Attachment_08_-_Operational_Mode_Summary_Mission_Profile_(OMS_MP).docx

ACV Ph 1 OMS/MP

Attachment 08 Operational Mode Summary/Mission Profile (OMS/MP) 10 Apr 2014

Operational Modes Summary/ Mission Profile (OMS/MP) for the

Amphibious Combat Vehicle

(ACV)

Phase 1, Increment 1

Version 0.4

April 10, 2014

Table of Contents

List of Tables

i

Introduction Background The amphibious combat vehicle (ACV) will provide the Marine force with armored mobility across the range of military operations (ROMO). The ACV’s firepower will provide direct fire support to dismounted infantry maneuver and protective defensive fires for the platform. The ACV’s communications and information systems will provide the requisite situational awareness (SA), command and control (C2) and navigation capabilities for the ACV crew and embarked Marine infantry to operate in an expeditionary environment. As an amphibious vehicle, the ACV provides the ground combat element with the means to move from shore to shore in littoral regions, expanding the maneuver space and striking where the enemy is vulnerable.

This document describes the ACV Phase 1, Increment 1 as a personnel variant only. The ACV Phase 1, Increment 1 personnel variant will be employed to transport and support a threshold of 3 crew and 10 passengers. Throughout the rest of this document the ACV Phase 1, Increment 1 will be referred to as the ACV.

Purpose The operational mode summary/mission profile (OMS/MP) describes the anticipated missions, roles and environments the ACV will encounter during employment. This OMS/MP describes system modes, representative mission profiles, and usage conditions for the ACV during its operating life. The OMS/MP supports the basis for required capabilities described in the ACV capability development document (CDD) and key usage factors directly applicable to design study, logistical analyses and reliability, availability, and maintainability (RAM) testing and evaluations. The ACV OMS/MP is paired with the ACV failure definition and scoring criteria (FDSC), which defines what is considered to be degraded and unacceptable performance for the ACV.

It is intended that this document will not be binding until the ACV Engineering and Manufacturing Development phase activities. The analytical sources used to underpin this document are cited where applicable; this document does not attempt to repeat existing data available elsewhere (CDD, FDSC, etc.).

Document Overview Section 2 summarizes the expected OMS for the ACV. Section 3 defines a representative mission profile and associated operational details with sequential tasks, events, duration and operating conditions. Section 4 describes the operational environment that the ACV will encounter in terms of land terrain and amphibious conditions. Section 5 describes the payload conditions in terms of internal and external payloads. Section 6 describes the life cycle of the ACV.

Operational Mode Summary (OMS) The combination of tactical activities and system states (modes) is referred to as an OMS and reflects the most typical and demanding operations during the mission profile.

Mode Definitions:

Dynamic: Vehicle is actively moving on land or in water with all systems energized.

Static: Vehicle is stationary on land or in water with engine running, mission essential systems energized.

Silent Watch: Vehicle engine is off with mission essential systems energized by battery or auxiliary power.

Off: Vehicle is stationary, engine off, all systems off.

Other Key Descriptors:

C4I System Power on: Period of time system is on.

Engine on/off Cycles: Number of times the vehicles engine is turned on and off.

Ramp Cycles: Number of cycles (open then closed) that the ramp is operated.

Weapon System Power on: Period of time during operational time system is on.

Rounds fired (.50 cal/40mm): Rounds fired by the weapons system on the vehicle (either .50 cal or 40mm) Mission Profile (MP) MP describes the details of a specific mission by identifying sequentially the tasks, events, duration, and operating conditions of the system for each action within the mission to support vehicle development. For the determination of the mission length, analysis of recent U.S. mechanized combat operations as well as anticipated ACV employment as part of future defense planning scenarios (DPS) was conducted. As detailed employment of individual ACVs in future operations includes uncertainty, an archetypical or representative mission was developed based on the mission length analysis. The development of this archetypical mission accounts for the amphibious assault missions of major combat operations (MCO) that the United States Marine Corps (USMC) is responsible for in future DPS as well as the longer land movements experienced in recent operations. MCO was used because it presents the most critical and possibly the most difficult range of conditions for the ACV, thus serving as the foundation of capability development.

The resulting archetypical mission is depicted in Figure 1. This MP represents the initial forcible entry phases of a MCO, consisted of four scenarios: Littoral Penetration (Scenario 1), Expand Lodgment (Scenario 2), Defend (Scenario 3) and Secure a line of communication (LOC) (Scenario 4). This MP has four separate missions over four days with an opportunity to repair mission critical failures during resets between scenarios. The four scenarios followed by reset periods are consistent with how the Marine Corps operates and provide four distinct profiles. The ACV must have the reliability to complete individual scenarios without mission failure. Because each scenario is followed by a reset period during which the unit prepares for future missions, each scenario should be tested individually rather than as segments of a single mission. Testing otherwise is inconsistent with the Operational Availability KPP as stated in the CDD.

The land movement distances in Scenario 1 and 2 were derived from the analysis of future scenarios as part of the mission length analysis. The Scenario 3 distance of 10 miles reflects an estimate of the ACV’s mileage when completing rehearsals, perimeter patrols, resupply and battle drills within or adjacent to the unit’s battle position. In Scenario 4, the offensive distribution estimate of 63 miles was derived from the analysis of past operations as part of the mission length analysis and fills in uncertainties about future combat employments past 72 hours in irregular warfare.

Each mission culminates in an operational pause (or reset period) after a scenario is completed. This reset period covers activities such as reorganization, resupply, repair activities and mission planning for future operations. The ACV crew and available maintainers have between 6 to 8 hours after each scenario to rest and prepare the ACV for the next mission.

Figure 1: ACV Mission Profile ACV Wargame To develop the ACV MP, a wargame was conducted involving a representative group of subject matter experts (SMEs) who wargamed the individual scenarios to create the necessary details for tasks, events, duration and operating conditions. The participants had the opportunity to discuss their actions during each of the scenarios and their responses were collected. Once the tactical approach to the scenario was decided upon, the responses were focused on the time-phased representation of systems operation that is key to the OMS/MP. Refer to the ACV OMS/MP Wargame Final Report for further details.

Each of the scenarios had a number of lethality engagements that supported the description of how the ACV’s weapon system would be employed. Each engagement was executed with the ACVs having a mix of a stabilized remote weapons system (RWS) equipped with either a .50 caliber M2 or a 40 mm Mk19 MOD. The ACV platoon had an equal mix of the two weapons (ACV platoon with 21 vehicles 11 x .50 cal and 10 x Mk19). During the scenario discussions, the participants were presented a threat engagement and given the opportunity to discuss their actions during engagement and then their responses were collected. Once the tactical approach to the engagement was decided, the responses were focused on how the weapons system was employed and rounds fired.

The following sections are short summaries of the individual missions; details are contained in the wargame summary.

Littoral Penetration Summary (Scenario 1) The first scenario in the ACV mission is a littoral penetration. A company team (Co Tm) comprised of an infantry company, an ACV platoon, a light armored reconnaissance (LAR) platoon and a tank platoon is part of a larger joint task force. The Co Tm has been staged near a border of a threat nation. This scenario starts with the infantry company mounted on ACVs moving under the cover of darkness to a launch point and crossing the surf of an estuary that is part of a border with the threat nation. During this water movement, there is an engagement with two ‘technical’ vehicles from cliffs above the estuary. After a 3 NM movement, the ACVs cross through another surf zone into the threat nation. Upon landing, the ACVs move along the beach to the beach exit and establish an assembly area where infantry disembark and await link up with the LAR and tank platoon.

After link up with the tanks and LAVs, the Co Tm moves west toward Company Objective (Obj) A. Company Obj A is a small village occupied by an enemy infantry platoon reinforced by four rocket-propelled grenade (RPG) teams and four ‘technical’ vehicles. The Co Tm divides into three elements: an assault element, a security element, and a support by fire element. Following the seizure of Obj A, the Co Tm consolidates in an assembly area to prepare for follow-on missions.

Expand Lodgment (Scenario 2) After the initial littoral penetration, the force is tasked to seize battalion Obj B and expand the lodgment. After assembling, the Co Tm moves out to Obj B. This movement included ACVs crossing a 1 NM river and an ambush from a mixed platoon of enemy bronetransportyor (BTRs) and ‘technical’ vehicles. At Obj B, the Co Tm links up with a reinforced infantry company that had conducted a helicopter borne insert near Obj B. The reinforced infantry company has been assigned as the main effort for a battalion (-) (REIN) assault on Obj B, with the LAR and tank platoons in direct support. The Co Tm has been assigned as Supporting Effort #1 and will attack to clear a portion of Obj B in order to prevent interference of the main effort assault. The Co Tm attacks in zone in their portion of the village with the same approach as in the seizure of Obj A. Following the seizure of Obj B, the Co Tm is reformed with the LAR and tank platoons and consolidates in an assembly area to prepare for follow-on missions.

Defend (Scenario 3) After securing Obj B, the Co Tm is tasked to secure an airport for the establishment of an airport of debarkation (APOD). The Co Tm establishes defensive battle positions and conducts mounted and dismounted security patrols. During this scenario, an enemy mechanized infantry platoon attacks one of the defensive positions and the nearest ACV mounted patrol responds and reinforces the right flank of the attacked battle position. After the enemy assault is repelled, patrolling is continued while the unit prepares for follow-on missions.

Clear and Secure Line of Communication (Scenario 4) The Co Tm receives a mission to clear and secure a major supply route (MSR) of all enemy forces in order to (IOT) facilitate the follow on arrival of an assault force which will clear City A. An enemy company is defending along the MSR and is anticipated to ambush and withdraw through its own hasty battle positions, until it consolidates within City A, in an attempt to attrite and delay friendly forces. At each ambush, the tanks and LAVs achieve direct fire overmatch while the ACVs move to establish a hasty support by fire positions in support of dismounted infantry attacks. After the main threat force has retreated into City A, the Co Tm is tasked to conduct route security along the MSR. The Co Tm divides the MSR into three sectors in order to coordinate mounted and dismounted patrols with ACVs in direct support.

Mission Summary Table 1 describes the OMS for each of the scenarios. Pre-operational checks and at halt checks are conducted during the first phase of each scenario and are part of mission time. Post-operation checks are completed during the reset periods, after successful completion of the scenario, and are not part of mission time. If a loss of mission essential function (MEF) is identified during reset and can be repaired within this period, that failure is not an operational mission failure (OMF) and the vehicle becomes available for the next mission. If the MEF is not restored before the next mission than that failure is an OMF. For purposes of developmental and operational RAM testing, each scenario should be executed discretely.

Table 1: ACV Mission Profile

Scenario 1 Expand Lodgment Scenario 2 Defend Scenario 3 Clear and Secure LOC Scenario 4

Operational Environment The ACV must operate effectively on land and in the water. This section provides a description of these two conditions that the mission profile is conducted across. The land portion describes the naturally occurring terrain and man-made roads or obstacles the ACV will traverse. The water section describes the conditions of the littoral and river portions of the mission profile.

Land Operation The ACVs operational terrain is classified into two overall categories: improved surfaces and unimproved surfaces. Improved surfaces are primary and secondary road ways with some type of all-weather surface, man-made improvements, and subject to periodic maintenance. Unimproved surfaces are trails and cross-country “natural” surfaces with no manmade improvements, no maintenance, and subject to variances of weather. Terrain is measured using both root mean square (RMS) as a measure of coherent surface roughness and wave number spectrum (WNS) as a measure of incoherent (random) surface roughness. Table 2 describes the types of operational terrain, the typical maximum speed, roughness and the overall distribution of the terrain over the entire mission profile. Typical maximum speed describes what ACV routine travel should be over that terrain, but does not describe when the ACV on that terrain needs to slow for cornering, transition between terrains, steep grades or the extremes of the terrain’s roughness range. Text description of each terrain type follow Table 2.

Table 2: Terrain Description

Maximum (mph)

Improved

Primary Roads

Secondary Roads

Unimproved

Primary Roads Primary roads are high quality paved, secondary pavement, and rough pavement surfaces with RMS values varying between 0.1 inches to 0.5 inches. They consist of two or more lane, all weather, maintained hard surface (paved) roads with good driving visibility designed for heavy, high density traffic. These roads have lanes with a minimum width of nine feet (2.75 meters), road crown to 2 degrees and all bridges will support the ACV maximum Gross Vehicle Weight (GVW)/crew loaded weight (CLW). Secondary pavement can include significantly degraded (potholes, alligator cracking, freeze/thaw breakup) concrete, macadam concrete or asphalt pavements. Rough pavement is two lane roads with degraded shoulders, and marginal subgrades which produce long wavelength swells and additional degradation of the surface. Grades can vary from 0% up through 6%.

Secondary Roads Secondary roads are loose surface, loose surface with washboard and potholes, and Belgian block surfaces with RMS values varying between 0.5 inches to 1.0 inches. Generally, washboard occurs in drier operational areas, whereas pothole gravel roads occur in wet operational areas. These roads are one or more lanes, all weather, occasionally maintained with varying surfaces (e.g., large rock, crushed rock, or gravel) intended for medium-weight, low-density traffic. Bridges on these roads cannot guarantee supporting the ACV maximum GVW/CLW. Grades can vary from 0% up through 15%.

Trails Trails are one lane, unimproved, seldom maintained loose surface roads intended for low density traffic with RMS values varying between 1.0 inches and 3.4 inches. Typically trails have no defined road width, large obstacles (rubble, boulder, logs, and stumps), cross ditches, washouts, steep slopes, and no bridging/culverts. Naturally occurring grades can vary from 0% up through 40%.

Cross Country Cross country is terrain not subject to repeated traffic with RMS values varying between 1.5 inches and 4.8 inches. Cross-country terrain can consist of tank trails with crushed rock or having large exposed obstacles (rocks, boulders, etc.), but there are no roads, routes, well-worn trails, or man-made improvements. This includes, but is not limited to, flat desert, marshes, vegetated plains, jungle, dense forest, mountains, and urban rubble. Naturally occurring grades can vary from 0% up through 60%.

MOUT Mission Profile In addition to operating across the previous terrain descriptions, the ACV must also be able to operate in built up urban environments, commonly referred to as military operations in urban terrain (MOUT). Urban terrain tends to include the improved surfaces described in Table 2. However, it is punctuated with many unique, discrete obstacles which must be accounted for in the mission profile. Table 3 describes these unique aspects of combat in built up terrain that is included in the ACV mission profile.

Table 3: MOUT Terrain Discrete Event Description

Amphibious Mission Profile A defining capability for the ACV is operating in amphibious environments. The ACV must be able to operate in a wide range of amphibious conditions including maneuver in formations through open seas to maneuvering across inland waterways. Table 4 describes the expected amphibious conditions in which ACV must operate.

Table 4: Amphibious Conditions Description

Unique Environmental Conditions The operating environment the ACV will operation in will include many unique conditions. Table 5 lists the environmental conditions ACV will encounter during worldwide operations over its life time.

Table 5: ACV Unique Environmental Conditions Environmental Conditions

Operating Temperatures The ACV is designed to be deployed world-wide and operate in all environmental conditions. Adversaries will continue to leverage the environment to achieve maximum advantage against Marine forces. Therefore, ACV must be equipped to operate day and night under all weather, terrain, and climatic conditions (see Table 6). The ACV will be employed in or be exposed to, the climatic conditions of hot, basic, cold, and severe cold as defined in MIL-STD 810 and AR 70-38.

Table 6: Expected ACV Operating Temperatures

ACV Payloads During the MP, the ACV will be loaded at CLW or at GVW. Refer to the ACV CDD for definitions of CLW and GVW. To support the description of the operational conditions of the ACV, the payload descriptions for the ACV were discussed during the wargame. It was presented and confirmed by the wargame participants that infantry will disembark during the following conditions:

Silent Watch At halt checks longer than 15 minutes Static time during support by fire missions or hauls longer than 30 minutes Life Cycle The ACV life cycle follows a repeating sequence which includes a period of time in the operating force, time at depot for inspect and repair only as necessary (IROAN), time in the Maritime Prepositioning Force, at depot for IROAN and then back to the operating force.

While in the operating force during peace time, the ACV will follow a deployment-dwell ratio of 1:2. This is defined as one period of time an ACV is deployed for 7 months and then a period of 14 months consisting of continental United States (CONUS) training. CONUS training including cycles of demobilization, sustainment training and deployment work up training. Then the cycle is repeated for 6 years, 6,000 miles, or 1,000 hours of engine time, whichever comes first. These milestones represent the predicted average yearly usage while in the operating forces. After reaching an operating force milestone (6 years, 6,000 miles, or 1,000 engine hours), the ACV is rotated to a depot (Marine Corps Logistics Base (MCLB) Albany, GA or MCLB Barstow, CA) for IROAN lasting approximately three months.

After IROAN, the ACV will go to a maritime prepositioning force (MPF) squadron ship. It would be there for approximately 30 months and accumulate about 5 operating hours per year (occasional exercises add up to 30 hours to annual operating hours). The environment in the ship is controlled, and the vehicle is not exposed to outside weather conditions except during annual off loads. After 30 months, the vehicle would leave the MPS and rotate to a depot for IROAN.

After the post MPF IROAN, the ACV would then be sent to an operating unit. When assigned to an operating unit, the vehicle is at an AA Battalion or the supporting establishment (SE). This cycle will repeat for 20 years until the end of the service life of the ACV.

Table 7 below lists the peace time annual ammunition requirement per ACV, which represents ammunition required for a vehicle and its gunner/vehicle commander gunnery team.

Table 7: Annual Ammunition Allocation per ACV

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