This $557,841 National Science Foundation Project Grant supports the acquisition of a dual transmission X-ray diffractometer (DTXRD) by Arizona State University under the Mathematical and Physical Sciences program (CFDA 47.049). The DTXRD will enable researchers to study the local and bulk structure of soft and hard materials under in situ and operando conditions. It combines two independently operated systems for X-ray diffraction measurements and total scattering experiments. The instrument will be used for research projects understanding local structure and reaction pathways of layered, low crystalline, amorphous and low-dimensional materials, as well as the mechanistic understanding of materials for renewable energy and catalysis applications. The overarching goal is to develop a deep understanding of diverse material species, their formation mechanisms, and behavior under external stimuli. This knowledge will aid the design of next-generation materials for electrochemical energy, semiconductors, catalysis and quantum computing. The award period is September 1, 2022 to August 31, 2025.