This $204,884 Project Grant award from the National Science Foundation (NSF) Directorate for Mathematical and Physical Sciences (CFDA 47.049) supports research by Towson University to study various subgrid scale turbulence models and their connections to the Navier-Stokes equations. The research aims to explore the mathematical properties of these turbulence models, apply data assimilation algorithms, and leverage deep learning methods for parameter estimation. Key focus areas include investigating the global regularity of solutions, building a data assimilation system, and developing a rigorous framework for computing the determining map using neural networks. This work is expected to improve the understanding of turbulence and provide educational opportunities for undergraduate and graduate students, particularly those from underrepresented groups. The award period runs from September 1, 2023 to August 31, 2025.