ON THE DRAWINGS:

(1) Method A. Ensure that the top 100 mm below the finished roadbed contains rocks no larger than 100 mm. Remove oversize material, reduce to acceptable size, or cover by importing suitable material approved by the CO.

(2) Method B. Roll the roadbed to break down rocky material. Roll a minimum of five full-width passes, or until visual displacement ceases, with a vibratory grid roller or equivalent weighing a minimum of 9 t.

(3) Method C. Tractor finish work by spreading the excavation for roads SHOWN ON THE DRAWINGS as Construction Tolerance Class K, L, or M, as shown in table 203-1. Eliminate rock berms that may form during embankment construction with a tractor finish.

203.09 Snow Removal. Remove snow and ice in advance of the work and deposit beyond the roadway limits in a manner that will not waste material. Snow and ice will not be incorporated into the embankment or be placed to cause damage.

203.10 Finishing Slopes. Ensure that finished slopes conform reasonably to the lines STAKED ON THE GROUND or SHOWN ON THE DRAWINGS. Finish slopes in a roughened condition to facilitate the establishment of vegetative growth.

The finish associated with template and stringline or hand-raking methods will not be required. Remove rock, debris, and other loose material that are more than 150 mm in diameter, unless otherwise SHOWN ON THE DRAWINGS.

Table 203-1—Construction tolerences.

S ection 203

a. Maximum allowable deviation from construction stakes and drawings.

b. Maximum allowable deviation from staked slope measured from slope stakes or hinge points.

c. Unless otherwise SHOWN ON THE DRAWINGS, the centerline alignment and subgrade elevation, as built, have no horizontal curves with a radius of less than 26 m, and no vertical curves with a curve length of less than 25 m when the algebraic difference in the grade change is less than 10 percent, or a curve length of less than 30 m when the algebraic difference of the grade change is greater than or equal to 10 percent. The centerline grade is not to exceed 20 percent in 30 m of length.

Tolerance Classa

A B C D E F G H I J K L M

Roadbed width (mm) 150 150 300 300 300 300 300 450 300 600 600 600 600

Subgrade elevation (mm) ±30 ±60 ±60 ±150 ±150 ±300 ±300 ±450 ±600 ±900 ±600 ±900 -c

Centerline alignment (mm) 60 60 150 150 300 300 300 450 600 900 900 1500 -c

Slopes, excavation, and embankment (% slope b

±3 ±5 ±5 ±5 ±5 ±5 ±10 ±10 ±10 ±10 ±20 ±20 ±20

In areas that require blasting, use blasting techniques in accordance with Section 220, as SHOWN ON THE DRAWINGS. Presplitting is not required, unless controlled backslope blasting is SHOWN ON THE DRAWINGS.

Perform test blasting in accordance with Subsection 220.06, unless directed otherwise by the CO.

203.11 Landscape & Stream Protection. Confine excavation, blasted material, and embankment material within the roadway limits, unless otherwise approved by the CO, to avoid overbuilding and to protect the landscape and streams. Retrieve and incorporate into designated areas all material deposited outside of the clearing limits.

203.12 Subgrade Treatments. Subgrade treatment consists of soil modification by admixing aggregates or placing geotextiles, fiber mat, wood corduroy, rock blanket, or other similar materials over areas of unsuitable embankment foundation materials that are SHOWN ON THE DRAWINGS. The construction and material require-ments for the type of subgrade treatment will be specified in the SPECIAL PROJECT SPECIFICATIONS or SHOWN ON THE DRAWINGS.

203.13 Earth Berms. Construct permanent earth berms along the shoulder of traveled ways at locations SHOWN ON THE DRAWINGS. Use well-graded material that contains no rocks having a dimension greater than one-fourth the height of the berm in the construction. Acceptable material for the berm may be windrowed as the roadbed is constructed. When local material is not acceptable, import material from approved sources. Frozen material, roots, sod, or other deleterious material is unacceptable for berm construction. Do not waste materials over the embankment slope.

Accomplish compaction by operating the spreading equipment over the full section of the berm.

203.14 Water. Develop, haul, and apply water in accordance with Section 207.

203.15 Compaction Equipment. Use equipment capable of obtaining compaction requirements. The compacting units may be of any type, provided that they are capable of compacting each lift of material as specified, and that they meet the minimum requirements specified below. Heavier compacting units may be required to achieve the specified density of the embankment. Minimum requirements for rollers are as follows:

(a) Sheepsfoot, tamping, or grid rollers shall be capable of exerting a force of

4.5 kg/mm of width of roller drum.

(b) Steel-wheel rollers, other than the vibratory type, shall be capable of exerting a force of not less than 4.5 kg/mm of width of the compression roll or rolls.

(c) Vibratory steel-wheel rollers shall have a minimum weight of 5 t. The compactor shall be equipped with amplitude and frequency controls, and specifically designed to compact the material on which it is used.

(d) Pneumatic-tire rollers shall have smooth tread tires of equal size that will provide a uniform compacting pressure for the full width of the roller and capable of exerting a ground pressure of at least 550 kPa.

203.16 Embankment Placement. Place embankment in accordance with the following requirements:

(a) All Methods. Construct the lower part of the embankment in a single layer to the minimum depth necessary to support construction equipment when an embank-ment is to be placed across swampy ground and removal of unsuitable material or subgrade treatment is not required.

(b) Specific Methods. Place all embankments using one or more of the following methods, as SHOWN ON THE DRAWINGS and listed in the SCHEDULE OF

ITEMS:

(1) Method 1—Side Casting & End Dumping. Embankment may be placed by side casting and end dumping. Build solid embankments by working smaller rocks and fines in with the larger rocks and fines to fill the voids.

(2) Method 2—Layer Placement. Roughen or step surfaces steeper than a ratio of 1 vertical to 3 horizontal (1:3) upon which embankment is to be placed, when SHOWN ON THE DRAWINGS, in order to provide permanent bonding of new and old materials.

Layer place embankment, except over rock surfaces. Over rock surfaces, material may be placed by end dumping to the minimum depth needed for operation of spreading equipment. Level and smooth each embankment layer before placement of subsequent layers. Operate hauling and spreading equipment uniformly over the full width of each layer.

Place suitable material in layers no more than 300 mm thick, except when the material contains rock more than 225 mm in diameter, in which case layers may be of sufficient thickness to accommodate the material involved. Ensure that no layer exceeds 600 mm before compaction.

Placing individual rocks or boulders greater than 600 mm in diameter will be permitted, provided that the embankment will accommodate them and that they are at least 150 mm below the subgrade. Carefully distribute rocks and fill the voids with finer material to form a dense and compacted mass.

Where material containing large amounts of rock is used to construct embankments, make layers of sufficient thickness to accommodate the material involved. Construct a solid embankment with adequate compaction by working smaller rock and fines in with the larger rocks to fill the voids, and by operating hauling and spreading equipment uniformly over the full width of each layer as the embankment is constructed.

Ensure that material is at a moisture content suitable to obtain a mass that will not visibly deflect under the load of the hauling and spreading equipment. Handle excessively wet material in accordance with Subsection 203.06(c).

(3) Method 3—Layer Placement (Roller Compaction). Place embankments as specified in method 2. Place in horizontal layers not exceeding 300 mm prior to compaction, except when the material contains rock more than 225 mm in diameter, in which case layers may be of sufficient thickness to accommodate the material involved. Obtain compaction using equipment listed in Subsection 203.15. Operate compaction equipment over the full width of each layer until visible deformation of the layer ceases or, in the case of the sheepsfoot roller, the roller “walks out” of the layer. Make at least three complete passes.

(4) Method 4—Controlled Compaction. Place embankments as specified in method 2; but place earth embankments in horizontal layers not exceeding 300 mm (loose measure), and compact them. Ensure that the moisture content of material is suitable for attaining the required compaction. Compact the embankments and the top 300 mm of excavation sections to at least 95 percent of the maximum density, as determined by AASHTO T 99, method C or D.

Determine the density of the embankment material during the progress of the work, in accordance with AASHTO T 191, T 205, or T 238; and T 217, T 239, or T 255.

Correct for coarse particles in accordance with AASHTO T 224.

Density requirements will not apply to portions of rock embankments that cannot be tested in accordance with approved methods. When this condition exists, accomplish compaction by working smaller rocks and fines in with the larger rocks to fill the voids and by operating equipment over the embankment materials.

(5) Method 5—Special Project Controlled Compaction. Place and compact embankments to at least 90 percent of the maximum density determined by AASHTO T 180, method C or D, but obtain compaction of not less than 95 percent of AASHTO T 180, method C or D, for a minimum depth of 300 mm below subgrade for the width of the roadbed in both excavation and embankment sections.

Determine density during the work in accordance with AASHTO T 191, T 205, or T 238; T 217, T 239, or T 255; and T 224.

203.17 Construction Tolerances. Construct to the tolerance class as SHOWN ON THE DRAWINGS and in accordance with table 203-1. Construct roadway ditches to flow in the direction SHOWN ON THE DRAWINGS.

Ensure that deviations are uniform in the direction of change for a distance of 60 m or more along the project centerline.

203.18 Haul. Haul is incidental to excavation and borrow excavation, unless listed as a separate PAY ITEM in the SCHEDULE OF ITEMS.

Measurement

203.19 Method. Use the method of measurement that is DESIGNATED IN THE

SCHEDULE OF ITEMS.

Quantities of excavation will include:

(a) Roadway excavation.

(b) Rock and unsuitable material below the required grade, and unsuitable material beneath embankment areas.

(c) Furrow ditches outside the roadway, except when furrow ditches are included in the SCHEDULE OF ITEMS.

(d) Topsoil and other material removed and stockpiled as directed.

(e) Borrow material used in the work, except when borrow is included in the

SCHEDULE OF ITEMS.

(f) The volume of conserved materials taken from stockpiles and used in the work, except topsoil included under other PAY ITEMS.

(g) Slide material not attributable to negligence of the Contractor.

Quantities of excavation will not include:

(a) Material used for other than approved purposes.

(b) Unauthorized excavation or borrow.

(c) Quantity of material excavated from slope rounding or slope tapering.

(d) Overbreakage from the backslope in rock excavation requiring blasting.

(e) Material scarified in place to receive the first layer of embankment.

(f) Benching or stepping existing ground for embankment foundation.

(g) Stepping or scaling cut slopes.

(h) Oversize material removed when finishing unsurfaced roads.

When designed quantities are DESIGNATED IN THE SCHEDULE OF ITEMS as the method of measurement, estimate the quantities from design data based on undisturbed ground surface elevations.

When staked quantities are DESIGNATED IN THE SCHEDULE OF ITEMS as the method of measurement, determine excavation quantities by the average end area method using slope stake information taken prior to construction.

When actual quantities are DESIGNATED IN THE SCHEDULE OF ITEMS as the method of measurement, take preliminary cross sections, or comparable measure-ments, of the undisturbed ground surface; and measure final quantities in accordance with the following:

(a) When excavation is designated as a PAY ITEM in the SCHEDULE OF ITEMS, take final cross sections, or comparable measurements, of the completed and accepted work.

(b) When embankment is designated as a PAY ITEM in the SCHEDULE OF ITEMS, determine measurement in the final position.

(c) When borrow excavation is designated as a PAY ITEM in the SCHEDULE OF ITEMS, determine measurement in the original position.

Payment

203.20 Basis. The accepted quantities will be paid for at the contract unit price for each PAY ITEM DESIGNATED IN THE SCHEDULE OF ITEMS.

Payment will be made under:

Pay Item Pay Unit

203 (01) Excavation, placement method 1...............................Cubic Meter

203 (02) Excavation, placement method 2...............................Cubic Meter

203 (03) Excavation, placement method 3...............................Cubic Meter

203 (04) Excavation, placement method 4...............................Cubic Meter

203 (05) Excavation, placement method 5...............................Cubic Meter

203 (06) Excavation, placement method ________...................Kilometer

203 (07) Excavation, placement method ________..................Lump Sum

203 (08) Borrow excavation, placement method _________ ... Cubic Meter

203 (09) Borrow excavation, placement method _________..........Ton

203 (10) Unsuitable excavation...............................................Cubic Meter

203 (11) Embankment, placement method __________..........Cubic Meter

203 (12) Embankment, placement method __________............Kilometer

203 (13) Subgrade treatment, type ______________..............Square Meter

203 (14) Rounding cut slopes.......................................................Meter

203 (15) Drainage excavation, type _____________...............Cubic Meter

203 (16) Drainage excavation, type _____________....................Meter

203 (17) Drainage excavation, type _____________.....................Each

203 (18) Furrow ditches...............................................................Meter

203 (19) Topsoil (stockpiled)..................................................Cubic Meter

203 (20) Earth berms....................................................................Meter

203 (21) Haul.................................................................Cubic Meter Kilometer

Section 204—Soil Erosion & Water Pollution Control

Description

204.01 Work. Furnish, construct, and maintain permanent and temporary erosion and sediment control measures.

Materials

204.02 Requirements. Ensure that materials meet the requirements specified in the following subsections:

Agricultural Limestone....................................................713.02 Bales................................................................................713.13 Erosion Control Mats, Roving, & Geocell.......................713.07 Fertilizer ..........................................................................713.03 Geotextiles.......................................................................714.01 Mulch ..............................................................................713.05 Sandbags.........................................................................713.14 Seed.................................................................................713.04 Stabilizing Emulsion Tackifiers.......................................713.12

Ensure that all other materials are as SHOWN ON THE DRAWINGS or specified in the SPECIAL PROJECT SPECIFICATIONS.

Construction

204.03 Performance. Prior to the start of construction, submit a written plan that provides permanent and temporary erosion control measures to minimize erosion and sedimentation during and after construction. Do not begin work until the necessary controls for that particular phase of work have been implemented. Do not modify the type, size, or location of any control. An alternate erosion control plan with all necessary permits may be submitted 30 days before intended use.

Incorporate all permanent erosion control features into the project at the earliest practicable time, as outlined in the approved plan, to minimize the need for temporary erosion control.

Before grubbing and grading, construct all erosion controls around the perimeter of the project, including filter barriers, diversion, and settling structures. When required by the SPECIAL PROJECT SPECIFICATIONS, schedule clearing and grubbing so that grading operations and permanent erosion control measures can follow without interference.

Install any temporary erosion or pollution control measures that are required due to negligence or carelessness, without compensation.

204.04 Construction. Construct erosion control and sediment control measures as follows:

(a) Construct temporary erosion controls in incremental stages as construction proceeds.

(b) Construct temporary slope drains, diversion channels, and earth berms to protect disturbed areas and slopes.

(c) Apply permanent turf establishment to the finished slopes and ditches within 30 days, or as required in the SPECIAL PROJECT SPECIFICATION or

SHOWN ON THE DRAWINGS.

(d) Apply temporary turf establishment on disturbed areas that will remain exposed for more than 30 days.

(e) Construct outlet protection as soon as culverts or other structures are complete.

(f) Construct permanent erosion controls, including waterway linings and slope treatments, as soon as practical or upon completion of the roadbed.

(g) Construct and maintain erosion controls on and around soil stockpiles to prevent soil loss.

(h) Following each day’s grading operations, shape earthwork to minimize and control erosion from storm runoff.

204.05 Filter Barriers. Construct silt fence, straw bales, and brush barriers for filtering sediment from runoff and reducing the velocity of sheet flow.

204.06 Sediment Retention Structures. Construct sediment retention structures of the following types:

(a) Temporary Sediment Traps. Construct temporary sediment traps to detain runoff from disturbed areas and settle out sediment. Provide outlet protection.

(b) Sediment Basins. Construct sediment basins to store runoff and settle out sediment for large drainage areas. Construct sediment basins according to Section 203. Construct riser pipes according to Section 603A or 603B. Provide outlet protection.

Section 204

204.07 Outlet Protection. Construct riprap aprons or basins to reduce water velocity and prevent scour at the outlet of permanent and temporary erosion control measures. Construct riprap according to Section 251.

204.08 Water Crossings. Construct temporary culvert pipe at temporary crossing where construction vehicles cross a live waterway.

204.09 Diversions. Construct temporary channels, temporary culverts, earth berms, or sandbags to divert water around disturbed areas and slopes. Use temporary channels, temporary culverts, pumps, sandbags, or other methods to divert the flow of live streams for permanent culvert installations and other work. Stabilize channels and provide outlet protection.

204.10 Waterway & Slope Protection & Stabilization. Use plastic lining, riprap, check dams, erosion control blankets and mats, and temporary slope drains as follows:

(a) Plastic Lining. Use plastic lining to protect underlying soil from erosion. Place the plastic lining loosely on a smooth soil surface free of projections or depressions that may cause the liner to puncture or tear. Lap transverse joints a minimum of 600 mm in the direction of flow. Do not use longitudinal joints. Anchor the lining in place using riprap.

(b) Riprap. Construct riprap for channel lining according to Section 251.

(c) Check Dams. Construct riprap, sandbags, or earth berms for temporary dams to reduce the velocity in ditches and swales.

(d) Temporary Slope Drains. Use drainpipe, riprap, or plastic lined waterway for temporary slope drains to channel runoff down slopes. Channel water into the slope drain with an earth berm constructed at the top of a cut or fill. Anchor slope drains to the slope. Provide outlet protection.

204.11 Temporary Turf Establishment. Apply seed, fertilizer, and mulch for soil erosion protection at the rates SHOWN ON THE DRAWINGS or in the SPECIAL

PROJECT SPECIFICATIONS.

204.12 Inspection & Reporting. Inspect all erosion control facilities at least every 7 days, within 24 hours after more than 20 mm of rain in 24 hours, and as required in the contract permits.

Furnish inspection reports that include the following:

(a) Summary of the inspection.

(b) Names of personnel making the inspection.

(c) Date and time of inspection.

(d) Observations made.

(e) Corrective action necessary.

204.13 Maintenance & Cleanup. Maintain temporary erosion control measures in working condition until the project is complete or the measures are no longer needed. Clean erosion control measures when half full of sediment. Use the sediment in the work, if acceptable, or place it in accordance with Subsec-tion 203.06.

Replace erosion control measures that cannot be maintained and those that are damaged by construction operations.

Remove and dispose of temporary erosion control measures when the turf is satisfactorily established, and when drainage and channels are lined and stabilized.

Remove and dispose of erosion control measures according to Subsection 202.04(a).

Restore the ground to its natural or intended condition and provide permanent erosion control measures.

Measurement

204.14 Method. Use the method of measurement that is DESIGNATED IN THE

SCHEDULE OF ITEMS.

Payment

204.15 Basis. The accepted quantities will be paid for at the contract unit price for each PAY ITEM DESIGNATED IN THE SCHEDULE OF ITEMS.

Payment will be made under:

Pay Item Pay Unit

204 (01) Temporary seeding and fertilizing.................................Hectare

204 (02) Mulching.......................................................................... Ton

204 (03) Asphaltic material...........................................................Liter

204 (04) Temporary netting....................................................Square Meter

204 (05) Straw/hay bales...............................................................Each

204 (06) Gravel blanket...........................................................Cubic Meter

204 (07) Silt fence........................................................................Meter

204 (08) Brush barrier..................................................................Meter

204 (09) Sediment basin................................................................Each

204 (10) Berm..............................................................................Meter

204 (11) Dike...............................................................................Meter

204 (12) Dam................................................................................Each

204 (13) Temporary water bars.....................................................Each

204 (14) ______ for soil erosion and pollution control..................Each

204 (15) ______ for soil erosion and pollution control.................Meter

204 (16) ______ for soil erosion and pollution control...........Square Meter

204 (17) ______ for soil erosion and pollution control................ Hectare

204 (18) ______ for soil erosion and pollution control............Cubic Meter

204 (19) Soil erosion and pollution control...............................Lump Sum

Section 206—Structural Excavation for Major Structures

Description

206.01 Work. Excavate, backfill, and dispose of material for the construction of structures. Preserve channels; shore and brace; construct cofferdams; seal founda-tions; dewater; excavate; prepare foundations; backfill; and subsequently remove safety features and cofferdams.

Materials

206.02 Requirements. Ensure that material conforms to specifications in the following sections and subsections:

Foundation Fill...................................................................704.01 Structural Backfill...............................................................704.04 Structural Concrete

Construction

206.03 Preparation for Structural Excavation. Clear the area of vegetation and obstructions according to Sections 201 and 202.

When structural excavation is to be measured and paid for by the cubic meter, notify the CO sufficiently before beginning any clearing, grubbing, or excavation so that cross-sectional measurements of the undisturbed ground may be taken. Do not disturb the natural ground adjacent to the structure until authorized by the CO.

206.04 General. Consider the elevations of the bottoms of footings or foundations when SHOWN ON THE DRAWINGS to be approximate elevations. The CO may order, in writing, changes in the elevations of footings and foundations when necessary to secure a satisfactory foundation.

Excavate trenches or foundation pits to a width and length that allows room for work. Provide a firm foundation of uniform density throughout its length and width.

Do not place footings until the depth of excavation and the foundation material have been approved in writing.

Where necessary to blast rock, blast according to Section 220.

Follow Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) safety regulations (29 CFR, part 1926, subpart P, Excavation), or OSHA-approved State Plan requirements for sloping the sides of excavations and for using shoring, bracing, and other safety features. When sides of excavations are sloped for safety considerations, provide one copy of the design that demonstrates conformity with OSHA regula-tions. Submit working drawings and construction details when required by the SPECIAL PROJECT SPECIFICATIONS where support systems, shield systems, or other protective systems are used. Ensure that drawings demonstrate conformity with regulations.

Remove safety features when no longer necessary. Remove shoring and bracing to at least 300 mm below the surface of the finished ground.

Saw cut existing pavements or concrete structures that are adjacent to the area to be excavated and are designated to remain.

Conserve suitable material for structural backfill from excavated material. Do not deposit excavated material in or near a waterway.