CGTTP_4-11.10A_WSWD_SC_20181004.pdf

U.S. Coast Guard

Water Supply and Wastewater Disposal Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures (TTP)

CGTTP 4-11.10A

October 2018

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Commander United States Coast Guard Force Readiness Command

Commandant (FC-Tptc) Attn: FORCECOM Training Division, Performance Technology Center 1 U.S. Coast Guard Training Center Yorktown, VA 23690-5000 Staff Symbol: FC-Tptc Phone: (757) 856-2356

CGTTP 4-11.10A

04 OCTOBER 2018

COAST GUARD TACTICS, TECHNIQUES, AND PROCEDURES, CGTTP 4-11.10A

Subj: WATER SUPPLY AND WASTEWATER DISPOSAL TACTICS, TECHNIQUES, AND

PROCEDURES (TTP)

Ref: (a) Development System and Standards Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures (TTP), CGTTP 1-01 (series)

(b) Safety and Environmental Health Manual, COMDTINST M5100.47 (series)

(c) Safety of Public Water Systems, 42 U.S.C. Subchapter XII, also known as the Safe

Drinking Water Act (SDWA)

(d) National Primary Drinking Water Regulations, 40 CFR Part 141

(e) National Secondary Drinking Water Regulations, 40 CFR Part 143

(f) Bromide Ion and Residual Bromine; Tolerances for Residues, 40 CFR § 180.519

(g) Financial Resource Management Manual (FRMM), COMDTINST M7100.3 (series)

(h) Contingency Preparedness Planning Manual, Volume I: Contingency Planning Policy, COMDTINST M2010.11 (series)

(i) Manual of Naval Preventive Medicine, Chapter 5, Water Supply Ashore, NAVMED P-

5010-5 (series)

(j) International Plumbing Code (IPC) 2015

(k) Manual of Naval Preventive Medicine, Chapter, 6, Water Supply Afloat, NAVMED P-

5010-5 (series)

(l) Coast Guard Medical Manual, COMDTINST M6000.1 (series)

(m) Naval Ships’ Technical Manual Chapter 074, Volume 3 – Gas Free Engineering, S9086-CH-STM-030 (series) Design Manual: Onsite Wastewater Treatment and Disposal Systems, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water Program Operations

(n) Confined Spaces Entry Program Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures (TTP), CGTTP 4-11.8 (series)

(o) Volume II: Surface Ship Safety Standards, OPNAV INSTRUCTION 5100.19 (series)

(p) Naval Ships’ Technical Manual, Chapter 593, Pollution Control, S9086-T8-STM-010

(series)

(q) Respiratory Protection Program Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures (TTP), CGTTP 4-

11.4 (series)

(r) The Vessel Environmental Manual, COMDTINST M16455.1 (series)

(s) Coatings and Color Manual, COMDTINST M10360.3 (series)

Water Supply and Wastewater Disposal TTP

1. PURPOSE. To provide commanding officers/officers in charge (COs/OICs), engineering and facilities department representatives, and medical department representatives with Coast Guard tactics, techniques, and procedures (CGTTP). Tactics, techniques, and procedures will help to safely operate and maintain potable drinking water and wastewater disposal systems at United States Coast Guard-owned facilities, both ashore and afloat.

2. ACTION. This CGTTP publication applies to COs/OICs and their designated representatives.

Internet release authorized.

3. CGTTP AFFECTED. None.

4. DISCUSSION. Reference (b), Safety and Environmental Health Manual, COMDTINST M5100.47 (series), was revised in 2016 and contains policy and doctrine relating to potable water and wastewater systems. This tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTP) publication provides standardized guidance and procedures derived from applicable federal and state requirements to assist units in developing a water supply and wastewater disposal plan in accordance with reference (b) and reference (c), the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA). This TTP publication was authored and validated by accomplished performers and subject matter experts in the field. TTP publications adhere to a life-cycle maintenance periodicity unless triggered by other revision requirements.

5. DISCLAIMER. This TTP publication is not a substitute for applicable legal requirements, nor is it itself a rule. It is intended to provide guidance for Coast Guard personnel and is not intended to, nor does it, impose legally binding requirements on any party outside the Coast Guard.

6. CHANGES. This TTP publication uses Adobe Acrobat stamps to indicate revisions. Corrections to meet publication standards may result in a change to page numbering and formatting from previous versions. For each revision listed below, there is a stamp in the left margin next to the section containing a revision.

1. Chapter 3: Water Supply Afloat

a. E.7: Suspect Water: Added a paragraph providing more guidance on how to treat water to kill viruses or bacteria. Included Suspect Water content from paragraph E.2. in this section.

7. DISTRIBUTION. U.S. Coast Guard Force Readiness Command (FORCECOM) Training Division (FC-T) posts an electronic version of this TTP publication to the CGTTP Library on CGPortal. In CGPortal, navigate to the CGTTP Library by selecting Training & Education, then select the TACTICS, TECHNIQUES, AND PROCEDURES link. FC-T does not provide paper distribution of this publication.

8. USCG FORMS. None.

9. REQUEST FOR CHANGES. Field feedback regarding this TTP, or any other located in the TTP library, may be provided via email to:

D05-SG-M-FORCECOM-TPTC-PRODUCTFEEDBACK@uscg.mil.

BRYAN J. BURKHALTER

Commander, U.S. Coast Guard Director, Performance Technology Center (FC-Tptc) By Direction of Chief, Force Readiness Command Training Division

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i

Table of Contents Table of Figures .......................................................................................................................... ii

Table of Tables ............................................................................................................................ ii

Chapter 1: Introduction ........................................................................................................... 1-1

Section A: Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 1-2

Section B: Notes, Cautions, and Warnings ................................................................................................. 1-4

Chapter 2: Water Supply Ashore ............................................................................................ 2-1

Section A: Water Standards and Sources ................................................................................................... 2-2

Section B: Planning and Personnel Training............................................................................................... 2-6

Section C: Storage and Distribution ........................................................................................................... 2-9

Section D: Disinfecting Potable Water...................................................................................................... 2-11

Section E: Testing and Monitoring ........................................................................................................... 2-14

Section F: Documentation and Recordkeeping ......................................................................................... 2-20

Chapter 3: Water Supply Afloat .............................................................................................. 3-1

Section A: Water Standards and Sources ................................................................................................... 3-2

Section B: Planning and Personnel Training............................................................................................... 3-5

Section C: Storage and Distribution ........................................................................................................... 3-6

Section D: Potable Water Hoses and Equipment ....................................................................................... 3-8

Section E: Disinfecting PW Supplies ......................................................................................................... 3-10

Section F: Testing and Monitoring ........................................................................................................... 3-17

Section G: Documentation and Recordkeeping ........................................................................................ 3-20

Chapter 4: Wastewater Treatment Ashore ............................................................................ 4-1

Section A: Types of Wastewater Systems .................................................................................................. 4-2

Section B: Planning and Personnel Training............................................................................................... 4-4

Section C: Response Procedures ............................................................................................................... 4-8

Chapter 5: Wastewater Treatment Afloat ............................................................................... 5-1

Section A: Planning and Personnel Training .............................................................................................. 5-2

Section B: Equipment ............................................................................................................................... 5-6

Section C: Response Procedures ............................................................................................................... 5-8 ii

Appendix A: Glossary and Acronyms .................................................................................. A-1

Appendix B: Chlorine Dosage Calculator ............................................................................. B-1

Appendix C: Step Procedure for Taste and Odor Problems ............................................... C-1

Appendix D: Steps to Take for Non-Detect Halogen or Positive BACT-Test .................... D-1

Table of Figures Figure 2-1 Analytical and water quality lab reports ......................................................................................... 2-17

Figure 3-1 Equipment list of IDHS .................................................................................................................... 3-9

Figure 4-1 Schematic of wastewater systems ................................................................................................... 4-2

Table of Tables Table 2-1 Common water quality standards for USCG monitoring – ashore ...................................................... 2-3

Table 2-2 Common treatment methods .......................................................................................................... 2-12

Table 2-3 Minimum sampling frequencies ...................................................................................................... 2-14

Table 2-4 Sampling equipment ....................................................................................................................... 2-16

Table 3-1 Common water quality standards for USCG monitoring – afloat ....................................................... 3-3

Table 3-2 Conditions for potable water .......................................................................................................... 3-10

Table 3-3 Decision matrix for suspect water ................................................................................................... 3-16

Table 3-4 Effects of pH on halogenation ......................................................................................................... 3-17

Table 3-5 Bacteriological monitoring guidance ............................................................................................... 3-18

Table 5-1 CHT pump room access placard ........................................................................................................ 5-4

Table 5-2 MSD components ............................................................................................................................. 5-6

Table 5-3 Guidance for pumping out bilges ..................................................................................................... 5-10

Table B-1 Chlorine dosage calculator for 5 percent liquid sodium hypochlorite (unscented) ............................. B-1

Table B-2 Chlorine dosage calculator for 10 percent liquid sodium hypochlorite (unscented) ........................... B-2

Table B-3 Chlorine dosage calculator for 65-70 percent powder calcium hypochlorite ...................................... B-2

Table D-1 Steps to take for non-detect halogen or positive BACT-Test ............................................................. D-1

Table D-2 Total coliform is positive .................................................................................................................. D-1 file://D05ms-mmst1/public/FORCECOM/FC-5/Integrated_Process_Teams/Water%20Supply%20and%20Wastewater%20Disposal%20RevA/CGTTP_4-11.10A_WSWD_body_SC_20180706.doc#_Toc520890944

1-1 Chapter 1: Introduction

Chapter 1:

Introduction

Introduction This chapter overviews the contents of the Water Supply and Wastewater Disposal Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures (TTP) publication. This chapter also defines the use of notes, cautions, and warnings in this TTP publication.

Per reference (a), Development System and Standards Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures (TTP), CGTTP 1-01 (series), “CGTTP is NOT policy and is not used to replace or fix policy gaps.”

In This Chapter This chapter contains the following sections:

Section Title Page

A Introduction 1-2

B Notes, Cautions, and Warnings 1-4

Chapter 1: Introduction 1-2

Section A: Introduction

A.1.

Performance Factors

Reference (b), Safety and Environmental Health Manual, COMDTINST M5100.47 (series), was revised in 2016, and contains policy and doctrine relating to potable water (PW) and wastewater systems. However, procedural information on how to meet requirements was not included.

Standardized guidance is needed to assist units in developing and managing a water supply and wastewater disposal plan.

Best practices and expected tasks and behaviors associated with developing a plan include:

• Establishing a written unit instruction.

• Identifying PW source and distribution components.

• Maintaining system records, including drawings and sampling reports.

• Identifying location-specific water quality concerns or needs.

• Addressing potential sources of contamination.

• Developing a monitoring plan to meet regulatory requirements.

• Understanding on-site wastewater treatment systems.

• Ensuring awareness training is conducted for personnel involved in managing the unit systems.

A.2. Background and Performance Objectives

The purpose of water and wastewater disposal plans is to safely operate and maintain potable drinking water and wastewater disposal systems at United States Coast Guard-owned facilities, both ashore and afloat. This TTP publication provides guidance derived from applicable federal and state requirements. Those requirements include the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) standards authorized under reference (c), Safety of Public Water Systems, 42 U.S.C. Subchapter XII, also known as the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA).

Performance objectives of this publication include:

• Identifying instruction for public health standards and information relevant for personnel responsible for managing, storing, or monitoring PW and wastewater systems at ashore and afloat units.

• Providing guidance and procedures to maintain water and wastewater systems and complete applicable PW testing.

• Providing tools to identify hazards associated with poor water quality or wastewater spills and procedures to mitigate the problems.

1-3 Chapter 1: Introduction

A.3. Scope This TTP publication provides guidance, procedural information, and mechanisms for units to develop and maintain a water supply and wastewater disposal plan per reference (b), Safety and Environmental Health Manual, COMDTINST M5100.47 (series). A unit plan includes:

• Procedural information for ashore units with a Coast Guard-owned water supply system.

• Mechanisms for afloat units that are expected to ensure safe drinking water for crew members.

• Wastewater disposal requirements and best practices for both ashore and afloat units. Template programs for ashore and afloat units are on the Water Supply and Wastewater Disposal TTP Library page on CGPortal. These are intended to assist units in understanding procedures and requirements as part of the unit plan.

A.4. Target Audience

The target audience collaboratively develops a water supply and wastewater disposal plan with guidance from reference (b) and this TTP publication. Target audience members include:

• Commanding officers/officers in charge (COs/OICs) and their designated representatives.

• Engineering and facilities (FED) representatives.

• Medical department representatives (MDRs).

• All unit accomplished performers in water supply and wastewater tasks.

A.5. Registered Trademark Disclaimer

The use of registered trademarks in this publication is not an endorsement of these products or companies by the United States Coast Guard, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), or the federal government.

https://cg.portal.uscg.mil/units/hswlsc/SafeEvHealth/SitePages/Water%20Supply%20and%20Wastewater%20Disposal%20TTP%20Library.aspx

Chapter 1: Introduction 1-4

Section B: Notes, Cautions, and Warnings

B.1. Overview The following definitions apply to notes, cautions, and warnings found in this TTP publication.

NOTE: An emphasized statement, procedure, or technique.

CAUTION: A procedure, technique, or action that, if not followed, carries the risk of equipment damage.

WARNING:

A procedure, technique, or action that, if not followed, carries the risk of personnel injury or death.

2-1 Chapter 2: Water Supply Ashore

Chapter 2:

Water Supply Ashore

Introduction This chapter discusses and provides public health information and guidance to Coast Guard personnel who produce, store, monitor, and use potable drinking water at ashore facilities.

In This Chapter This chapter contains the following sections:

Section Title Page

A Water Standards and Sources 2-2

B Planning and Personnel Training 2-6

C Storage and Distribution 2-9

D Disinfecting Potable Water 2-11

E Testing and Monitoring 2-14

F Documentation and Recordkeeping 2-20

Chapter 2: Water Supply Ashore 2-2

Section A: Water Standards and Sources

A.1. Water Quality Standards

Coast Guard ashore water programs fall under:

• Reference (c), Safety of Public Water Systems, 42 U.S.C. Subchapter XII, also known as the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA).

• Reference (d), National Primary Drinking Water Regulations, 40 CFR Part 141. Reference (d) is also known as NPDWR.

• Reference (e), National Secondary Drinking Water Regulations, 40 CFR Part 143. Reference (e) is also known as NSDWR.

Reference (c) is a national health-based standard for drinking water to protect against both naturally occurring and man-made contaminants affecting drinking water. Reference (d) was established under reference (c) to set federal maximum contaminant levels for drinking water and required ways to treat water and remove contaminants.

In addition, reference (c) established reference (e), which set non-mandatory water quality standards for 15 contaminants.

As a best practice, use of these secondary maximum contaminant levels (SMCLs) is intended to control contaminants in drinking water that primarily affect aesthetic qualities, such as taste, color, and odor. These contaminants are not considered a risk to human health at the SMCL.

NOTE:

For state-regulated public water systems, follow the state’s specific guidance for monitoring and eliminating contaminants. Table 2-1 presents common contaminants of concern for ashore PW systems and provides background on water quality issues. For additional information, see Section E: Testing and Monitoring in this chapter.

Units can contact the local and state health department(s) for information on local contaminants.

2-3 Chapter 2: Water Supply Ashore

Common Water Quality Standards for USCG Monitoring – Ashore

Contaminant Minimum Maximum

Contaminant Level (MCL)

Potential Health Effects from Long-term Exposure above MCL

Chemical Characteristics3 Total

Bromine Residual

(TBR)1

Measurable trace

(preferably

0.2 ppm4)

1.0 ppm Can produce bromate as disinfection byproduct (DBP) under some conditions.

Free Available Chlorine

(FAC)

Measurable trace

(preferably

0.2 ppm)

4.0 ppm Eye/nose irritation; stomach discomfort; can produce chlorite as DBP under some conditions.

pH2 6.5 8.5

Low pH: bitter and metallic taste;

increased risk of corrosion.

High pH: slippery feel; soda taste;

increased deposition.

Microbiological Characteristics

Total Coliforms N/A 0.0 CFU5

Coliforms are bacteria that indicate other potentially harmful bacteria might be present.

Fecal Coliforms and

E. Coli

N/A 0.0 CFU

Fecal coliforms and E. coli are bacteria whose presence indicates potential contaminated water with human or animal wastes. Waste microbes can cause diarrhea, cramps, nausea, headaches. These effects can pose special health risks for infants, young children, and people with severely compromised immune systems.

1. Bromine residual is not governed under reference (d), National Primary Drinking Water Regulations, 40 CFR Part 141; instead, regulatory levels are in reference (f), Bromide Ion and residual Bromine; Tolerances for Residues, 40 CFR § 180.519.

2. pH is a secondary contaminant governed per reference (e), National Secondary Drinking Water Regulations, 40 CFR Part 143.

3. Physical characteristics of water (e.g., color, odor, turbidity) are controlled by reference (e).

4. ppm = parts per million; unit of measure.

5. CFU = colony forming unit; unit of measure.

For more information, see the EPA Federal Standards for Contaminants on the Water Supply and Wastewater Disposal TTP Library page on CGPortal.

Table 2-1 Common water quality standards for USCG monitoring – ashore https://cg.portal.uscg.mil/units/hswlsc/SafeEvHealth/SitePages/Water%20Supply%20and%20Wastewater%20Disposal%20TTP%20Library.aspx https://cg.portal.uscg.mil/units/hswlsc/SafeEvHealth/SitePages/Water%20Supply%20and%20Wastewater%20Disposal%20TTP%20Library.aspx

Chapter 2: Water Supply Ashore 2-4

A.2. Public Water System

Per reference (c), Safety of Public Water Systems, 42 U.S.C. Subchapter XII, also known as the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA), a water system is classified as public if it provides or has the following:

• Piped water for human consumption to 25 or more people at least 60 days per year.

• Fifteen or more system connections.

A.3. Private Water System

Private/individual water sources, such as backyard wells, often are not regulated by state or local authorities. However, it is important to ensure personnel on private sources are receiving safe drinking water.

A.4. Coast Guard-Owned Water System

Coast Guard-owned water systems consist of a water system that treats raw surface/groundwater, stores water, or re-chlorinates, fluoridates, or applies corrosion control to municipal water per reference (b), Safety and Environmental Health Manual, COMDTINST M5100.47 (series).

A.5. Non-Coast Guard-Owned Water Systems

Per reference (b), Coast Guard units receiving water from approved municipal treatment facilities are exempt from monitoring and reporting requirements if water has reliable disinfectant residuals, such as chlorine, and is not further treated or stored.

A.6. Bottled Water

Per reference (d), National Primary Drinking Water Regulations, 40 CFR Part 141, the safety and environmental health officer (SEHO) determines that the water is unfit due to noncompliance with recommended maximum contaminant levels (MCLs). An accredited laboratory determines if water is unfit. Units then choose to purchase bottled or PW by using appropriate funds. For additional guidance, see reference (g), Financial Resource Management Manual (FRMM), COMDTINST M7100.3 (series).

2-5 Chapter 2: Water Supply Ashore

A.7. Consecutive Water Systems

Many Coast Guard facilities purchase water already treated from a primary supplier or purchase water and hold it in a tower or tank known as a consecutive water system. Consecutive water systems are classified as USCG-owned systems and can maintain a PW supply program by using the TTP in this publication. If water is properly stored and not further treated once received from the municipality, consecutive water systems need only focus on water quality control within the distribution system.

Perform these steps to help ensure that a conservative water system provides safe drinking water:

• Conduct a survey of the water distribution system components (pipes, taps, connections, tanks, etc.) to ensure proper function upon installation or with any significant engineering change

• Implement cross-connection control and backflow prevention program.

• Monitor water quality and conduct thorough sampling.

• Ensure unidirectional flushing.

• Review PW quality reports from the supplier.

Specific requirements for surveys and monitoring vary depending on the size, type, and location of the distribution system. Contact your district SEHO or state public health department for guidance on surveying a consecutive water system.

Chapter 2: Water Supply Ashore 2-6

Section B: Planning and Personnel Training

B.1. Planning and Training

Per reference (b), Safety and Environmental Health Manual, COMDTINST M5100.47 (series), a viable plan includes written instructions and training, which are essential to maintaining a water system in a safe operating condition as follows:

• Ensure the unit with a USCG-owned water system has a written PW plan in place that provides safe guidelines for water treatment, which follow state and federal regulations. Use the Shore Potable Water Supply and Wastewater Disposal Program Template on the Water Supply and Wastewater Disposal TTP Library page on CGPortal.

• Ensure personnel responsible for the maintenance and treatment of PW are properly trained. For public water systems, training and certification depend upon the classification of the system and are governed by state regulations. Contact state public health department for guidance. Training is not mandated for smaller private systems.

Personnel charged with maintaining the program are familiar with these topics:

Receipt and transfer of potable water.

Storage, distribution, and protection of PW systems.

Equipment maintenance.

Disinfection and testing of PW systems.

Records and reports. Units maintain records and reports until water system is changed and archive them indefinitely.

Training resources.

NOTE:

For information on these topics, the EPA has training materials and links to state pages for localized resources. See EPA State Resources on the Water Supply and Wastewater Disposal TTP Library page on CGPortal. Also, your district SEHO can identify training resources.

https://cg.portal.uscg.mil/units/hswlsc/SafeEvHealth/SitePages/Water%20Supply%20and%20Wastewater%20Disposal%20TTP%20Library.aspx https://cg.portal.uscg.mil/units/hswlsc/SafeEvHealth/SitePages/Water%20Supply%20and%20Wastewater%20Disposal%20TTP%20Library.aspx https://cg.portal.uscg.mil/units/hswlsc/SafeEvHealth/SitePages/Water%20Supply%20and%20Wastewater%20Disposal%20TTP%20Library.aspx

2-7 Chapter 2: Water Supply Ashore

B.2. Contingency Planning and Facility Emergency Action

Contingency planning allows a unit to plan and prepare for potential threats and hazards that can reasonably be anticipated to occur within the unit’s operating area and activity. Facility emergency action plans (FEAPs) provide an organized and orderly response to emergency events that could occur in the workplace.

Unit contingency plans and emergency action plans include procedures to ensure drinking water is delivered to users at sufficient pressure and palatability and, most importantly, is safe for human consumption.

Consider these factors during development of contingency and response plans:

• Service priorities for major areas and unit users.

• Vulnerable water system points for security intervention and environmental response considerations.

• Current water systems schematics and facilities map with directional flow, including major valves and backflow prevention devices for isolating damaged or contaminated areas.

• Location of certified laboratories with analytical capabilities.

• Policy and procedures for boil water notices.

• Alternative emergency water consumption approaches, such as boiling, bottled water, temporary treatment equipment, and hauled-in supplies.

• Alternate water storage, purification, and power generation equipment such as swimming pool treatment facilities or field water reserve components.

• Procedures to raise disinfectant residual levels for added disinfectant capability

• Procedures to notify facility residents and the workforce of emergency PW problems.

• Consideration of enhanced monitoring during periods of increased threats/risks.

Chapter 2: Water Supply Ashore 2-8

NOTE:

For help developing required Coast Guard contingency plans, see reference (h), Contingency Preparedness Planning Manual, Volume I: Contingency Planning Policy, COMDTINST M3010.11 (series).

For help developing FEAPs, see reference (b), Safety and Environmental Health Manual, COMDTINST M5100.47 (series).

Units can also contact servicing engineering office(s), civil engineering units (CEUs), SEHOs, and local public health authorities for assistance and information regarding both contingency plans and FEAPs.

2-9 Chapter 2: Water Supply Ashore

Section C: Storage and Distribution

C.1. Distribution System Specifications

Maintain drawings or schematics of a distribution system to assist a unit or contract personnel in addressing issues in the system. Contact the servicing CEU for specifications or guidance if schematics cannot be located at unit.

C.2. General Guidance

Follow these guidelines for Coast Guard units operating an independent PW system and not receiving water from a municipal source:

• Implement storage, disinfection, testing, and recordkeeping requirements of:

Reference (d), National Primary Drinking Water Regulations, 40 CFR Part 141.

Reference (e), National Secondary Drinking Water Regulations, 40 CFR Part 143.

• Verify all federal, state, and local PW codes are implemented and maintained.

• Confirm operating pressure is sufficient for the number of people serviced by the water system. Contact CEU for issues with operating pressure.

C.3.

Cross-connection and Backflow Prevention

Ensure cross-connection and backflow prevention:

• Separate non-potable systems from all PW distribution systems per:

Reference (i), Manual of Naval Preventive Medicine, Chapter 5, Water Supply Ashore , NAVMED P-5010-5 (series).

Reference (j), International Plumbing Code (IPC) 2015.

• Confirm backflow prevention devices are installed on all PW hose connections to prevent non-potable water or contaminants from entering the PW system per:

Reference (b), Safety and Environmental Health Manual, COMDTINST M5100.47 (series).

Reference (j).

• Properly label, stencil, or placard all non-potable water sources and eliminate any cross-connections with the PW system to prevent contamination.

Chapter 2: Water Supply Ashore 2-10

C.3.a. Common Cross-connections Causing Backflow

These locations, conditions, and equipment can lead to backflow contamination of the water system if cross-connection occurs:

• Potable water supply lines to swimming pools, whirlpools, hot tubs, bathtubs, and similar facilities.

• Photography laboratory developing machines and utility sinks.

• Beauty or barber shop spray and rinse hoses.

• Potable water faucets where hoses are or more likely connected, such as food preparation sinks and maintenance sinks.

• Garbage grinders.

• Dish and glass washing equipment.

• Sick bay and laundry equipment.

• Air conditioning supply tanks.

• Boiler feed water tanks.

• Fire systems.

• A common compressed air system supplying pressure to both non-potable and PW pneumatic tanks.

• Toilet system.

• Feed water to oily water separators.

• X-ray developer connections.

C.4. Storage Tanks

• Ensure PW storage tanks meet National Sanitation Foundation (NSF) standards.

• Have PW tanks inspected or serviced per manufacturer’s guidelines.

• Maintain tanks in good working condition and protect them from damage or corrosion.

2-11 Chapter 2: Water Supply Ashore

Section D: Disinfecting Potable Water

D.1. Approved Water Systems

Follow guidance from the water system operator, if applicable, and the disinfectant manufacturer to maintain specific disinfection systems in good working condition. Ensure the following for water supplied to an installation from a USCG-approved public water system:

• Has a measurable halogen residual such as FAC, total chlorine, chloramines, or chlorine dioxide.

• Meets regulatory standards per:

Reference (d), National Primary Drinking Water Regulations, 40 CFR Part 141.

Reference (e), National Secondary Drinking Water Regulations, 40 CFR Part 143.

D.1.a. Disinfection and Re-chlorination

Provide additional disinfection treatment:

• Where sanitary, physical, or operating defects or other special hazards are known to exist.

• Where microbiological examinations show satisfactory water quality is unobtainable.

Re-chlorinate at a sufficient level to meet standards provided in Section A:

Water Standards and Sources of this chapter. These standards include a measurable trace (preferably, at least 0.2 ppm) of FAC residual after 30 minutes of contact time. A chlorine dosage calculator for determining disinfection requirements is in Appendix B: Chlorine Dosage Calculator.

NOTE:

Ensure any additional treatment methods used or chemical additives to a PW system meet NSF/ANSI (National Sanitation Foundation/American National Standards Institute).

D.2. Damaged Water Distribution Systems

• Ensure appropriate disinfection occurs after any potential contamination event.

• Contact servicing CEU for guidance to repair ruptured or damaged parts of the water distribution system.

• Contact district SEHO for guidance about infection requirements following damage to contamination of the water distribution system.

Chapter 2: Water Supply Ashore 2-12

D.3. Common Treatment Methods

Disinfection removes harmful microorganisms while filtration, softening, and distillation remove harmful or unpleasant chemical or physical properties. Table 2-2 lists the most common types of water treatment systems.

Common Treatment Methods

Filtration Systems

A water filter is a device, which removes impurities from water by means of a physical barrier, chemical, and/or biological process.

Water Softeners

A water softener is a device that reduces the hardness of the water. A water softener typically uses sodium or potassium ions to replace calcium and magnesium ions, the ions that create hardness.

Distillation Systems

Distillation is a process in which impure water is boiled and the steam is collected and condensed in a separate container. This process leaves many of the solid contaminants behind.

Disinfection

Disinfection is a physical or chemical process in which pathogenic microorganisms are deactivated or killed. Examples of chemical disinfectants are chlorine, chlorine dioxide, and ozone. Examples of physical disinfectants include ultraviolet light, electromagnetic radiation, and heat. USCG ashore facilities typically use chemical halogen disinfectants.

Table 2-2 Common treatment methods

D.4. Emergency Storage and Disinfection

In the event of an emergency or contamination event for the water system, establish procedures to notify facility residents and the workforce about emergency PW problems. This includes following local boil water notices.

Bottled water is often the easiest and safest method for providing emergency water supplies. If bottled water is unavailable or impractical, follow these procedures to store bulk PW for emergency situations:

1. Determine quantity:

a. For drinking and personal hygiene, use 3 gallons per person, which is the minimum daily consumption rate located in a temperate region.

b. Use 3 ½ gallons per person if located in a tropical region.

NOTE: Estimate does not include water that might be needed for cooking or medical purposes.

2. Disinfect water for long-term storage:

2-13 Chapter 2: Water Supply Ashore

a. Add unscented liquid bleach containing 5.25 percent sodium hypochlorite to raise the FAC level to 4.00 parts per million after 1 hour of contact time. See Appendix B: Chlorine Dosage Calculator.

3. Use only food-grade storage containers:

a. Use food-grade plastic buckets or drums.

b. Always wash and sanitize before filling.

4. Seal water containers tightly; label, date, and store them in a cool, dark, and secure location.

5. Inspect and monitor:

a. Inspect all emergency storage and disinfection supplies every six months.

b. Inspect storage container condition.

c. Measure and adjust chlorine residual in or on containers and other supplies.

d. Take at least one sample for coliform testing.

e. Record inspection results in a log.

6. Clean and sanitize containers and replace water annually. Record the date on the container label.

NOTE: Contact your district SEHO for guidance in storing bulk potable for emergency purposes in any method aside from those listed.

Chapter 2: Water Supply Ashore 2-14

Section E: Testing and Monitoring

E.1. Minimum Sampling Requirements

Sampling requirements are governed by state regulations and differ according to system classification.

E.1.a. Public Water Systems

Per reference (c), Safety of Public Water Systems, 42 U.S.C. Subchapter XII, also known as the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA), USCG-owned systems that meet the criteria for a public water system are sampled only per state or local drinking water regulations, whichever is most stringent.

E.1.b. Private Water Systems

For USCG-owned systems that do not meet the criteria for a public water system, such as wells servicing a small number of people, use the minimum sampling frequencies summarized in Table 2-3.

For USCG housing units on private wells, contact the servicing housing authority to conduct sampling. Document these tests on the Potable Water Quality Log on the Water Supply and Wastewater Disposal TTP Library page on CGPortal.

Follow the laboratory’s guidance for sampling procedures.

NOTE:

Table 2-3 is not an all-inclusive list of potential water supply contaminants; it is merely the minimum standard for private water system testing based on best practices. For more information on a private water system and additional water testing measures, contact state and local public health department(s).

Minimum Sampling Frequencies

Contaminant Sampling Periodicity

Residual halogen, if used Monthly

Bacteria as total and fecal coliform Monthly

Total dissolved solids Annually

Nitrates Annually

Table 2-3 Minimum sampling frequencies https://cg.portal.uscg.mil/units/hswlsc/SafeEvHealth/SitePages/Water%20Supply%20and%20Wastewater%20Disposal%20TTP%20Library.aspx

2-15 Chapter 2: Water Supply Ashore

E.1.c. All USCG-Owned Systems

Per reference (i), Manual of Naval Preventive Medicine, Chapter 5, Water Supply Ashore, NAVMED P-5010-5 (series), maintain a measurable FAC or combined chlorine residuals. This is for all PW distribution system points in Coast Guard-owned and operated supplies from ground and surface sources. Follow these guidelines for all USCG-owned systems:

• Contact state or local public or environmental health department as well as the district SEHO for more information on sampling requirements and certified (i.e., licensed) local laboratories that test for a variety of water contaminants.

• Conduct additional water sampling in the event of a contingency or emergency incident per sampling periodicity outlined in the unit’s contingency and/or facility emergency action plan. Other events that prompt additional sampling include:

Known problems with water systems in your area.

Part of the water system is replaced or repaired.

Noticeable change in water quality, such as taste, color, and odor.

NOTE: Guidance for taste and odor issues is provided in Appendix C: Step Procedure for Taste and Odor Problems.

E.2.

Residuals, Halogen, and Microbiological Sampling

• Enter and maintain all sampling records on a Potable Water Quality Log on the Water Supply and Wastewater Disposal TTP Library page on CGPortal. Always run a pH test when testing for halogen residual.

• Analyze samples collected for microbiological analysis as soon as possible after collection.

• Follow lab protocol for specifics on collection and submission of samples.

NOTE: Samples might need to be refrigerated and shipped on ice.

https://cg.portal.uscg.mil/units/hswlsc/SafeEvHealth/SitePages/Water%20Supply%20and%20Wastewater%20Disposal%20TTP%20Library.aspx

Chapter 2: Water Supply Ashore 2-16

• When evaluating potability, sample water distribution points used for drinking and cooking purposes.

• Choose sampling points to represent principal use, such as dining facilities, hospitals, barracks, and residential and administrative areas.

• Spot-check hot water faucets, leaking mixing faucets, drinking fountains, fire hydrants, or outlets connected to dead-end sections of the distribution system.

• For facilities using two or more independent distribution systems, consider each system as separate and distinct for calculating the number and frequency of samples to be drawn.

E.3. Sampling Equipment

Table 2-4 provides guidelines for sampling equipment.

Sampling Equipment

Units with Units without

Conduct halogen residual and bacterial testing.

Submit samples to a qualified state laboratory for analysis.

Follow manufacturer’s directions on sample collection and analysis.

Coordinate with the state public health department to have a state-certified sampling specialist take samples.

Table 2-4 Sampling equipment

E.3.a. Water Analyses

After water testing is complete, the state-certified laboratory that performed the analysis, dependent upon location, provides a Water Quality Lab Report.

Analytical laboratory reports might differ between laboratories; however key components remain the same. Figure 2-1 shows examples of common contaminants.

2-17 Chapter 2: Water Supply Ashore

Water Quality Lab Report Block Description

1 Information of the report requestor, water source, sampler, sampling date, and sampling time. Some laboratories provide a lab number or sample number, which is similar to a serial number. The laboratory uses this number to identify the water source and results.

2 The contaminants analyzed by the laboratory. Most laboratories determine what contaminants to analyze based on the specific request from their client. Other laboratories have predetermined sampling packages.

For example, package A includes total coliform bacteria and heavy metals.

3 Concentration of the contaminant analyzed. Compare results with water quality standards summarized in Section A.1.: Water Quality Standards in this chapter.

4 Units used to measure the contaminant level in water. Milligrams per liter (mg/L) are used for substances such as metals and nitrates. A milligram per liter is also equal to one part per million (ppm). Another common unit of concentration is parts per billion (ppb). If testing for radon, a common unit of measure is picocuries per liter (pCi/L). Some values such as pH, hardness, conductance, and turbidity are reported in units specific to the test.

Figure 2-1 Analytical and water quality lab reports

Chapter 2: Water Supply Ashore 2-18

When comparing concentration results to water quality standards, it is critical to ensure comparisons are made with the same unit of measure.

E.4. Health Advisories

Federal, state, and local agencies occasionally issue health advisories for specific contaminants or chemicals of concern. The EPA maintains records of all health advisories.

Units with a USCG-owned water system:

• Establish a relationship with the state public health agency to facilitate addressing health advisories. The state has information regarding laboratory tests to analyze emerging issues or chemicals of concern.

• Maintain any location-specific health advisories as part of the written PW program. Use the Shore Potable Water Supply and Wastewater Disposal Program Template on the Water Supply and Wastewater Disposal TTP Library page on CGPortal.

E.5. Lead Older water distribution systems might have lead piping or lead soldering used at piping joints. Lead can leach into drinking water with corrosion, especially from more acidic water sources. Units with USCG-owned systems:

• Consider the need to submit lead samples for analysis depending on the specifications of the water distribution system.

• Contact the well construction company and the state public health agency for guidance on lead sampling.

E.6. Disinfection Byproducts

The chemical reaction between disinfectant(s) and plant matter or naturally occurring materials in the water can form DBPs. These factors affect the formation of DBPs:

• Disinfectant concentration.

• The pH of source water.

• Water temperature.

These byproducts can pose adverse health risks in drinking water if DBP concentration exceeds federally established levels outlined in reference (d), National Primary Drinking Water Regulations, 40 CFR Part 141.

Municipalities monitor these byproducts. Follow this guidance to avoid DBPs if a disinfection system is used for the water system:

https://cg.portal.uscg.mil/units/hswlsc/SafeEvHealth/SitePages/Water%20Supply%20and%20Wastewater%20Disposal%20TTP%20Library.aspx https://cg.portal.uscg.mil/units/hswlsc/SafeEvHealth/SitePages/Water%20Supply%20and%20Wastewater%20Disposal%20TTP%20Library.aspx

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• Monitor appropriately.

• Use manufactured safeguards such as trouble alarms.

• For USCG- owned systems:

Contact the disinfection system manufacturer for concerns about system operation.

Obtain guidance, if needed, on any byproducts of concern for the area from the local public health department.

E.7.

Fluoridation

Nearly 75 percent of Americans served by community water systems receive fluoride in their drinking water to prevent tooth decay. Public health experts have named drinking water fluoridation as one of the top 10 public health achievements of the 20th century.

For USCG-owned municipalities that fluoridate drinking water, follow this guidance for safe drinking water:

Monitor and verify that fluoride levels do not exceed recommended limits. Some areas have naturally occurring fluoride present in water sources.

Conduct proper fluoridation to avoid incorrect dosage:

Ensure fluoridation is done by a certified system operator who is trained on fluoridation and monitoring fluoride levels.

Follow appropriate local and state regulation.

Contact local public health department for information on fluoridation.

Chapter 2: Water Supply Ashore 2-20

Section F: Documentation and Recordkeeping

F.1. Written Program

The Water Supply and Wastewater Disposal TTP Library page on CGPortal provides a template for creating a PW program. Units can use the Shore Potable Water Supply and Wastewater Disposal Program Template and insert unit-specific information for:

• A list of all water sources, including type, location, quantity, quality, and treatment provided for each.

• Current distribution system schematic or plans, which can be obtained from the CEU.

• A water quality log, surveys, and lab reports.

• Any regulatory requirements or instructions specific to location. The local public health agency has information on specific guidance or instructions.

NOTE:

Some ashore units are on municipal water but have a vessel with a PW storage tank, such as Aids to Navigation Teams with a 49-foot buoy utility stern boat (BUSL). Per reference (b), Safety and Environmental Health Manual, COMDTINST M5100.47 (series), these units are required to maintain a written program but can use the Afloat Potable Supply and Wastewater Disposal Program Template on the Water Supply and Wastewater Disposal TTP Library page on CGPortal. Guidance in Chapter 3: Water Supply Afloat is more relevant for these cases, with the exception of information relating to making water while underway.

https://cg.portal.uscg.mil/units/hswlsc/SafeEvHealth/SitePages/Water%20Supply%20and%20Wastewater%20Disposal%20TTP%20Library.aspx https://cg.portal.uscg.mil/units/hswlsc/SafeEvHealth/SitePages/Water%20Supply%20and%20Wastewater%20Disposal%20TTP%20Library.aspx https://cg.portal.uscg.mil/units/hswlsc/SafeEvHealth/SitePages/Water%20Supply%20and%20Wastewater%20Disposal%20TTP%20Library.aspx

3-1 Chapter 3: Water Supply Afloat

Chapter 3:

Water Supply Afloat

Introduction This chapter provides public health information and guidance to Coast Guard personnel who produce, store, monitor, and use potable drinking water afloat.

In This Chapter This chapter contains the following sections:

Section Title Page

A Water Standards and Sources 3-2

B Planning and Personnel Training 3-5

C Storage and Distribution 3-6

D Potable Water Hoses and Equipment 3-8

E Disinfecting PW Supplies 3-10

F Testing and Monitoring 3-17

G Documentation and Recordkeeping 3-20

Chapter 3: Water Supply Afloat 3-2

Section A: Water Standards and Sources

A.1. Water Quality Standards

Coast Guard afloat water programs fall under the same references discussed in Chapter 2: Water Supply Ashore, Section A: Water Standards and Sources:

• Reference (c), Safety of Public Water Systems, 42 U.S.C. Subchapter XII, also known as the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA).

• Reference (d), National Primary Drinking Water Regulations, 40 CFR Part 141. Reference (d) is also known as NPDWR.

• Reference (e), National Secondary Drinking Water Regulations, 40 CFR Part 143. Reference (e) is also known as NSDWR.

NOTE:

Table 3-1 presents common contaminants of concern for afloat PW systems and provides background on water quality issues. This is not an exhaustive list. For additional information, see Section F:

Testing and Monitoring in this chapter.

3-3 Chapter 3: Water Supply Afloat

Common Water Quality Standards for USCG Monitoring – Afloat

Contaminant Minimum Maximum

Contaminant Level (MCL)

Potential Health Effects from Long-Term Exposure above the

MCL

Chemical Characteristics3 Total

Bromine Residual

(TBR)1

Measurable trace

(preferably

0.2 ppm4)

1.0 ppm Can produce bromate as disinfection byproduct (DBP) under some conditions.

Free Available Chlorine

(FAC)

Measurable trace

(preferably

0.2 ppm)

4.0 ppm Eye/nose irritation; stomach discomfort; can produce chlorite as DBP under some conditions.

pH2 6.5 8.5

Low pH: Bitter and metallic taste;

increased risk of corrosion.

High pH: Slippery feel; soda…