LPOE_DS_Exterior_Lighting.pdf

For Official Use Only

Power, Lighting and Grounding 19-5

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Batteries.

UPS systems 50 KVA and smaller (UPS modules and sealed cabinet batteries) may be co-located in the equipment room being served. UPS systems larger than 50 KVA shall require their own separate room with adequate HVAC systems, as required.

19.5 FAULT CURRENT AND PROTECTIVE DEVICE COORDINATION STUDY

Short circuit calculations shall be performed in design to establish appropriate equipment withstand ratings, relative to the available short circuit current at any given point in the distribution system. All electrical equipment shall be ArcFlash labeled per NFPA 70E.

A coordination study shall be performed to provide selective coordination for all over-current protection devices. Results from the coordination study shall be used to select appropriate devices and setpoints.

The design engineer shall submit a preliminary computer generated short circuit analysis on all projects.

The final coordination and analysis shall be done by the contractor’s testing agency or by the independent agency employed by the client. A report shall be submitted.

19.6 LIGHTING

19.6.1 Lighting Design

A site wide lighting plan shall be developed by the lighting designer documenting the salient features of the design including, fixture selection, photometrics, coverage areas, and illumination levels, prior to the acceptance of the design. In general, the Illuminating Engineering Society, North America (IESNA) recommendations should be followed.

The following are general considerations for lighting at LPOE’s. More detailed requirements can be found in the data sheets for individual spaces. Additional guidelines also can be obtained from CBP.

Lighting quality is an important consideration in many task areas, including offices, booths, inspection, and search areas, where glare would inhibit accurate assessments or cause fatigue.

High contrast between the bright booth area and the darkness from which vehicles approach is problematic for inspectors. Therefore, the approaches to the Primary Inspection Area shall be designed with gradually reducing illuminance levels as the distance from the booth increases. Both horizontal and vertical illuminance shall be considered.

Lighting within the Port limits should have a minimum Color Rendering Index (CRI) of 85 for vehicle and passenger identification purposes.

Lighting may be high mast, canopy, or directional.

Officer safety is of great concern especially during hours of low light or darkness.

Lighting at the traffic approach areas shall be well shielded and have low cut-off angles to reduce glare into the inspector’s field of view.

In office areas, parabolic fixture lenses with minimum cut off angle of 45 degrees should be used.

Lighting is a major user of energy at an LPOE. Fixture choices, controls to allow for dimming or turning off of some lights during low use periods, etc., should be part of the lighting design.

Lighting supports video surveillance throughout the port; lighting design shall provide adequate lighting for all areas under surveillance per requirements in Appendix H and light fixtures shall not interfere with or negatively impact fields of view.

19-6 Power, Lighting and Grounding

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19.6.2 Lighting Levels

Average foot candle (FC) level is indicated on the Room Data Sheets. Acceptable maximum and minimum ranges of light levels shall meet the latest edition of IES Handbook requirements. All interior lighting fixtures shall be Fluorescent or LED. All exterior lighting fixtures shall be HID or LED. LED fixture design may incorporate LCD-panel backlight unit (BLU), as appropriate to the use.

Refer to 19.6.13 for interior lighting level general requirements.

Lighting Level coverage for CCTV Cameras: coverage area shall satisfy lighting manufacturer’s requirements.

19.6.3 Exterior Lighting

This Section provides exterior lighting requirements to guide design teams toward maximizing the visual aspects of the operating environment for CBP officers. The primary objective is to improve CBP operations and enhance officer safety. Improving energy efficiency where appropriate is a valuable secondary objective.

Operations benefit from lighting that provides good nighttime visibility by incorporating a combination of visual properties that operate in concert. Good color quality, appropriate uniformity, glare control, and balanced vertical/horizontal illuminance together support detailed inspection, as well as mid- and long-range surveillance. Visibility shall be compromised if all these criteria are not included in the lighting scheme. All criteria in this section shall be incorporated into the lighting for LPOE sites.

Exterior lighting in remote areas may produce unwanted light emissions into neighboring properties. Light poles, multi-level lamps, angled fixtures, and shielding accessories shall be incorporated into all exterior lights to control light pollution.

Energy efficacy is accomplished through the use of efficient light sources combined with appropriate luminaire technology and controls that allow for multiple levels of light that support visual tasks as they change. Energy efficiency techniques support good nighttime visibility by minimizing contrast and glare.

In order to ensure that the best visual environment is attained at LPOE projects, the design team for all projects shall include an independent professional lighting designer.

This section is organized in sub-sections to provide: (1) specific visual quality requirements at LPOE functional areas; (2) quantitative lighting criteria; (3) requirements for submittal of lighting calculation to verify compliance with this standard; and (4) general design guidance about lighting issues that directly affect visibility at LPOE sites. Imperial units (foot-candles or FC) are used in this Chapter as the primary measure for lighting criteria, with metric units (lux) provided in parentheses for cross-reference.

The technology of light sources appropriate for exterior application is rapidly changing. Current research is establishing reliable new criteria for visual acuity.1 Therefore, the following guidance references lighting industry standards from the IESNA which are regularly reviewed and updated by teams of industry experts to reflect current research and technology.

Because of the inherent lag between technological advancement and standards publication, in addition to IESNA Recommended Practices referenced in this document, design teams are encouraged to consider

1 Current lighting research shows that light in the blue-white range provides a higher degree of visual acuity than light in "warmer" tones. This applies to nighttime (Scotopic) light levels as well as higher daytime (Photopic) levels. Color temperatures in the 3500 to 6,000�K range provide the best visual performance. The increased visual sensitivity makes it possible to actually see better at lower light levels provided that the overall visual environment is favorable. This presents opportunities for reducing energy use while increasing visual acuity.

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incorporating the latest research and leading edge, yet proven, technology into their work. This practice shall require compliance with the alternative means and deviations process discussed in Chapter 1.

The design team shall reference the following documents in regard to design issues related to LPOE sites.

Use the latest version of the referenced documents. Design documents shall state which version was used.

IESNA Lighting Handbook, Ninth Edition RP-8-00 Roadway Lighting RP-20-98 Lighting for Parking Facilities RP-33-99 Lighting for Exterior Environments TM-15-07 (revised) Luminaire Classification System for Outdoor Luminaires

Emerging technologies, such as Light Emitting Diodes (LED) and successive generations of ceramic metal halide lamps, offer substantial promise for LPOE lighting and should be considered where appropriate.

LEDs are developing quickly in color quality and consistency as well as output and economy. Ceramic metal halide (CMH) sources are already in common usage where low wattage lamps and higher wattage lamps in vertical positions are acceptable. Higher wattage CMH lamps with variable position mounting are coming in the near future.

19.6.4 Functional Areas

LPOE projects have broad functional areas that typically include a variety of task areas with very specific visual needs. Functional areas may include both commercial and Non-Commercial Inspection Areas, parking, vehicular traffic and pedestrian/bicycle traffic. The following section includes the definitions of each area as well as a discussion of design considerations based on the specific visual tasks in each area.

Illuminance requirements specific to each functional area follow below.

Figure 19-1. Functional Areas

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Inspections

The size and configuration of areas devoted to commercial and non-commercial inspection varies at different LPOE sites. This broad functional area includes a group of specific task areas where the visual tasks remain constant regardless of the size of the areas so that identifiable illuminance categories can be applied.

Inspection Areas include the following sub zones. Some zones apply to Commercial Inspection Areas alone, and smaller LPOEs may have condensed zones.

Approach

This area extends from the point at which the roadway splits into multiple lanes leading toward inspection booths to the leading edge of the island that contains sensing equipment. The area shall be visible from the inspection booth so the officer in the booth can detect any on-coming potential danger, and drivers shall have sufficient visibility to orient themselves to the appropriate lane. Officers may take canine inspectors out among the vehicles in line, so shadowing between vehicles shall be minimized. Silhouetting against a bright background from the view point of the inspection booth shall be avoided. In Commercial Inspection Areas, the size and bulk of vehicles often obscure this area from the inspection booth, but view from other locations is critical. Site geometries shall be organized to allow for this oversight. The gradual diminution of light levels with distance from the inspection booth shall facilitate good visibility from the booth.

Lighting for this area is best accomplished with pole or high-mast mounted luminaires located along the perimeter so as not to impede traffic. The width of the area often requires that luminaires be aimed at relatively high angles to illuminate the center lanes. Care shall be taken to avoid aiming any luminaires either directly toward the inspection booth or toward on-coming vehicles to avoid glare being directed at the inspecting officers and drivers. Shielding shall be provided to prevent light pollution and light trespass.

Pre-Primary

This area extends from the leading edge of the inspection booth to the end of the island that contains sensing equipment. It includes the first vehicle in line. In Commercial Inspection Areas, the horizontal distance shall increase. An officer inside the booth or immediately outside it shall clearly see the vehicle and its license plate, and there shall be a smooth transition in light level between the darker approach lanes and the brighter inspection area to facilitate adaptation. Good vertical illuminance is required to help the officer see inside the vehicle. Provision shall be made for lighting the license plate of the first vehicle in line so that it is easily viewed from the inspection booth. This is best accomplished with a low level task light located to the side of the lane. In commercial areas, lighting integral to RPM’s located in the approach to Inspection shall be shielded to avoid glare being directed at the inspection booth. All lighting in this area shall be coordinated with the requirements for LPR and other sensors.

Primary Inspection

This area includes the drive aisle aligned with the inspection booth and extends out from each end of the booth. Non-Commercial Inspection Areas, officers often walk around the vehicle. In the Commercial Inspection Area, officers more often stay inside the raised booth, and the more thorough inspection is accomplished by the NII equipment NII and in cargo inspection. Officers need to see inside the vehicle and also need to be able to detect any variations in the exterior of the vehicle that might indicate alterations to conceal compartments. It is a critical visual task area where glare control is essential. A high ratio of vertical to horizontal illuminance is required. It is critical that no luminaires be aimed toward normal viewing angles for officers.

A combination of direct and indirect lighting is recommended to accomplish these goals. Locally switched lighting located on the side of the inspection booth shall be considered as a way of directing light inside the vehicle's side windows.

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Inspection Booth

This zone includes the interior of the booth itself. The officer shall view a flat screen monitor and printed material such as passports (or cargo manifests in commercial inspection) on the desk, view outward to read license plates when the LPRs are not functioning, view faces of drivers and passengers in vehicles alongside the booth, and view past oncoming traffic toward the border. Use of peripheral vision is important for maintaining a sense of potential threat. View into the booth is undesirable as it makes the officers feel vulnerable. Many officers turn off any interior booth lights to avoid being seen by approaching drivers.

Reflected glare is the primary lighting concern inside the inspection booth. Any ceiling-mounted luminaires shall be exceedingly well shielded and located to avoid reflections in the glazing that impair the officer's ability to see outside. Task lighting at desk level is required as this horizontal surface is the primary location of the visual tasks within the booth along with the computer screen. All lighting inside the booth shall be dimmable.

Post-Inspection

This area extends from the rear edge of the inspection booth to a point 30 feet (9 meters) from the center line of the inspection booth and often includes the turning point to Secondary Inspection. The officer at the booth needs to maintain visual contact with the vehicle to verify correct exiting, and officers at Secondary Inspection need to have good visibility of the vehicle from that location. Signage indicating the proper direction for exiting shall be visible to the driver. These visual tasks are general and can be best accomplished within the range of lighting that creates a smooth transition zone between inspection area and the darker site beyond.

Transition Zone between Non-Commercial Post Inspection and Secondary Inspection

The extent of this area shall vary considerably due to project size and site geometry. The primary visual task is for officers in Secondary Inspection to be able to visually track the vehicle and guide it to the appropriate location. A consistent light level gradient and good uniformity in this area shall facilitate tracking the movement of vehicles between the two inspection areas.

Transition Zone between Commercial Post Inspection and Cargo Inspection and NII

This zone can cover a vast area due the required turning radii for trucks. Observation from the Inspection Booth, Cargo area and NII are necessary. Designated points for pedestrian crossing of the area shall be clearly visible to the drivers and pedestrians. Poles located within the turning area present unwanted obstacles and are subject to damage. High mast lighting from the perimeter is the best solution for this area, but care shall be taken to prevent unnecessary glare and light trespass.

Secondary Inspection

This is the designated area under a canopy where vehicles are parked to allow for a more intensive inspection than is possible at Primary. Secondary Inspection may also be in an enclosed garage, in which case interior lighting inspection criteria shall be followed. The inspections can take place inside the vehicle, in the areas just surrounding it, or on tables located throughout the area. Secondary often includes difficult visual tasks requiring fine detail perception such as searching through baggage, or looking for deformations of vehicle parts that would indicate hidden compartments.

Secondary Inspections require a relatively high illuminance level. For both energy efficiency and overall visual comfort, either dimming or multi-level switching is required to provide for three scenarios: (1) a basic overall illumination level that is "on" from dusk to closing time and is controlled by photocell and timeclock (these luminaires can be zoned to accommodate daylight penetration under larger canopies); (2) an enhanced illumination level for inspections that covers a portion of the area sufficient for seeing all sides of the vehicle or vehicles in an area sized for efficient circuiting; and (3) task lighting for inspection of vehicle contents, 19-10 Power, Lighting and Grounding

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located either around the vehicle or at specific table locations provided for this purpose. The enhanced level lighting and the task lighting shall be locally switched with an override at the Secondary Booth. These switches shall be convenient to officers and effortless to operate. If all three levels of illumination are not provided, the maximum, or "task" level shall be provided throughout the area.

Since glare hinders visual acuity, the fine detail tasks in Secondary make it imperative that luminaires be well-shielded so that an officer is not looking into a light source when trying to inspect a vehicle.

Cargo (Commercial Secondary) Inspection

This is the designated loading dock area under a canopy where cargo is unloaded to allow for a more intensive inspection than is possible at Primary Inspection. This includes visual tasks ranging from fine detail perception required to determine if cargo has been altered or to read labels with small print, to large stacks of boxes that take up major space and can create shadowing. There is a need to see into long truck trailers parked at the loading docks. Ceiling or column mounted dock lights shall be provided for this task.

The same multi-level or dimming controls as required for Non-Commercial Secondary apply to this area, although areas of control shall be larger to accommodate the bulkier items.

19.6.5 Parking

Parking for staff and visitors is typically provided in separate areas, and requires that people feel secure when leaving and approaching their vehicles. That feeling of security comes from good facial recognition.

This necessitates a high level of uniformity as well as vertical illuminance. Staff parking is sometimes secured within a fence, but the same criteria apply.

Depending on the size of the facility, visitor parking can take on different functions. In some smaller LPOE facilities the outgoing inspections are performed in the visitor parking area. Where this is the case, the ability to increase light levels to approximate those at Primary Inspection shall be considered. This can be accomplished with supplementary lighting that is instant-on and in addition to the normal parking lighting.

19.6.6 Vehicular Traffic

Vehicular traffic on roadways within the boundaries of the LPOE site is usually in transition to and from a highway or city street, or in large sites, between functional areas on-site. Local and state codes for light levels on streets and highways shall be followed where they exist. These will typically be lower than the recommended levels on-site. Port lighting design shall provide a smooth transition between areas of different illuminance levels.

19.6.7 Pedestrian/Bicycle Traffic

Where there is a bicycle lane that runs through the vehicular inspection route, it shall follow the same lighting standards as for non-commercial vehicles. Where pedestrians and bicycles follow a pathway route through the building, facial and silhouette recognition at a distance is imperative. On pathways approaching and exiting the building vertical illumination shall be equal to the horizontal illumination on the pathway. This shall allow for good facial recognition at 30 feet (9 meters) distance, providing both a sense of security for pedestrians and good visibility for officers.

19.6.8 Building Perimeter

For a distance of 30 feet (9 meters) around the perimeter of the building, plus the area between bus parking and building if it is not within that area, there is need for an increased level of security. The perimeter area shall be visible from either inside the building or from adjacent inspection areas, as well as to CCTV coverage. Both vertical and horizontal illumination shall be double what is on the other pathways. As with pedestrian paths, good vertical illuminance is critical.

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19.6.9 Perimeter Fence

The primary visual task at the fence is to see movement in the vicinity that might indicate illegal crossing.

Vertical illumination is the metric that allows officers to best observe activity in the area. An even transition over a clear zone between the fence and adjacent area illumination levels is critical for good visibility.

Pole or structure mounted luminaires located at regular spacing are an excellent way to achieve the required vertical illuminance. They shall be located within the site and aimed at the fence so that any activity can be viewed from inside the fence where the observers are located. Light emissions over the fence can be considered light trespass. Careful planning shall limit the effect of this light trespass. Coordination with IA is required for pole placement, fixture aiming, and CCTV lighting requirements.

19.6.10 Exterior Lighting Criteria

Refer to the section on Electrical Distribution for the essential power system requirements. Site lighting except where required to be locally switched shall be controlled by photocell and time clock. Where specific areas are required to be locally switched, central override capabilities shall be provided. All site lighting that is on the essential power system shall use either instant-on light sources or include emergency restrike technology to maintain minimum required light levels until normal power is restored and restrike is accomplished.

Table 19.1 provides illuminance levels and uniformity ratios required for specific lighting zones within functional areas throughout the LPOE exterior site. Horizontal illuminance is given as an average with uniformity requirements within the boundaries of each area because this metric covers ground planes where edges might comfortably drop below a minimum without affecting the overall visual acuity. The minimums are effectively determined by the uniformity ratio between average and minimum illuminance in the zone.

The task plane for horizontal illuminance is assumed to be the ground for these functional areas. Vertical illuminance, typically measured at 5 feet (1500mm) from the ground surface, is given as a minimum because an officer's ability to see an object or person in their field of view is contingent upon a minimum amount of light falling on that vertical surface. Shadow areas shall have a negative effect on the visual acuity of that observer.

Table 19.1 Exterior Lighting Requirements

Lighting Zone Horizontal Illuminance

Avg. fc (lux)†

Horizontal Uniformity Avg. : Min.

Vertical Illuminance* Min. fc (lux)†

Approach 3 (32) 6:1 N/A Pre-Inspection 10 (108) 4:1 5 (54) Inspection Point – Uncovered*** 20 (216) 2:1 10 (108) Inspection Point – Covered*** 50 (538) N/A N/A Post Inspection 10 (108) 4:1 5 (54) Non-Commercial Transition to Secondary

5 (54) 4:1 1.25 (13)

Secondary -Basic** 10 (108) 4:1 2.5 (27) Secondary- Enhanced** 30 (323) 2:1 5 (54) Secondary - Task** 50 (538) N/A N/A Commercial Transition to Secondary

0.5 (5) 10:1 N/A

Transition to Exit 0.9 (10) 6:1 N/A Pedestrian/Bikeway 2 (22) 4:1 1 (11) Building Perimeter 4 (43) 4:1 2 (22) Parking – open area 2 (22) 10:1 1 (11)

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Perimeter Fence** 2(22) N/A N/A)

* Measured at 5 feet (1.5m) above ground, facing the observer.

** 2 FC Illumination at 3’ height for perimeter fencing shall be maintained.

† Maintained

** If all parameters of the lighting standard are not incorporated into the Secondary Inspection design, then the maximum illuminance levels for task lighting shall be achieved throughout the area.

***Inbound or Outbound

19.6.11 Exterior Photometric Calculations

The atypical nature of these facilities, along with the critical importance of exterior lighting to achieving CBP's mission throughout LPOE sites, necessitates the requirement that calculations be used to verify compliance with these standards. In order to verify that the site light level requirements shall be met, computer calculation summaries shall be provided during the Design Development phase of the project, and updated during Construction Document phase.

Lighting calculations shall be performed for the following functional areas, as applicable to each project:

Overall Site (include Transition Zones between specific Areas of Interest) Pre-Primary Inspection (Non-Commercial and Commercial) Primary Inspection (Non-Commercial and Commercial) Secondary Inspection Cargo Inspection Outbound Inspection (Non-Commercial and Commercial) Border Fence Parking (Public and Staff)

Calculation Set Up

Exterior lighting calculations shall utilize the point-by-point method for maintained illuminance values. For areas under canopies, calculations shall include the inter-reflectance of adjacent surfaces. Horizontal points shall be on a grid no greater than 3 feet x 3 feet (9m x 9m) on center for all inspection areas, and 10 feet x 10 feet (3m x 3m) on center for open site areas, at the task elevation (i.e. ground for site lighting). Vertical points shall be on a grid no greater than 10 feet (3m) on center at 5feet (1.5m) above the ground. Vertical illumination data oriented towards the officers’ typical sightlines shall be provided.

Calculation Summaries

The calculation summaries shall include:

Fixtures: Fixture description, initial fixture lumens, lamp lumen deprecation (LLD), luminaire dirt deprecation (LDD), ballast factor (if applicable), and name of photometric file.

Surfaces: All surfaces used in the calculation (permanent objects, ground, floor, ceiling, etc.) and their assumed respective reflectance/transmission value.

Calculation Results: Identify area of calculation grid, description of grid, units used (fc), average, maximum, minimum, average to minimum, and maximum to minimum.

Plots: Architectural/Civil background drawings with point-by-point values overlaid at a readable font size. Provide scale of drawing. Provide as many plots as required to show all Areas of Interest at a reasonable printed scale.

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Renderings: Simple 3D renderings integral to the calculation program that include inter-reflectance are recommended. 3D Renderings can help the design team and reviewers better understand the lighting situation. Identify the view shown in the rendering.

19.6.12 General Design Considerations

Energy Efficient Lighting Design

Lighting design that combines principles of human visual perception with energy efficient light sources is referred to as Energy Effective Lighting Design.

All fluorescent and LED troffers shall meet Commercial Building Energy Alliance High Efficiency Troffer Specifications.

The elements of lighting that contribute to good outdoor nighttime visual acuity in high security areas are:

Appropriate relationship between horizontal and vertical illuminance;

Balanced luminance contrast ratios between objects and areas to avoid glare;

Uniformity of illuminance over areas within the visual field;

Color quality of the light source.

IESNA Handbook includes a chapter that discusses the Quality of the Visual Environment, and is the best source for detailed information on this subject.

Horizontal and Vertical Illuminance Ratio

IESNA recommends setting both horizontal and vertical illuminance2 levels for specific tasks and establishing an appropriate relationship between the two. The ratio depends on the relative importance of the horizontal and vertical planes to the visual task. At LPOEs vertical illuminance is important for tasks that require facial recognition, vehicle inspection, and reading license plates on the front of a vehicle.

Illuminances in Table 19.1 are based on the relative importance of this relationship.

Glare

Direct glare is created when an object or area is substantially brighter than its surround (e.g. floodlight against a dark sky). The eye adjusts to the brightest object in its field of view, making the less bright area appear dimmer than it actually is. This can happen even if the bright object is in the peripheral vision.

When attempting to focus full attention onto a vehicle or person, direct glare is a mission compromising distraction.3

Reflected glare is created when the image of a relatively bright object is reflected into the eye by a polished surface such as a window. It is particularly a problem at LPOE inspection booths when the area viewed through the window is dark (e.g. dark night sky) and the reflection is a ceiling mounted light fixture. This condition results in a mission compromising condition where the view outside can be obliterated, and on-coming vehicles are obscured.

2 Vertical illuminance has orientation characteristics relative to the viewer's position, and is usually measured at 1500mm above the ground. A high level of vertical illuminance in relation to horizontal illuminance (in excess of 1v:1h) risks glare since it is best accomplished with light emitted at high angles from a luminaire.

3 IESNA Technical Manual, TM-15-07 (revised), revised the classification system for outdoor luminaires beyond the "cut-off" terminology that had been prevalent for many years. TM-15-07 defines multiple solid angles within the light distribution pattern from a luminaire. It allows for greater accuracy in predicting the potential for direct glare from outdoor luminaires. Light emitted at higher angles presents the greatest glare challenge. Care shall be taken that it is directed away from the critical viewing angle. The Luminaire Classification System (LCM) in the Technical Manual is an excellent aid in controlling these critical angles

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Uniformity of Site Lighting

Uniformity of light level helps an observer perceive specific visual information within an area and adapt properly when moving through it. The criticality and type of the visual task, as well as the speed with which it needs to be accomplished, determine the acceptable range. Table 19.1 provides uniformity criteria for each lighting zone. Shadows from objects within the area have a negative effect on uniformity. Shadows directed away from the viewing officer are of lesser consequence compared to shadows cast in front an on-coming vehicle.

Light Spectrum and Color

Color rendering is a general term for the effect that a light source has on the apparent color of an object being illuminated. Color Rendering Index (CRI) defines how true a color appears under a light source in comparison to a theoretical reference source of comparable color temperature.4 A CRI of 85 or higher is critical to visual acuity with time constraints such as at inspection areas.5

Color temperature (correlated color temperature for non-incandescent light sources) indicates where the light source is located on a continuum of apparent color from warm (low color temperature) to cool (high color temperature).

Spectral Power Distribution (SPD) indicates which wavelengths of light a lamp produces. The breadth of distribution of wavelengths across the spectrum is also a good indicator of the lamp's color rendering ability.

Therefore, it shall be considered when selecting light sources.

Environmental factors

Environmental factors include energy efficacy, light pollution, light trespass, and effects on the waste stream of toxic elements such as mercury and lead. Sustainability goals for all LPOE projects necessitate consideration of these factors.

To take advantage of manufacturer progress toward highly efficient lamps in ever smaller packages with minimal use of mercury, designers shall develop thorough documentation of costs and benefits early in design documents for review and approval because specification may require sole source equipment.

Light pollution (light directed or reflected into the nighttime sky) and light trespass (light falling on neighboring properties) are issues that require coordination between site planning, architecture and lighting design, and shall be addressed during the feasibility study/pre-design phase and confirmed throughout design to ensure best results. Light pollution level requirements shall meet all LEED requirements.

All exterior lighting fixtures in the areas within 1000 feet of a residential zone shall be “cut-off” fixtures and limit lighting that is visible and measurable at the property line. Illumination level shall not be increased more than .01FC at 10 feet from property line.

Lighting fixtures shall not be used to highlight trees and other site features. Flagpoles and other identifications signs/ memorials can be highlighted.

Lighting controls are one of the best methods for reducing energy use while improving the overall visual environment. Dimming, multi-level switching and careful zoning allows substantial reduction of energy use, providing increased illuminance only where and when it is needed. This strategy helps to ease contrast, 4 Both sunlight and halogen incandescent are considered to have a CRI of 100%.

5 The CRI is a product of a system that may include a ballast (or transformer), controls, and/or the lamp or LED.

Ceramic metal halide lamps designed for use with electronic ballasts shall not perform up to the specified level if they are run on magnetic ballasts.

Power, Lighting and Grounding 19-15

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reduce glare, and improve uniformity while providing flexibility for officers in critical situations. Instant-on and dimmable light sources shall be selected when using this technique since warm-up times impede the ability to increase light levels quickly when needed. Primary and secondary inspection areas are the best application of this technique, although general site areas can benefit as well where special security is of concern. The ability to vary and customize light levels for different individual personal needs can provide strong benefits for CBP officers.

Visual Tasks

The IESNA method of determining appropriate illuminance levels is to identify the specific visual tasks that need to be performed. The tasks are rated on an increasing scale from simple orientation to tasks that require increasing visual acuity because of decreasing contrast, size, and increasing speed. Each task level is grouped into an illuminance category with a recommended target illuminance. These categories are recommendations that may be affected by mitigating factors in specific conditions. Determining the mitigating circumstances is dependent on knowing exactly what the visual tasks are at each location.

Many visual tasks required at LPOE site areas require quick decisions based on visual cues. Security considerations under these conditions necessitate an increased level of illuminance be considered under certain circumstances, depending on the size of the facility, the perceived risk, and the specific task areas included in the project.

Specific visual tasks are discussed in the section dealing with various functional areas. It is incumbent on the design team to develop a thorough understanding of the visual tasks at each location. Discussions with LPOE personnel are encouraged as a way to understand the visual issues they face.

Transition Zones

Determine the location and extent of transition zones between functional task areas, and provide appropriate illumination levels within those zones. Transitions between areas with high illuminance requirements and those with lower levels shall maintain a smooth gradient based on appropriate uniformity criteria in order to maintain a high level of visual acuity throughout the site. These transition zones shall be identified early in the design of a project, so that lighting strategies can be applied to guarantee ease of visual adaptation for officers performing their duties.

Site Geometry

Site geometries influence and may be influenced by lighting requirements. Factors such as the extent of transition zones, glare mitigation, and visibility of important surveillance areas can sometimes be improved with adjustments of site geometries that respond to line of sight realities. Design teams shall review site geometries and lighting relationships with the goal of maximizing visibility throughout the site.

19.6.13 Interior Lighting

The entire lighting system shall comply with the latest minimum ASHRAE 90.1 Standard.

Daylighting

Daylighting typically refers two separate concepts: the ability of occupants to see outdoors and the displacement of electric lighting due to the harvesting the daylight. Daylighting techniques shall be analyzed to apply for projects for comfort level, increased productivity and energy saving. And increased project cost. Daylight harvesting system can be utilized to offset electric light and photo sensors and dimming modules can be used to control electrical lights.