Exhibit_A_-_Final_Wayside_Plan_(1).pdf

Writer/Planner Carol Petravage

Designer Chad Beale

Park Project Team Kathy Steichen Janet Scharf Janis Burger Chris Eckard

Olympic National Park

Elwha River Valley Exhibits (600,601,608-614,700)

Harpers Ferry Center | November 2014

Wayside Exhibit Final Plan v2National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior

O ly m pi c N at io na l P ar k

36 X 48 INCHES | 28% OF ACTUAL SIZE | NOVEMBER 2014 | OLYMPIC NATIONAL PARK | Wayside Exhibit 600

Observation Point

Olympic Hot Springs Road

Ozette Island

Garden Island

Tivoli Island

Spike Rock

Father And Son

James Island

Split Rock

Kalaloch Rocks

Destruction Island

Abbey Island

Alexander Island

Tunnel Island

Q U

I M P

E R

P E

N I N

S U

L A

M I L L E

R P

E N

I N S

U

T

A N

D O

S P

E N

I N S

U

B

LT

N

P E

N

IN

S U

LA

Q

I L C

E N

E R

A N

G

EDIZ HOOK D

N G

EN

ES

S S

PIT

THE N

EED

LES

S O L D U C V A L L E Y

S

D

C

V

L L E Y

B A I L E Y

R A

N

MOUNT OLYMPUS

SIX RIDGE

R U G G E D R I D G E

HIGH DIVIDE

KLAHHANE RIDGE

AURORA RIDGE

S K

Y

LI

R

ID

G E

SE

VEN LAKES BASIN

Hoh Head

Teahwhit Head

Taylor Point

Slip Point

Pillar Point

Point of the Arches

Cape Alava

Cape Johnson

Hole-in-the-Wall

Strawberry Point

Toleak Point

Tongue Point

Angeles Point

Sand Point

Hogsback

Scotts Bluff

Cape Flattery

Ahlstroms Prairie

Gray Wolf Pass

Lost Pass

Constance Pass

Anderson Pass

La Crosse Pass

Six Ridge Pass

Sundown Pass

Cameron Pass

Wynoochee Pass

O’Neil Pass

Grand Pass

Hayden Pass

First Divide

Ellis Mountain 2673ft 815m

Snider Peak 3055ft 931m

Mt Muller 3748ft 1142m Pyramid

Mtn 3000ft 914m

Mt Storm King 4534ft 1382m

Sourdough Mtn 4600ft 1402m

Striped Peak 1166ft 355m

Mt Appleton 6000ft 1829m

Bogachiel Peak 5474ft 1668m

Bahokus Peak 1380ft 421m

Mt Carrie 6995ft 2132m

Middle Peak

East Peak

Elk Mtn 6764ft 2062m

Mt Angeles 6454ft 1967m

Blue Mtn 6007ft 1831m

Maiden Peak 6434ft 1961m

Dodger Point 5753ft 1754m

McCartney Peak 6728ft 2051m

Mt Claywood

6836ft 2084m

Baldy 6797ft 2072m

Buckhorn Mtn 6988ft 2130m

Mt Deception 7788ft 2374m

Mt Constance 7743ft 2360m

White Mtn 6400ft 1951m

Sentinel Peak 6592ft 2009m

Mt Dana 6209ft 1893m

Mt Wilder 5928ft 1807m

Mt Anderson 7330ft 2231m

The Brothers 6866ft 2093m

O’Neil Peak 5758ft 1755m

Mt Bretherton 5960ft 1817m

Mt Skokomish 6434ft 1961m

Mt Lena 5995ft 1827m

Mt Cruiser 6104ft 1860m

Chimney Peak 6911ft 2016m

Mt Queets 6480ft 1975m

Mt Christie 6177ft 1883m

Muncaster Mtn 5910ft 1801m

Kimta Peak 5399ft 1646m

Mt Seattle 6246ft 1904m

Mt Washington 6255ft 1907m

Colonel Bob 4492ft 1369m

Lightning Peak 4654ft 1419m

Capitol Peak 5054ft 1540m

Hurricane Hill 5757ft 1755m

Appleton Pass 5100ft 1550m

To Hurricane Ridge

Goblin Gates

Mt Zion 4273ft 1302m

Mt Townsend 6280ft 1914m

2750ft 832m

Mt Jupiter 5701ft 1738m

West Peak 7980ft 2432m

Pelton Peak 5301ft 1616m

Mt Baldy

Boulder Peak

Lizard Head Peak

Mt Fitzhenry

Stephen Peak

Mt Mystery

Mt Ferry

Ludden Peak

Mt Ellinor

West Peak Crystal Peak

Mt Steel

Higley Peak

Dick ey

Ri ve r

Elle n C re ek

Hoko

Rive r

Hoko River

N or th

Fork

Calawah River

East

Fork ic ke y iv er

Kal al oc h

Cr ee k

Cedar Creek

Fa lls

C re ek

Goodman C

Mosquito Creek

Be ar

Creek West T win R as t T w in

Sitkum R iver

South Fork Calawah River

North Fork Bogachiel R iver

Tum w ata Creek

Matheny Creek

Barnes Creek

Lyre

R iver

Boulder Creek

A u ro ra

C reek

Lake Beauty

Hoh Creek

G la ci er

C r

M ount Tom Creek

Tshletshy Creek Fi n le k

Sams River

Indian Creek

Wolf Creek

Morse Creek

Lake Creek

Li tt le R aide n Creek

Ca t

Cr ee k

Lillian R iver

Hayes R iver

Lost River

G o ld ie

Wild R ose Cr Elip Creek

Geoduck Creek B u ckin ghorse C reek

G o d kin

C reek

Graves Creek Success Creek

Six Stream

O’Neil Creek

Ca ny on k

Grand Creek

Cam er on C re ek

Roya l

Cre

Slat e

West Fork Dosewallip s R

W ak et ic ke h

C re e k

Tunnel Creek

Silver Creek

M atr io tt i C

Si eb er t

Cr ee k

Little Quilcene River

Ch im ac um

C

Crocker Lake

Leland Lake

Hughes Creek

Griff Creek

Three Lakes

Irely Lake

Lake Sundown

Upper Lena Lake

Black and White Lakes

Flapjack Lakes

Home Lake

Lake Constance

Heart Lake

Hoh Lake

Elk Lake

Deer Lake

Lunch Lake

Mink Lake

Eagle Lakes

Grand Lake

Moose Lake

Royal Lake

Boulder Lake

Dickey Lake

Big Joes Lake

Thunder Lake

Beaver Lake

Anderson Lake

Elk Lake

Lena Lake

PJ Lake

Marmot Lake

Wagonwheel Lake

Jefferson Lake

Happy Lake

Madison Falls Trail

Cascade Rock Trail

West Elwha Trail

Marymere Falls

Merriman Falls

Bunch Falls

Sol Duc Falls

Jeffers Glacier

White Glacier

Blue Glacier

Hubert Glacier

Humes Glacier

Hoh Glacier

Carrie Glacier

Eel Glacier

Anderson Glacier

Quillayute River

So l D uc R

Bogachiel

River

Bogachiel River

Ca lawah

Hoh R ive r

Que et s River Quinault

Hoh

South Fork Hoh River

Queets R ive r

Hamma Ham ma River

Duckabush River

Dosewallips River

Gray W olf

Rive r

D un ge ne ss R

Gra

W o lf

Big Quilcene River

Sol Duc River

Lake Sutherland

Ozette

River

Lake Pleasant

North Fork Sol Duc River

N or th

F ork Q uinault R osewallips River

Bogachiel R iver

D u n g en es s R

Quin ault

R ive r

Elw ha River

E lw ha River

Hoh River

So o es River

Big

Rive r

Cl ea rw at er R ive r

Clea rw at

Sn ah a p is h

R

Salmon R

Raft River

W yn ooch ee R

South Fork Skokomish River or th F or k

Sk ok om ish

R ive r

Pysh t

Duckabush River

Sol Duc River

E LW

HA R I V E R

E

LW

H

I V

E R

OZETTE

LAKE

LAKE CRESCENT

LA KE C

U

SH

M

AN

WYNOOCHEE

LAKE

LAKE QUINAULT

(administe red by

Quinault I ndian

Natio n)

P A C I F I C

O C E A N

S T R A I T O F J U A N D E F U C A

H O

N

B O

B B

Y

DUNGENESS BAY

D I S C O V E R Y B AY

SEQ

IM

BA

PORT ANGELES

HARBOR

FRESHWATER

BAY

Ford

No river ford possible

No river ford possible

Clallam Bay Sekiu

Pysht

Joyce

Neah Bay

La Push

Queets

Amanda Park

Lilliwaup

Hoodsport

Seabeck

Brinnon

Quilcene

Eldon

Sappho

Beaver

Oil City (no services)

FORKS

PORT

ANGELES

SEQUIM

PORT TOWNSEND

BEACH 3

BEACH 2

BEACH 1

BEACH 4

RUBY BEACH

FIRST

BEACH

SECOND

BEACH

THIRD

BEACH

SHI SHI BEACH

RIALTO BEACH

HOBUCK

BEACH

YELLOW BANKS

K itch en -D ick R o ad

Ta yl o r

C u to ff

R d

H ok o-O ze tte

Road

H obuck R ad

Quilla yu te Road

Mora Road

La Push R oa d

Undie Road

Oil City

R oad

North Shore Road

Upper Q ueets Valley Road

Lo wer Q ueets Valley Road

Road

Little River Road

Bl ac k D ia m on d

R d

Palo Alto R d

Lost M o u n ta in

Creek Rd

Penny

Upper Hoh Road

D ee r Pa rk

So uth Shore Road

Graves Creek Road

Duckabush Road

Whiskey Bend Road unpaved

Lake Dawn Road

Clearwater Road

Big cedar tree

Big Alaska yellow cedar tree

Quinault big cedar tree

Big Sitka spruce tree

Big Douglas-fir tree

Big Sitka spruce tree

Big Sitka spruce tree

Lyre River

Dungeness Forks

Fallsview

Rainbow Group Camp

Seal Rock

Collins

Big Creek

Klahanie

Cottonwood

South Fork

Minnie Peterson

Willoughby Creek

Hoh Oxbow

Copper Mine Bottom

Yahoo Lake

Upper Clearwater

Falls Creek

Gatton Creek

Lake Quinault Lodge Willaby

Brown Creek

Le Bar Horse Camp

Elkhorn

Bear Creek Klahowya

Mt Walker Viewpoint

Lena Creek

Hamma Hamma

SALT CREEK

COUNTY PARK

CLALLAM BAY SPIT

COUNTY PARK

PILLAR POINT COUNTY PARK

FRESHWATER BAY

COUNTY PARK

LAKE PLEASANT

COUNTY PARK

DUNGENESS

RECREATION AREA

M A K A H

I N D I A N

R E S E R V A T I O N

O Z E T T E I N D I A N R E S E R V A T I O N

Q U I L E U T E I N D I A N

R E S E R V A T I O N

H O H I N D I A N R E S E R V A T I O N

L O W E R E L W H A K L A L L A M I N D I A N R E S E R V A T I O N

J A M E S T O W N S ’ K L A L L A M T R I B E

Q U I N A U L T

I N D I A N R E S E R V A T I O N

O L Y M P I C

N A T I O N A L F O R E S T

O L Y M P I C

N A T I O N A L F O R E S T

O L Y M P I C

N A T I O N A L F O R E S T

O L Y M P I C

N A T I O N A L

F O R E S T

O L Y M P I C

N A T I O N A L

P A R K

O L Y M P I C N A T I O N A L

P A R K

OLYMPIC

NATIONAL

PARK

O L Y M P I C W I L D E R N E S SO L Y M P I C

W I L D E R N E S S

O L Y M P I C W I L D E R N E S S

B U C K H O R N W I L D E R N E S S

B U C K H O R N W I L D E R N E S S

M O U N T

S K O K O M I S H

W I L D E R N E S S

T H E B R O T H E R S W I L D E R N E S S

W O N D E R M O U N T A I N

W I L D E R N E S SC O L O N E L B O B

W I L D E R N E S S

O L

Y M

P I

A

T I

O N

R

I

N C

T U

A

DOSEWALLIPS

STATE PARK

SCENIC BEACH

STATE PARK

TRITON COVE

STATE PARK

OLD FORT

TOWNSEND

STATE PARK

SEQUIM BAY

STATE PARK

ANDERSON LAKE

STATE PARK

FORT WORDEN

STATE PARK

DUNGENESS NATIONAL

WILDLIFE REFUGE

BOGACHIEL

STATE PARK

PLEASANT

HARBOR

STATE PARK

Q U

I L

L A

Y U

E

D L

T

I O

N

W

L D

L I

F

F

U

L D

E R

N E

PROTECTION ISLAND

NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE

F L

A T

T E

C

K

T I

O N

L

D L

I

F U

L

D E

R N

E

Makah Museum/ Cultural and Research Center

Olympic National Park Information board

Quilcene USFS

Ferry to Victoria, British Columbia, Canada

Ferry to Whidbey

Island

To Seattle via ferry

To Olympia, Tacoma, and SeattleTo Aberdeen

Road washed out.

Check for status.

Road frequently washes out. Check for status.

Road may be closed in winter.

Road open summer only. Trailers and motor homes not recommended.

Road may be closed weekdays in winter.

Road open summer only.

Road open summer only.

Road open summer only. Trailers and motor homes not recommended.

North Shore Road:

Trailers and motor homes not recommended east of ranger station.

(no potable water)

(no potable water)

(no potable water)

Gas Station

Store, Boat gasoline

Swan Bay

Graves Creek

Queets

North Fork

July Creek

Kalaloch Lodge

Kalaloch

South Beach

Log Cabin Resort

Fairholme

East Beach

North Shore

La Poel

Obstruction Point

Lake Crescent Lodge

NatureBridge Campus

Altair

East Abutment

Elwha Griff Creek Trail

Wolf Creek Trail

Heart O’ the Hills

Park Headquarters

Glines Canyon Overlook

Whiskey Bend Trailhead

Humes Ranch

Salmon Cascades

Sol Duc Hot Springs Resort

Wilderness Information Center

Norwegian Memorial

Chilean Memorial

Ancient Groves

Elwha-Hurricane Hill Trail

Storm King Ranger Station

Hurricane Ridge Visitor Center

Elwha River Trail

Elwha Ranger Station

Long Ridge Trail

Appleton Pass Trail

Happy Lake Ridge Trail

Hoh Rain Forest Visitor Center

Olympic National Park Visitor Center

NPS/USFS Recreation Information

USFS/NPS Recreation Information

Dosewallips

Mora

Ozette

Sol Duc

Eagle

Deer Park

Staircase Ranger Station

Quinault Rain Forest Ranger Station

Kalaloch Ranger Station x x x x x x x

Elkhorn

Enchanted Valley

Olympus

Low Divide tunnels

2180-010

101101

Tatoosh Island

Fe rr y

Ferry

Ferry

Ferry

Ozette

Mora

Kalaloch Staircase

Dosewallips

Deer ParkHurricane Ridge

Sol Duc Elwha

Hoh Rain

Forest

Quinault Rain Forest

101 101

P A C I F I C

O C E A N

P U

G

U

J U A N D E F U C A

S T R A I T O F

H O

O D

C A

N

A L

CANAD

U N IT

ED

S

TA

T

Sea-Tac Airport

Tacoma

Seattle

Victoria

Port Townsend

Sequim

OlympiaAberdeen

Neah Bay

Port Angeles

Hoodsport

Forks

0 10 Miles

10 Kilometers

North

Boat launch

Picnic area

Lodge

Food service

Wheelchair-accessible with assistance

Campground

Campground (summer only)

Primitive campground

Primitive campground (summer only)

Self-guiding trailRanger station

Ranger station (summer only)

Not a Drive-through Park

Hiking the Wilderness

Visiting the Coast

0 1 Mile

0 1 Kilometer

North

Madis on Fal l s

Glines Canyon

Humes Ranch

E L W H A R I V E R V A L L E Y

Welcome to Olympic National Park! With nearly one million acres, the park protects rugged coasts, old-growth forests, wild rivers, snowy peaks, diverse wildlife, and rich human stories. Experiencing the major ecosystems of this internationally recognized wilderness is within easy reach. Enjoy exploring, whether for a few hours or a lifetime.

A Wilderness Portal In the mountains before you the mighty Elwha River is born of snow melt, then flows 45 miles (72 km) before emptying into the Strait of Juan de Fuca.

For millennia this valley, the largest watershed in Olympic National Park, has sheltered old-growth forests, abundant wildlife, and massive salmon runs. Walk a trail—or two!—and discover the Elwha wilderness.

H O

O D

C A

N A

L

Sea-Tac Airport

Tacoma

OlympiaAberdeen

Sequim

Port Townsend

VICTORIANeah Bay

P U

G E

T S

O U

P A C I F I C

O C E A N

J U A N D E F U C A

S T R A I T O F CANADA

U N IT

ED

S

TA

T E

S

Seattle

Deer Park

O LY M P I C

N A T I O N A L

P A R K

Quinault Rain Forest

Kalaloch

Ozette Lake Crescent

Mora

Staircase

Dosewallips

Sol Duc

Hoh Rain Forest

Port Angeles

Victoria

Port Townsend

Sequim

Neah Bay

Hurricane Ridge

Elwha

Hoodsport

Forks

0 10 Miles

10 Kilometers

North

You Are Here one-way distance elevation change

Madison Falls Trail Follow the accessible trail to a waterfall. 0.1 mile (160 m) 46 ft (14 m)

Cascade Rock Trail Hike to a viewpoint or continue uphill. 2.1 miles (3.4 km) 1,256 ft (383 m)

Griff Creek Trail Ascend through trees to views of the valley. 2.8 miles (4.5 km) 2,841 ft (866 m)

West Elwha Trail Cross varied terrain west of the Elwha River. 3.2 miles (5.2 km) to park boundary

221 ft (67 m)

Glines Canyon Overlook Experience Elwha River restoration from the former dam’s accessible spillway.

West Lake Mills Walk above former Lake Mills en route to Boulder Creek.

1.9 miles (3.1 km) 18 ft (5.5 m)

Elwha–Hurricane Hill Trail Ascend steeply to the top of Hurricane Hill. 6.2 miles (10 km) 5,305 ft (1617 m)

Upper Lake Mills Descend steeply to the Elwha River. 0.4 mile (0.6 km) 430 ft (131 m)

Elwha River Trail Goblin Gates Humes Ranch

? 665 ft (203 m)

Wolf Creek Trail Wind uphill to subalpine meadows. 7.9 miles (12.7 km) 3,837 ft (1170 m)

Appleton Pass Trail Olympic Hot Springs Appleton Pass

2.5 miles (4 km)

7.7 miles (12.4 km) 3,321 ft (1012 m)

Nat i v e Amer i c an s Ernie Simpson, 1914

Home s t e a d e r s Chris and Christina Lollick, 1890s

Hik e r s Heading to Mount Olympus, 1913

In d u s t r i a l i s t s Building Glines Canyon Dam, 1926

36 X 48 INCHES | 28% OF ACTUAL SIZE | NOVEMBER 2014 | OLYMPIC NATIONAL PARK | Wayside Exhibit 601

National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior

Follow the paths traveled by Elwha Klallam Indians, homesteaders, hikers, and industrialists. Those who came before you each found something of value here—home, adventure, work. What will you discover?

Hikers and mountain climbers sought wilderness challenges. Others came seeking fish and game.

In the late 1800s, European Americans began exploring these forests and mountains, followed by homesteaders who made a living farming, ranching, and guiding people through the valley.

Many Have Come Before You

For the Elwha Klallam, the valley is not only their home and source of food, but also the place of their creation.

Entrepreneurs built two dams in the early 1900s to power growth on the Olympic Peninsula. A century later the dams were removed and the Elwha Valley began to heal.

WAYSIDE DRAWING | 36 X 48 INCHES and 24 x 48 INCHES | 9% of ACTUAL SIZE | WAYSIDE EXHIBIT 600, 601

Olympic National Park

X

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O ly m pi c N at io na l P ar k!

W ith n ea rl y on e m ill io n ac re s, th e pa rk pr ot ec ts r ug ge d co as ts , o ld -g ro w th fo re st s, w ild r iv er s, s no w y pe ak s, d iv se ild lif e, a nd r ic h hu m an s to ri es . E xp er ie nc in g th e m aj or e co sy st em s of th is te rn at io na lly r ec og ni ze d w ild er ne ss is w ith in e as y re ac h.

E nj oy e xp lo ri ng w he th er fo r a fe w h ou rs o r a lif et im e.

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In th e m ou nt ai ns b ef or e yo u th e m ig ht y

E lw ha R iv er is b or n of s no w m el t, th en fl ow s m ile s

(7 km ) b ef or e em pt yi ng in to th e St ra it of Ju an d e Fu ca

Fo r m ill en ni a th is v al le y, th e la rg es t w at er sh ed in O ly m pi c

N at io na l P ar k, ha s sh el te re d ol d-gr ow th fo re st s, ab un da nt w ild lif e, a nd m as si ve s al m on ru ns

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48 X 20 INCHES | 30% OF ACTUAL SIZE | NOVEMBER 2014 | OLYMPIC NATIONAL PARK | Wayside Exhibit 609

You Are Here

Water reentered the river through the tail race.

The surge tank regulated water pressure.

A pipe called a penstock carried water to the powerhouse.

The transformers converted the electricity to a higher voltage.

The water spun a turbine to generate electricity.

Twenty-five thousand horse power is a mighty force anywhere in the world and it will be a powerful factor in developing this new country.

George O’Brien, Sequim Press, April 8, 1911, about Aldwell’s dam development in the Elwha Valley.Construction of the Glines Canyon Dam began in 1925. Building a dam in this narrow, deep canyon was difficult and dangerous.

The dam, completed in 1927, towered 210 feet (64 m) above the canyon floor.

Powering the Past This spillway remains as testimony to an era of industrialization.

Entrepreneur Thomas Aldwell built Glines Canyon Dam in 1925 to fuel the growth of Port Angeles with hydroelectric power. Aldwell had a vision—to turn a small frontier settlement into a boomtown. To do that, his company bought up homesteads along the Elwha River and built dams that powered mills and brought industry to nearby communities.

With a deepwater port for ships and thousands of acres of virgin forest, the only thing Port Angeles needed for economic growth was a reliable source of power.

Po r t Ang e l e s Mi l l

G L I N E S C A N Y O N D A M

How i t Wo rk e d

48 X 20 INCHES | 32% OF ACTUAL SIZE | NOVEMBER 2014 | OLYMPIC NATIONAL PARK | Wayside Exhibit 610

DA M FA C T S

Freeing the Elwha

Notching continued, but as the lake drained, the canyon became too narrow for the barge. Explosives removed the remainder of the dam.

You might think it’s easy to take out a dam. But Glines Canyon Dam had to be carefully removed in stages, with scheduled pauses.

This enabled the powerful river to transport as much sediment as possible, while protecting fish and habitat downstream.

Dam removal began on September 15, 2011. An excavator, sitting on a barge perched above the deep canyon, notched the dam to drain the reservoir.

A large crane transported workers and equipment and hauled concrete out. To reduce costs, parts of the dam that did not block the river were left in place.

A blast on August 26, 2014, removed the last 30 feet

(9 m) of the dam. In September workers cleared the rubble.

The Elwha River runs free once again.

The dam held back over 21 m i l l i o n c u b i c ya r d s o f s e d imen t ( 16 m i l l i o n c u b i c me t e r s ).

At 210 f e e t (64 m) h i gh , Glines Canyon Dam was the tallest dam removed to date in US history.

Blasting required nearly 15 t o n s ( 13 . 6 me t r i c t o n s ) o f e x p l o s i v e s and removed 12 , 000 c u b i c ya r d s (9 m i l l i o n c u b i c me t e r s ) o f c o n c r e t e .

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Former Glines Canyon Dam

Former Elwha DamLake Sutherland

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48 X 20 INCHES | 30% OF ACTUAL SIZE | NOVEMBER 2014 | OLYMPIC NATIONAL PARK | Wayside Exhibit 611

ReturningHome Only months after dam removal, fish fought their way up rapids barren of salmon for a century. They are once again swimming homeward to lay their eggs in newly available salmon-friendly habitat. Their offspring will live in the river for up to two years, migrate to the ocean to grow, then return home to the Elwha to spawn and continue the cycle. In this living laboratory, researchers have a rare opportunity to study what happens when salmon return to a wild, protected river.

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P o t e n t i a l S A L M O N R A N G E When the dams stood, salmon were blocked from 95% of their historic habitat.

Using methods like snorkel surveys, radio telemetry, and sonar imagery, biologists monitor how salmon are recolonizing the river.

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You Are Here

48 X 20 INCHES | 32% OF ACTUAL SIZE | NOVEMBER 2014 | OLYMPIC NATIONAL PARK | Wayside Exhibit 612

Feeding the Forest

L i f e-S i z e Mal e

Can you see the salmon in the trees? Throughout their life cycle in both fresh water and ocean, salmon nourish over 130 species of insects, birds, fish, and mammals. When salmon return to rivers to spawn and die, they feed forest life. Otters feast on their catch, dippers dive for salmon eggs, and tiny shrews nibble bones.

When larger animals like bears drag fish carcasses into the forest, the remains of their meals fertilize the surrounding plant community. By measuring ocean-born nutrients that salmon deliver to the food web, researchers can track how returning fish are helping to restore the Elwha Valley.

P ink Sa lmon were historically the most abundant fish in the Elwha. Their eggs and carcasses contributed hundreds of thousands of pounds of nutrients.

ha ts H ap pe ni ng

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54 X 20 INCHES | 30% OF ACTUAL SIZE | NOVEMBER 2014 | OLYMPIC NATIONAL PARK | Wayside Exhibit 613

Rebuilding the River BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBeeeeeeeee fffffffff ooo rr ee Damm RemmovovvvaalaalalallaalmD

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You might think that the Elwha seen above is the picture of health—but the river below is in better shape. The woody debris slows the water, creates deep pools and anchors sediment, reducing flooding and erosion. This will also help fish cope with changes in water temperature and flows caused by climate change.

For 85 years, much of what you see was a reservoir. But Glines Canyon Dam held back more than water. It disrupted the flow of key ingredients for a healthy river—the woody debris and sediment that build gravel bars, pools, and side channels. These provide critical spawning habitat for fish and safe havens for their young. Look for logs and large branches rebuilding the skeleton of a dynamic and meandering Elwha.

Glines Canyon Dam trapped 21 million cubic yards (16 million cubic meters) of sediment. Downstream, Elwha Dam trapped an additional 6.4 million cubic yards (4.9 million cubic meters). Combined, this sediment would fill a football field 2.4 miles (3.9 km) high. At the river’s mouth, sediment is rebuilding eroded shoreline.

Grav e l s i z e is critical for spawning salmon.

If the gravel is too large, fish can’t move it to spawn. If the gravel is too small, eggs may smother. After hatching, alevins must hide in the gravel until their yolk sacs are depleted.

Young fry then swim up to feed on aquatic life.

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48 X 20 INCHES | 32% OF ACTUAL SIZE | NOVEMBER 2014 | OLYMPIC NATIONAL PARK | Wayside Exhibit 614

Changing from Gray to Green

You Are Here

Mammals and birds like this varied thrush spread plants by eating and excreting seeds.

The wind blows seeds from surrounding vegetation into the lakebed creating new growth, like these young alders.

Staff grew 59 species—from wildflowers to trees—to use in lakebed restoration.

Logs provide young plants with shade and protection from animals.

Seed collecting started many years before the removal of the dams.

A B i g J o b f o r a Sma l l P lan t During its lifetime, this cottonwood sapling will control erosion, improve water quality, and provide shade, food, and habitat for other plants and wildlife.

For years, volunteers, partners, and staff removed invasive non-native species and transplanted over 400,000 native plants.

What do you see? A moonscape, a leafy vista, or something in between? As the reservoir drained, people and nature teamed up to reestablish native plants on hundreds of acres of exposed, barren sediment.

The goal—to restore a functioning ecosystem. Nature reclaimed the edge of the former lakeshore. People planted the lakebed beyond nature’s reach. The landscape will grow and change as years go by.

PLANT PIONEERS

WILDLIFE WORKERS

SAFE HAVENS

SEED COLLECTION

NURSERY STARTS

A HELPING HAND

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