Attachment 8 - Final_NFARS_MOSF_SAP_Rev 1_May 2023.pdf

Sampling and Analysis Plan Groundwater Monitoring Well Sampling Plan for

Major Oil Storage Facility (MOSF) License

Niagara Falls Air Reserve Station (NFARS)

Niagara Falls, New York

Prepared by:

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Buffalo District

1776 Niagara Street

Buffalo, N.Y. 14207

P2# 508683

FINAL REV 1

May 2023

PART I: FIELD SAMPLING PLAN

1.0 INTRODUCTION

2.0 SITE BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

2.1 Site Background

2.1.1 Geology

2.1.2 Hydrogeology

2.1.2.1 Overburden

2.1.2.2 Shallow Bedrock

2.1.2.3 Deep Bedrock

2.1.3 Nearby Installation Restoration Program (IRP) Sites

2.2 Purpose

3.0 GENERAL APPROACH

4.0 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GROUNDWATER FLOW

5.0 FIELD SAMPLING PLAN

5.1 Overview

5.2 Groundwater Testing

5.2.1 Sampling Procedure

5.2.1.1 Passive Diffusion Bags

5.2.1.2 Low-Flow Sampling

5.2.1.3 Additional Sampling Requirements

5.2.2 Initial Groundwater Testing

5.2.3 Six-Month Groundwater Testing

5.2.4 Annual Groundwater Testing

5.3 Monthly Groundwater Monitoring

PART II: QUALITY ASSURANCE PROJECT PLAN

6.0 DATA QUALITY OBJECTIVES

6.1 DQO Process

6.2 Data Use

6.3 Analytical Data Quality

7.0 FIELD EQUIPMENT

8.0 SAMPLE HANDLING, PRESERVATION, AND HOLDING TIMES

9.0 FIELD LOGBOOKS AND SAMPLE IDENTIFICATION

10.0 PHOTOGRAPHS

11.0 ANALYTICAL DATA REVIEW

12.0 NON-CONFORMANCE AND CORRECTIVE ACTIONS

REFERENCES

FIGURES:

FIGURE 1: PROPOSED MONITORING WELL LOCATIONS

FIGURE 2: GENERAL LOCATION OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT UNITS

FIGURE 3: SITE 5 LOCATION MAP

FIGURE 4: SITE 8 LOCATION MAP

TABLES:

TABLE 1: ANALYTICAL METHODS AND ANALYTES FOR GROUNDWATER SAMPLING

TABLE 2: MONTHLY MONITORING WELL REPORT

APPENDICES:

APPENDIX A: ACTIVITY HAZARDS ANALYSIS

APPENDIX B: WELL INSTALLATION FIELD ACTIVITY FORMS

APPENDIX C: ASTM STANDARDS

APPENDIX D: USACE ENGINEERING MANUAL 1110-1-4000

APPENDIX E: WELL INSTALLATION PLAN

APPENDIX F: GEOLOGY AND HYDROGEOLOGY

APPENDIX G: WEST POL YARD CONTROL POINT

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

ARW Air Refueling Wing

ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials

BOMARC Boeing Michigan Aeronautical Research Center

COC Chemical of Concern

CoC Chain of Custody

CVOC Chlorinated Volatile Organic Compound

DER-11 Procedures for Licensing Onshore Major Oil Storage Facilities, DEC Program Policy

DO Dissolved Oxygen

DoD Department of Defense

DoD QSM Department of Defense Quality Systems Manual

DQI Data Quality Indicator

DQO Data Quality Objective

E&E Ecology and Environment, Inc.

ELAP Environmental Laboratory Approval Program

EM Engineering Manual

EPA Environmental Protection Agency ft feet ft/ft foot per foot ft/min feet per minute

ID Identification

IRP Installation Restoration Program

LCS Laboratory Control Samples

MOSF Major Oil Storage Facility

MS Matrix Spike

MSD Matrix Spike Duplicate

MTBE Methyl tertiary-butyl ether

NFARS Niagara Falls Air Reserve Station

NTU Nephelometric Turbidity Unit

NYANG New York Air National Guard

NYSDEC New York State Department of Environmental Conservation

NYSDOH New York State Department of Health

PDB Passive Diffusion Bags

PID Photoionization Detector

POL Petroleum, Oils, and Lubricants

QA Quality Assurance

QC Quality Control

RPD Relative Percent Difference

SAP Sampling and Analysis Plan

USACE United States Army Corps of Engineers

USGS United States Department of the Interior Geological Survey

VOC Volatile Organic Compound

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Part I: Field Sampling Plan

1.0 Introduction

The following Field Sampling Plan applies to field activities planned at the Niagara Falls Air Reserve

Station (NFARS) located in Niagara Falls, New York. The NFARS 914th Air Refueling Wing is seeking to obtain a Major Oil Storage Facility (MOSF) license through the New York State Department of

Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC). A hydrant project at the West Petroleum, Oils, and Lubricants

(POL) Yard will include the installation of a 10,000-barrel (420,000 gallon) storage tank, as seen on Figure

1. The fuel storage area, from here on out referred to as the Site, will have a total petroleum storage capacity that exceeds 400,000 gallons after installation of the new storage tank, which requires the NFARS to obtain a MOSF license from the NYSDEC. The MOSF requirements include the monitoring and testing of nearby groundwater to detect for any leaks or spills from the tanks into the subsurface. This plan provides the requirements for the groundwater sampling and monitoring requirements for the MOSF license in accordance with NYSDEC Program Policy, Procedures for Licensing Onshore Major Oil Storage Facilities

(DER-11).

2.0 Site Background and Purpose

2.1 Site Background

The NFARS is in Niagara County, New York, approximately 16 miles north of the city of Buffalo and 6 miles east of the city of Niagara Falls. The Site is an approximately 7-acre portion of the approximately

547-acre NFARS. The NFARS was established as an Air Force Reserve facility in November 1942.

Numerous host and tenant organizations of the Air Force Reserve and New York Air National Guard have occupied the base to accomplish various US Air Force missions.

The Site was undeveloped/agricultural land until 1959 when the North American Defense Command

Defense System IM-99B Boeing Michigan Aeronautical Research Center (BOMARC) missile complex was constructed around what is now the new hydrant fuels project. The 35th Air Defense Missile Squadron was activated to maintain the missile complex, which housed 48 BOMARC missiles. The 35th Air Defense

Missile Squadron and missiles were deactivated in the late 1960’s, when the New York Air National Guard

(NYANG) 107th Tactical Fighter Group became the primary occupants of the area around the Site.

Complete phase out of the BOMARC air defense mission occurred in 1972. After some reorganization, the

107th was designated as the 107th Air Refueling Wing (ARW) in 1994. The West POL Yard was used for

POL storage in support of KC-135R aircraft. In 2017, the 914th ARW took over operations at the Site. The hydrant fuels project provides upgrades to the West POL Yard to include an increase in fuel storage on the

Site. The West POL Yard to include upgrades is shown on Figure 1.

2.1.1 Geology

Near surface geology consists of unconsolidated overburden over dolostone bedrock. The unconsolidated overburden is comprised of the following layers (in descending order).

• Reworked fill topsoil (Ecology and Environment, Inc. (E&E) 2000b).

• Lacustrine deposits: Horizontally bedded, varved, reddish brown silty clays, often containing thin laminae of gray clay above tan silt or sand layers. Thickness of the upper clay layer ranges from 3

2 | P a g e to 13 feet (ft) (average 9.3 ft). A laterally discontinuous lower silt and sand layer ranges from 0 to

3.5 ft thick (average 1.1 ft) (E&E 2000b).

• Glacial till: Unsorted reddish-brown clay, silt, sand, gravel, and cobbles that ranges from approximately 0.5 to 7.5 ft thick (average 3 ft) (E&E 2000b).

The Lockport Dolostone occurs at approximately 9 to 17.5 ft below ground surface. The top 5 to 15 ft contains horizontal bedding plane fractures and some vertical fracturing. The upper section is generally more fractured than deeper sections (E&E 2000b).

2.1.2 Hydrogeology

Groundwater occurs in three zones.

• Overburden: Within lacustrine silt/sand and glacial till.

• Shallow bedrock: The upper 5 to 15 ft that contains horizontal bedding planes, vertical fractures, and joints.

• Deep bedrock: Unweathered bedrock from 15 to 35 ft beneath the rock surface.

Most of the overburden and shallow bedrock groundwater originates locally as infiltration where the lacustrine clay has either been removed or modified by previous development (E&E 2000a).

2.1.2.1 Overburden

Groundwater flow in the overburden is variable and exhibits southeast, south, and southwest directions.

Hydraulic properties of the overburden zone are summarized below.

• Hydraulic conductivity ranges from 7.5x10-5 feet per minute (ft/min) to 3.9x10-2 ft/min (geometric mean of 1.1x10-3 ft/min) (E&E 2000a).

• Horizontal hydraulic gradient is less than 1 percent (E&E 1996).

• Vertical hydraulic gradient (overburden – shallow bedrock) is downward (E&E 2000a).

• Porosity (estimated) is 0.4 (silty sand) and 0.2 (glacial till) (United States Department of the Interior

Geological Survey (USGS) 1982).

2.1.2.2 Shallow Bedrock

The shallow bedrock zone is weathered. Groundwater occurs in bedding planes, fractures, and joints within the upper 5 to 15 ft. The regional groundwater flow direction is primarily south and exhibits seasonal variability (E&E 2000a).

Hydraulic properties of the shallow bedrock zone are summarized below.

• Hydraulic conductivity ranges from 1.0x10-3 ft/min to 3.5x10-2 ft/min (geometric mean of 6.9x10-3 ft/min) (E&E 2000a).

• Horizontal hydraulic gradient is less than 1 percent (E&E 1996).

• Vertical hydraulic gradient (shallow – deep bedrock) is downward (E&E 2000a).

• Porosity (estimated) is 0.1 (USGS 1982)

2.1.2.3 Deep Bedrock

The deep bedrock zone is unweathered and transmits groundwater primarily through horizontal joints.

Hydraulic conductivity of this zone has significant horizontal-vertical anisotropy (E&E 1996). An

3 | P a g e important consequence is that vertical flow from upper zones is very limited. Horizontal hydraulic conductivity of the deep bedrock zone has been measured at 7.5x10-5 to 3.0x10-3 ft/min (E&E 2000a).

2.1.3 Nearby Installation Restoration Program (IRP) Sites

Two solid waste management units managed under the United States Department of Defense (DoD)

Installation Restoration Program (IRP) are situated at or adjacent to the West POL Yard. The sites are identified in this plan for awareness of nearby IRP sites and are not expected to have an impact at the new monitoring wells to be installed for the MOSF license.

• Site 5 (DS004) – Former BOMARC Missile Site

• Site 8 (DS002) – Former Building 202 Drum Storage Area

IRP Site 5 is located within the West POL Yard and south (downgradient) of the bulk fuel storage tanks.

IRP Site 8 is northeast (upgradient) of the West POL Yard. Chlorinated volatile organic compounds

(CVOC) have been detected at both of these sites. Over the years, these sites have been investigated and, in some cases, remedial actions performed under a Consent Order with the NYSDEC. The location of these sites is shown in Figures 2, 3, and 4.

2.2 Purpose

Monitoring wells will be installed, and groundwater sampling will be conducted at the Site pursuant to

MOSF license requirements identified in DER-11/Procedures for Licensing Onshore Major Oil Storage

Facilities (NYSDEC 2007).

3.0 General Approach

Four soil borings will be drilled and completed as monitoring wells in proximity to the fuel storage tanks and secondary containment structures. One well will be installed hydraulically upgradient and three will be installed hydraulically downgradient of the storage tanks to determine the ambient groundwater quality and to detect contamination from the tanks. While drilling, soil core samples will be collected when the composition of the soil layer changes or at 5-foot intervals, whichever comes first. Sample core properties will be documented using visual-manual procedure American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)

D2488 (Appendix C). Monitoring well installation will follow procedures provided in US Army Corps of

Engineers (USACE) Engineering Manual (EM) 1110-1-4000 (Appendix D), which meets the minimum requirements for well installation in DER-11. Well installation will occur at the proposed locations (Figure

1) and wells will have their screen set to the surface of the groundwater table in the overburden. Specific locations and screening depths of monitoring wells will be determined by the USACE field drilling team and may vary slightly from those proposed based on obstructions or drilling conditions. Once installed, the wells will have riser and casing elevations surveyed to the nearest 0.01 ft in reference to the control point in Appendix G. Well development will be performed to ensure that each well is free flowing and accurately represents the conditions of the groundwater table. Soil boring and well installation activities will be documented in a field notebook and the forms in Appendix B.

Soils and water that exhibit elevated photoionization detector (PID) readings, sheens, unusual odors, strange colors, or signs of gross contamination that are removed from each location throughout soil boring, well installation, and development will be containerized, characterized, and disposed of off-base while meeting all relevant and applicable state and federal requirements. The remainder of soils will be containerized and remain on site for placement around wells, grading, and seeding once well installation is complete. The

4 | P a g e associated Activity Hazards Analyses present detailed health and safety procedures to be followed during performance of Site activities (Appendix A). Additional details on well installation can be found in

Appendix E.

Wells will be monitored monthly for the presence of free product. The results of monthly monitoring will be compiled into a monthly monitoring well report and kept at the NFARS. The NYSDEC Regional Office will be notified if free product is found during monitoring. Testing of groundwater will be performed on samples collected initially after installation and development, six months after initial testing, and on an annual basis from then on. Samples sent for testing will be analyzed at a laboratory which is Environmental

Laboratory Approval Program (ELAP)-certified by the New York State Department of Health (NYSDOH) for the analytes listed in Table 1. The laboratory analytical report containing the results from sampling will be submitted to the Regional Office after each sampling event. The analytical parameters and the frequency of annual sampling may be subject to change after initial sampling results are received by the

Regional Office. The results of monitoring and testing will be used by the NYSDEC to determine if a leak or spill has occurred and whether additional action is warranted.

4.0 Geological Survey of Groundwater Flow

There will be four total monitoring wells installed for the Site. Figure 1 depicts the proposed monitoring well locations. Monitoring well installation specifications are provided in Appendix E. The locations and screening depths of the monitoring wells consider geologic, hydrogeologic, and other on-site conditions.

The specific gravity of Jet A specification fuel is approximately 0.775 to 0.84, which indicates that any spilled free product from the tanks will float on the water table surface in the uppermost water bearing zone.

The monitoring wells will be screened across the water table in the uppermost water bearing zone, which occurs in the lacustrine silt/sand and glacial till in the overburden (Appendix F). One (1) monitoring well will be placed hydraulically upgradient of the fuel storage tanks and three (3) monitoring wells will be located hydraulically downgradient of the fuel storage tanks. Groundwater flow direction near the Site in the overburden is variable and has exhibits southeast, south, and southwest flow directions. This variability in groundwater flow direction is shown in the groundwater contour maps in Figures 2-17 of Appendix F.

To consider the direction and variability of groundwater flow, the downgradient monitoring wells will be placed to the south of the tanks in an approximate line that spans from east to west. The upgradient well be placed north of the tanks to determine ambient groundwater quality.

In determining how fast a potential leak or spill can move and how long it might go before it is detected, the seepage velocity of the water, along which the product is travelling, is to be considered. Three factors contribute to the seepage velocity: hydraulic conductivity, hydraulic gradient, and porosity. Previous sampling reports indicate that the overburden soils in the uppermost water bearing zone have a geometric mean hydraulic conductivity of 1.1x10-3 ft/min at nearby IRP Site 5 and 2.2x10-4 ft/min at nearby IRP Site

8. A horizontal hydraulic gradient of 5.0x10-3 ft/ft was selected as an average considering both IRP Sites 5 and 8. The average porosity of the silty sand and glacial till is 0.3. This contributes to the calculated seepage velocity in the overburden of 9.6 ft/year at IRP Site 5 and 1.9 ft/year at IRP Site 8. Further details on the calculation of seepage velocity can be found in Appendix F. A potential leak or spill from the fuel storage tanks would be expected to move through the overburden at or around the calculated seepage velocities. To provide an increased chance of detection and more timely response to a spill or leak from the fuel tanks, the hydraulically downgradient wells be placed in close proximity to the tanks and secondary

5 | P a g e containment structures. The wells will be placed less than 50 feet from the secondary containment structures.

Historic activities at the Site included the installation and use of the IM-99B BOMARC missile complex.

Remnants of the 48 structures that housed the BOMARC missiles still exist on the Site. The remnants of each structure are 36-foot long, 22-foot wide, 1-foot thick reinforced concrete slabs at ground surface that sits next to 24-foot long, 22-foot wide launcher pits, which have 13-inch thick reinforced concrete walls and 25-inch thick reinforced concrete floors that sit approximately 6 ft below ground surface. Some of these BOMARC missile foundations have been removed, and some remain. The proposed locations of the monitoring wells were selected to avoid these foundations along with other underground obstructions and nearby structures, such as Building 2410.

The locations in Figure 1 are proposed monitoring well locations. Specific locations and screening depths of monitoring wells will be determined by the USACE field drilling team and may vary slightly from those proposed based on obstructions or drilling conditions. Soil boring and monitoring well installation activities will be documented in a field notebook and the forms in Appendix B. Once installed, the wells will have riser and casing elevations surveyed to the nearest 0.01 ft in reference to the control point in Appendix G.

Additional information regarding well installation can be found in Appendix E.

5.0 Field Sampling Plan

5.1 Overview

Four monitoring wells (MOSF-01, MOSF-02, MOSF-03, and MOSF-04) will be sampled annually and monitored monthly for the presence of free product. Sampling will also be conducted initially after well installation as well as six months after well installation. Sampling will include the collection of groundwater samples from each of the four wells using either passive diffusion bags (PDBs) or low-flow sampling. Samples, along with a trip blank provided by the laboratory, will be analyzed for volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE), using Environmental Protection

Agency (EPA) Method 8260 (Table 1). Samples from initial groundwater testing will also be analyzed for semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) using EPA Method 8270 (Table 1). Monthly monitoring will include the measurement of groundwater depth and product thickness (if present), and identification of sheen (if present).

Prior to sampling and monitoring events, the contractor will contact the NFARS point of contact to schedule the sampling/monitoring event. At least 24 hours’ notice is required. Monthly monitoring will occur during the third week of each month and annual sampling will take place between April 15 and May 15 of each year for the duration of the project. Monitoring and sampling will be performed between 7:15 a.m. and

4:00 p.m. Monday through Friday, excluding federal holidays. The contractor will also sign in at Building

403 before performing work.

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5.2 Groundwater Testing

5.2.1 Sampling Procedure

5.2.1.1 Passive Diffusion Bags

PDB samplers will be used as the preferred sampling method when testing for VOCs. Depth‐to‐water will be measured at each well using an oil/water interface probe prior to PDB deployment to ensure enough water is present to deploy the PDBs.

PDBs will be attached to a dedicated stainless‐steel wire suspension apparatus and lowered into the well to the midpoint of the well’s screened interval. If there is insufficient water in a well to reach the midpoint of the screen, the PDB will be suspended lower to remain fully saturated throughout the deployment period.

The samplers will remain undisturbed in the well until retrieval, at which time the water level in each well will be re-measured to ensure the PDB remained submerged. The PDB samplers will then be removed from the wells using the attached cable following a minimum 2-week equilibration period. If no free product or sheen is present, the groundwater will be discharged back to the ground at the point of recovery.

5.2.1.2 Low-Flow Sampling

The low-flow sampling method will be used when sampling for SVOCs, as well as an alternative method when sampling for VOCs. Depth‐to‐water will be measured at each well using an oil/water interface probe prior to sampling to ensure enough water is present to perform low-flow sampling.

The monitoring wells will be purged and sampled using low-flow sampling procedures found in ASTM

D6771 (Appendix C). Groundwater water quality indicator parameters will be collected during the time of stabilization. A turbidity level of 10 Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU) or less is the well purging goal, but not an absolute value before sampling as natural groundwater turbidity levels may exceed the established value. Other field parameters including temperature, pH, conductivity, oxidation-reduction potential, and dissolved oxygen (DO) will also be monitored. Parameters are considered stable after three successive readings made several minutes apart are within ±1 degree Celsius for temperature, ±0.2 for pH, ±3% for conductivity, ±20 mV for oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), and ±10% for DO. Field measurements will be taken from the flow cell and will be recorded during and after purging, and before sampling. The groundwater of each well will be purged until parameters have been stabilized then samples will be taken. If no free product or sheen is present in the purge water, the purge water may be discharged to the ground at the point of recovery. Samples will be collected once purging and stabilization of water quality parameters has been completed.

5.2.1.3 Additional Sampling Requirements

The samples will be collected in laboratory-provided sample bottles (pre-preserved, if appropriate) and placed in iced coolers immediately after collection. The groundwater samples and laboratory-supplied trip blank will be submitted for laboratory analysis at a laboratory which is ELAP-certified by the NYSDOH.

Samples collected from all sampling events will be analyzed for VOCs, including MTBE, using EPA

Method 8260. Samples collected for initial groundwater testing will also be analyzed for SVOCs using

EPA Method 8270. Specific compounds that will be reported are listed in Table 1. After receiving the analytical results from the lab, the NFARS will send the laboratory analytical report to the NYSDEC

Regional Office. The laboratory will also send a copy directly to the Regional Office.

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A photograph log of groundwater sampling activities, copies of the daily field notes, and well purge logs will be included in the Report of Performed Activities.

If free product is found during sampling, sampling personnel shall immediately contact 914 MSG/CEV so

Government personnel can make the appropriate notifications the NYSDEC Spill Hotline. Groundwater samples should not be collected from monitoring wells containing free product.

5.2.2 Initial Groundwater Testing

The purpose of initial groundwater testing is to determine a baseline assessment of water quality.

After well installation and development has been completed, testing for SVOCs and VOCs, including

MTBE, will be performed at all wells using PDBs or low-flow sampling methods as discussed above. The analytical parameters and the frequency of annual sampling may be subject to change after initial sampling results are received by the Regional Office.

5.2.3 Six-Month Groundwater Testing

Six months after initial groundwater testing, all wells will be resampled for VOCs, including MTBE, using

PDBs or low-flow sampling techniques as discussed above. Based on the results from initial and six-month groundwater testing, the Regional Office may require that testing be done more frequently than every 12 months.

5.2.4 Annual Groundwater Testing

Between April 15 and May 15 of each year, annual sampling for VOCs, including MTBE, will be performed using PDBs or low-flow sampling techniques as discussed above unless the Regional Office specifies a different testing period. If a different testing period is required by the Regional Office, that schedule will be followed using the same sampling techniques.

Along with analytical testing, inspections will be conducted to determine and document the physical condition of the monitoring wells. This will include inspecting the condition of well identification markings and paint, protective casing locks, protective casing cover, monitoring well riser, concrete pad, and guard posts. The inspection shall also include a check of the well casing annulus for the presence of trapped water.

5.3 Monthly Groundwater Monitoring

Monthly monitoring will be performed to check for the presence of free product. Depth‐to‐water will be measured at each well using an oil/water interface probe prior to collecting samples. Monitoring for free product will be conducted using manual methods, such as a bailer, product paste, electronic hydrocarbon probe, or other equivalent method. If a bailer is used, a dedicated, clear, PVC bailer will be placed in each well. Visually inspect for free product or sheen. Measure product thickness if present.

Results from the visual test will be recorded on a Monthly Monitoring Report (Table 2) and kept on file at the NFARS as part of the monthly inspection. If free product is found, sampling personnel shall immediately contact 914 MSG/CEV so Government personnel can make the appropriate notifications the NYSDEC Spill Hotline. If no free product or sheen is present, the groundwater will be discharged back to the ground at the point of recovery.

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Part II: Quality Assurance Project Plan

6.0 Data Quality Objectives

Data quality objectives (DQOs) are meant to ensure the quality and integrity of samples, accuracy and precision of analyses, representativeness, comparability, and completeness of results to meet project objectives. The DQOs are dependent on the data, users of the collected data and can also be expressed in terms of objectives for precision, accuracy, representativeness, completeness, comparability, and sensitivity.

6.1 DQO Process

The DQO process is comprised of seven steps designed specifically for data collection and analysis which supports informed decision making.

The seven-step DQO process includes:

1. State the Problem – The groundwater near the NFARS fuel storage tanks must be characterized for monitoring and leak detection purposes.

2. Identify the Goals of the Study – To characterize the groundwater at the Site to monitor for leaks or spills in accordance with NYSDEC MOSF regulations (NYSDEC 2007).

3. Identify the Information Inputs – Inputs include data types and information required to make informed decisions. For the groundwater sampling these include:

• Analyses will be performed on groundwater samples collected from the monitoring wells installed at the Site. All samples will be analyzed for VOCs, including MTBE, in accordance with Table 1.

4. Define the Boundaries of the Study – The groundwater sampling will be performed at the Site in proximity to the fuel storage tanks at the NFARS in Niagara Falls, New York between April 15 and May 15 each year.

5. Develop the Analytical Approach – All environmental samples will be analyzed by a third-party laboratory which is ELAP-certified by the NYSDOH. Analytical results will be compared to existing groundwater standards.

6. Specify Performance and Acceptance Criteria – The analytical laboratory must meet quantification limits specified by the NYSDEC. Precision and accuracy will comply with limits established in the Department of Defense Quality Systems Manual (DoD QSM).

7. Develop the Plan for Obtaining Data – The sampling and analysis plan (SAP) was developed based on the needs of the project and obtaining sufficient quality data to address the project objectives.

6.2 Data Use

Information and data obtained during the sampling program that will be considered in evaluating the Site includes:

▪ Sample location information

▪ Descriptive data from the results of sampling

▪ Results of QA and QC data review

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6.3 Analytical Data Quality

The overall quality assurance objective defined in the SAP is to develop and implement procedures for field sampling, chain of custody, laboratory analysis, and reporting which will result in sound data that are scientifically valid and achieve standards that meet the specific DQOs for the Site. The analytical methods to be used at the Site will provide data quality sufficient to meet DQOs. To ensure that the analytical methodologies can achieve the DQOs, data quality indicators (DQIs) such as precision, accuracy, representativeness comparability, completeness, and sensitivity will be evaluated. Table 1 presents chemical parameters and analytical methods to be utilized during the groundwater analysis. The laboratory will be required to meet or surpass specific reporting limits. QA objectives for DQIs are established in the

DoD QSM.

The QA objectives are accuracy, precisions, completeness, representativeness, and comparability and are defined as follows:

1. Accuracy: the closeness of agreement between an observed value and an accepted reference value.

The difference between the observed value and the reference value includes components of both systematic error (bias) and random error. Accuracy will be ensured through the adherence to all field instrument calibration procedures, sample handling, preservation, and holding time requirements. The laboratory will assess the overall accuracy of their instruments and analytical methods (independent of sample or matrix effects) through the measurement of “standards,” materials of accepted reference value. Accuracy may vary from analysis to analysis because of individual sample and matrix effects. Laboratory accuracy requirements are presented in the DoD

QSM Version 5.4. Accuracy in the laboratory will be assessed though the analyses of matrix spike/matrix spike duplicate (MS/MSD) samples. MS/MSDs will be chosen at random by the laboratory from the batch of samples and analyzed per the analytical method. Accuracy within each individual analysis will be measured in terms of blank results, the percent recovery (%R) of surrogate compounds in organic analyses, or %R of spiked compounds in MSs, MSDs and/or laboratory control samples (LCSs). This gives an indication of expected recovery for analytes tending to behave chemically like the spike or surrogate compounds.

2. Precision: the agreement among a set of replicate measurements without consideration of the “true” or accurate value. i.e., variability between measurements of the same material for the same analyte.

Precision is measured in a variety of ways including statistically, such as calculating variance or standard deviation. Precision will be measured through the calculation of relative percent differences (RPDs). The resulting information will be used to assess analytical variability.

3. Completeness: is a measure of the amount of valid data obtained from a measurement system compared to the amount that was expected to be obtained under normal conditions. “Normal conditions” are defined as the conditions expected if the sampling plan was implemented as planned. Completeness is a measure of the number of valid measurements obtained from all the measurements taken in the project and valid samples collected. The field completeness objective is greater than 90 percent. The laboratory completeness objective is greater than 95 percent.

4. Representativeness: is a qualitative parameter that expresses the degree to which data accurately and precisely represents either a characteristic of a population, parameter variations at a sampling point, a process condition, or an environmental condition within a defined spatial and/or temporal boundary. To ensure representativeness, the sampling locations have been selected close to the source area of a potential leak or spill to determine the concentration for each chemical of concern

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(COC). Representativeness is dependent upon proper design of the sampling plan and ensuring that the SAP is followed. This will be represented by methodology that includes proper sampling technique, sample management, and sample preservation techniques. Representativeness in the laboratory is ensured by proper analytical procedure, appropriate methodology, and meeting sample holding times.

5. Comparability: Expresses the confidence with which one data set can be compared to another.

Comparability is dependent upon the proper design of the sampling program and will be satisfied by ensuring that the SAP is followed. Comparability is dependent on the use of recognized EPA or equivalent analytical methods and the reporting of data in standardized units.

6. Sensitivity: is the ability of a method or instrument to discriminate between responses representing different concentrations of the analyte of interest. This is represented as a detection limit.

7.0 Field Equipment

The field equipment will be properly calibrated, charged, and in good general working condition prior to the beginning of each working day. Maintenance and calibration of equipment prior to field use will be a prerequisite. Field instruments will be maintained in accordance with manufacturers’ specifications, as appropriate. Field instruments will be properly protected against inclement weather conditions during the field work. Each instrument is specially designed to maintain its operating integrity during variable temperature ranges that are representative of the ranges that will be encountered during cold-weather working conditions. Field instrumentation and equipment maintenance, repair, and calibration procedures will be in accordance with the manufacturers’ specifications.

8.0 Sample Handling, Preservation, and Holding Times

The sampling containers and coolers will be provided by the analytical laboratory. All water samples will be placed in appropriate sample containers and labeled with sample location, date, time, unique sample number and analyses required. The samples will be packed in coolers with ice sufficient to maintain the samples at 4 ± 2º C for 24 hours using proper chain-of-custody (CoC) procedures. The coolers will be sealed using proper security procedures and shipped via overnight delivery to the analytical laboratory.

Each sample shipment will be accompanied by a CoC record identifying its contents. This record will be used to document sample custody transfer from the sampler to either other sampling team members (if necessary) or the courier, and finally to the analytical laboratory. The CoC record ensures that samples can be traced from the time of field collection until they are received and analyzed by the analytical laboratory.

The original custody record is shipped along with the samples, while the initiator of the record retains a copy. The information required for the CoC includes:

• Type of sample (grab or composite) and matrix

• Analytical method numbers and parameter names

• Sample container size and type, and number of containers per parameter

• Preservatives, if any

• Sample identification (ID)

• Printed name and signature of sampler

• Date and time of sample collection

• Project name, location, and address

• Signatures of persons involved in the chain of possession

11 | P a g e

Table 1 provides information of the analytical methods that must be used for the sample analysis.

9.0 Field Logbooks and Sample Identification

Information pertinent to field activities including field instrument calibration data will be recorded in field logbooks. Each logbook shall have the Site name and project name and number on the inside front cover.

Sufficient information shall be recorded in the logbooks to permit reconstruction of all conducted field investigative activities. The logbooks will be bound, and the pages will be consecutively numbered.

Sufficient information will be recorded in the logbooks to permit reconstruction of Site characterization activities conducted. All field logbooks shall be kept in the possession of the Site Manager or the recording author in a secure place when not being utilized for field work. Upon completion of the field activities, all logbooks shall become part of the final project evidence file. The title page of each logbook shall be labeled as follows:

• Logbook title (e.g., NFARS Major Oil Storage Facility)

• Project name (e.g., NFARS Major Oil Storage Facility)

• Start date for field activities recorded in the logbook

• End date for field activities recorded in the logbook

The following will be contained in the field logbook along with any other pertinent information:

• Name and title of author, date, and times of arrival at and departure from site

• Name and address of the field contacts

• Name and responsibilities of field crew members

• Names and titles of any field visitors

• Sample collection method

• Number and volume of sample(s) collected

• Location, description, and log of sampling point photographs

• References of all maps and photographs of the sampling site

• Information regarding sampling changes, scheduling modifications and change orders

• Information regarding site characterization decisions not recorded by other mechanisms

• Information regarding access agreements

• Details of each sampling location, including a sketch map showing the location

• Date and time of sample collection, including the name of the collector

• Field observations

• Type of field instruments used and purpose of use, including calibration methods and results

• Any field measurements made

• Sample identification number(s)

• Information on containers, reagent used, deionized and organic-free water used

• Sample type and methodology, including distinction between grab and composite samples

• Sample preservation methods

• Sample documentation information including:

o Chain-of-custody record numbers o Description of the number of shipping containers packaged and the shipping method employed

12 | P a g e

• Decontamination procedures

• Summary of daily task and documentation on any cost or scope of work changes required by field conditions.

• Signature and date entered by personnel responsible for the recorded observations

Field data collected during groundwater sampling shall be recorded on the field logbook formatted specifically for the field investigative activities at the Site. If any recorded information is noticed to be in error, the original entry shall be crossed out so that the original entry is still legible and shall be replaced with the new entry. All such changes shall be initialed by the Site Superintendent. At the conclusion of each workday, the person responsible for maintaining the logbook shall sign and date the day’s documentation entries.

Sample ID Format

Sample ID Components Site Code Numerical Well Identifier Date

MOSF ## (e.g., 01, 02, 03, 04) YYYYMMDD

Sample ID Format MOSF-##-YYYYMMDD

Example:

MOSF-01-20230417 = Groundwater sample obtained from monitoring well #1 on 17 April 2023.

10.0 Photographs

Photographs will be taken to document representative field procedures. When a photograph is taken, the date, time, weather conditions (if applicable), subject, purpose for the photograph, and photograph number will be recorded in the field logbook. Site-specific baseline photographs will be taken for project records before field work begins and after it is completed.

11.0 Analytical Data Review

Data reports received from the analytical laboratory will be reviewed by the NFARS. The review will verify compliance with requested testing, completeness of the analytical report, and confirm the receipt of all requested deliverables.

12.0 Non-Conformance and Corrective Actions

During the project, it is the responsibility of the field team members to ensure that measurement procedures are followed as specified, and that measurement data meet the prescribed criteria. It is imperative that prompt action be taken to correct the problem(s) if one arises. Re-sampling will be performed, if necessary, to correct the discrepancy.

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References

E&E 1996. Final Sampling/Monitoring Report Installation-Wide Groundwater Monitoring Project

Niagara Falls IAP-ARS Niagara Falls, New York. May.

E&E 2000a. Final 1999 Sampling/Monitoring Report Installation-Wide Groundwater Monitoring

Project. April.

E&E 2000b. Focused RCRA Investigation and Interim Corrective Measures Study Niagara Falls Air

Reserve Station Niagara Falls, New York. June.

NYSDEC 2007. DER-11/Procedures for Licensing Onshore Major Oil Storage Facilities. January 4.

USGS 1982. Open File Report 82-166, Physical Properties of Rocks – Porosity, Permeability, Distribution Coefficients, and Dispersivity.

FIGURES

H5TDEAJA

Rectangle

H5TDEAJA

Polygon

H5TDEAJA

Typewritten Text Approximate Groundwater Flow Direction

Site 9

Site 1

Site 2Site 6

Site 4

Site 7

Site 5

Site 8

Site 3

Site 10

Site 12Site 11 Site 13

General Location of Solid Waste Management Units Site Managment Plan Niagara Falls Air Reserve Station Niagara Falls, New York

VICINITY MAP

Map Date: 11/8/2019 Source:

Projection:

0 0.25 0.5

Miles

Legend

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Installation Boundary

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Figure 2

Site 5 Location Map Site Management Plan

Niagara Falls Air Reserve Station Niagara Falls, New York

Map Date: 11/8/2019 Projection: NAD 83 State Plane NY West

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0 100 20050

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General Location of Site 50

Figure 3

Site 8 Location Map Site Management Plan

Niagara Falls Air Reserve Station Niagara Falls, New York

Map Date: 11/8/2019 Projection: NAD 83 State Plane NY West

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Building 202

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0 50 10025

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General Location of Site 80

Figure 4

TABLES

Method Analyte CAS # RL MDL Units Initial Six-Month Annual

Methylene chloride 75-09-2 5 0.5393 ug/l X X X 1,1-Dichloroethane 75-34-3 0.75 0.2156 ug/l X X X Chloroform 67-66-3 0.75 0.1978 ug/l X X X Carbon tetrachloride 56-23-5 0.5 0.1652 ug/l X X X 1,2-Dichloropropane 78-87-5 1.75 0.2958 ug/l X X X Dibromochloromethane 124-48-1 0.5 0.1895 ug/l X X X 1,1,2-Trichloroethane 79-00-5 0.75 0.2615 ug/l X X X Tetrachloroethene 127-18-4 0.5 0.1813 ug/l X X X Chlorobenzene 108-90-7 0.5 0.1925 ug/l X X X Trichlorofluoromethane 75-69-4 2.5 0.2667 ug/l X X X 1,2-Dichloroethane 107-06-2 0.5 0.1595 ug/l X X X 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 71-55-6 0.5 0.158 ug/l X X X Bromodichloromethane 75-27-4 0.5 0.1924 ug/l X X X trans-1,3-Dichloropropene 10061-02-6 0.5 0.1643 ug/l X X X cis-1,3-Dichloropropene 10061-01-5 0.5 0.1436 ug/l X X X Bromoform 75-25-2 2 0.2477 ug/l X X X 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 79-34-5 0.5 0.1915 ug/l X X X Benzene 71-43-2 0.5 0.194 ug/l X X X Toluene 108-88-3 0.75 0.2269 ug/l X X X Ethylbenzene 100-41-4 0.5 0.265 ug/l X X X Chloromethane 74-87-3 2.5 0.2815 ug/l X X X Bromomethane 74-83-9 1 0.2563 ug/l X X X Vinyl chloride 75-01-4 1 0.2241 ug/l X X X Chloroethane 75-00-3 1 0.2335 ug/l X X X 1,1-Dichloroethene 75-35-4 0.5 0.1811 ug/l X X X trans-1,2-Dichloroethene 156-60-5 0.75 0.2108 ug/l X X X Trichloroethene 79-01-6 0.5 0.1746 ug/l X X X 1,2-Dichlorobenzene 95-50-1 2.5 0.1836 ug/l X X X 1,3-Dichlorobenzene 541-73-1 2.5 0.1863 ug/l X X X 1,4-Dichlorobenzene 106-46-7 2.5 0.215 ug/l X X X Methyl tert butyl ether 1634-04-4 1 0.16 ug/l X X X p/m-Xylene 179601-23-1 1 0.3477 ug/l X X X o-Xylene 95-47-6 1 0.3297 ug/l X X X cis-1,2-Dichloroethene 156-59-2 0.5 0.1866 ug/l X X X Styrene 100-42-5 1 0.3591 ug/l X X X Dichlorodifluoromethane 75-71-8 5 0.2999 ug/l X X X Acetone 67-64-1 5 1.5606 ug/l X X X Carbon disulfide 75-15-0 5 0.2995 ug/l X X X 2-Butanone 78-93-3 5 1.9386 ug/l X X X 4-Methyl-2-pentanone 108-10-1 5 0.4162 ug/l X X X 2-Hexanone 591-78-6 5 0.5783 ug/l X X X 1,2-Dibromoethane 106-93-4 2 0.1929 ug/l X X X n-Butylbenzene 104-51-8 0.5 0.1961 ug/l X X X sec-Butylbenzene 135-98-8 0.5 0.1806 ug/l X X X tert-Butylbenzene 98-06-6 2.5 0.3016 ug/l X X X 1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane 96-12-8 2.5 0.327 ug/l X X X Isopropylbenzene 98-82-8 0.5 0.187 ug/l X X X p-Isopropyltoluene 99-87-6 0.5 0.1885 ug/l X X X Naphthalene 91-20-3 2.5 0.2174 ug/l X X X n-Propylbenzene 103-65-1 0.5 0.1734 ug/l X X X 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 120-82-1 2.5 0.2197 ug/l X X X 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene 108-67-8 2.5 0.2105 ug/l X X X 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 95-63-6 2.5 0.2678 ug/l X X X Methyl Acetate 79-20-9 10 10 ug/l X X X Cyclohexane 110-82-7 10 0.2448 ug/l X X X 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-Trifluoroethane 76-13-1 10 0.2337 ug/l X X X Methyl cyclohexane 108-87-2 10 10 ug/l X X X 1,2-Dichloroethane-d4 17060-07-0 X X X Toluene-d8 2037-26-5 X X X 4-Bromofluorobenzene 460-00-4 X X X Dibromofluoromethane 1868-53-7 X X X

Table 1 Analytical Methods and Analytes for Groundwater Sampling

EPA 8260D*

Sampling Event

Sampling Event

Bis(2-chloroethyl)ether 111-44-4 2.002 0.50596 ug/l X 3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine 91-94-1 5.0232 1.62344 ug/l X 2,4-Dinitrotoluene 121-14-2 5.0232 1.1648 ug/l X 2,6-Dinitrotoluene 606-20-2 5.0232 0.93184 ug/l X 4-Chlorophenyl phenyl ether 7005-72-3 2.002 0.48776 ug/l X 4-Bromophenyl phenyl ether 101-55-3 2.002 0.37856 ug/l X Bis(2-chloroisopropyl)ether 108-60-1 2.002 0.5278 ug/l X Bis(2-chloroethoxy)methane 111-91-1 5.0232 0.50232 ug/l X Hexachlorocyclopentadiene 77-47-4 20.02 0.68796 ug/l X Isophorone 78-59-1 5.0232 1.20484 ug/l X Nitrobenzene 98-95-3 2.002 0.77168 ug/l X NitrosoDiPhenylAmine(NDPA)/DPA 86-30-6 2.002 0.4186 ug/l X n-Nitrosodi-n-propylamine 621-64-7 5.0232 0.64428 ug/l X Bis(2-Ethylhexyl)phthalate 117-81-7 3.003 1.53608 ug/l X Butyl benzyl phthalate 85-68-7 5.0232 1.17208 ug/l X Di-n-butylphthalate 84-74-2 5.0232 0.38948 ug/l X Di-n-octylphthalate 117-84-0 5.0232 1.274 ug/l X Diethyl phthalate 84-66-2 5.0232 0.3822 ug/l X Dimethyl phthalate 131-11-3 5.0232 1.82 ug/l X Biphenyl 92-52-4 2.002 0.45864 ug/l X 4-Chloroaniline 106-47-8 5.0232 1.07016 ug/l X 2-Nitroaniline 88-74-4 5.0232 0.49868 ug/l X 3-Nitroaniline 99-09-2 5.0232 0.81536 ug/l X 4-Nitroaniline 100-01-6 5.0232 0.8008 ug/l X Dibenzofuran 132-64-9 2.002 0.49868 ug/l X Acetophenone 98-86-2 5.0232 0.5278 ug/l X 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol 88-06-2 5.0232 0.61152 ug/l X P-Chloro-M-Cresol 59-50-7 2.002 0.35126 ug/l X 2-Chlorophenol 95-57-8 2.002 0.48048 ug/l X 2,4-Dichlorophenol 120-83-2 5.0232 0.41132 ug/l X 2,4-Dimethylphenol 105-67-9 5.0232 1.77996 ug/l X 2-Nitrophenol 88-75-5 10.01 0.84812 ug/l X 4-Nitrophenol 100-02-7 10.01 0.6734 ug/l X 2,4-Dinitrophenol 51-28-5 20.02 6.6612 ug/l X 4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol 534-52-1 10.01 1.81636 ug/l X Phenol 108-95-2 5.0232 0.56784 ug/l X 2-Methylphenol 95-48-7 5.0232 0.4914 ug/l X 3-Methylphenol/4-Methylphenol 106-44-5 5.0232 0.48048 ug/l X 2,4,5-Trichlorophenol 95-95-4 5.0232 0.77532 ug/l X Carbazole 86-74-8 2.002 0.4914 ug/l X 2-Fluorophenol 367-12-4 X Phenol-d6 13127-88-3 X Nitrobenzene-d5 4165-60-0 X 2-Fluorobiphenyl 321-60-8 X 2,4,6-Tribromophenol 118-79-6 X 4-Terphenyl-d14 1718-51-0 X Acenaphthene 83-32-9 0.1001 0.01442168 ug/l X 2-Chloronaphthalene 91-58-7 0.2002 0.01804712 ug/l X Fluoranthene 206-44-0 0.1001 0.02054052 ug/l X Hexachlorobutadiene 87-68-3 0.5005 0.04674852 ug/l X Naphthalene 91-20-3 0.1001 0.04882696 ug/l X Benzo(a)anthracene 56-55-3 0.1001 0.0198198 ug/l X Benzo(a)pyrene 50-32-8 0.1001 0.01493856 ug/l X Benzo(b)fluoranthene 205-99-2 0.1001 0.01156792 ug/l X Benzo(k)fluoranthene 207-08-9 0.1001 0.00889616 ug/l X Chrysene 218-01-9 0.1001 0.01198288 ug/l X Acenaphthylene 208-96-8 0.1001 0.01222676 ug/l X Anthracene 120-12-7 0.1001 0.01450176 ug/l X Benzo(ghi)perylene 191-24-2 0.1001 0.01365 ug/l X Fluorene 86-73-7 0.1001 0.01456364 ug/l X Phenanthrene 85-01-8 0.1001 0.02333604 ug/l X Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene 53-70-3 0.1001 0.0127218 ug/l X Indeno(1,2,3-cd)Pyrene 193-39-5 0.1001 0.01217216 ug/l X Pyrene 129-00-0 0.1001 0.01902264 ug/l X 2-Methylnaphthalene 91-57-6 0.1001 0.02192372 ug/l X Pentachlorophenol 87-86-5 0.8008 0.0143416 ug/l X Hexachlorobenzene 118-74-1 0.8008 0.00938028 ug/l X Hexachloroethane 67-72-1 0.8008 0.06320132 ug/l X

EPA 8270E-SIM

EPA 8270E

Sampling Event

2-Fluorophenol 367-12-4 X Phenol-d6 13127-88-3 X Nitrobenzene-d5 4165-60-0 X 2-Fluorobiphenyl 321-60-8 X 2,4,6-Tribromophenol 118-79-6 X 4-Terphenyl-d14 1718-51-0 X

*For EPA method 8260, trip blanks provided by the laboratory will also undergo analysis using method 8260 to ensure field samples were not subject to volatile organic compounds (VOC) contamination during sample collection, processing and shipping.

EPA 8270E-SIM

Date of Inspection

Depth to Water

Product Thickness

Sheen Description Comments

(DD/MM/YYYY) (±0.01ft) (±0.01ft) (if present)

MOSF-01

MOSF-02

MOSF-03

MOSF-04

Well ID

Table 2

Note: If any monitoring results indicate the presence of free product, sampling personnel shall immediately contact 914 MSG/CEV so Government personnel can make the appropriate notifications the NYSDEC Spill Hotline.

MOSF Monthly Monitoring Well Report

APPENDIX A

ACTIVITY HAZARD

ANALYSIS

U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS, BUFFALO DISTRICT

ACTIVITY HAZARDS ANALYSIS (AHA)

For use of this form, see EM 385-1-1; the proponent agency is CELRB-SO.

CELRB FORM 385-02 AHA, 2020 PREVIOUS EDITIONS ARE OBSOLETE. Page 1 of 6

FREQUENT LIKELY OCCASIONAL SELDOM UNLIKELY

E E H H M

E H H M L

H M M L L

M L L L L

OVERALL RISK ASSESSMENT CODE (RAC) (Use Highest Code)

SEVERITY PROBABILITY

NEGLIGIBLE

RISK ASSESSMENT CODE (RAC) MATRIX

Risk Code: E (Extremely High Risk), H…