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ROUTINE MAINTENANCE ENGINEERING AND

WORK ACTIVITIES GUIDELINES1

Routine maintenance of gravel and earth roads is a widely dispersed activity, requiring small resources inputs over a large number of widely separated points. This activity is best suited for manual labor. The amount of work need to keep a length of road in good condition depends on several factors, such as type of road surface, traffic volume (number, type and size of vehicles), the severity of climatic conditions, road gradients, and the presence of bush and vegetation.

DEFINING ROUTINE MAINTENANCE

Routine maintenance is a grouping of activities that are performed regularly on a road, whose purpose is to rectify the defects that continuously occur on a road due to normal climatic conditions and normal traffic passage. Generally, routine maintenance strives at maintaining the road to the same standard as when it was initially constructed. Routine maintenance activities are carried out along an entire road, and are therefore widely scattered.

Routine maintenance is not meant to produce a new product (a road) but to retain an existing road at an acceptable standard. Routine maintenance is a continuous activity which has to tackle the deterioration that can occur to a road at any time. Earth and gravel roads especially in tropical countries can deteriorate very quickly without proper maintenance.

It must be clearly understood that routine maintenance is a continuous process whereby the same activities are regularly carried out along a road section. The frequency of execution of these activities depends on the rate of exposure to the elements that cause deterioration to the road structure. With time, as more knowledge is acquired on the maintenance needs pattern of a particular road section, it is possible to come up with a more predictive schedule of which activities must be done in any particular period during the year and the frequency.

Routine maintenance activities are normally implemented in cycles. The correct frequencies of the cycles are those that will maintain the road at the acceptable standard. Routine maintenance is NOT a one off operation. In the absence of routine maintenance, the road quickly deteriorates such that periodic maintenance will be necessary before routine maintenance can be resumed. A road that does not receive regular routine maintenance will require more frequent and more expensive periodic maintenance

Routine maintenance activities normally include:

1. Inspection and removal of obstructions and debris

2. Clean culverts and their inlets and out lets

3. Clean/Repair dr if ts and their inlets and out lets

4. Repair cu lver t head walls and aprons

5. Clean side drains and excavate to original size

6. Repa i r / cons t ruc t scou r checks

7. Clean/Repair miter drains and excavate to original size

8. Fi l l potholes and ruts in the carr iageway

9. Repa ir shou lders and s lopes eros ion

10. Grub edges and reshape the carr iageway

11. C u t g r a s s

12. C l e a r b u s h

Please note that the description and break down of the activities discussed in the “Activity” sections is purely meant for you (the contractor) to understand how the activities are carried out. When it comes to the interpretation of the activities listed in the contract, the specification (see following Bill of

Quantities section) is the document to consult as it describes fully what is required to be covered under each activity.

The specification lists the routine maintenance activities as shown below:

• RM1 - Inspection and Removal of Obstructions

• RM2 - De-silting Culverts and Clearing Culvert Inlets and Outlets

• RM3 - Clear Side, Catch-Water and Miter Drains

• RM4 - Repair Erosion of Shoulders and Drains

• RM5 - Repair Scour Checks

• RM6 - Grub Roadway

• RM7 - Clear Structures and their Waterways

• RM8 - Fill Potholes and Ruts in the Carriageway

• RM9 - Cut Grass and Bush

• RM10 - Other Activities as instructed

Bill of Quantity Items

Item No RM 1 - Inspection and Removal of Obstructions

Includes daily inspection of the whole of the road section(s) included in the Contract, Including identification and removal of all obstructions from the roadway, road side drains, miter and other drains, inlets and outlets of drifts, culverts and other structures, including their waterways, and the safe disposal thereof outside the road formation width.

The performance standard required shall be that all obstructions are continuously removed.

The method of measurement on the day of site inspection shall be that all obstructions are removed from the whole of the road section(s).

Item No RM 2 - De-silting Culverts and Clearing Culvert Inlets and Outlets

Includes clearing all culverts of all debris, silt and vegetation together with the safe disposal thereof outside the formation width and to maintain the culverts in a clean and free-draining condition at all times. This work also includes the clearing from all culvert inlets and outlets of all debris, silt and vegetation together with the safe disposal thereof outside the formation width.

The performance standard required shall be culverts including their inlets and outlets are cleared and free-draining at all times.

The method of measurement on the day of site inspection shall be that all those culverts included for clearing during the month preceding the site inspection are cleared and free-draining.

Item No RM 3 - Clear Side, Catch-Water and Miter Drains

Includes clearing all road side drains, catch-water drains and miter drains of all debris, silt and vegetation together with the safe disposal thereof outside the formation width and to maintain all the drains in a clean and free-draining condition at all times. This work includes maintaining the drains to their original dimensions of width and depth.

The performance standard required shall be drains cleared and free-draining at all times.

The method of measurement on the day of site inspection shall be that all those drains included for clearing during the month preceding the site inspection are clear and free-draining.

Item No RM 4 - Repair Erosion of Shoulders and Drains

Includes the repair of eroded shoulders to their original shape and cross fall and the repair of drain floors and side slopes to their original shape and grades with compacted suitable materials from locations approved during Inspections.

The performance standard required shall be shoulders repaired to their original shape and cross fall and drains repaired to their original shape and grades using approved material and free-draining at all times.

The method of measurement on the day of site inspection shall be that all those shoulders and drains included for repair during the month preceding the site inspection are repaired to their original shape, cross falls and slopes using approved material and free-draining.

Item No RM 5 - Repair Scour Checks

Includes repairing / replacing existing scour checks to the correct shape and size as directed during monthly Inspections. This activity may also include installing new scour checks if so directed during monthly Inspections.

The performance standard required shall be that scour checks are repaired/replaced/installed to the correct shape and size.

The method of measurement on the day of site inspection shall be that all those scour checks included for repair/replacement/installation during the month preceding the site inspection are repaired/ replaced/installed.

Item No RM 6 - Grub Roadway

Vegetation growth, particularly on slopes (shoulders, drain side slopes, etc.) acts as a natural stabilizing medium that protect slopes from run-off during rain, human and animal traffic, etc. Under no circumstances shall vegetation growth on slopes be disturbed without the specific instruction of the Employers' Representative. In most cases, it is only necessary to cut this vegetation to an acceptable height without disturbing the roots; refer Items 14 and 15 below. In circumstances where the Contractor is specifically instructed by the Employer's representative to perform grubbing (also referred to as weeding) of the roadway, this work shall be closely supervised and the grubbing limits of length, width and depth strictly observed with waste materials safely disposed outside the formation width.

The performance standard required shall be grubbing in strict accordance with the instructions of the Employers' Representative including limits and disposal.

The method of measurement on the day of site inspection shall be that all that grubbing instructed to be performed by the Employers' Representative has been undertaken in accordance with the limits of length, width and depth, and waste materials suitably disposed.

Item No RM 7 - Clear Structures and their Waterways

Includes clearing all drifts, vented drifts, bridges and other structures (not culverts, Item No RM 2 above) including their inlets and outlets of all debris, silt and vegetation together with the safe disposal thereof outside the road formation width and to maintain the structures and their inlets and outlets in a clean and free-draining condition at all times. This work also includes the clearing of all waterways, for a distance not less than 25 meters upstream and downstream from the roadway centre-line, of all debris, silt and vegetation together with the safe disposal thereof.

The performance standard required shall be all structures including their inlets and outlets and waterways are cleared and free-draining at all times.

The method of measurement on the day of site inspection shall be that all those structures included for clearing during the month preceding the site inspection are cleared and the waterways free-draining.

Item No RM 8 - Fill Potholes and Ruts on the Carriageway

Includes the excavation of all unsuitable/degraded material to a minimum depth of 8 cm and subsequent filling with suitable materials from locations approved during inspections. The work includes compaction of the fill materials to a finished level about 2 cm above the original road surface (to allow water to run off and for further settlement under traffic) and disposal of unsuitable/degraded materials outside the formation width.

The performance standard required shall be that potholes and ruts have been filled with suitable approved materials and are free-draining and unsuitable/degraded materials disposed.

The method of measurement on the day of site inspection shall be that all those pot holes and ruts included for filling during the month preceding the site inspection are filled with suitable approved materials which have been fully compacted, are free-draining and unsuitable/degraded materials disposed.

Item No RM 9 - Cut Grass and Bush

Grass and/or Bush growing on the carriageway, shoulders, drain slopes and drain floor shall be cut (not grubbed) to a height not exceeding 7 cm and for a width of not less than 5 metres each side of the road centre-line. On curves, the width may be increased to improve 'sight-distance' on the instruction of the Employers' Representative. Where the width limits require trees to be cut, this work shall only be undertaken following approval by the local community and on instruction from the Employers' Representative.

The performance standard required shall be grass and/or bush cut to the height and width limits as instructed by the Employers' Representative.

The method of measurement on the day of site inspection shall be that the grass is cut to the height and width limits as instructed by the Employers' Representative.

Item No RM 10 - Other Activities as Instructed

These activities shall be defined by the Employer’s Representative, and performed by the Contractor only as and when instructed to do so by the Employers' Representative.

Suggested Priorities for Routine Maintenance Activities

Season Priority Item Number General Activity Description

Before the Rains Start RM1, RM2, RM3, RM4, RM5 and RM7

The entire drainage system inc. all drains, structures, water- ways, etc..

During the Wet Weather RM1, RM2, RM3, RM4, RM5, RM7 and RM8

The entire drainage system inc. all drains, structures, water- ways, repairs of shoulders and slopes, and draining standing water from the carriageway, fill progressing potholes.

At the End of the Wet Season

RM1, RM2, RM3, RM4,

RM5, RM6, RM7, RM8 and

RM9

Repair all eroded shoulders, slopes and drains, fill potholes and cut/clear all vegetation

During the Dry Season RM1, RM4, RM5, RM6, RM8 and RM9

Repair all components of the drainage system, fill potholes and cut/clear all vegetation.

ROUTINE MAINTENANCE PRIORITIES

Critical elements of the drainage system, such as culverts and drains need particular attention and first priority should be given to the removal of obstacles which block the water passage away from the road.

Small erosion channels must be repaired before the next rains can deepen and widen them. Both these tasks require regular inspection. Lowest priority should generally be given to those tasks which require significant inputs and produce limited results in terms of prolonging the life of the road (i.e. grass cutting and bush clearing).

The following table provides a list of priorities for routine maintenance to the following seasons:

TABLE 1: ROUTINE MAINTENANCE PRIORITIES

Season Priority Description

Before rains

1 clean culverts and drifts

2 clean miter drains

3 clean side drains

4 repair side drain erosion and scour checks

During rains

1 inspect and remove obstacles

2 clean culvert and drifts

3 clean miter drains

4 clean side drains

5 repair side drain erosion and

6 sour checks

End of rains

1 repair erosion on shoulders, on slopes and in drains

2 reinstate scour checks

3 reshape carriage way

4 fill potholes and ruts in carriage way

5 cut grass

Dry season

1 repair structures

2 reshape carriage

3 clear bush

ACTIVITY : INSPECTION AND REMOVAL OF OBSTRUCTIONS AND

DEBRIS

DESCRIPTION/REMARKS

The activity includes an inspection of the complete length of the road. The inspection has to be carried out by the Supervisor on a daily basis. Any small obstructions can be removed immediately when detected by the Supervisor. The Supervisor is supposed to record any work that needs to be carried out immediately, e.g. blocked culverts during rainy seasons. He/she also records any larger emergency work that needs to be carried out and immediately informs the Contractor who in turn consults the Client.

WORK METHOD

check the road on every working day for emergency maintenance requirements after every rainfall check whether inlets and outlets of all culverts and drifts are blocked after every rainfall check whether all side drains, miter drains and catchment drains are blocked after every rain fall check whether obstructions on the carriageway are blocking the road if any obstructions or debris has to be removed along the section decide how many laborers are required to carry out the work organize the laborers and issue task rates.

REQUIRED HAND TOOLS

According to work required.

ACTIVITY : CLEAN CULVERTS INCLUDING INLETS AND OUTLETS

DESCRIPTION/REMARKS

The activity includes the removal of all silt and debris from inside the culvert and the area of the head walls. The inlet and outlet ditches must also be cleared of vegetation, silt and debris. If the ditches are not silting or eroding, and they are to the current depth and profile, then the grass should be cut leaving the roots to bind the surface together.

If rainwater ponds in the culvert, inlet or outlet, the drains should be checked for the correct gradient.

If the gradient is below 2% then the drain has to be set out again by the Supervisor using a line level, ranging rods and/or boning rods.

WORK METHOD

1. remove silt and debris from inlet, culvert and outlet. Set out outlet width and length using pegs and strings if necessary.

2. check gradient of the outlet if the culvert frequently silts up and re-establish outlet gradient if necessary

3. if gradient cannot be improved, inform the Engineer

FIGURE 1: REMOVING SILT AND DEBRIS FROM CULVET PIPE

Shovel

Hoe

Long handled shovel and trowel

Measuring aids

Line level, ranging rods and/or boning rods

Pegs and strings

ACTIVITY : CLEAN/REPAIR DRIFTS INCLUDING INLETS AND OUTLETS

DESCRIPTION/REMARKS

Drifts are constructed instead of culverts where the natural gradient of the area does not allow the installation of culverts. Drifts are usually very delicate when it comes to establishing the minimum gradients. Accurate work is essential.

The activity includes checking the gradients and removing all silt and debris. The inlet and outlet drains must also be cleared of vegetation, silt and debris. If the drains are not silting or eroding, and they are to the current depth and profile, then the grass should be cut leaving the roots to bind the surface together.

If rainwater ponds in the drift bed, inlet or outlet, the drains should be checked for the correct and uniform gradient. If the gradient is 0% or not uniform, the drain has to be set out again by the Supervisor using a line level, ranging rods and/or boning rods.

WORK METHOD

1. check all levels in drift bed, inlet and outlet

2. establish correct level of drif t bed

FIGURE 2: ESTABLISHING DRIFT LEVELS FOR MAINTENANCE

3. correction of wrong bed levels:

- always check the levels of inlet and outlet first. If levels of inlet and outlet are correct, move to the next point.

- reestablish the correct levels as described under steps 1 and 2

- excavate/fill drift bed

- provide drift bed with new gravel layer

4. remove silt from bed: FIGURE 3 : REMOVING SILT FROM DRIFT BED

- remove silt from drift bed down to the firm surface.

- check levels again.

- also check levels of out lets. If necessary correct outlets.

- If the original surface under the silt is poor, follow the procedure as described under point 6

- proceed in the same way as for erosion repair, point 5.

7. monitor the work progress, if necessary demonstrate how to carry out the work, check work standard and approve achieved tasks when the job is finished

REQUIRED HAND TOOLS

Shovel

Hoe

Pickaxe

2 Wheelbarrows

1 Earth Rammer

Measuring aids

Line level, ranging rods and/or boning rods

Pegs and strings

5 . r epa i r e ros ion in bed :

- remove poor material and excavate a uniform base

- bring in good material (preferably gravel) in layers

- compact layers of maximum 10 cm with earth rammer

- establish smooth correct level with

1% gradient to the outlet

6 . remove deformation and/or poor material from bed:

FIGURE 4: REPAIR OF EROSION

FIGURE 5: REPAIR OF EROSION - FILL AND COMPACT IN LAYERS

ACTIVITY : REPAIR CULVERT HEAD WALL AND WING WALLS

DESCRIPTION/REMARKS

Many culverts have dry stone head walls, wing walls and aprons. Where these are damaged, it is necessary to repair them immediately with new stones or stones brought back into place. It is of advantage to have one laborer per gang who is specialized in this sort of work.

Repairing mortared masonry work and concrete work is not usually a routine maintenance activity.

However, should this be included in a contract, then arranging for a qualified mason to carry out such repair work is necessary.

WORK METHOD

1. inspect head walls, wing walls and aprons regularly but especially after rain falls,

2. replace dislodged stones or fill in new ones. If necessary shape them to fit properly into the open gaps,

3. backfill where necessary with gravel or good quality soil.

FIGURE 6 : REPAIR OF HEAD AND WING WALLS

Hoe

Pickaxe

Masons Hammer

Masonry tools for mortared work

Wheelbarrow

REQUIRED MATERIAL

Additional Stones

For mortared and concrete work:

cement and sand, aggregate and water

ACTIVITY : CLEAN SIDE DRAINS AND EXCAVATION TO ORIGINAL SIZE

DESCRIPTION/REMARKS

Where the side drain is established to the correct depth and profile with a grass cover and no erosion, only grass cutting is required.

Where the drain has silted more than 10 cm in depth, the vegetation and silt must be removed to the correct depth and profile. This does not apply at the location of scour checks where silting is normal.

All debris and other material from the side drain must be removed well clear of the road and drainage system to prevent it being washed back. The material should never be used for any work on the existing carriage way.

WORK METHOD

FIGURE 7: REPAIRS OF SIDE DRAINS - SETTING SLOTS

FIGURE 8: REPAIRS OF SIDE DRAINS - REMOVE SILT AND DEBRIS

Hoe

Ditch-slope template and spirit level

Pegs and strings

1 . Us ing the d i tch -slope template and a spirit level, a 50 cm w i d e s l o t i s excavated to the correct drain profile every 10 meters.

This acts as a guide for the laborers to excavate the drain and slope.

2. Remove all material from the side drain well clear of the road.

3. Recheck correct side drain levels and profile.

ACTIVITY : REPAIR/CONSTRUCT SCOUR CHECKS

Where drain gradients are steeper than 5% the water flows at high speed. If no protective measures are taken, scouring is likely to occur on erodible soils. The simplest way of dealing with scouring is by reducing the volume of water (miter drains at frequent intervals). In addition, replacement or new scour checks should be constructed to reduce the speed of the water. They hold back the silt carried by the water-flow and provide a series of stretches with gentle gradients interrupted by small “waterfalls”

WORK METHOD

1. Identify road sections where the gradient is more than 5% us ing a l ine - leve l and construct scour checks.

2. Identify exact ditch gradient and space scour checks according to gradient.

3. Cut pegs (min 50 cm long) and/or prepare stones.

4. Construct scour check with the correct profile. Use the scour check template for control.

5. Construct stone apron below scour check of min 40 cm length. Dig stones into the ground.

REQUIRED HAND TOOLS

Template + Spirit level

Sledge Hammer and Mason Hammer

Cutlass and Shovel

FIGURE 9 : REPAIR OF SCOUR CHECKS

FIGURE 10: REPAIR OF SCOUR CHECKS

ACTIVITY : CLEAN/REPAIR MITRE DRAINS AND EXCAVATE TO

ORIGINAL SIZE

DESCRIPTION / REMARKS

The miter drains have to be cleared of silt, vegetation and debris. If the miter drains are silting, check the gradient and correct if necessary. Miter drains should have a minimum gradient of 2%, but not less than the side drain.

If the miter drains are eroding, check gradient and correct as necessary or build scour checks in miter drain or increase number of miter drains to reduce the volume of water.

If the miter drains are not silting or eroding, and they are to the correct depth and profile, then the grass should be cut leaving the roots to bind the surface together.

WORK METHOD

1. Identify miter drains that have:-

- silted

- eroded

- drained properly

2. C h e ck c o r r ec t g r a d ien t

3. Remove silt, vegetation and debris and dispose all material well off the drain

4. Shape the miter drains according to the standard size (set out using pegs and strings)

5. Reinstate the side drain block

FIGURE 11 : REPAIR OF MITRE DRAINS

6. Repair eroded miter drains by installing scour checks or adding additional miter drains to reduce the water volume.

REQUIRED HAND TOOLS

Hoe and Shovel

Strings and Pegs

Ranging rods, boning rods and/or line level

FIGURE 13 - G5: REPAIR OF POTHOLES - FILLING WITH GRAVEL

FIGURE 14 - G5: REPAIR OF POTHOLES - COMPACTING FILL MATERIAL

FIGURE 15 - G5: REPAIR OF POTHOLES - FINISHED SECTION

ACTIVITY : PATCH GRAVEL SURFACE AND POTHOLES

DESCRIPTION/REMARKS

Patching gravel surface roads means to repair all surface defects such as potholes, gullies, ruts and soft spots to provide a smooth riding surface, improve road drainage and remove road surface traffic hazards.

1 . D r a i n o u t wa t e r

2 . Remove weak or soaked material from pothole or rut and dig until firm ground/ material is reached

3 . Fill in new material in layers of not more than 10 cm

4 . Compact each layer using a hand rammer. Add some water if moisture content is too low.

FIGURE 12: REPAIR OF PORTHOLES - REMOVE

Pickaxe

Hoe and Shovel

Wheelbarrow

Hand rammer

Water containers

All surface defects should be repaired as soon as possible, especially during wet weather, or traffic and water will quickly make them bigger.

A pothole is any depression with a depth of 5 cm or more.

Use only material that has been approved by the Engineer.

5. Last layer to be slightly higher than the existing surface (allow for settling).

ACTIVITY : REPAIR SHOULDER AND SLOPE EROSION

DESCRIPTION/REMARKS

Erosion gullies can be formed by water running over the edge of the carriageway and road shoulder. The gullies should be repaired and filled with gravel where available, or soil. Although no vegetation should be allowed on the carriageway, grass should be established on the sloping shoulders to resist erosion forces. Usually suitable grass may be found at the work site and replanted on the shoulders.

WORK METHOD

FIGURE 16: FILLING GULLIES

1. Fil l gull ies with gravel or good soil

2. Compact the filled area with an earth rammer. Add some water if moisture content is too low.

FIGURE 17 : PLANTING GRASS

Hoe and Shovel

Rake

Wheelbarrow

Hand rammer

Water Container

3. Plant grass along shoulder.

Technical Manuals for District Road Works Technical Manual

FIGURE 18 - G5: GRUBING

ACTIVITY : GRUB EDGE AND RESHAPE CARRIAGEWAY

Grass growing on the edge of the carriageway can prevent rainwater causing erosion on the shoulder, but on the other hand it may also grow into the carriageway and hinder rainwater from draining easily.

This activity is sometimes referred to as weeding. The edge of the carriageway should be grubbed only up to the shoulder break point as far as district feeder roads are concerned. With some classified roads it may also be appropriate to grub the entire side slope down to the invert level.

The grass roots should be removed from the carriageway. A stringline should be set out at the edge of the carriageway (begin of shoulder) as a guideline for the activity. Debris should be removed well clear of the road and the drainage system.

In time the camber of the carriageway is reduced due to the action of traffic and weather. The camber should be reshaped by bringing back material from the edge towards the centre line. A camber board or a straight edge should be used to control the uniformity and gradient of the reshaped carriageway area.

WORK METHOD

1. Set out shoulder-carriageway line using pegs and strings.

2. Grub edge using a hoe towards the slope and remove the material (grass and roots) well away from the road and the drains.

3. Cut shoulders and/or road edges back to original shape.

4. Fill material into ruts by using rakes or shovels.

5. Check camber using a camber board or a straight edge.

FIGURE 19 - G5: REPAIR OF RUTS

FIGURE 20 - G5: REPAIR OF RUTS

FIGURE 21 - G5: CHECK REPAIRED LEVELS

VOLUME: 4A May 2004

Page: G5-18

6. Cut shoulders and/or road edges back to original shape.

7. Fill material into ruts by using rakes or shovels.

8. Check camber using a camber board or a straight edge.

REQUIRED HAND TOOLS

Hoe and Shovel

Rake

Camber board or straight edge with spirit level

ACTIVITY : CUT GRASS

DESCRIPTION/REMARKS

Grass cutting on the shoulders and in side drains, turnout/miter-drains and culvert outlets and inlets permits the easy flow of water away from the road area and also improves visibility for traffic safety.

Grass roots in the drainage system bind the soil together and also reduce the speed of flow of water and so diminish erosion and scouring in hilly areas.

Long uncut grass will slow water flow in flat areas and help cause silting.

FIGURE 22: CUTTING GRASS

3. The grass should be cut to a width of 3 m measured from the road shoulder break point or 1.5 m each side of the center-line of culvert inlet or outlet or miter drain.

4. Remove grass cuttings immediately from both the roadway and other cut areas and deposit/spread at least 1 m clear of the outside edge of the drain.

5. Remove safety warning s igns.

REQUIRED HAND TOOLS

. Grass cutters/slashers

. Rake

1 . P lace sa f e t y s igns .

2 . Cut all grass and other vegetation from the shoulders, side drains, miter drains and culvert inlet and outlet channels, to maximum height of 10 cm.

ACTIVITY : CLEAR BUSH

Trees and bushes are cleared to provide good visibility for traffic safety.

All bushes and branches hanging over the road, shoulders, side drains, miter drains and traffic signs should be cut down and disposed out of the road. The debris should be burnt if there is no risk to traffic or surrounding crops/vegetation. Otherwise, it should be removed well behind the side drain.

WORK METHOD

1. Cut trees and bushes from the roadside and drains to a maximum height of 10 cm from ground level.

2. Cut all trees and bushes within a width of 3 m measured from the road shoulder break point on both sides of the road, or as directed by the Engineer.

3. Remove all cut trees, bushes and grass cuttings from the road and adjacent areas and spread/deposit on a location at least 1 m clear of the outside edge of the drain.

FIGURE 23 : TREE AND STAMP REMOVAL

Cutlass

Axe

Rake

ROUTINE MAINTENANCE PRODUCTIVITY NORMS

TABLE 2: PRODUCTIVITY STANDARDS FOR ROUTINE MAINTENANCE

ACTIVITY UNIT

TASK

NOTES

DIFFICULTY

3 4

CLEAN CULVETS

AND INLETS

as shown culverts per day culvert per day days per culver days per culvert

Difficulty = Silt depth

- 1. Up to 25%. - 3. 50% to 75%

- 2. 25% to 50% - 4. Over 75%

Tasks are for 600 dia. Culverts with

7 rings

CLEAN CULVERT OUTFALLS m/day 55 40 25 Difficulty = Silt depth

- 1. Up to10cm - 3. Over 20cm

- 2 . 1 0 t o 2 0 c m

REPAIR CULVERT

HEADWALLS

No./day 7 4

Difficulty = Type of repair

- 1 . M i n o r r e p a i r

- 2 . M a j o r r e p a i r

CLEAN MITRE DRAINS m/day 60 45 30 Difficulty = Silt depth

- 1. Up to10cm - 3. Over 15cm

- 2 . 1 0 t o 1 5 c m

CLEAN SIDE DRAINS m/day

Wet areas 65

Dry soft soil 55

Dry hard soil

Difficulty = Silt depth

- 1. Up to10cm - 3. Over 15cm

- 2 . 1 0 t o 1 5 c m

REPAIR SCOUR CHECKS No./day 5 7 Difficulty = Type of scour check

- 1 . W o o d

- 2 . S t o n e

REPAIR SIDE DRAIN

EROSION

m/day

Wet areas 100

Dry areas 100

Difficulty = Depth of erosion

- 1. Up to15cm - 3. Over 30cm

- 2 . 1 5 t o 3 0 c m

REPAIR

SHOULDER

EROSION

m/day 100 80 65

Difficulty = Depth of erosion

- 1. Up to 10cm - 3. Over 15cm

- 2 . 1 0 t o 1 5 c m

GRASS PLANTING m/day 100 80 65 Difficulty = Planting width

- 1. Up to 0.5m - 3. Over 1m

- 2. 0 . 5 t o 1 m

FILL POTHOLES

IN

CARRAGE WAY

wheel barrows

/ day

25 18 13 8

Difficulty = Hauling distance

- 1 . N o h a u l - 3. 100 to 200m

- 2. Up to 100m - 4. Over 200m

FILL RUTS IN CARRAGEWAY m/day Wet areas 70

Dry areas 50

Difficulty = Hauling distance

- 1 . N o h a u l - 3. 100 to 200m

- 2. Up to 100m - 4. Over 200m

GRUB EDGE OF

CARRAGEWAY

m/day

Wet areas 270

Dry areas 190

Difficulty = Grubbing width

- 1. Up to 0.5m - 3. Over 1m

- 2. 0 . 5 t o 1 m

RESHAPE CARRAGEWAY * m/day 70 50 Difficulty = Type of reshaping

- 1 . L i g h t ( U p t o 7 5m m )

- 2. Heavy (Over 75mm)

GRASS CUTTING

LIGHT m/day

Wet areas 425

Dry areas 310

Difficulty = Width of cutting

- 1 . U p t o 1 m - 3. Over 2m

- 2 . 1 t o 2 m DENSE m/day 310 240 175

BUSH CLEARING

LIGHT m/day 425 260 190 Difficulty = Width of bush

- 1 . U p t o 1 m - 3. Over 2m

- 2 . 1 t o 2 m DENSE m/day 275 225 175

Note: * All tasks except Reshaping are measured along one side of the road only.

Adapted from DANIDA/Uganda & GTZ/Ghana documents i

This document was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development. It was prepared by Eurasia

Environmental Associates, LLC and The Cadmus Group, Inc. under USAID’s Global Environmental Management Support Project

(GEMS).

7 May 2013

PROGRAMMATIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT

OF RURAL FEEDER ROAD REHABILITATION UNDER

THE USAID/LIBERIA RISE PROJECT

ii

Cover photos:

Community road crew working together to fix a bridge outside of Senesu, Lofa County near the border with Guinea. Photo Credit: Gwendolyn Heaner, March 2013 iii

PROGRAMMATIC ENVIRONMENTAL

ASSESSMENT

OF RURAL FEEDER ROAD REHABILITATION

UNDER THE

USAID/LIBERIA RISE PROJECT

FINAL REPORT

07 MAY 2013

SUBMITTED TO:

USAID/Liberia

P.O. Box 10-1445

1000 Monrovia 10

SUBMITTED BY:

EURASIA ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATES, LLC (SUBCONTRACTOR)

630 GLEN AVENUE, WESTFIELD, NJ 07090-4325, USA

TEL: +1-908-654-4184; FAX: +1-908-654-4921

ATTN: TIMOTHY D. VAN EPP, MANAGING DIRECTOR

TimVanEpp@Eurasia-Environment.Biz

GREEN CONSULTANCY, INC (SUBCONTRACTOR)

GURLEY & BROAD STREET

INTERCEPTION MIG HOUSE, APARTMENT 3

MONROVIA, LIBERIA

TEL: +231-06-530-870

INFO@GREENCONSLIBERIA.COM

THE CADMUS GROUP, INC. (PRIME CONTRACTOR)

100 5

TH

AVENUE, SUITE 100, WALTHAM, MA 10451, USA

ATTN: MICHAEL MINKOFF

TEL: +1.617.673.7162 FAX: +1.617.673.7362

Michael.minkoff@cadmusgroup.com

See Appendix A for list of PEA team members

Prepared under:

mailto:TimVanEpp@Eurasia-Environment.Biz mailto:Michael.minkoff@cadmusgroup.com iv

The Global Environmental Management Support Project (GEMS), Award Number

AID-OAA-M-11-00021. The Cadmus Group, Inc., prime contractor (www.cadmusgroup.com). Sun

Mountain International, principal partner (www.smtn.org). GEMS Activity AF26.

DISCLAIMER

Until and unless this document is approved by USAID as a 22 CFR 216 scoping statement, the author’s views expressed do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the

United States Government.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

This document was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development. It was prepared by Eurasia Environmental Associates, LLC and The Cadmus Group, Inc. under USAID’s Global

Environmental Management Support Project (GEMS)

TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................................................................................................... IV

TABLE OF TABLES AND FIGURES ........................................................................................................................................................................ VI

ABBREVIATIONS ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... IX

INTRODUCTION AND EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 SCOPING PROCESS AND CONTENT

1.2 PEA PROCESS AND CONTENT

2.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

2.1 INTRODUCTION

2.2 PART 1 – THE PROGRAMMATIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT REPORT

2.3 PART 2 – RISE PPROGRAM ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MITIGATION AND MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK

(ESMMF)

PART I: PROGRAMMATIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT

1.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

1.1 AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT AND COMMUNITIES

1.2 GEOGRAPHIC AREAS AND TIMEFRAMES INFLUENCED BY PROJECT

2.0 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES

3.0 POLICY, LEGAL, AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

3.1 LIBERIA NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY, LEGAL, AND INSTITUTATIONAL FRAMEWORK

3.2 USAID ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY, LEGAL, AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

3.3 INTERNATIONAL POLICY, LEGAL, AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

4.0 ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL, AND ECONOMIC BASELINE DATA

4.1 ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE DATA

4.2 SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC BASELINE DATA

5.0 ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL, AND ECONOMIC IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES

5.1 POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF FTM ROAD REHABILITATION IN AFRICA

5.2 POTENTIAL SOCIAL IMPACTS OF RURAL FEEDER ROAD REHABILITATION IN AFRICA

6.0 STAKEHOLDER AND PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS

6.1 SCOPING STUDY PUBLIC CONSULTATION

6.2 PEA PUBLIC CONSULTATION

6.3 GRIEVANCE MECHANISM

PART II: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MITIGATION AND MONITORING FRAMEWORK AND TOOLBOX http://www.cadmusgroup.com/ http://www.smtn.org/ v

1.0 DEFINITION AND PURPOSE OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MITIGATION AND MONITORING

FRAMEWORK (ESMMF)

1.1 DEFINITION AND PURPOSE OF ESMMF AND ITS ROLE IN THE PEA

1.2 ESMMF PROCESS OF RAPID ASSESSMENT OF INDIVIDUAL FTM ROADS

1.3 MITIGATION AND MONITORING MEASURES: OVERALL ESMMF VS. INDIVIDUAL FTM ROAD ESMMPs

2.0 OVERALL RISE PROGRAM ESMMF STRUCTURE AND CONTENT

2.1 ESMMF INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS

2.2 ORGANIZATIONAL CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT

2.3 TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR RISE CONTRACTOR

2.4 COMMUNICATION AND COMPLIANCE MONITORING AND REPORTING

2.5 ESMMF IMPLEMENTATION ACTION PLAN

2.6 ESMMF EVALUATION

3.0 PILOT TEST OF INDIVIDUAL FTM ROAD ASSESSMENT PROCESS

3.1 RAPID ASSESSMENT PILOT TEST DESIGN

3.2 DESCRIPTIONS OF PILOT FTM ROADS

3.3 PILOT TEST OF RAPID TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT

3.4 PILOT TEST OF RAPID ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT

3.5 PILOT TEST OF RAPID SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT

4.0 RAPID ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY AND TOOLBOX TO BE APPLIED TO INDIVIDUAL FTM ROADS

4.1 OVERVIEW OF ESMMF METHODOLOGY

4.2 RAPID TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT

4.3 RAPID ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT

4.4 RAPID SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT

4.5 OTHER TOOLS IN THE ESMMF TOOL BOX

APPENDICES

APPENDIX A: TERMS OF REFERENCE AND QUALIFICATIONS OF PEA TEAM

A1 TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR PEA TEAM MEMBERS

A2 QUALIFICATIONS OF PEA STAFF

APPENDIX B: LIST OF REFERENCES USED

B1. REFERENCES USED IN SCOPING STUDY

B2. REFERENCES USED IN PREPARING PEA

APPENDIX C: PILOT ROAD PROJECT BRIEFS

C.1 USAID/MPW LIBERIA – GRAND BASSA COUNTY

C.2 USAID/MPW LIBERIA – BONG COUNTY

C.3 USAID/MPW LIBERIA – LOFA COUNTY

C.4 USAID/MPW LIBERIA – NIMBA COUNTY

APPENDIX D: PILOT ROAD COMPLETED CHECKLISTS AND ESMMPS

D.1.1 GRAND BASSA COUNTY CHECKLISTS

D.2.1 BONG COUNTY CHECKLISTS

D.3.1 LOFA COUNTY CHECKLISTS

D.4.1 NIMBA COUNTY CHECKLISTS

D.5.0 PILOT ROAD-SPECIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLANS

APPENDIX E: ESMMF TOOLKIT

E.1.0 PROJECT BRIEF AND NOTICE OF INTENT TEMPLATES

E.2.0 CHECKLISTS – TECHNICAL/ENVIRONMENTAL/SOCIAL

E.3.0 ESMMP TEMPLATES

E.4.0 ESMMP FOR RISE TYPICAL IMPACTS

E.5.0 MONITORING PLAN TEMPLATES

E.6.0 GRIEVANCE MECHANISM FORM

E.7.0 MANAGEMENT PLAN TOCs

E.8.0 SOCIAL ASSESSMENT FORMS – A (A1, A2, A3, A4) & B

APPENDIX F: MAPS OF CANDIDATE FTM ROADS

vi

APPENDIX G: MAMMALS AND TREES OF LIBERIA

APPENDIX H: PHOTO ALBUM

TABLE OF TABLES AND FIGURES

Table 1 Disciplines and Qualifications Needed

Table 2 Proposed Rural Feeder Road Segments; Key Features

Table 3 Spatial and Temporal Influence of RISE Project by Key Categories of Impact

Table 4 Macro-level Alternatives

Table 5 Sub-level Alternatives

Table 6 International Policy Commitments

Table 7 Percent Representation of Population by Gender

Table 8 Age Breakdown by County

Table 9 Changes in Population Density by County

Table 10 Distribution of Household Type by Head of Household

Table 11 Primary Occupation - Head of Household

Table 12 Secondary Occupation – Head of Household

Table 13 Rural Livelihoods

Table 14 Agricultural Activities of households heads by product

Table 15 Source of Household Income

Table 16 Incidence of Households Growing Field Crops

Table 17 Incidence of Households Growing Selected Cash Crops and Rubber Farms by County

Table 18 Incidence of Households Growing Orchard Crops by County

Table 19 Income Generation by Category by County

Table 20 Average Income – Dry Season

Table 21 Average Income – Rainy Season

Table 22 Participation in Farming groups

Table 23 Access to Markets by County

Table 24 Number of Plots of Land per Households That Use Land

Table 25 Total Land Holding per Household

Table 26 Summary of Land Tenure of all Plots

Table 27 Land Disputes

Table 28 Distribution of Households by Time to Nearest Health Facility (rural)

Table 29 Distribution of Households By Time to Nearest Primary School (rural)

Table 30 Primary Means of Transport used to Get Plots

Table 31 Summary of Time to Travel to Agricultural Plots

Table 32 Crime by County

Table 33 Typical Environmental Impacts of Rural Feeder Roads in LIBERIA

Table 34 ANticipated Typical Social Impacts

Table 35 Proposed Mitigation Measures for Typical Impacts

Table 36 FED Logframe Objectives and Results

Table 37 Federal-Level Stakeholder Consultations During Scoping

Table 38 County-Level Stakeholder Consultations During Scoping vii

Table 39 Consultations Held With Villagers Along Proposed FTM Rehabilitation Sites During

Scoping

Table 40 Participants / Stakeholders in Planning, Decision-Making and Implementing PEA and RISE

Project

Table 41 RISE ESMMF Training Program

Table 42 ESMMF Implementation Action Plan

Table 43 Potential Comparative Iimpacts to Habitats and Mammalian Wildlife of Four Selected Road

Segments

Table 44 Mammals of Liberia

Table 45 Important Trees of Liberia (30spp of mature forest trees highlighted)

Figure 1 Liberian Population by Age and gender

Figure 2 Access to Land and Land Ownership in Liberia

Figure 3 Grievance Mechanism Flowchart

Figure 4 Correlation Between Distance from Main Road and Potential Negative Impacts

Figure 5 Field Sheet for Transect Site Characterizations

Figure 6 Map of Candidate RF Roads in Bong County

Figure 7 Map of Candidate RF Roads in Grand Bassa County

Figure 8 Map of Candidate RF Roads in Lofa County

Figure 9 Map of Candidate RF Roads in Nimba County file://zeus/emerging/CIAM/USAID%20GEMS/workplanning/AFR/Liberia%20roads%20PEA/PEA%20Final%20Report/USAID_Liberia_RISE_PEA-ESMMF_FINAL_wComments.docx%23_Toc355699017 viii ix

ABBREVIATIONS

CEA Cumulative Effects Assessment

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

CFSNS Comprehensive Food Security and Nutrition Survey

EA Environmental Assessment

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

EHS Environmental, Health and Safety

ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment

EMMP Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Plan

EMMP-ARF Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Plan – Annual Review Form

ESMMP

ESMMF

FDA

Environmental and Social Mitigation and Monitoring Plan

Environmental and Social Mitigation and Monitoring Framework

Forestry Development Authority

FED Food Enterprise in Development

FtF

FTM

Feed the Future

Farm to Market

HSEMP

KM

LEPA

LISGIS

LNP

MOA

MoGD

MoHSW

MOIA

MOL

MOPW

Health, Safety, and Environment Management Plan

Kilometer(s)

Liberia Environmental Protection Agency

Liberia Institute of Statistics and Geo-Information Services

Liberia National Police

Ministry of Agriculture

Ministry of Gender and Development

Ministry of Health and Social Welfare

Ministry of Internal Affairs

Ministry of Labor

Ministry of Public Works

NGO Nongovernmental organization

OPRC Output and Performance-Based Road Contract

PEA Programmatic Environmental Assessment

RF Rural Feeder

RISE Road Infrastructure Supporting Enterprise

RRAPSS USAID Rural Road Activities Project in Southern Sudan

RRFRIP USAID Rwanda Rural Feeder Road Improvement Project

SS Scoping Statement

SEA Strategic Environmental Assessment

TORs Terms of Reference

UNEP United Nations Environmental Programme

USG United States Government

USAID U.S. Agency for International Development

WB World Bank

WFP World Food Programme

INTRODUCTION AND EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.0.1 USAID LIBERIA FOOD AND ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM

(FED)

Among the recipient countries for the U.S. Government’s Feed the Future (FtF) global hunger and food security initiative, Liberia faces stark challenges to maximize both the quality and quantity of agricultural yields, and in turn bring these agricultural yields to market to optimize their economic value. FtF is designed to address the root causes of global hunger by sustainably increasing agricultural productivity. The objectives are to meet the demand for food, support and facilitate access to strong markets, increase incomes for the poor so they can meet their food and other needs, and reduce under-nutrition. With this renewed emphasis on agriculture as the driver of food security and economic growth, emphasis is placed on developing effective and sustainable interventions and accurately accounting for results and development impacts.

USAID Liberia supports the FtF initiative through the Food and Enterprise Development (FED) program, beginning in October 2011. FED aims to accelerate agricultural production for rural Liberian farmers, thereby raising incomes and improving food security as part of Liberia’s post-war recovery efforts. FED activities focus on improving value chains in four key agricultural commodities: rice, cassava, vegetable horticulture, and goats.

1.0.2 USAID ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE SUPPORTING ENTERPRISE (RISE)

Liberia’s infrastructure was severely weakened both during and after the 14 year civil war (1989-2003), through decades of mismanagement and neglect. At present, Liberia’s road network comprises 10,600 km, of which only 657 km are paved. Both the lack of paved roads and abundance of unmaintained roads serve as significant barriers to market access for agricultural goods and resources, the delivery of social services, and rural economic development generally.

The severely weakened transportation infrastructure throughout Liberia also limits the ability of FED to facilitate efforts to achieve the full economic benefits of improved agricultural value chains. With this in mind, USAID Liberia designed, in coordination with Liberia’s Ministry of Public Works, the Road Infrastructure Supporting Enterprise (RISE) project, which specifically addresses Liberia’s need for improved infrastructure in a manner that best supports USAID Liberia’s efforts to boost agricultural production through FED. The three primary objectives of RISE illustrate these joint objectives and are as follows:

Objective 1. Physically rehabilitate farm-to-market (FTM) roads throughout Liberia, and particularly in FED’s primary counties of operation: Bong, Nimba, Grand Bassa, and Lofa.

Objective 2. Develop local technical and managerial capacity to perform and maintain rural feeder road rehabilitation and construction efforts in the future.

Objective 3. Promote and stimulate private sector infrastructure growth and investment, particularly in rural road construction and rehabilitation and associated businesses.

Selecting RISE FTM road rehabilitation sites such that they align with FED areas of impact, the efficacy of RISE and FED programming will both be improved as FED’s focus on improved value chains across key commodities can be more readily realized.

Building from Objective 1 above, RISE will address a component of Liberia’s road infrastructure needs through the rehabilitation of approximately 500KM of FTM roads, with at least 400KM to be rehabilitated using gravel and at least 105 KM to be rehabilitated using low volume sealed road surfaces. Specifically, RISE will seek to improve county-level road maintenance services; ensure that road improvement works are environmentally sustainable; improve access to markets for remote, underserved communities beyond their immediate localities; and involve affected communities in the planning and maintenance activities of priority FTM roads. RISE will also engage the Liberian private sector in road inventory and condition assessments, detailed designs, and construction and maintenance activities crucial to improving cost effectiveness and cost reliability associated with increasing accessibility through improved feeder roads.

1.0.3 THE NEED FOR A PROGRAMMATIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT

Development efforts funded by USAID, such as the FED and RISE programs, must comply with USAID Environmental Procedures pursuant to Title 22 of the Code of Federal Regulations Section 216 (22CFR216).

Within 22CFR216 (Reg. 216), clause 22 CFR § 216.3(a)(1), calls for the preparation of an Initial

Environmental Examination (IEE). The IEE serves as a preliminary review of proposed development activities which assesses the level of additional environmental review and environmental mitigation and monitoring which may be needed to ensure that the activity design and subsequent implementation are environmentally sound and in a manner compliant with Reg. 216.

The RISE IEE recommended a Positive Determination pursuant to 22 CFR 216.2(d)(viii), which classifies

“penetration road building or road improvement projects” as activities that normally have a significant impact on the environment. As described in the IEE:

“All construction activities in Task Areas 1.1, 1.2 and 1.3 have the possibility of resulting in significant adverse environmental impacts and are recommended for Positive Determination, which will require development of a Programmatic Environmental Assessment (PEA) as well as a Deferral for all construction activities under Objective 1 until the completion of the PEA.

And

“Small trial contract rural feeder construction activities undertaken in Task 2.31 have the potential to produce significant adverse environmental impacts on the environment and are recommended for Positive Determination with Deferral as specifically as defined above for that category under Objective 1 of this

IEE.”

As a result of the Positive Determination, the RISE IEE goes on to recommend the completion of a Programmatic Environmental Assessment (PEA):

As per 22 CFR §216.6(d), a PEA will be completed in order to assess the environmental effects of a number of individual actions (specifically related to rural feeder road rehabilitation) and their cumulative environmental impact in the 6 selected counties of Liberia given the road rehabilitation activities of RISE are common to a class of agency actions. This IEE for the Road Infrastructure Supporting Enterprise (RISE)

1 Task 2.3 falls under Objective 2 of the proposed USAID/Liberia RISE activity and calls for the use of trial contracts for training local

Liberian firms in sound FTM road rehabilitation and drainage system construction.

Project is in fulfillment of ADS 201.3.11 Pre-Obligation Requirements, FAA Section 611(b). The PEA will enable the completion of a Deferral in the IEE, but not supersede the inclusion of this IEE as a valid pre-obligation requirement for purposes of the procurement of the RISE Program.”

The purpose of the PEA is to assess the potential environmental impacts of a set of similar activities to be undertaken under RISE. This broader PEA approach differs in an important way from an Environmental Assessment (EA), which calls for a detailed examination of a specific activity (i.e. the construction of a large dam or a large-scale irrigation project). The RISE project will involve the rehabilitation of many similar FTM roads across many districts with similar impacts and environmental mitigation and monitoring conditions that can be addressed under a PEA and meet Reg 216 requirements. Doing so should reduce repetition of compliance language in subsequent individual IEEs, including assessment of similar potential impacts and required environmental mitigation and monitoring measures.

1.1 SCOPING PROCESS AND CONTENT

1.1.1 COORDINATION OF USAID AND LIBERIA EPA SCOPING

REQUIREMENTS

USAID activities must satisfy the EIA requirements of partner/host countries, as well as those of USAID.

Where USAID is funding a host country government directly, USAID may adopt an EIA based upon host-country requirements as a Regulation 216 EA document.